Syntax

-syntax, is the arrangement of words in sentences, clauses, and phrases, and the
study of the formation of sentences and the relationship of their component parts.

Noun
-A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, animal, or idea. Nouns are
one of the main parts of speech and are essential for forming sentences. There are
types of noun the common, proper, concrete, abstract, compound, countable,
uncountable and collective.

TYPES OF NOUN

•Common Nouns
- general name for people, things, place. (teacher, book, city)
• The teacher gave us homework.

•Proper Nouns
- specific ( Ms. Sally, Philippines)
• I am planning a trip to Philippines next year.

•Concrete Nouns
-it can be perceived with the sense of touch ( dog, ball, table)
• The dog barked loudly at the mailman.
• I need to buy a new chair for my desk.

•Abstract Nouns
- ideas, or concepts that cannot be perceived physically ( love, happiness ,
freedom)
• Happiness is important for a good life.
• Freedom is a fundamental right.

•Compound Nouns
-made of two or more words (toothpaste, mother-in-law, notebook)
• I need to buy some toothpaste from the store.
• My mother-in-law is coming over for dinner.(ginagamitan na ng hypen)

•Countable Nouns
-nouns that can be counted (cars, pencil, chairs)
• There are three chairs in the room.
• I bought two pencils from the store.

•Uncountable Nouns
-cannot be counted (rice, water, sugar)
• I need to buy rice for dinner.
 •Collective Nouns
-refers to a group of people, animals, or things. (team, class, family)
• Our team won the game.
• The class is studying for the final exam.

Pronoun
-Pronouns are noun substitutes. They are often used in the sentence to avoid
mentioning the same noun repeatedly.

example:
- Jane is here.
- She is here.

there are types of pronouns

• Personal Pronouns
Replace specific people or things, and they change form based on the subject or
object in the sentence. (I, you, he, she, it, we, they)
• I am going to the store.
• They are coming over tonight.

•Possessive Pronouns
Showing ownership or possession. (mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs)
• This book is mine.
• Is that pen yours?

•Reflexive Pronouns
Refer back to the subject of the sentence. They end in -self or -selves. (myself,
yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves)

• I did it myself.
• We enjoyed ourselves at the concert.

•Demonstrative Pronouns
Point to specific things or people.(this, that, these, those)
• This is my favorite book.
• Those are the shoes I want.
• These are delicious cookies.

•Interrogative Pronouns
Used to ask questions.
(who, what, which, whom, whose)
• Who is coming to the party?
• What did you say?
 • Which one do you prefer?

•Indefinite Pronouns
Refer to non-specific people or things.
(everyone, someone, anyone, nothing, everything, both, few, some)
• Everyone is excited about the event.
• Someone left their bag here.
• I have nothing to do today.

•Relative Pronouns
Introduce relative clauses and link them to the rest of the sentence.
• who, whom, whose, which, that)
“The car that you see in the driveway belongs to my cousin.”
(Specifies which car, and "that" is often used for essential information, without
commas.)
• The girl who is sitting over there is my sister.

•Reciprocal Pronouns
Show a mutual action or relationship.
(each other, one another)
• Minelli and Lemy helped each other with their homework.
• We should all support one another in times of need.

Noun and Pronoun

Nouns and pronouns carry nominal functions in the sentence. These include
nominative cases, where nouns function as a subject. In the objective case, nouns
function as objects. In the possessive case nouns show ownership. Each case
indicates how the noun or pronoun is used in relation to other words in the sentence.

Examples:
• Jack invites Marie to dinner (nominative case)
• Jack invites Marie to dinner (objective case)
• Jack's mother invites Marie to dinner. (possessive case)

1. Nominative Case (Subject)

Example:
• Jack invites Marie to dinner.
dito, Jack is the subject of the sentence. kasi po he is the one performing the
action of inviting.

2. Objective Case (Object)

Example:
• Jack invites Marie to dinner.
In this sentence, Marie is the object of the verb “invites.” kasi sya yung nag
rereceive ng action of being invited.
 3. Possessive Case (Ownership)
This is often indicated by adding an apostrophe (’s) to a singular noun or just an
apostrophe for plural nouns that end in “s.”
Example:
• Jack’s mother invites Marie to dinner.
In this case, Jack’s is in the possessive case, showing that the mother is
associated with him. It shows ownership or a relationship.

-Verbs
Verbs are action words that describe what the subject of a sentence is doing. They
can be classified into several categories:

1. Main Verbs
These verbs express the main action in a sentence.
- Example: She jumps over the puddle.
- Example: They play soccer every weekend.

2. Be-verbs
Forms of the verb "to be" (is, am, are, was, were) that indicate a state of being.
- Example: He is a talented musician.
- Example: They were excited about the trip.

3. Do-verbs
These verbs are used to perform actions or to form questions and negatives (do,
does, did).
- Example: Do you like chocolate?
- Example: She does her chores every Saturday.

4. Have-verbs
These verbs indicate possession (have, has, had).
- Example: I have a meeting at noon.
- Example: They have a beautiful garden.

5. Modal Verbs
These verbs express necessity, possibility, or ability (can, could, may, might, must,
shall, should, will, would).
- Example: You should study for the exam.
- Example: He might go to the concert tonight.

6. Participial Verbs
These are used in perfect tenses and as adjectives (e.g., running, baked).
- Example: The barking dog kept us awake.
- Example: The fallen leaves covered the ground.
-Adjectives
Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns. They provide additional
information about a noun.

Examples:
- The tall building is impressive.
- She wore a beautiful dress.

-Adverbs
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, often ending in -ly. They tell us
how, when, where, or to what extent something happens.

Examples
- She sings beautifully.
- He completed the task quickly.

A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and
other words in a sentence. Prepositions typically indicate location.
In, on, at, under, between, among, beside etc.
Ex: The book is on the table.

Prepositions are always followed by a noun or pronoun, which is called the object of
the preposition. Together, the preposition and its object form a prepositional phrase,
like "on the table" or "in the morning."

A conjunction is a word that connects words, phrases, clauses, or sentences.

Conjunctions are used to join different parts of a sentence. They help indicate
relationships between the ideas or elements being connected.

There are three main types of conjunctions:

1. Coordinating Conjunctions
These conjunctions connect words, phrases, or independent clauses of equal
importance. The most common coordinating conjunctions are:
• For (reason)
• And (addition)
• Nor (negation)
• But (contrast)
• Or (choice)
• Yet (contrast, similar to "but")
• So (result)
Example:
• I want to go to the park, but it’s raining.
• She likes apples and oranges.

2. Subordinating Conjunctions
These conjunctions connect an independent clause with a dependent (or
subordinate) clause, showing the relationship between them. They are used to show
cause, time, contrast, condition, etc. common subordinating conjunctions include:
• Because (cause/reason)
• Although, though (contrast)
• If (condition)
• When, while (time)
• Unless (condition)
• Since (cause/time)
Example:
• I stayed inside because it was raining.
• Although it was cold, they went for a walk.

3. Correlative Conjunctions
These are pairs of conjunctions used together to connect words or phrases that are
of equal importance. Common correlative conjunctions include:
• Either...or
• Neither...nor
• Not only...but also
• Both...and
• Whether...or
Example:
• You can either have coffee or tea.
• He is not only smart, but also hardworking.

An interjection is a word or phrase that expresses a strong emotion or reaction. It is

typically a short, standalone exclamation that doesn’t have a grammatical
relationship with the rest of the sentence. Interjections are often used to convey
feelings such as surprise, excitement, pain, joy, or frustration.

Examples of Interjections:
• Wow! (surprise or amazement)
• Ouch! (pain)
• Hey! (attention or greeting)
• Yay! (excitement or joy)

Articles are used to help clarify whether we are talking about something specific or
something general.
• "The" is used for specific or known things.
Example:
• I saw the car you were talking about. (A specific car, known to both speaker
and listener.)
• "A" and "An" are used for general or unspecified things.
• "A" is used before consonant sounds, and "An" is used before vowel sounds.
Examples:
• I saw a dog in the park. (Any dog, not a specific one.)
• I need an umbrella. (Any umbrella, not a specific one.)