POPULATION AND

POPULATION POLICY
BY
MAYANK MISHRA
BBA DEPT.
 Population explosion
• Population explosion is a term that refers to a rapid increase in
the number of people in a given area. It can also refer to a
large increase in the number of biological organisms. In the
case of humans, population explosion is often attributed to
increased survival and exponential population growth.

• Population explosion can lead to a situation where a country's

economy can't keep up with the rapid growth. It can also lead
to ecological degradation, such as deforestation, decreased
biodiversity, and increased pollution and emissions. These
issues can then exacerbate climate change
 Some causes of population explosion
include
• Increased birth rate: This can be caused by a lack of birth
control and a lack of awareness.
• Decreased infant mortality rate: The number of deaths
among infants under six months old has decreased.
• Increased life expectancy: People used to live to be
around 55–60 years old, but life expectancy has increased.
• High illiteracy: Low literacy levels among women can
make family planning more difficult.
• Unemployment: As the population increases, so does the
demand for jobs, which can lead to unemployment.
WORLD POPULATION GROWTH
 Interrelation of Population and
Economic Development

• The relationship between population and economic

development is complex and multifaceted. While population
growth can present both opportunities and challenges, it is
generally recognized that the quality and composition of the
population, rather than its sheer size, are more critical
determinants of economic development.
 Positive Impacts of Population
Growth:
• Labor force: A larger population can provide a more extensive labor force,
which can be a valuable asset for economic growth. This increased workforce
can contribute to increased productivity and innovation, as well as a larger
domestic market for goods and services.
• Market size: A larger population can create a larger domestic market,
stimulating economic activity. This can lead to increased demand for goods
and services, which can encourage businesses to invest and expand.
• Innovation: A diverse population can foster innovation and creativity, leading
to new ideas and products. When people from different backgrounds and
cultures come together, they can bring unique perspectives and experiences
to problem-solving, which can lead to breakthroughs in technology, science,
and business.
• Social capital: A larger population can also increase social capital, which
refers to the networks of relationships and trust that exist within a society.
Strong social capital can facilitate economic activity by promoting
cooperation, trust, and collective action. For example, a community with
strong social capital may be more likely to support local businesses, invest in
public goods, and work together to address common challenges.
 Negative Impacts of Population
Growth:
• Resource depletion: Rapid population growth can strain natural resources, leading
to overexploitation and depletion. For example, increasing demand for food, water,
and energy can deplete natural resources, such as forests, water bodies, and fossil
fuels. This can have severe consequences for both human well-being and the
environment.
• Environmental degradation: Increased population density can contribute to
environmental degradation, such as pollution, deforestation, and habitat destruction.
For instance, urbanization and industrialization can lead to air and water pollution,
while population growth can also drive deforestation and habitat loss. These
environmental problems can have negative impacts on public health, biodiversity,
and ecosystem services.
• Poverty and inequality: Population growth can exacerbate poverty and inequality,
especially in developing countries with limited resources. When the population grows
faster than the economy, it can lead to a shortage of jobs, housing, and other
essential resources. This can result in increased poverty, social unrest, and inequality.
• Social unrest: Rapid population growth can put a strain on social services and
infrastructure, leading to social unrest and instability. As populations grow, the
demand for education, healthcare, housing, and other public services can increase. If
governments are unable to meet these demands, it can lead to dissatisfaction and
social unrest. Additionally, rapid urbanization can create overcrowded cities, which
 Factors Affecting the
Relationship:
• Education and skills: A well-educated and skilled
population can contribute more effectively to economic
development, regardless of population size.
• Technology and innovation: Technological advancements
can help mitigate the negative impacts of population growth
and improve productivity.
• Economic policies: Appropriate economic policies can
promote sustainable development and manage the
challenges associated with population growth.
• Social and cultural factors: Cultural norms, religious
beliefs, and social attitudes can influence population growth
and its impact on economic development.
Population Control in India
 At a Glance

• India is projected to become the world's most populous country by 2024.

• Currently, India every year adds 15 million people to its population base
by far the largest in the world. The problematic aspect is that India
accounts for about 17 per cent of the world population worth only 2.2 per
cent of the world's land mass.
• With more than 1.3 billion inhabitants, it stands today as the second most
populous country in the world. In other words, every sixth global citizen is
an Indian.
• In the past three decades, As per the World Bank, the fertility rate in the
country has decreased from 4.97 in 1975 to nearly 2.4 in 2015. It is
expected in the coming decade the fertility rate in India will soon reach
the replacement level of 2.1.
• Despite the decrease in fertility rate, according to United
Nations World Population Prospects report, India is expected
to surpass China by 2024 and shall become the most
populous country with a population of 1.6 billion populations
by 2050.
• India continues to remain predominantly rural in its
characters — where close of 69 per cent population lives
across more than 600,000 villages as per the Indian Census
2011.
• India's population has increased almost four folds during the
post independence era (from 361 million in 1951 to 1210
million in 2011). The dramatic increase in the total population
size between 1960's to 1990's also marked peak of the
average population growth rate of 2 percent per year.
 Population polices in India after
Independence:
• In 1951, India turned into the first among the developing
countries to come up with a state sponsored family planning
programme. The Planning Commission which was set up in
1950, and was given the undertaking to choose the shapes of
the family planning programme. In 1952, a populace strategy
board of trustees was comprised. This panel had suggested
setting up of a Family Planning Research and Programmes
Committee. Be that as it may, the approaches outlined in
1951-52 were specially appointed in nature and were
fundamentally founded on restraint. So, it was not effective.
 EVOLUTION OF POPULATION POLICY
• Radha Kamal Mukherjee Committee (1940): In 1940, the Indian National
Congress appointed a Committee headed by a social scientist Radha Kamal
Mukherjee to suggest solutions to arrest the population which has started increasing
rapidly after 1921. The committee recommended self-control, generating awareness
of cheap and safe birth control measures, discouraging polygamy, among others, as
measures to bring down the rate of population growth.
• Bhore Committee: The Health Survey and Development committee under Sir
Joseph Bhore recommended ‘deliberate limitation of family’ as a measure to control
the population growth. This committee was set up in 1943 and submitted its report in
1946.
• India became one of the first developing countries to come up with a state-sponsored
family planning programme in the 1950s.
• A population policy committee was established in 1952. However, the policies framed
in the early fifties were largely arbitrary and so no successful.
• In 1956, a Central Family Planning Board was set up and its focus was on sterilisation.
• In 1976, GOI announced the first National Population Policy.
 National Population Policy 1976
• Increase the marriage age from 15-18 years for girls and from 18 to 21
years for boys.
• Freeze the population figures at the 1971 level until the year
2001 for purposes of representation in the national parliament as well as
for allocation of central assistance, devolution of taxes, and so forth to the
States.
• More attention to the education of girls.
• Involvement of all ministries/departments of government in the family
planning program.
• Increase in monetary compensation for sterilization.
• Institution of group awards as incentives for various organizations and
bodies representing the people at local levels.
• More attention to research.
• Greater use of motivational media, particularly in rural areas, for
increasing acceptance of family planning.
 National Population Policy, 2000

• It provided a policy framework for advancing goals and

priorities to various strategies in order to meet India’s
reproductive and child health needs and achieve TFR by
2010.
• Aim: To address a variety of issues related to maternal
health, child survival, and contraception, as well as to make
reproductive health care more accessible and affordable to
everyone.
 Objectives
• Immediate Objective: Address the unmet needs for contraception, health care
infrastructure, and personnel health care. Also, to provide integrated service delivery
for basic reproductive and child health care.
• Medium Term Objective: To bring Total Fertility Rate to replacements levels by 2010.
• Long Term Objective: To achieve stable population by 2045.
• Making school education free and compulsory up to the age of 14 years and also
reducing the dropout rates.
• Decreasing the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) to under 30 per 1000 live births in the
country (to be achieved by 2010 as prescribed when the NPP was brought out).
• Reducing the Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) to under 100 per 1 lakh live births (to be
achieved by 2010 as prescribed when the NPP was brought out).
• Encouraging delayed marriage for girls (preferrably before 18 years and above 20
years).
• Attaining 100% registration of pregnancies, births, deaths and marriages
 National Population Policy 2000:
Key Achievements

• The Total Fertility Rate has declined from 2.9 in 2005 to

2.0 in 2019 (SRS).
• 28 out of 36 States/UTs have already achieved
the replacement level fertility of 2.1 or less.
• The Crude Birth Rate has declined from 23.8 to 20.0 from
2005 to 2018 (SRS).
Government Scheme to Regulate
Population

• Home Delivery of Contraceptives Scheme: It aims to mobilize

ASHA workers for doorstep delivery of contraceptives.
• Ensuring Spacing at Birth Scheme: ASHA workers provide
counselling to newly married couples.
• Mission Parivar Vikas: It aims to increase access to contraceptives
and family planning services in certain high fertility districts.
• Clinical Outreach Teams Scheme: It provides family planning
services through mobile teams from accredited organizations in far-
flung areas.
• National Family Planning Indemnity Scheme: It insures its clients
in case of death, complication and failure following sterilization.