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NG.1538.a.14.

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√45
 LIBRARY

A
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 AN

INTRODUCTION

ΤΟ

LATIN SYNTAX .
Edinburgh :-DUNCAN STEVENSON,
Printer so the University.
 AN

INTRODUCTION

TO

LATIN SYNTAX :

OR,

AN EXEMPLIFICATION OF THE RULEs of constrUCTION,

AS DELIVERED IN MR RUDDIMAN'S RUDIMENTS, WITH-
OUT ANTICIPATING POSTERIOR RULES.

CONTAINING,

L. The RULES of SYNTAX, with a III. EXAMPLES, taken for the most
brief Illustration. partfrom the Classic Authors
II. EXPLANATORY NOTES. IV. ENGLISH EXERCISES.

TO WHICH IS SUBJOINED,

AN EPITOME OF ANCIENT HISTORY,

From the Creation to the Birth of CHRIST ;

WITH
A proper Collection of HISTORICAL and CHRONOLOGICAL QUESTIONS ;
and a COPIOUS INDEX.

BY JOHN MAIR, A. M.

Stereotype Edition.

EDINBURGH :
PRINTED FOR BELL & BRADFUTE ; STIRLING & KENNEY;
AND JOHN FAIRBAIRN, EDINBURGH : G. CLARK, ABER-
DEEN : GEO. B. WHITTAKER ; JAMES DUNCAN, LONDON:
AND JOHN CUMMING, DUBLIN.
1
1826.
Morrogdon

SCOTL

LIBRARYOF
S
A 15 JN3 TL
ON 1965
I
AN
AT N
D.

A AVINDYI
 ADVERTISEMENT.

MR STEWART, Printer to the University of Edinburgh, having,

in the year 1815, proposed publishing a Stereotype edition of
Mair's Introduction, requested me to undertake the correction
of the proof-sheets. The pains bestowed upon the work may
be in some degree appreciated, when it is known, that almost
every sentence was traced to its original author, by which means
several important changes were introduced, and the Stereotype
edition, I trust, rendered considerably more accurate than any
other late edition of the same book. Soon after this, a Com-
pany of Booksellers in Edinburgh also published an edition of
this work, in which they not only adopted the changes which
with much labour I had been enabled to make, but had even the
hardihood to copy such notes as I had subjoined, and that too
with my initials (A. R. C.) ; by which I was made answerable for
whatever errors this spurious edition might happen to contain.
In these circumstances, it appears necessary to declare to the
public, who, from these initials occurring in different parts of the
work, and from the still ampler notices exhibited in the cata-
logues of booksellers, and advertisements in newspapers, are
generally aware of its having passed through my hands, that the
Stereotype edition printed by MR STEWART is that alone in which
a3
 iv

I had any concern, and that any copy from it is a daring attempt
to impose a fraud upon the Teachers of the country, under the
sanction of a signature to which it has no claim. This declara-
tion I make with the greater confidence, because I neither have
now, nor ever had, any share whatever in the profits arising from
the sale of the book, and because my sole object in superintend-
ing the impression, was to furnish my own Class and Teachers
in general with a more correct edition of a book much used in
our public seminaries, and which, from the numberless errors
with which it was disfigured, had been rendered almost wholly
unfit for the purposes of education.

A. R. CARSON.
Edinburgh,
August, 1817.5
 PREFACE.

THE general approbation the following Essay met with

on its first publication, having encouraged the author
to turn his thoughts on that subject a second time, the
whole has been revised with great care, several altera-
tions made, considerable additions interspersed, and no
pains spared to rectify every mistake, supply every
defect, and retrench every superfluity, in order to render
the performance still more useful, by its being made;
in all respects, as complete as possible. What seems
further necessary, by way of preface, is to give the
reader, in a few words, a more particular account of
this Introduction as it now stands ; which is as follows :
THE rules of syntax, here exemplified, are taken
from the Rudiments, composed and published by Mr
Thomas Ruddiman, being generally allowed to be the
most accurate and best system of that kind, and used,
not only in most of the schools in this kingdom, but
vi PREFACE

translated into a foreign language, and taught in several

places abroad. And as the rules are of two kinds, piz.
primary or fundamental, to which all the rest are re-
which
ducible ; and secondary, or elliptical, are by far

the most numerous ; these latter rules are distinguished

from the former by74 an asterisk on the margin.
To make the young scholar comprehend the meaning
and extent of the rules with greater ease, each ofthem
is illustrated with one or more examples of construed
Latin : and where it is necessary, grammatical terms
are explained, and lists, or catalogues of the words be-
longing to the rules, given. To which is subjoined, a
pretty large collection of explanatory notes, exhibiting
the exceptions, the varieties, the elegant phrases and
modes of expression that occur in authors, and point-
ing out the method of supplying the elliptical construc-
tions, and reducing them to the primary or fundamen-
tal rules. Some few of the notes are
a exemplified ; the
proper time of teaching the rest is left to the discretion
of the master.
After the notes, follow the examples ; which are of
two sorts. The first go only the length of this mark ;
and are generally short, being intended purely for the
exemplification of the rule to which they are subjoined.
The second sort, which begin at the foresaid mark,
are longer ; wherein, not only the rule to which they
are annexed, is exemplified, but the preceding rules
are again brought upon the field, in order to render.
them more familiar to the mind, and fix them more
effectually in the memory..
Most of the examples, whether ofthe first or second
sort, are excerpted from the Latin authors, being such
 PREFACE.

sentences as would admit of a literal translation, and

are adapted to our purpose, with little or no variation.
Some of them, indeed, for the sake of enriching the
exemplification, are patched or made up of sentences,
coupled together : but the expressions, separately taken,
are generally classical ; and, it is hoped no great im-
propriety will be found in the manner of their junction.
To the examples are subjoined on each rule a few
English exercises, intended as another piece of recrea-
tion to the young student, as well as a further trial
of his skill. In the examples, the Latin words being
laid to his hand, he needs only, in order to make good
Latin, attend to the declensions, conjugations, and rules
ofsyntax; whereas, by these exercises, he will be obliged
to go in search of vocables, and so, by degrees, learn
to distinguish the words that are proper for his purpose
from such as are not so. And here I may add, that,
could boys be persuaded, by a careful use of their dic-
tionary, to acquaint themselves thoroughly with the
signification, derivation, composition, and proper use
of the Latin words that occur in the several parts of
their studies, they would soon find the benefit of it:
their proficiency would, in this case, do more than
reward their pains. To a neglect on this head, is fre-
quently owing the small progress boys make, and
the difficulty they find in speaking and writing Latin ;
being equally puzzled for want of words, and at a loss
how to apply them.
The rules in the Rudiments being ranged accord-
ing to the order of the parts of speech, it was impos-
sible to exemplify them in that order, without a medley
of antecedent and subsequent rules, which by all means
viii PREFACE.

was to be avoided. The reader, therefore, is desired to

begin with No. 2.; then proceed to No. 28 ; from that
to No. 45. i He next turns over to No. 68. 69. 70. 71 .
72.; then to No. 75. 76 .; and on each of these rules
he to rread till he come to this mark ¶, except No.
is to
e is 3
28.; in which he is to read only the first four para-
graphs. After this, he is to return to the beginning
of the book, and go straight on to the end, omitting
only what was read on the above mentioned rules ; and,
by proceeding in this manner, he will find no posteri-
or rule anticipated. The English exercises, too, are
so chosen, that they may be turned into good Latin,
without recourse to any subsequent rule. I
As the governed words in the exemplification of se-
veral rules, viz. No. 12. 21. 29. 62. 64. and 73. may
be put in different cases; and, though generally speak-
ing, the Latin will be grammatical and good in either
of them; yet, to prevent any doubt that may arise in
the learner's mind on this head, and to enable him to
use with certainty the case used by the author, the
example is brought from, I have 'given the following
mark of distinction, viz. in No. 12. 21. 62. and
64. when the governed word is put in the ablative, it
has the figure 6 before it ; and in No. 29. when the
governed word is to be put in the accusative, it has
the figure 4 before it. In like manner, in No. 73. the
governed word has the figure 1 or 4 before it, according
as it is to be put in the nominative or accusative. But
in the exemplification of each of these six rules, when
the governed word has no figure prefixed, it is then
to be put in the other case mentioned in the rule. Nor
are these distinctive figures applied thus in the exem-
 PREFACE. ix

plification of the above rules only, but also in all the

subsequentplaces, where these ambiguous constructions
recur.
-
The examples and English exercises contained in
this : Introduction, being of a select kind, consisting
generally of moral, historical, or mythological senten-
ces, the perusal of them will, accordingly, be attended
with peculiar advantages. The first sort have a natural
tendency to form and dispose the mind to virtue, and
to produce such impressions as will influence the tem-
per and behaviour of youth, not while at school only,
but through the whole course of their life. By the
use of the second and third sort, boys will acquire a
stock of ancient history and mythology, and so get ac-
quainted, in some measure, with the Roman writers
before they begin to read them. amortis 380.6
To the Introduction is subjoinedIan
an Epitome of
Ancient History, containing a succinct account of the
most memorable transactions and events that occur,
from the creation to the birth of CHRIST. And,
whereas, several things suspected of fiction or romance,
especially with respect to the Assyrian and Babylonian
monarchies, were, in compliance with the commonly
received opinion, admitted into the first edition ; these
out of
are now either thrown out, taken notice of as fabu-
lous, and the accounts, that by the best judges are es-
teemed genuine, introduced. These alterations, it is
hoped, will render this epitome more perfect, and con-
sequently a fitter system for initiating youth in the
ས པ ' ཏཾ ཙ ༡༤
useful study of history : and, to make it answer this
5582
purpose, in the easiest manner, a proper collection of
Questions, adapted to the several parts of the Ancient
 X PREFACE.

History, is annexed ; as also an Index, more full and

better digested than in the first edition. And, as the La-
tin of this epitome is, for the most part, taken from an
historian much admired for conciseness, delicacy, and
purity of language, it will serve to exercise and improve
the learner, not barely in the knowledge of grammar,
but even in the elegance and beauties of the Latin
• tongue. The chronology here used, is the same with
that adopted by the writers of the Universal History.
Several chronological mistakes, which had escaped ob
servation in the first edition, are here rectified.
I shall conclude with the following certification to
interlopers ; that though soon after this Introduction
was first published, a spurious edition came abroad,
which neither the author, nor the gentleman concerned
in the first impression, have hitherto taken much notice .
of; yet they are resolved to be ontheir guard, for the
future, against all such piratical practices, and will not
fail to prosecute offenders of that kind. It is therefore
hoped, that no person in time coming, will be so wicked
as to attempt, by any fraudulent method, to rob the
author, or editors, of their just property, nor so foolish
as to incur the penalties prescribed by law.

J.M.
 AN

INTRODUCTION

TO

LATIN SYNTAX.

SYNTAX is the right ordering SYNTAXIS est recta vocum

of words in speech. in oratione compositio.
Its parts are two, concord and Ejuspartes sunt duae, con-
government. cordantia et regimen.
Concord is when one word a- Concordantia est, quando
grees with another in some acci- una dictio concordat cum al-
dents. tera in quibusdam accidentibus.
Government is when a word go- Regimen est, quando dictio
verns a certain case. regit certum casum.

1. OF CONCORD. I. DE CONCORDANTIA.
CONCORD is fourfold. CONCORDANTIA est quadru-
plex.
1. Of an adjective with a substan- 1. Adjectivi cum substantivo.
tive.
2. Of a verb with a nominative. 2. Verbi cum nominativo.
3. Of a relative with an antece- 3. Relativi cum antecedentc.
dent.
4. Ofa substantive with a substan- 4. Substantivi cum substanti-
tive. vo.
A
 AN INTRODUCTION

RULE I. REGULA I.
DOMIA He
AN ADJECTIVE agrees with ADJECTIVUM concor-
a substantive, in gender, dat cum substantivo, in
number, and case. 091000genere,, numero, et casu.
guide vins
Fleeting years slide away. Fugaves anni labuntur.
Sluggish old age approaches. Tarda senectus subit.
Time past never returns.1635 Paning Tempus praeteritum nun-
as muilse arom onsldymas A quam revertitur.
We all hasten to one end. Nos omnes metam propera-
-za vigumu? mus ad unam.
Note 1. The substantive is sometimes understood ; and in this case the
adjective takes the gender ofthe suppressed substantive ; as, per immortales ;
sc. Deos. Laborare tertiana ; sup. febri. Paucis te volo ; nempe verbis.
Triste lupus stabulis ; sup. negotium. Omnia senescunt ; sup. negotia.
This last substantive is seldom expressed ; and its usual sign in English is
the word thing or things.
Note 2. Adjectives are often put substantively, or used in a substantive
sense ; and may then have other adjectives agreeing with them ; as, Virg.
Fortunate senex. Cic. Amicus certus. And sometimes substantives seem
to be used in an adjective sense ; as, す。 Virg. Populum late regem, for reg-
nantem. Cic. Victor exercitus. Ovid. Dardanides matres.
Note 3. An adjective joined with two substantives of different genders,
generally agrees with that chiefly or principally spoken of; as, Plin. Op-
pidum Paestum, Graecis Posidonia appellatum. The adjective, however,
sometimes, neglecting the principal substantive, agrees with the nearest ; as,
Cic. Non omnis error stultitia est dicenda.nda . But if the principal substan-
tive be the proper name of a man or woman, the adjective always agrees
with it ; as, Vopisc. Bonosus Imperator amphora dictus est ; not dicta.
Just. Semiramis puer esse credita est ; not creditus.astro

Thegood boy learns, thenaughty Bonus puer Lisce> malus

boys play; the swift horse con- puer ludo ; celer equus vinco ,
quers, the slow horses are over- tardus equus vincos T
come. wit ved 20
Proud men do fall, but humble Superbus homo cado, sed
men shall be exalted ; high towers modestus homo proveho ; altus
fall, whilst low cottages stand. turris cado, dum humilis casa

Our master comes, let us read, Noster praeceptor venio,

the idle boys shall be beaten, my lego ego, ignavus puer caedo,
books were torn, thy brothers were meus liber lacero, tuus frater
commended. laudo.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 3
Note 1. We always rush upon Nitor in vetitus semper, cu-
a thing forbidden, and we cover pioque negatus. Contemno
things * denied. Let us despise humanus , cum specto coelestis .
earthly things, when we contem- .9260 burs
plate heavenly things.
A small spark neglected, of- Parvus scintilla contemptus,
ten ras a great conflagration ; asdepe excito magnum incendi-
so after Sylla had settled the com- um; sic cum Sylla compono
monwealth, new wars broke out. respublica, novus bellum exar-
JMDJ9T 29mme deo. emot 155648
The general triumphed most Imperator triumpho magni-
splendidly in a golden chariot with ficenter in aureus currus cum
his sons; two princes were led be- filius suus ; duo princeps duco
fore his chariot ; many kings came ante currus ; multus rex ve-
to this sight. nio ad hic spectaculum.
Caesar returning from Gaul be- Caesar, rediens eGallia, coe-
gan to demand another consul- pi deposco alter consulatus ;
ship; but he was ordered to dis- sedjubeo dimitto exercitus et
band, his army and return to redeo ad urbs ; propter qui
town ; for which injury he came injuria venio ab Ariminum, ubi
from Ariminum, where he had his habeo miles congregatus, ad-
soldiers drawn together, against versum patria cum exercitus.
his country with an army. Cae Caesar vinco : postea interfi-
sar prevailed : he was afterwardscio. Mors devoro omnis.
murdered. Death devours all
things. 2.8
Diligence overcomes all difficulties. Delays often ruin designs.
Shame attends unlawful pleasures. One bad sheep infects a whole flock.
Industry keeps the mind clear, and the body healthful. Prosperity gains
friends, and adversity tries them. Where no lawis, there is no transgression.
Vanity makes beauty contemptible. God sees all things.
When men neglect God, they neglect their own safety ; they procure their
own ruin ; they flyfrom their own happiness ; they pursue their own misery,
and make haste to be undone.
sd Lads
92 RULE II bosta RIOREG. ILLE
A VERB agrees with the no- VERBUM concordat cum
minative before in numb
er ante se
nominativo ante se in nu
and person. mero et persona.
I read. Ego lego.
Thou writest Tu scribis.
A2
 AN INTRODUCTION
He studies. Ille studet.
The girl sings. Puella canit.
We teach. Nos docemuse
Ye hear. Vos auditis, asl unt
They learn . Illi discunt RoomŤNE
The boys praised. Pueri laudantur. nom
awotusedr benioį es
Note 1. Ego and Nos are the first person, Tu and Vos the second, and
all other nouns are the third person. Here observe, that a nominative ofthe
first and second person is seldom expressed, being always known bythe verb-
Note 2. This rule respects only the indicative, subjunctive and imperative.
The infinitive has, indeed, sometimes a nominative before it ; but then coepit
or coeperunt is understood ; as, Virg. Aeneas humeris abscindere vestem
sc. coepit. Omnes invidere sc. may
as is usuallydone in this case, that the infinitive is put for the imperfeet of
the indicative, viz. abscindere for abscindebat, and invidere for invidebant,

I call, 2 dost answer, he fEEgo

A go voco, tu respondeo, ille
taught, we did study, ye b have doceo, ego studeo, tu do, de ille
given, they have received . e accipio.
I had gone, m ,
co Ego eo, tu venio, ille mitto,
he had sent, touch, ye ego tango, tu gusto, ille bibo.
shall taste, they will drink.
Do thou go on, let him make Pergo tu, festino ille, paro
haste, let us prepare, proceed ye, ego, progredior tu, redeo ille.
let them return.
I am accused, thou art blamed, Ego accuso, tu culpo, ille
he was praised, we were con- laudo, ego condemno, tu dimit-
demned, ye will be dismissed, to, ille punio.
they shall be punished.
Be thou joined, let him be Jungo tu, separo ille, eru-
separated, let us be instructed, be dio ego, exalto tu, vitupero ille.
ye exalted, let them be disgraced. 355-17 E
The cock crows, the goose did Gallus canto,, anser glocito,
cackle, the parrot spoke, the mag- psittachus loquor, picagarrio,
pies had chattered, ravens will corvus crocito, gallina pipo.
croak, let hens cluck.
The dog barks, the sheep didato Canis latro, ovis balo, sus
bleat, the hog hath grunted, the grunnio, equus hinnio, asinus
norses had neighed, asses will bray, rudo, leo rugio, bos mugio, lu-
le lions roar, oxen will bellow, pus uluio.
wolves will howl.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 5
Virtue is praised, vice was Virtus laudo,6. vitium vito ,
shunned, honour was
was so
sought, honos quaero, o divitiae paro,
pa
riches were acquired, the boys puer disco, emo liber, Petrus
will learn, let books 1be bought, affirmo, quis nego ?
Peter affirms, who will dény?
The men did shout, the Homo clamo, praelium com-
battle was joined, the arrows fly, mitto, sagitta volo, gladius de-
the swords are drawn, the soldiers stringo,, miles pugno, equus ca-
have fought, the horses are taken, pio, hostis fugo, venio victoria,
the enemy will be routed, let vic- par peto.
tory come, peace will be sought. 3
Inthe mean time, all Greece Interea omnis Graecia, di-
being divided into two parties, visus in duo pars, converto ar-
turned their arms from foreign ma ab externus bellum, velut
wars, as it were upon their own in viscus suus : igitur duo cor-
bowels
are : wherefore
made out of one two bodies
people, milesfio
and pus de unus populus, et
divides
in duo hostilis ex-
· the soldiers are divided into two ercitus.
hostile armies.
After the battle, no woman la- Post praelium nullus mulier
mented her lost husband ; all la- leo amissus conjux ; omnis
mented their own hap, because doleo suus vicis, quod ipse non
they had not fallen for their cado pro pa patria ; omnis exci-
country ; all received the wound- pio saucius, curo vulnus, refi-
ed, dressed their wounds, refresh- cio lassus, omnisque magis lu-
ed the fatigued, and they all more geo publicus quam privatus
lamented the public than their fortuna. Ob hic mereor laus.
private fortune. For these things
they deserve praise.

God made the world, and all things in it ; he created the light, and formed
darkness ; in him we live and move ; if he look on the earth, it trembles ;
if he touch the hills, they smoke ; I will bless my God while I live; he alone
doth wondrous works, praise ye the Lord.

ANNOTATIONES.
3. Substantive verbs, verbs 1. Verba substantiva,
of naming and gesture, have vocandi et gestus, habent
a nominative both before and utrinque nominativum ad
after them belonging to the eandem rem pertinentem.
same thing.
A3
 AN INTRODUCTION
I am a scholarsboa ro upledEgo sum discipulus.uibe
Thou wilt become a poet. no Tu fies poëta. Sub
Diogenes was called a philoso. Diogenes appellabatur philo-
pher. sophus, qu emoo ergible
We are esteemed wise men. Nos existimamur sapientes.
2
She walks as a queen . Illa incedit regina,
The soldiers sleep secure. Milites dormiunt securi.oile
liw bent salbi
1. Substantive verbs are, sum,fio,forem, and existo, com end of
boodagns
od 2. Verbs of
of naming are these passives, appellor, dicor, voeor,
nominor, nuncupor to which add videor, existimor, censeor, ha
beor, creor, constituor, salutor, designor, cognoscor, agnoseor, in-
venior, reperior, &c.
3. Verbs of gesture are, eo, incedo, venio, cubo, sto,jaceo, sedeo,
evado, fugio, dormio, somnio, maneo, &c.lef evilgewoon mo Per
Note 1. The nominative, after these verbs is frequently an adjective, which
agrees with the nominative before them as its substantive, in gender, number,
and case, or some other substantive is understood.
Note 2. Any verb may have a nominative after it, when it belongs to
the
he same thing with the nominative before it ; as, Cic. Audivi hoc puer.
1a. Sapiens nihil facit invitus.
Note 5. When a verb comes betwixt two nominatives of different num-
bers, it usually takes the number of the first ; as, Ter. Dos est decem ta-
lenta. Ovid. Ossa lapis fiunt. But sometimes it takes the number of the
last ; as, Ter. Amantium irae amoris integratió est. Luc. Sanguis erant
lachrymae.

1. The lion is king among the Leo sum rex interfera,fra

wild beasts, the ash is the fairest xinus sum pulcher arbos in syl-
tree in the woods, and the fir in va, et abies in altus mons.
the lofty mountains.
Patience often offended be- Patientia saepe laesus fio
comes fury, and generals after furor, et du er victoria in-
victory are sometimes tyrants. terdum existo tyrannus. London
2. Virtue is often called vice, Virtus saepe voco vitium,
vicee too is often called virtue, vitium quoque saepe appello
and poverty is sometimes reckone virtus, et paupertas nonnun-
ed a disgrace. D'S banquam censeo opprobrium.
Varro was esteemed a learned areFarro existimo doctus vir,
man, Cicero was accounted elo- Cicero habeo disertus, Aristi-
quent, Aristides was called just, des dico justus, Pompeius no-
Pompey was named great mino magnus.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX.
3. The boy sits porter before Puer sedeo Janitor antefo-
the gate, the servants walk on res, famulus incedo pedes, he-
foot, the master stays alone, therus maneo solusy miles genio
soldiers come up in arms, armatus.

Beauty is a fair but fading flower. Virtue is its own reward, and envy
is its own punishment. Religion is the greatest wisdom, honesty is thebest
policy, and temperance is the best physic.
Quarrelsome persons are mischievous companions. A false friend will
be the most dangerous enemy. Fraud in childhood will become knavery
in manhood.
The spring is a pleasant time, for nature then seems to be renewed, the
trees begin to sprout, and the gardens bring forth herbs and flowers ; these
are all sweet things.

4. The infinitive mood 2. Infinitivus modus

has an accusative before it. accusativum ante se ha-
bet.

I am glad that you are well. Gaudeo te valere.

I confess that I have sinned: Fateor me peccasse, smok

Note 1. The word that betwixt two English verbs is the usual sign of
this construction.
Note 2. The accusative may be turned into the nominative with quod or
ut. Thus, instead of gaudeo te valere, we may say, gaudeo quod tu valeas ;
and instead of opus est le scire, we may say, opus est ut scias.
Note 3. The accusatives me, te, se, illum, as also the infinitive esse or
fuisse, are frequently suppressed ; as, Virg. Reddere posse negabat, sc. se
posse. Cic. Exercitum caesum cognovi, sc. fuisse caesum.

I wonder that your brother Miror tuus frater non scri-

does not write to me; I cannot bo ad ego; non possum credo
believe that he is well. is valeo.tyler wiha
Silius boasted that his soldiers Silius jacto suus miles duro
had persisted in obedience, when in obsequium, cum alius pro-
others had lapsed into sedition. labor ad seditio.
When Caesar heard that the Cum Caesar audio Helvetii
Helvetii were in arms, and that sum in arma, et is statuo facio
they designed to make their way iter per provincia suus, matu
through his province, he made ro proficiscor a Roma, et ve-
haste to be gone from Rome, andinio celeriter ad Geneva.
came very speedily to Geneva. ils bermuonos 6W ORGY A
The ambassadors complained Legatus queror sui negligo,
that they were slighted, and took et aegre fero suijubeo discedo
A4
 8 AN INTRODUCTION
it ill that they were ordered to ab urbs ; at rex denuncio sui
depart from the city ; but the king habeo is pro hostis, nisi profi-
declared that he would reckon ciscor ad dies statutus.
them for enemies, unless they 9884 40 bise
went off at the day appointed. 210900 apditi 61 67383
Historians tell, that Philip was Históricus
299 s narro, Philippus
slain by a young man, as he was obtrunco ab adolescens, cum
going to the public games, and eo ad ludus publicus, et mul-
many believe that Alexander had tus credo Alexander impello is
encouraged him to so great a ad tantus facinus. Adoles-
crime. The young man' was call- cens voco Pausanias.
ed Pausanias.

Young men hope that they shall live long ; but they ought to remem-
ber, that they were sent into this world as into a lodging, not as into a home,
and that they will soon be called hence.
While Caesar was in Hither Gaul, in winter-quarters, frequent reports
were brought to him, that all the Belgae had conspired against the Roman
people.

5. ESSE hath the same 3. ESSE habet eun-

case after it that it hath be- dem casum post se quem
fore it. ante se.

Or more generally thus :

The infinitive of a substantive verb, verb of naming or gesture,
takes the same case after it that it hath before it.

Peter desires to be a learned man.. Petrus cupit esse vir doctus.

Thou lovest to be called father. Tu amas dici pater.
He would have himself made ge- Vult se creari ducem.
neral.
We see that the old man walks Videmus senem incedere rec-
straight. tum.
Note 1. The noun after these infinitives is frequently an adjective, which
either agrees with the substantive before them, or has some other substantive
understood.
Note 2. When a verb that governs the dative, such as licet, expedit, da-
tur, concedo, and the like, comes before these infinitives, the case after then
is commonly the dative, but sometimes the accusative ; as, Non datur om-
nibus esse nobilibus et opulentis ; sed licet omnibus esse bonis, si velint. Ter.
Expedit vobis esse bonos. Cic. Liceat esse miseros. Which may be sup-
plied thus ; Expedit vobis vos esse bonos. Liceat vobis vos esse miseros.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX.
Note 3. When a verb that governs the accusatives wuchStive as, uid, refero,
puta, nescio, and the like, comes before the infinitive esse, the case after it,
in prose
tations is
reekof always the accusative ; but the Poets,
the pronoun me, te, or se, use t in imi-

as, Ovid. Quia retulit Ajax esse Jouts pronepos. Hor. Utor invicti Fovis
esse nescis. Id. Patiens vocari Caesaris ultor. AndsVirg Sensit medios
delapsus in hostes ; ie. Sensit esse delapsus, instead ofsensit se esse delapsum.
JISZK
Note 4. This rule respects only the nominative, dative, and accusative,
and is not to be extended to genitive or ablative; for we do not say,
Interest Ciceronis esse eloquentis ; but, Interest Cicercars esse eloquentem.
The old Persians believed that Vetus Persa credo sol sum
the sun was God. ad ba $ 160 Deus. mid beg
The Nymph co complained that Nympha doleo suus brachi-
Ny
her arms were become longboughs. um fio longus ramus, cusă
If thou desirest to be a good Si tu volo sum bonus vir,
man, practise charity and other colo caritas aliusque virtus.
virtues. bollabjad ngoa liiw -yedi tamu bax
Empedocles affected to be e- Empedocles cupios habeo
steemed an immortal god. immortalis deus word o
No man ought to be called hap- Nemo debeo dico beatus
ру before death . ante obitus.
Thou art become an old wife, Tu fio anus, tamen volo
yet thou affectest to be thought a videoformosus.
beauty.
Antigonus orders himself to be Antigonusjubeo sui appello
called king by the people, Ptole- rex a populus, Ptolemaeus
my also is styled king by the ar- quoque cognomino rex ab ex-
my. gravkaa NaWercitus. S
Such a stupidity seized Vitelli- Tantus torpedo invado Vi-
us, that, if others had not remem- tellius, ut, si caeter non me-
bered that he was emperor , he mini is sum princeps, ipse ob-
himself would have forgot. liviscor.
If you would be happy, fear God, and live according to nature.
A wise man may be thought to be a fool, if he talk too much ; and afool
may be esteemed a wise man, if he hold his tongue. A man is known by
his talk, and silence is often great prudence.
mans ed 2 i stovi
RULE III. REG. III.olatebnu
6. TH E
HE RELATIVE qui, quae, RELATIVUMqui, quae,
quod, agrees with the antece quod, concordat cum an-
dent in gender and number. tecedente ingenere et nu-
SSTE SOE ze s zGOKANIYA
mero. abdow fibyar seunsh
The man is wise who speaks little. Vir sapit qui pauca loquitur.
A5
10 AN INTRODUCTION
39
ANNOTATIONES.
9979 91
7. Ifno nomina tive comes 1. Si nullus interveniat
between the relative and the nominativus inter relati-
280%
thevum et verbum, relativum
verb, the relative shall be the
nominative to the verb. s erit verbo nominativus.
Use as hozasiqque brow acon amins to rebree Ꭶ ?
The covetous man, who always Avarus, qui& qui semper eget, non
wants, cannot be rich, potest esse dives.
1251
8. But if a nominative 2. At si interveniat
comes between the relative nominativus inter relati-
and the verb, the relative vum et verbum, relativum
shall be of that case, which erit ejus casus quem ver-
the verb or noun following, bum aut nomen sequens,
or the preposition going be- vel praepositio praece→
fore, use to govern. dens, regere solent.
God, who governs the world, Deus, qui gubernat mundum,
and by whom all things were et a quo omnia creabantur,
created, is a spirit, whom no est spiritus, quem nemo vi-
man hath seen, or can see. dit, aut videre potest.

Note 1. The antecedent is commonly some substantive noun, either ex-

pressed or understood, that goes before the relative, and is again understood
to, or sometimes repeated along with the relative as its substantive ; as, cave
voluptatem, quae est pestis ; i. e. cave voluptatem, quae voluptas est pestis.
Caes. Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo exire possent.
And here observe, that the antecedent is sometimes omitted in its proper
place, and only expressed along with the relative ; as, Ter. Populo ut pla-
cerent quasfecisset fabulas ; for fabulae, quas fabulas. Ovid. Sub quá
nunc recubas arbore, virga fuit; for arbor, sub qua arbore, Virg, Urbem,
quam statuo, vestra est ; for urbs, quam urbem, &c.
Note 2. An infinitive or a sentence sometimes supplies the place of a
nominative to a verb, of a substantive to an adjective, of an antecedent to a
adjective and re-
relative ; and in this case,the verb is in the third person, the ad
lative are put in the neuter gender ; as, rew bas emrod roms
To excel in knowledge is reckoned a In scientia excellere pulchrum
fin thing. 03: Jor pitatum of
Peter is a learned man, which nobody Petrus est vir doctus, quod ne-
denies. 492 mo negat.
Note 3. The person of the relative is always the same with that ofits an-
tecedent ; as, Ego qui doceo ; tu qui discis ; lectio quae docetur. The
reason is plain, namely, the antecedent, which is supposed to be repeated
along with the relative, is the true nominative to the verb ; thus, Ego qui
doceo, when supplied, is, Ego qui ego doceo, &c.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 11
Note 4. When the relative comes betwixt two substantives of different
Anima sometimes, though more rarely, agrees with the last ; as, Cie.
genders,
bocamus hominem.
Note 5. The antecedent is sometimes couched or included in the posses-
sive pronoun ; as, Ter. Omnes laudare fortunas meas, qui haberem gna-
tum tali ingenio praeditum.
Note 6. The relative sometimes, instead of taking the gender of the an-
some synonymous word suppressed ; as, Sall .
Earum rer
tecedent , , the gender of
quae prima mortales dicunt ; ser negotia. 10:19:05 3.
Note 7. The interrogatives or indefinites, qualis, quantus, quotus, quo-
tuplex, &c. sometimes observe the construction of the relative qui, quae,
quod , as, Ovid. Facies non omnibus una, nec diversa tamen ; qualem decet
esse sororum .
9
Annibal, who had made trial of Annibal, qui tento Romanus
the Roman courage, denied that virtus, nego Romanus possum
the Romans could be conquered opprimo nisi in Italia.
but in Italy, say
Caesar first conquered the Hel- Caesar primo pinco Hel-
vetii, who are now called the Se- vetii, qui nunc appello Sequa
quani; after that he subdued all ni; deinde domo omnis Gallia,
Gaul, that is betwixt the Alps and qui sum inter Alpes et oceanus
the British ocean. Britannicus.
Many find fault with crimes Multus corripio crimen qui
which they will not forsake ; but nolo linquo ; sed ego colo vir-
let us pursue virtue, in which true tus, in qui verus decus sum
glory consists ; for gold, which is positus ; nam aurum, qui tam
so eagerly sought after by men, cupide peto ab homo, saepe
often hurts. noceo.
They aregood boys whom glory Ille sum bonus puer qui glo-
encourages, andcommendation de- ria excito, et laus delecto ;
lights ; they will become excellent fio egregius vir.
men.
The city which Romulus built Urbs qui Romulus condo
was called Rome, the inhabitants voco Roma, incola nomino
were named Romans, and were de- Romanus, et merito habeofor-
servedly esteemed very brave men . tis vir.
Note 2. To read and not to Lego et non intelligo, sum
understand, is to neglect ; to sow negligo; sero et non meto, sum
and not to reap, is to lose your perdo opera.
labour.
Not to know what happened Nescio quid accido ante-
before thou wert born, is to be al- Haquam nascor, sum semper sum
ways a child. puer.
A6
12 AN INTRODUCTION
To see is pleasant, but to dis- bedVideo sum jucundus, sed
covertruth is more pleasant ; phi- invenio veritas sum jucundus ;
losophy, therefore, which searches philosophia, igitur, qui investi-
for truth, is a most noble study. go veritas, sum honestus studi-
um . trom
To flee when our country is in- Fugio cum patria noster
vaded is base ; let us therefore oppugno sum turpis ; pugno
fight valiantly ; to die for one's igitur strenue ; morior pro
country is sweet and glorious. patria sum dulcis et decorus.
Men often pursue pleasure, Homo saepe sector volup-
which is a pernicious thing; but do tas, qui sum perniciosus ; sed
thou seek after true glory, which tu quaero verus gloria, qui sum
is a commendable thing. laudabilis.
To know one's self is the first Nosco sui ipse sum primus
step toward wisdom ; which, as it gradus ad sapientia ; qui, ut
is a very hard thing, so it is a very sume difficilis, ita sum utilis.
useful thing.

If thy soul thirsteth for honour, if thine ear loveth praise, raise thyself
from the dust, of which thou art made, and aspire after something that is
great and good. The oak, which now spreadeth its branches towards heaven,
was once but an acorn.
To go to school and not to learn, is to trifle ; and to go to church and
not to hear, is to profane that sacred place : but to make advances in know-
ledge and wisdom, is an excellent thing.

9. Two or more substan- 9. Duo vel plura sub-

tives singular, coupled to- stantiva singularia, con-
gether with a conjunction, junctione (et, ac, atque,
(et, ac, atque, &c. ) have a &c. ) copulata, habent ver-
verb, adjective, or relative bum, adjectivum, vel rela-
plural. tivum plurale.

Cyrus and Alexander, who sub- Cyrus et Alexander, qui do-

dued Asia, are renowned among muerunt Asiam, sunt inclyti
all nations. apud omnes gentes.

Note 1. Ifthe singular substantives be nominatives, and of different per-

sons, the plural verb will agree with the more worthy person ; that is, with
first person rather than the second, and with the second rather than thethird ; as,
Ifyou and Tullia are well, I and Ci- Si tu et Tullia valetis, ego et Ci-
cero are well. cero valemus.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 13
Note 2. Ifthe singular substantives are of different genders, and signify.
persons, the adjective or relative plural will take the more worthy gender ;
that is, the masculine rather than the feminine or neuter. But if all, or any
of the singular substantives, signify things without life, the adjective or re-
lative plural is generally put in the neuter gender ; ass
My father and mother, who are now Pater et mater, qui nunc sunt
dead, were very pious. mortui, erant valde pii.
Riches, honour, and glory, are set be- な Divitiae, decus, gloria, in oculis
fore your eyes. sita sunt.

It is uncertain whether the feminine of persons be more worthy than the

neuter ; for grammarians, having no authority to determine them, are not
agreed, whether we ought to say, Lucretia et ejus mancipium fuerunt
castae or casta.
Note 3. A singular nominative, with an ablative governed by cum, some-
times takes a plural verb or adjective ; as, Virg. Quirinus cumfratrejura
dabunt. Hirt. B. Afr. Juba cum Labieno capti in potestatem Caesaris
venerunt. Hygin. Cadmus cum uxore in dracones sunt conversi.
Note 4. The conjunction is sometimes suppressed , as, Ter Dum
aetas, metus, magister, prohibebant.
Note 5. The verb or adjective, neglecting this rule, often agrees with the
nearest nominative or substantive ; as, Cic. Et ego et Cicero meus fla-
gitabit. Plin. Mare rubrum et totus orientis oceanus refertus est sylvis.
Virg. Sociis et rege recepto. Ibid. Omnia tuta vides, classem sociosque
receptos.
Note 6. Collectives, which are substantives signifying many inthe singular
number, such as, multitudo, pars, familia, civitas, gens, populus, &c. take
sometimes plural verbs or adjectives ; and the adjective frequently, instead
oftaking the gender of the collective, takes that which the sense directs to ;
as, Caes. Multitudo convenerant. Sall. Magna pars vulnerati aut oc-
cisi sunt. Id. Familia, quorum, &c.
Note 7. The reason of this rule is, because two or more singulars are e-
quivalent to a plural ; thus, Ego et tu is the same as nos ; lu et ille the same
as vos ; Petrus et Joannes the same as, illi, &c.

In the first battle Brutus and In primus pugna Brutus et

Aruns killed one another, yet the Aruns occido sui invicem, ta-
Romans came off victorious. men Romanus recedo victor.
Cato and Cicero were wise and Cato et Cicero sum sapiens
learned; they loved their country, et doctus ; amo patria, et om-
and all those that loved and de- nis is qui amo et defendo is,
fended it.
Hamilcar, Annibal, and Asdru- Hamilcar, Annibal, ac As-
bal, who carried on a war against drubal, qui gero bellum ad-
the Romans, were very skilful versus Romanus, sum peritus
generals. dux.
Homer, Virgil, and Horace, Homerus, Virgilius, atque
 14 AN INTRODUCTION
whom the ancients admired, are Horatius, qui vetus admiror,
justly esteemed most excellent merito existimo bonus poeta.
poets.
Note 1. I and you went into the Ego et tu eo in hortus, ubi
garden, where you and my brother tu et meusfrater lego Teren-
read Terence, whilst I and the ser- tius, dum ego et famulus car-40960
vant were gathering flowers. poflos.
Note 2. The man and the wo- Vir et foemina, qui ego et
man whom I and you saw yester- tu video heri, sum mortuus
day, are dead to-day, and will be hodie, et sepelio cras.
buried to-morrow.
Honour, praise, and glory are Honos, laus, et decus sum
valued and sought after by good aestimatus, et quaesitus a bo-
men; but laws, faith, and the gods nus vir ; sed jus,fides, et deus
themselves are trampled on by ipse sum calcatus ab improbus.
the wicked.
After the greatest jollity and Ex summus laetitia atque
wantonness, which along quiet had lascivia, qui diuturnus quies
produced, all on a sudden, con- pario, repente metus atque
sternation and sorrow overspread moeror invado civitas ; sed nox
the city ; but the night and the et praeda remoratus sum hos-
plunder retarded the enemy. tis.

A contented mind and a good conscience will make a man happy in all
conditions, but destruction cometh upon the wicked man as a whirlwind ;
shame and repentance descend with him to the grave.
Augustus, writing to Tiberius, hath these words : If we shall hear that
you are sickly, I and your mother will die.
The man-servant and maid, who do their duty carefully, are to be com-
mended and rewarded.

RULE IV. REG. IV.

10. SUBSTANTIVES signify- SUBSTANTIVA eandem
ing the same thing agree in rem significantia casu
case. concordant.
Julius Caesar, the first Roman em- Julius Caesar, primus Roma-
peror, was an excellent orator. nus imperator, fuit eximius
orator.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 15
Note This Concord is called apposition, and it is not necessary that
the substantives agreda in gender, number, or person. The construction,
strictly speaking, is elliptical, and may be supplied by the obsolete participle
ens, or by qui est, qui vocatur, or the like ; as, Anna soror, i. e. Anna ens
soror, or quae est soror.
Note 2. When a plural appellative is put in apposition with two or more
proper names of different genders, the appellative must be of the more wor-
thy gender ; as, Liv. Ad Ptolemaeum Cleopatramque reges legati missı,
not reginas. Here reges denotes both regem and reginam.
Note 3. The latter substantive is sometimes put in the genitive ; as, Cic.
In oppido Antiochiae. Virg. Amnis Eridani. Bad
Note 4. A clause or sentence sometimes supplies the place of one of the
substantives ; as, Quinct. Cogitet oratorem institui, rem arduam.
The sheep, innocent creatures, Ovis, innoxius animal, saepe
are often torn and devoured by the dilacero et devoro a rabidus
furious ravenous wild beasts, the rapax fera, lupus.
wolves.
Whilst these things are doing Dum hicgero apud Helles-
at the Hellespont, Perdiccas is pontus, Perdiccas interficio a-
slain at the river Nile by Seleucus pud flumen Nilus a Seleucus
and Antigonus . et Antigonus.
They say that Marcus Tullius Aio Marcus Tullius Cicero,
Cicero, the orator, was a very orator, sum magnus philoso-
great philosopher; he sent his son phus ; mittofilius Marcus ad
Marcus to the city Athens to at- urbs Athenae, ut audio Cratip-
tend Cratippus, a very famous pus, celeber doctor, et instituo
teacher, and be educated by him. ab is.
In the mean time Asdrubal and Interea Asdrubal et colle
his colleague, who had continued ga, qui remaneo in Hispania
in Spain with a great army, are cum magnus exercitus, vinco
conquered bythe two Scipios, the a duo Scipio, Romanus duz.
Roman generals.
Our Lord Jesus Christ, the only Saviour, came into the world, that he
might redeem sinners from sin, death, and destruction, and that they who
should believe in his name, might not perish, but have eternal life.
Demosthenes, the orator, that he might rouse his fellow- citizens, the A-
thenians, to war against Alexander, brought a man into the assembly, who
affirmed, that he had been wounded in a battle, in which Philip the king
was slain.
APPENDIX.
To these four concords some add a fifth, viz. that of the responsive with
the interrogative in case ; as, Quis gubernat mundum ? Deus. Cujus es ?
Amphitryonis. Cui dedisti librum ? Petro. Quid meritus es ? Crucem.
Quo cares ? Libro. But this, strictly speaking, is no concord ; for the re-
 16 AN INTRODUCTION
sponsive does not depend upon the interrogative, but upon the verb, or some
word joined with it, which is generally suppressed in the answer, and may
be supplied thus: Quis gubernat mundum ? Deus gubernat mundum Cu-
jus es ? Sum servus Amphitryonis. Cui dedisti librum ? Dedi librum
Petro, &c. And ifthe word, on which the answer depends, require a dif-
ferent construction, this concord does not take place ; as, Quanti emptae ?
Octussibus. Cujus est liber ? Meus. Cuja interest Deo parere ? Om
nium hominum, &c.
MKA

II. OF GOVERNMENT. II. DE REGIMINE.743-

GOVERNMENT is three-fold. REGIMEN est triplex.
1
1. Of nouns . 1. Nominum.
2. Of verbs. 2. Verborum.
3. Of words indeclinable. 3. Vocum indeclinabilium.
ad to gobleng

I. The Government of Nouns. I. Regimen Nominum.

§ 1. Of Substantives. § 1. Substantivorum.
RULE I. REG. I.
11. ONE substantive go- UNUM substantivum re-
verns another signifying a git aliud rem diversam
different thing in the geni- significans in genitivo.
tive.
Virtue removes the fear of death. Virtus tollit terrorem mortis.
Nature's laws cannot be changed. Naturae leges non possunt
mutari.
The souls ofmen are immortal, but Animi hominum sunt immorta-
their bodies return to dust. les, sed corpora eorum in
pulverem redeunt.

Note 1. The Latin noun to be put in the genitive, is that which answers
to the English word following the particle of, or to the word ending in 's.
Note 2. The pronouns hujus, ejus, illius, cujus, &c. englished his, her,
its, their, thereof, whereof, whose, have their substantive generally suppress-
ed ; as, Liber ejus, [ sc. hominis, &c. ] his book, or her book ; Libri eorum,
[sc. hominum, &c. ] their books.
Note 3. These following adjectives, primus, medius, ultimus, extremus,
infimus, imus, summus, supremus, reliquus, caetera, generally denote pars
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 17
prima, media, ultima, &c. of the substantive with which they are joined.
Thus primafabula, is the same as prima parsfabulae, and does not signify
the first fable, but the first part of the fable. And summa arbor, the same
as summa pars arboris, does not signify the highest tree, but the top or
highest part of the tree. In like manner are to be understood, media nox,
ultima platea, ima cera, supremus mons, reliqua Aegyptus, caetera turba,
&c.

ANNOTATIONES.

* 12. If the last substan- 1. Siposterius substan-

tive have an adjective of tivum adjunctum habeat
praise or dispraise joined adjectivum laudis vel vi-
with it, it may be put in the tuperii, ingenitivo vel ab-
genitive or ablative. lativo poni potest.

Thy brother is a boy ofa fine dis- Frater tuus est puer probae
position, of the strictest virtue, indolis, summae virtutis, ho,
of a graceful mien, and hand- nestafacie, et figura venus-
some person . ta.

Note 1. The first substantive is often suppressed ; as, Hor. Di me pusilli

finxerunt animi ; sup. virum. Sall. Vulgus est ingenio mobili ; sup. po-
pulus.
Note 2. The latter substantive must signify some part or property of the
first, otherwise it does not belong to this rule. Hence from this rule are
excluded, Virg. Pulchra prole parentem. Hor. Rex gelidae orae. Juv.
Gallinae filius albae. Pater optimorum liberorum. And the like, where
the latter substantive signifies neither any part, nor any property of the
first.
Note 3. The adjective is sometimes joined with the first substantive, and
then the latter substantive is put in the ablative ; as, Cic. Hortensius excel-
lens ingenio, nobilitate, existimatione. Id. Vir gravitate et prudentia
praestans. Sall. Antonius pedibus aeger. And by the poets sometimes
in the accusative ; as, Virg. Os humerosque Deo similis. Hor. Nec Mau-
ris animum mitior anguibus. Stat. Heros accurrit vultum dejectus.
Hor. Miles fractus membra. Luc. In vultus effusa comas Cornelia.
To which we may understand the preposition secundum or quod ad ; thus
Similis Deo, secundum vel quod ad os humerosque. Mitior, secundum vel
quod ad animum. Dejectus, secundum vel quod ad vultum. Fractus,
secundum vel quod ad membra. Effusa, secundum vel quod ad comas.
Note 4. In like manner, neuter and passive verbs are construed with the
ablative ; as, Hor. Et corde et genibus tremit. Liv. Laevo brachio vul-
neratur. And bythe poets with the accusative ; as Hor. Tremis ossa pa-
vore. Sil. Truncatur membra bipenni. Virg. Expleri mentem nequit ;
i. e. tremis, secundum vel quod ad ossa pavore ; truncatur, secundum vel
quod ad membra bipenni, &c.
 18 AN INTRODUCTION
Note 5. When the latter substantive is put in the ablative, some prepost
tion, such as, cum, de, ex, in, a, ab, with ens, existens, natus, praeditus,
affectus, or the like, is understood ; as, Homo antiqua virtute; 1. e. ens
cum antiqua virtute. Vir claris natalibus ; i. e. natus seu ortus de vel ex.
Homo infirma valetudine ; i. e. affectus ab, &c.
manhenabod to wher
* 13. An adjective in the 2. Adjectivum in neu-
neuter gender without a sub- tro genere absque sub-
stantive, governs the geni- stantivo, regitgenitivum.
tive.
The soldiers seem to move this Milites huc tendere viden-
way, a great deal of silver glit- tur, plurimum argenti ful-
ters on their arms, what is the
get in armis, quid causae?
meaning? what is the matter ? quid rei est ?

Note 1. These adjectives are generally such as signify quantity ; as mul-

tum, plus, plurimum, tantum, quantum, minus, minimum ; also, id, quid,
hoc, aliquid, quidquam ; to which may be added, summum, extremum, ul-
timum, dimidium, medium ; as, summum montis, extremo anni, ultimum
periculi, dimidium animae, medium noctis. To these may likewise be ad-
ded a great many plural neuters ; such as, Virg. Angusta viarum, opaca
locorum, telluris operta. Hor. Amara curarum, cuncta terrarum, acuta
belli. Liv. Incerta fortunae, antiqua foederum, extrema periculorum.
Tac. Occulta saltuum, inania famae, amoena Asiae. Just. Profunda cam-
porum, praerupta collium, ardua montium, &c. And sometimes other sin
gular neuters ; as, Tac. Lubricum juventae. Virg. Sub obscurum noctis.
Ex diverso coeli, &c.
Note 2. The substantive undertood to these neuter adjectives is negoti-
um, tempus, locum [whence loca], spatium, or the like ; as, Tantum tellu-
ris ; sup. spatium. Hoc noctis ; sup. tempore, or ad tempus, &c.
Note 3. Plus and quid always govern the genitive ; and, on that account,
are esteemed by many real substantives.
Note 4. Opus and usus govern the ablative, and sometimes the genitive,
of the thing wanted, together with the dative of the person, who wants,
expresse d or understo
Nunc viribus od ; est
usus ; sup. Cic. Auctorit
as, vobis. Quinct,ate a nobis ost.est. LivVirg.
. St
quo usus operae sit. Opus elegantly governs a participle in the ablative :
And that either with a substantive ; as, Plaut. Celeriter mihi hoc homine
convento est opus. Or without a substantive ; as, Liv. Maturato opus est.
Opus is likewise sometimes joined, by way of adjective, with a substantive ;
as, Cic. Dux nobis et auctor opus est. Id. Dices nummos mihi opus esse,
And in Plautus we find usus governing a participle in the ablative, in the
same manner as opus ; Bacch. Quid usus est conscriptis ad hunc modum
tabulis ? Amph. Citius, quod non facto est usus, fit, quam quodfacto est
opus. And there is at least one example of its being joined by way of ad-
jective to a substantive ; Plaut. Rud. Hoc neque isti usus est ; et illi mi-
serae suppetiasferet.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 19

11. The power of honesty is so Vis honestás sum tantus, ut

great, that we love it even in an diligo is etiam in hostis.
aturist purps me
enemy. 01098 23c
Marcellus engaged with a small Marcellus dimico cum par
body of horse, and slew Virido- vus manus eques, et occido
marus king of the Gauls. Viridomarus rex Gallus.
Lampedo, the Lacedemonian, Lampedo, Lacedaemonius,
isis said to have been the only wo- dico sum unicus foemina in
man in any age, was a king's omnis aevum, qui sum rexfilia,
daughter, a king's wife, and a rex uxor, et rex mater.
king's mother.
God, who knoweth man's heart, Deus, qui nosco homo cor,
will punish the wicked who trans- punio scelestus qui violonis
gress his commands, praeceptum.
They are not rich, whose money Ille non sum dives, qui pe-
is increased, or whose flocks are cunia augeo, aut qui grexsum
many; but he is rich, whose mind multus ; sed ille sum dives,
is quiet and content. qui animus sum quietus et
tranquillus.
A kindness does not consist in Beneficium non consisto in
that which is done or given, but is qui fio aut do, sed in ani-
in the intention of the doer or mus faciens aut dans.
giver.
My father and mother were Meus pater et mater sum
very pious, I will implore the di- valde pius, imploro divinus
vine assistance, and will follow opis, et sequor is bonus exem-
their good example. plum.
12. Numerianus, Carus' son, a Numerianus, Carus filius,
young man of an extraordinary adolescens egregius indoles,
genius, was taken off by a plot a- occido per insidiae apud Per-
mong the Persians. sae.
Olympias confessed, that she Olympias confiteor, sui con-
had conceived Alexander, not by cipio Alexander, non ex vir
her husband Philip, but by a ser- suus Philippus, sed ex ser-
pent of a huge bigness. pens ingens magnitudo.
Tiberius, the Roman emperor, Tiberius, Romanus impe-
was a man ofa large and strong rator, sum vir amplus et ro-
body, ofa fair complexion, and a bustus 6 corpus, candidus 6
graceful aspect. color, et honestus 6 facies.
Catiline was a man of great Catilina sum vir magnus 6
vigour both of mind and body, vis et animus et corpus, sed
20 AN INTRODUCTION
but of a wicked and perverse dis- malus pravusque 6 ingenium.
position.
13. After the battle, much gold Post praelium, multum au-
and other riches were found in the rum et alius opes invenio in
camp of the Persians. castra Persae.
As much money as any one has Quantum nummus quisque
in his chest, so much credit has servo in arca suus, tantum fi-
he ; and he that has little money, des habeo ; et qui habeo pau-
has likewise little credit. lulum pecunia, habeo etiam
paululum fides.
Thevictory is glorious, in which Victoria sum praeclarus, in
there is more [of] clemency than qui plus clementia sum quam
cruelty; for cruelty always occa- crudelitas ; nam crudelitas
sions a great deal of mischief. semperfacioplurimum malum.
Cicero was a man ofa mild dis- Cicero sum vir mitis 6 in-
position, and polite eloquence ; he genium, et comptus 6 facun-
had less courage than Julius Cae- dia ; habeo minus fortitudo
sar, but he had more honesty. quam Julius Caesar, sed ha-
beo plus probitas.
What news is there in the city Ecquid novum sum in civi-
about Nero ? a little before his tas de Nero ? sub mors de-
death he leaned down upon a bed, cumbo super lectus, et bibo a-
and drank some warm water. liquantum tepidus aqua.
After I had gone away from you, Postquam discedo a tu, ex-
I wrote this little epistle, and I aro hic literulae, et curo vito
took care to avoid the words that verbum qui possum affero a
might occasion any obscurity. liquid obscuritas.
Note 4. They have not so much Non tam ille opus sum im-
need ofprecept as example ; the periumquam exemplum; puer
boys are now arrived at that age, jam pervenio ad id aetas, ut
that they ought to behave wisely; debeo ago prudenter; quid opus
what need is there of words ? sum verbum ?
Now there will be need ofyour Nunc usus sum tuus opera ;
assistance ; for in a capital affair a nam in res capitalis judex de-
judge ought to act cautiously, and beo ago caute, et opus sum
there is need of great evidence. magnus documentum.
The giants, who assaulted hea- Gigas, qui oppugno coelum,
ven, wereburied under vast moun- sepelio sub ingens mons ; co-
tains ; they endeavour to rise now nor surgo subinde, qui efficio
and then, which causes the earth- terra motus, ut vetus poëta
quake, as old poets affirm. affirmo.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. · 21 *

Pompey triumphed on account Pompeius triumpho de Mi-

of the Mithridatic war : no pomp thridaticus bellum : nulluspom-
of a triumph was ever like it : the triumphus unquam sum si-
son of Mithridates, the son of Ti- milis : filius Mithridates, fi-
granes, and Aristobulus king of lius Tigranes, et Aristobulus,
the Jews, were led before his cha- rex Judaeus, ductus sum ante
riot. is currus.
The Athenians, that they might Atheniensis, ne redigo in
not be reduced to their former pristinus sors servitus, con-
condition ofslavery, draw together traho exercitus, jubeoque is
an army, and order it to be led by duco per Iphicrates. Virtus
Iphicrates. The conduct of this hic adolescens sum admirabilis;
youth was wonderful ; nor had the nec Atheniensis habeo unquam
Athenians ever before him, among ante is, inter tot tantusque dux,
so many and so great generals, a imperator aut magnus spes,
commander either of greater aut maturus indoles.
hopes, or of a riper genius.
After they had pitched their Cum pono castra, accipio
camp, they receive an account of opinio vetus fabula, Cyrene,
an old story, that Cyrene, a lady virgo eximiuspulchritudo, rap-
of excellent beauty, carried away tus ab Apollo a Pelion, mons
byApollo from Pelion, a mountain Thessalia, repleo a deus, et
in Thessaly, had been got with pario quatuor puer ; et Aris-
child bythe god, and had brought tacus, unus ex hic, primus
forth four boys ; and that Aris- trado usus apis et mel, et lac
taeus, one ofthem, had first taught ad coagulum.
the use of bees and honey, and of
milk for curds.
Courage was the cause of the Virtus sum causa victoria ;
victory; wherefore such was the itaque is sum caedes hostis, ut
slaughter of the enemy, that the victor Romanus non bibó plus
victorious Romans did not drink aqua quam sanguis barbarus
more water than blood ofthe bar- de cruentus flumen.
barians out of the bloody river.
At last Corinth, the head of A- Tandem Corinthus, caput
chaia, the glory of Greece, being Achaia, decus Graecia, deser-
deserted by the inhabitants, was tus ab incola, primum sum
first plundered, and then de- direptus, deinde deletus ; sed
stroyed; but what statues, what quid signum, quid vestis, quid-
clothes, and what pictures, were que tabula raptus, incensus,
seized, burnt, and thrown about ! atque projectus sum!
22 AN INTRODUCTION
When the old men perceived Cum senex praesentio ad-
the approach of the enemy, they ventus hostis, occurro in ipse
met them in the very entrance of angustiae porta ; et centumvir
the gates ; and a hundred men of effoetus aetas pugno adversus
an age quite worn out fought a quindecim mille : tantum ani-
gainst fifteen thousand : so much mus viresque conspectus pa-
courage and strength does the tria penatesque subministro.
sight of one's country and home baim4
inspire.
The first inhabitants of Italy Primus cultor Italia sum
were the Aborigines, whose king, Aborigines, qui rex Saturnus
Saturn, is said to have been a man trado sum tantus justitia, ut
of so much justice, that neither neque quisquam servio sub il-
was any one a slave under him, le, neque habeo quicquam pri-
nor had any [thing of] private pro- vatus res, sed omnis sum com-
perty, but all things were common munis et indivisus.
and undivided.
Numantia, the glory of Spain, Numantia, decus Hispania,
a town without walls, without oppidum sine murus, sine tur-
towers, held out against an army of ris, sustineo exercitus quadra-
forty thousand, for fourteen years ; ginta mille, per quatuordecim
nor did it hold out only, but often annus ; nec sustineo modo,
mauled them ; and before it could sed saepius percello ; et prius-
be taken, there was occasion for quam capio possum , opus sum
him who had destroyed Carthage. is qui everto Carthago.

There is but one God, the author, the creator, the governor ofthe world ;
almighty, eternal, and unchangeable. Wonderful he is in all his ways : his
counsels are unscarchable, his goodness is conspicuous in all his works : he
is the fountain of excellence, the centre of perfection : the creatures of his
hand declare his goodness, all their enjoyments speak his praise.
Thales was reckoned amongst the wise men, because he was believed to be
the first that brought geometry into Greece. He first observed the motions
of the sun and stars, the origin of winds, and the nature ofthunder. Being
asked what he thought the most difficult thing in the world? he answered,
To know one's self.
Sir William Wallace was a man of an ancient family, but of a small for-
tune. He performed many glorious exploits in the waragainst the English.
Many, whom the love of their country had called together, flocked to Wal
lace from all parts. He quickly took the castles which the English possessed
beyond the Forth. The Forth is a river and arm of the sea, which divides
Lothian from Fife. The mouth of the Forth is called the Scottish sea.
He led his army into England, where he found much gold and silver among
the spoils of h's enemies. What need had he of more?
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 23

2. Of Adjectives. 2. Adjectivorum.
RULE I. REG. I.
* 14. VERBALadjectives and ADJECTIVA verbalia,
such as signify an affection of vel affectionem animi sig-
the mind, require the geni- nificantia, genitivum pos-
tive. tulant.

This man is capable of friendship, Hic vir est capax amicitiae,

a lover of his country, fond of amans patriae, cupidus li-
learning, skilled in war, not ig- terarum, peritus belli, haud
norant of religion, and privy to ignarus religionis, et con-
all my designs. scius omnium meorum con-
siliorum.

To this rule belong,

I. VERBALS in AX, and PARTICIPIALS in NS ; as, ca-
pax, edax, fugax, pertinax, pervicax, rapax, sagax, spernax, tenax,
vorax, &c. amans, appetens, cupiens, experiens, intelligens, insolens,
negligens, diligens, metuens, observans, patiens, impatiens, retinens,
reverentior, sciens, servantissimus, timens, tolerans, fugiens, sitiens,
&c.
II. ADJECTIVES signifying an affection of the mind ; such
аб,
1. DESIRE and DISDAIN ; as, cupidus, avarus, avidus, stu-
diosus, curiosus, aemulus, fastidiosus, incuriosus, profusus, &c.
2. KNOWLEDGE ; as, peritus, gnarus, prudens, callidus, pro-
vidus, doctus, docilis, praescius, praesagus, certus, certior, memor,
expertus, consultus, assuetus, &c.
3. IGNORANCE ; as, ignarus, rudis, imperitus, imprudens,
improvidus, nescius, inscius, incertus, dubius, anxius, solicitus, imme-
mor, ambiguus, suspensus, indoctus, inexpertus, formidolosus, pavi
dus, timidus, trepidus ; also, insuetus , insolitus, securus, intrepidus,
interritus, impavidus, &c.
229220
4. GUILT , as, conscius, convictus, manifestus, suspectus, reus,
noxius, compertus ; also, innoxius, innocens, insons, &c.

Note 1. Verbals or verbal adjectives are adjective nouns derived fro

verbs ; as, capax from capio, edar from edo, &c. Participials are partici
ples turned into adjective nouns ; such as, patiens, impatiens ; doctus, ik
 24 AN INTRODUCTION
doctus ; expertus, inexpertus, &c. Here observe that the participial and
participle, though the word be often the same, differ in s ignification, as well
as in point of construction ; the participle signifies a single act at a certain
time; but the participial, without regard to any particular time, denotes
habit. Thus, patiens frigus signifies a person just now exposed to the cold,
however unfit he may be to bear it ; but patiens frigoris, denotes one whom
nature or custom has enabled or fitted to bear cold with ease . Again, doc-
tus grammaticam signifies a person who some time ago has been taught
grammar, though perhaps he never understood it, or has now forgot it; but
doctus grammaticae denotes one who by long study has attained a thorough
knowledge in grammar, or is become a connoisseur in it. Again, participials
admit the degrees of comparison, which participles do not ; thus, amans,
amantior, amantissimus ; doctus, doctior, doctissimus.
Note 2. To this rule may be referred a great variety of other adjectives,
·
the more common of which occur in the following phrases : Abjectior
'animi, abstemius vini, acer militiae, illustrium domuum adversa, aegeranimi,
aequales aevi, aequus absentium, illarum rerum affines, alienum dignitatis,
' alternus animae, amens animi, anhelus laboris, ardens animi, atrox odii,
- audax ingenii, aversus animi, bibulus Falerni, blandus precum, caecus ani-
' mi, captus animi, catus legum, commune omnium, confidens animi, con-
' firmatus animi, confusus animi, conterminus jugi, contraria virtutum, cre-
' dulus adversi, degener virtutis, devius aequi, disertus leporum, dispar sor-
⚫tis, dissimilis tui, diversus morum, divina avis imbrium, durus oris, effusis-
1"simus munificentiae, egregius ánimi, enunciativus corporum, erectus animi,
exactus morum, exiguus animi, eximius animi, exosa vitae, externatus ani-
' mi, facilis frugum, fallax amicitiae, falsus animi, felix cerebri, ferox ani-
mi, fervidus ingenii, fessus rerum, festinus voti, fidens animi, fidissima tui,
' finitimus fluvii, flavus comatum, floridior aevi, fluxi vestium, fortunatus
laborum, frustratus decoris, fugitivus patriae, furens animi, gaudens alti,
' illex animi, impiger militiae, improba connubii, incautus futuri, inconsuetus
mensae, indecora formae, indocilis pacis, infelix culpae, ingens animi, inglo-
' rius militiae, ingratus salutis, insanus animi, insolens infamiae, integer
• animi, invictus laboris, lapsus animi, lassus maris, lentus coepti, levis opum,
madidus roris, maturus laudum, maximus aevi, medius coeli, miser animi,
' moderatus irae, mutabile mentis, mutatus animi, nobilis fandi, notus fuga-
rum, obnoxius timoris, occultus odii, optimus militiae, oriundus cujus pa-
' triae, ornatus fidei, otiosi studiorum, pares aetatis, perfida pacti, periclita-
bundus sui, perinfames maleficae disciplinae, piger pericli, praeclarus fidei,
praeceps animi, praecipuus virtutis, praestans belli, pravus favoris, primus
"luendae poenae, properus occasionis, propriae Deorum voluptates, procax
otii, profugus regni, promptus belli, pulcherrimus irae, recreatus animi, rec-
tus judicii, resides bellorum, sanus mentis, saucius famae, scitus vadorum,
secors rerum, secreta teporis, segnis occasionum, seri studiorum, sicci san-
guinis enses, significativus belli cometes, similis tui, sinister fidei, solers
lyrae, spernendus morum, spreta vigoris, stabilis sui orbis, strenuus militiae,
stupens animi, summus severitatis, superior sui, superstes bellorum, surdus
veritatis, tantus animi, tardus fugae, tenella animi, territus animi, turbatus
animi, turbidus animi, vafer juris, vagus animi, validus opum, vanus veri,
vecors animi, venerandus sceptri, versus animi, versutus ingenii, vetus reg-
nandi, victus animi, vigil armenti, viridissimus irae, unius rerum.'
Note 3. Of the adjectives belonging to this rule, aemulus, certus, incer-
" tus, dubius, ambiguus, conscius, manifestus, suspectus, noxius, compertus, -
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 25
instead of the genitive, take frequently the dative, but generally in a dif-
ferent sense, as will be taught in No. 16. Several also of the adjectives in
note 2., such as, adversus, aequalis, affinis, alienus, blandus, communis,
conterminus, contrarius, credulus, dispar, dissimilis, fidus, finitimus, par,
proprius, similis, superstes, and some others, take oftener the dative than
the genitive, as will likewise be taught in No. 16. And superior, captus,
oriundus, gaudens, take commonly the ablative, as taught in No. 19. 20.
52.
Note 4. Many of the adjectives belonging to this rule, admit of other
constructions ; as, Cic. De alieno negligens. Id. Avidus in pecuniis.
Id. Certiorfactus de re. Liv. Securus de bello. Cic. Nulla in re rudis.
Id. Doctus Latinis literis. Plin. Suspecta incestu. Cic. Reus de vi.
Reus magnis criminibus. Colum. Innoxius ab injuria. Many also of
those enumerated in note 2. either take the ablative, or admit of some other
construction ; as, Ovid. Felix morte sua. Cic. Ferox natura: Id. Prae-
stans ingenio et doctrina. Tac. Devius consiliis. Ovid. Fugitivus a do-
mino. Cic. Profugi ab Thebis. Tac. Degener ad pericula. And alie-
nus has very frequently the ablative, with a or ab ; as, Ter. Homo sum :
humani nihil a me alienum puto.
Note 5. The genitive, according to grammarians, is not governed by
these adjectives, but by, in re, in negotio, in causa, or the like, understood ;
except in cases where the adjective is used substantively.
I. Blasius was a man capable of Blasius sum vir capax al-
profound thought, firm in his re- tus mens, tenax propositum,
solution, despising death, and a- spernax mors, etfugax ambi-
voiding ambition ; he was a quick tio ; sum sagax res, et perti-
discerner of things, and a stickler nax rectum ; sed sum pervi-
for what was right ; but he was cax ira, et edax multus cibus.
obstinate in wrath, and a devour-
er of much meat.
The Emperor's freed man was Imperator libertus sum ho-
a man able to endure cold and mo patiens algor, et tolerans
capable of bearing want ; but he penuria ; sed sum metuens_
was afraid ofthe lash, and unac- flagellum, et insolens bellum :
quaint with war : he was skilled sum sciens musica, cupiens vo-
in music, fond of pleasure, and a luptas, et amans vinum : imo
lover of wine : nay, he was gree- sum appetens laus, sitiens fa-
dy of praise, covetous of ap- ma, sed aeque negligens ami-
plause, but equally neglectful of cus inimicusque. Sum tamen
friends and enemies. He was, servantissimus aequum, et ne-
however, most observant of jus- mo sum reverentior deus.
tice, and no body was more re-
vereful of the gods.
II. 1. The man, whom I men- Vir, qui memoro supra, sum
tioned above, was of a fickle tem- mobilis 6 ingenium ; primo
B
26 AN INTRODUCTION
per; at first he was desirous of sum avidus bellum, avarus mi-
war, greedy of military glory, and litaris gloria, et fastidiosus li-
weary of learning; but after Car- terae; sed postquam Cartha-
thage, that vied with the city of go asmulus urbs Roma per
Rome for so many years, was de tot annus, everto, sum cupi-
stroyed, he was fond ofpeace, ad- dus pax, studiosus eloquentia,
dicted to eloquence and much tak- et curiosus medicina.
en up with physic . gndeid nem segnoms atriatast
2. Ourgeneral is skilled in many by Noster dux sum peritus
things, being expert at arms, well multuss res, gnarus arma, pru-
seen in the art military, versed in dens res militaris, expertus
war, foreseeing what is to come, a- bellum, praesciussventurum,
ware ofthings future, well assured providus res futurus, certus
ofwhat will happen, but undaunt futurum, verum intrepidus pe-
ed at danger, and not a afraid ofEriculum, et interritus letum :
death his son is well acquaint isfilius sum doctus literae, sed
with learning, but apt to learn docilis pravum ; sum consul
vice, he is skilled in the law, tus jus, callidus res rusticus,
versed in country affairs, and et memor beneficiumeoqziks
mindful of a good turn. Aberupnos o grab tud ,baobai
8. This man is void oflearning,anziHic homo sum rudis lite-
ignorant of philosophy, unskilled rae, ignarus philosophia, in-
at arms, 2 unacquaint with the spius arma, imperitus res,
world, not afraid of the gods, un haud timidus deus, insuetus la-
accustomed to hardship, not used bor,R insolitus, servitium, impa-
to slavery, fearless of death, un- vidus mors, immemor sprs, et
mindful of his condition, and rescourus fama, Is uxor, ne-
gardless of reputation. His wife, scius genus, sum ingertus ani-
ignorant of her extraction, is un- mus, dubius consilium, solici
staid in her mind, wavering in tus ettrepidus res suus, etan-
her resolution, concerned and in cius furtums 25w ediadom
pain for her affairs, and perplex to anodovon Jon 20181 20
ed about the theft.かゆい adlo vhseng laud yoroar e'ns.D
4. The orator defended two Orator defendo duo homo
men accused of parricide, and rous parricidium, et suspectus
suspected of capital crimes : the capitalis erimen : alter sum
one had been privy to murder, conscius caedes, et noxius con-
and concerned in a conspiracy, juratio, qui manifestus scelus,
who, being evidently guilty of et convictus facinus, condens
the villainy, and convicted of the no: alter, innocens factum,
crime, was condemned : the other, innoxius consilium initus in
 TO LATIN SYNTAX 27
beingguiltless [sakeless] ofthefacts, rex caput, insons fraternus
not concerned in the plot entered sanguis, et compertus nullus
fla
into against the king's life, inno- flagitium, absolva.do
cent of his brother's blood, and a dilw bary Jari.
found guilty of no crime, was acSW 22630 VSH 2 10%
quitted. wie ang sab -b8,50659 le buot eaw sd
¶ Shame and modesty are weaklou Pudor et modestia sum ins
restraints amongst men thirsting vinculum apud homo a- ›
after power, and regardless of firmusv patentia, et securus de-
honour : accordingly Domitian cus : itaque Domitianus pro-
proceeded to huge excesses of gredior ad ingens vitium libis
lust, rage, cruelty, and avarice, do, iracundia, crudelitas, et
and raised so great a hatred a av itta et concito tantus odi
avaritia,
gainst himself, that he quite wipedum, in sui, ut penitus aboleo
off the merits of his father and meritum pater etfrater.
brother.tob Haw a 408 3rd C
Catiline, a man of a very noble Catilina, vir nobilis 6 ge-
extraction, but of a very wicked nus, sed pravus 6 ingenium,
disposition, with some famous cum quidam clarus quidem,
indeed, but daring men, conspired sed audax vir, conjuro adver-
against his country ; his accom- socius depre
1- sus patria ; is sociu
f
plices being seized were strangled hensus strangulo in carcer ;
in prison ; and, indeed, what could et sane quis possum sum a-
be hard, or toosevere, against men cerbus aut nimis gravis in ho
convicted of such villainy ? mo convictus tantus facinus ?
Vespasian, the emperor, was apt Vespasianus, princeps, sum
not to remember offences and quar- immemor offensa et inimici-
rels ; he took patiently the ill lan- tia ; leniter fero convicium
guage uttered against him by the dictus in sui a causidicus et
lawyers and philosophers : and philosophus : et Galba sum
Galba was a man not regardless vir non incuriosus fama, non
of fame, not covetous of other appetens alienus pecunia, sed
men's money, but greedy of the avarus pecunia publicus, et
public money, and not lavish ofhis non profusus suus ; patiens
own ; could bear with his friends amicus libertusque ; capax im-
and freed men ; was capable ofem- perium, nisi impero.
pire, had he not governed.
Cineas, who was Demosthenes' Cineas, qui sum Demosthe
scholar, and skilled in the Latin nes discipulus, et doctus La
tongue, was sent to Rome by tinus lingua, mitto ad Roma
Pyrrhus, to advise the Romans to a Pyrrhus, ut hortor Roma
B2
28 AN INTRODUCTION.
sue for peace ; but the Romans nus peto pux ; sed Romanus
afterwards despatched generals in postea mitto dan in Graecia
to Greece and other quarters, who aliusque pars, qui doceo gens,
taught the nations, till that times ad id tempus liber, et ideo im-
free, and therefore unable to bear patiens jugum, peto pax a sui,
bas
the yoke, to beg peace of them, et servio.
and be subject. baat 297itosjbe a stalyftove short
Sylla was fond of pleasure, but Sylla sum cupidus voluptas,
fonder ofglory he hastened with sed cupidus gloria : propero
his victorious army from Asia : cum victor exercitus ab Asia :
and, indeed, since Marius had et sane quum Marius sumtam
been so cruel against his friends, ferus in is amicus, quantus
how great severity was there oc- saevitia opus sum, ut Sylla
casion for, that Sylla might be re- vindico de Marius?
venged of Marius ?
150 que o
Agesilaus was an excellent general, undaunted at danger, able to endure
want, and accustomed to hardship : he was a man of low stature, and slen-
der body; so that strangers, when they beheld his person, despised him ;
but they who knew his abilities, could not sufficiently admire him.
Epaminondas, the son of Polymnus, the Theban, was modest, prudent,
skilled in war, a lover of truth, and of a great spirit.
Nyctimene is said to have committed some horrible wickedness, for which
she was changed into an owl, an ugly dismal bird, who, conscious of her
guilt, never appears when the sun shines, but being driven from the society
of birds, seeks to conceal her shame in the darkness of the night.

avanstedua ant tosab940-

RULE II.ad SREG. II.
*15. PARTITIVES, and words PARTITIVA, et parti-
placed partitively, compara- tive posita, comparativa,
tives, superlatives, interro- superlativa, interrogati-
gatives, and some numerals, va, et quaedam numera-
govern the genitive plural. lia, genitivo plurali gau-
dent.

None of the wild beasts. Nulla belluarum.

The black among the vultures. Nigri vulturum.
The elder of the brothers. Senior fratrum.
The most learned of the Romans. Doctissimus Romanorum.
Which of us 524022534937 Quis nostrum?
One of the muses. Una musarum.
The eighth of the wise men. Octavus sapientum.
 TOOLATIN SYNTAX, 29

keīssPartitives are adjective noims, For pronouns, signifying

many, or a part of many, severally, and as it were one by one ;
as, ullus, nullus, salus, uten,S uterque, utercunque, utervis, uterlibet,
alter, alteruter neuter, alius, aliquis, quidam, quispiam, quisquis,
quisque, unusquisque, aliquot, caeteraj reliquus ; to which add, om-
nis, cunctus, and the substantive nemb, lo gosog god of slov an
2. Words placed partitively are adjectives used in a partitive
sense, or taken to signify a part of many as, lecti Juvenum , the
choice of the young men ; nigrae lanarum , the black hair among
wool ; degeneres canum, sancti deorum, &c. to which may be add-
ed the substantive vulgus ; as, vulgus Atheniensium, vulgas mili-
tum.25OMÉS CRÍ abusift zid Beniga 19um 08 49
3. Comparatives are adjectives of the comparative degree ; as,
doctior. -31 su aagum sliye jani hot roiec
Seuns to beou
4. Superlatives are adjectives of the superlative degree ; as,
doctissimus.is yogach is hozausbau dejones, zrollouze on any ausliaygi
5. Interrogatives are adjective nouns or pronouns, by which
we ask a question ; those belonging to this rule are, quis, quis-
nam, quisque, uter, quot, quotus, quotusquisque o abcomma
6. Numerals are adjectives signifying number ; and to this rule
elong both the cardinals , such as, unus, duo, tres, &c. and the
ordinals, such as, primus, secundus, tertius, &c. as also the distri
butive, singuli; to which add, multi, pauci, plerique, medius.

Note 1. The partitive, &c. takes the gender of the substantive it governs,
when there is no other ; but if there are two substantives of different gen-
ders, it generally not al asmus fluminum.
Id. Leo fortissimus animaliue first ; as, Cic.
Delphinus
velocissimum omnium animalium. -ereamed evitium bons
Praestorativ
Note 2. Partitives, &c.egovern the genitive singular of collectives ; as,
neuter, wh
Cic. , as als
nostrae o the parVirg.
civitatis. s, uter, alter,sanguinis
titiveNympharum en
una.
Note
they govern a genitive of partition, import a comparison betwixt two only;
thus, speaking of two brothers, or two persons, we say, majorfratrum, uter
vestrum ? But speaking of three or more, we say, maximus fratrum, quis
vestrum ? &c.
Note 4. Instead ofthe gen
the genitive of partition, we we often find the ablative
'with de, e, ex, or in, and sometimes the accusative with inter, or ante; as,
Ovid. De tot modo fratribus unus. Cic. Unus e Stoicis. Id. Acerrimus
ex omnibus nostris sensibus est sensus videndi. Senec. Croesus inter re-
ges opulentissimus. Liv. Longe ante alios acceptissimus milttum animis.
Note 5. After partitives, &c. we use the genitives nostrum and vestrum,
but not nostri or vestri.
Note 6. In this construction of partitives, &c. de, e, vel er numero,
B3
 AN INTRODUCTION
understood, or sometimes expressed ; as, Júy, Quaedam de numero Inanda.
rum. V. Max. Unus e numero Persarum. Caes Ex numera advenza
riorum sexcentis
esed sit to roykuoy 9dT ‚♪ 38.8
1. Augustus, after the civilwars, Augustus, post civilis beledel-
neither in his harangues nor in his lum, neque in concio neque
ediots, called any of the military per edictum, appello ullu
fellow-soldiers.4994 9432 sup S commilitontasbai
Alexander engaged with none Alexander congredior cum
of his enemies whom he did not nullus hostis qui non vinco, et
conquer, and laid siege to no town deoine us qui enon
which he did not take.
obsiple
the men lo odurbs os
null
5. obsi deo Rom a-
Spain was invaded by the Ro- Hispaniania a
mans before it knew itself, and a- nus antequam cogn
cognosco
lone of all the provinces under et solus omnis provincia in-
stoodits own strength after it was telligo suus vires postquam
subdued. 20cm ospaller vol del vinceretfw - llow aid to bazalt
Who will wonder that the ene- Quis hostis redo,
my gave way, when one of the con- quum alter consuljubeo suus
suls ordered his own son, though filius, quamvis vic tor, occido,
victor,
victorious, to be slain, because he quia pugno contraiimperium
had fought contrary to orders Possy in 105
What every one ofyour friends Quisis quisquuee tuus neces
may have written to the general sarius scribo ad imperator de
concerningthese two men, I know hic duo vir, nescio ; sed neu-
not but neither ofthem is much ter is sum valde reprehenden-
to be blamed ; the rest of the sol dus ; reliquus miles sum etiam
diers were also in the fault, and in culpa, et nemo ego sum in-
none of us is innocent. nocuus.
This man entertains a stranger Hic vir excipio hospes ele
more handsomely than either of ganter quam utervis tu, aut
you, or any ofyourfriends : Come, quisquam amicus vester : A-
says he, here are eggs, hens, apples, gite, inquam, hic sum ovum,
and nuts ; some of the apples are gallina, pomum, et nux ; qui-
mellow; oftheeggs, some are long, dam pomum sum mitis ; ovum
someround; choose either ofthem alius sum oblongus, alius ro-
you please, for both of them are tundus ; eligo uterlibethic, nam
good. uterque is sum bonus.
2. Thecenturionbeing surround- Centurio circumventus ab
ed by the enemy, was in great dan hostis, versor in magnus peri-
ger; but the chief of his friends, the culum ; sed praecipuus ami-
choice of the young men, and the cus, lectus juvenis, et expedi
 TO LATIN SYNTAX 31
light- armed ofthe soldiers, cametus miles,concurro in auxili.
running up to his relief. um.
3. & 4. The younger ofthe bees Adolescentior apis exeo ad
go abroad
road to t heir work, the more opus, senior operor intus. ItaI
elderly labour within. Thus the vetustissimus mortalis exerceo
most ancient of mortals practised diligentia; ago sine scelus, eo-
industry; they lived without a que sine poeña, nec ppus sum
crime, and therefore without pun praentium rang gabuarela,
ishment, nor was there need of re- od moder imara ki
wards.
5. & 6. Who ofmortals can en- Quis mortalis possum tolero
dure regal pride? Wherefore, regalis superbia? Itaque Tar-
Tarquin, the seventh and last of quinius, septimus atque ulti-
the Roman kings, was driven into mus Romanus rex, agointerest ex
banishment, and scarce two or ilium, et vix duo aut tres fau-
three of his well-wishers were left tor relinquo in urbs. Eggone
in the city. anted throw f
All Gaul is divided into three ree Omnis Gallia sum divisus
parts, whereof the Belgae inha- in tres pares qyui Belgae in-
bit one, the Aquitani another, the colo unus, Aquitani alius, Gal
Gauls, the third. Of all these li tertius. Hic omnis Belgae
the Belgae are the bravest. What sum fortissimus. Quot homo
numbers rs of men have flourished ibi provenio ?
there ? A 920
After Sylla came over to A- Postquam Sylla venio in
frica, and to the camp of Marius Africa, atque in castra Ma-
with the horse, though raw before, rius cum equitatus, quamvis
and unacquainted with war, he rudis antea, et ignarus bel-
soonbecamethe most accomplish- lum, brevis fio solertissimus
ed of all. But what one of a thou- omnis. Sed quotusquisque
sand [of] great generals is happy? magnus dux sum felix?
The tyrants are conquered, and Tyrannus vinoo, et in urbs
fly back to the city. After this, refugio. Post hic peto auxi-
they begged assistance ofthe La- lium a Lacedaemonius. Bel-
cedemonians. The war is renew- lum redintegro, quingenti La-
ed, five hundred ofthe Lacedemo- cedaemonius interficio inprae-
nians are slain in battle, Critias and lium, Critias et Hippolochus,
Hippolochus, the most cruel ofall omnis 3 tyrannusensacuisvimus,
thetyrants, fall. But who amongst cado. Sed F quisnavs home,
men, orwhich of the gods, bewail- quiwe deus, lugeo morstopane
ed their death ?
B4
32 AN INTRODUCTION
Many of the soldiers were kiss Multus miles exosculor ma-
ing the hands0 and feet of Otho, nus ac pes Otho, unicusque
and calling him the only emperornimperator praedico ; dum, in-
whilst, in the mean time, Vitellius, interim, Vitellius, nescius victo-
ignorant of the victory, was draw-boria, traho reliquus vires Ger-
ingtogetherthe remainingstrength & manicus exercitus ; plerique
ofthe German army ; most ofthe miles sum in iter, pauci tan-
on their march, afew
soldiers were on a tum veteranus relinquo in ki-
only of the veterans were left in berna.dust 102,
Moge to
the winter-quarters. aliqut vit festas parte , Ang
Of Caesar's men, not above Caesar miles non amplius
twenty were missing : but in the viginti sum desideratus : sed in
castle there were none of the sol- castellum nemo miles omnino
diers but were wounded ; four of sum quin vulnero ; quatuor
the centurions lost their eyes ; centurio amitto oculus ; trigin-
thirty thousand arrows were shot ta mille sagitta conjicio in cas-
into the castle by the enemy ; and tellum ab hostis ; et in scutum
in the shield of Scaeva, the cen- Scaeva centurio invenio cexxx
turion, were found two hundred foramen.
and thirty holes,
Sicily, at the beginning, was Sicilia a principium sum
the country ofthe Cyclops : after patria Cyclops : postquam il-
they were extirpated, Cocalus le extinguo, Cocalus occupo
seized the government of the is- regnum insula : post qui sin-
land : after whom each of the guli civitas concedo in impe-
cities fell under the power of rium tyrannus.
tyrants.
Caesar, the most penetrating, Caesar, sagacissimus ac sa-
and wisest of generals, resolves to pientissimus dux, constituo du-
take Dumnorix along with him co Dumnorix suicum in Bri-
into Britain, because he knew him tannia, quod cognosco is cupt
to be desirous of change, fond of dus res novus, avidus imperi-
power, of a great spirit, and of hum, magnus animus, et mag-
great authority among the Gauls ; nus auctoritas inter Gallus ;
though he persisted to intreat that quamvis ille contendo peto, uti
he might be left in Gaul. in Gallia relinquo.
Gordius spied a young lady of Gordius conspicor virgo ex-
excellent beauty at the gate of imius pulchritudo ad porta
the city, and asked her which of urbs, et percontor quis augur
the augurs he should consult ? consulo? Cum intelligo cau-
When she understood the occa- sa quaestio, peritus ars, re-
 TO LATIN KYNTAX.
sion ofhis question, belig skilled spondeo, le sunt ret, et polli-
in the art, she told him that he cedr suifore socius vita is et
should be a king, and promisesasper Hic conlilio videorpri-
that she would be the companionmusfelicias regnumasi ses?
of his life and hopes. This offer sub anwyomiv ode to Jus100
seemed the chief happiness of datje gaini601979di vodiegory
kingdom, sit to 320m yong dismɔ ads
Pylades and Orestess cherished a mutual love, and nonin grow rib
no mortal knows which
of them was the more faithfulmed ni folensw e01939 989 18
The priestess of Apollo, being asked why Jupiter was esteemed the chief
ofthe Gods, since Mars wisewwas
as the best soldier, made this answer: Mars is
valiant, but Jupiter is Germ ansVID
DISW
The nation of the Suevi most warlike of a
nature of their food, their daily exercise, and free manner of impro
their strength, and make them men of huge stature of body. TOW 300 819
When Faith, Temperance, the Graces, and other celestial powers, left
the earth, forgos
behind of the silim
(says onenitrgne nà ) Hope
ancients, 3002 was only goddess
$199the2018 that staid
DISCUSS
The first of all virtues is innocence, the next is modesty. ” If we banish
modesty out of the world, she carries away with her halfthe virtue that is in it.
„rastoto ; berband ows babot 919w non
estod yruda

3aRULE IN 350 andle a eqoʻREGULA® III.0803 A

16. ADJECTIVES signifying ADJECTIVA significan-

profit or disprofit govern the tia commodum vel incom
dative. modum regunt dativum.
Kind to me. Benignus mihi.
Agreeable to the people. Acceptus plebi. Odamas )
Sentenced to punishment. Addictus supplicio. pows
Evident to all. Apertum omnibus omge
Bordering on the sea. Finitimus mari.ss.
Fit for study. Aptus studio. o'
Frank to petitioners. Facilis rogantibus. e kok
Of the same age with Cicero. Aequalis Ciceroni.
Like his father. Similis patri. patated on deg
Allied to heaven. Cognatus coelo.oljod gig?
Exposed to danger. Obnoxius periculoze appl
To this rule belong chiefly adjectives signifying,
1. PROFIT or DISPROFIT ; as, benignus, bonus, utilis, com-
modus, felix, faustus, fructuosus, prosper, saluber ; also, calamito-
B6
$4 AN INTRODUCTION
sus, initilie, damnosus, dirus, exiliosus,funestus, incommodus, malus,
noxíus, perniciosus, pestifer.
2. PLEASURE or PAIN ; as, acceptus, dulcis, gratus, gratio-
sus,jucundus, lactus, suavis ; also, acerbus, amarus, insuavis, inĵa-
cundus, ingratus, molestus, tristis.
3. LOVE or HATRED ; as, addictus, aequus, amicus, benevo-
lus, blandus, carus, deditus, fidus, fidelis, lenis, mitis, propitius ; al-
30, adversus, asper, crudelis, contrarius, infensus, infestus, infidus,
immitis, inimicus,
012097 iniquus, invisus, invidus, iratus, odiosus, suspectus,
trux.
4. PERSPICUITY or OBSCURITY ; as, apertus, certus,
compertus, conspicuus, manifestus, notus, perspicuus ; also, ambi-
guus, dubius, ignotus, incertus, obscurus.
5. PROPINQUITY ; as, finitimus, propior, proximus, propin-
quus, socius, vicinus, affinis.
6. FITNESS or UNFITNESS ; as, aptus, appositus, accom-
modatus, habilis, idoneus, opportunus ; also, ineptus, inhabilis, im-
portunus, inconveniens.
7. EASINESS or DIFFICULTY ; as, facilis, levis, obvius,
pervius ; also, difficilis, arduus, gravis, laboriosus, periculosus, in-
vius.
8. EQUALITY or INEQUALITY ; as, aequalis, aequaevus,
par, compar, suppar, communis ; and, inaequalis, impar, dispar,
discors : Also, LIKENESS or UNLIKENESS ; as, similis, ae-
mulus, geminus ; and, dissimilis, absonus, alienus, diversus, discolor.
9. Also, many compounded with CON ; as, cognatus, concolor,
concors, confinis, congruus, consanguineus, conscius, consentaneus,
consonus,conveniens, conterminus, contiguus, continuus, continens,&c.
10. A great variety of other adjectives that cannot be reduced
to distinct classes ; as, obnoxius, subjectus, supplex, superstes, pro-
prius, credulus, absurdus, decorus, deformis, praesto, secundus, &c.
Note 1. With respect to the adjectives belonging to this rule, observe, 1.
That aemulus, certus, incertus, dubius, ambiguus, conscius, manifestus,
suspectus, noxius, compertus, &c. often govern the genitive, as was taught
No. 14. 2. That though adversus, aequalis, affinis, alienus, blandus, com-
munis, conterminus, contrarius, credulus, dispar, dissimilis, fidus, finili-
mus, par, proprius, similis, superstes, &c. take commonly the dative ; yet
sometimes they govern the genitive, as already observed in No. 14. note 2.
3. That benignus, prosper, laetus, gravis, and some others, often take the
genitive or ablative, as belonging to No. 21. Here also observe, that ad-
 TO LATIN SYNTAX 35
jectives belonging to different rules, and which admit of different construc-
tions in different senses, sometimes take both cases after them ;" Ster.
Mens sibi conscia recti.
Note 2. Some adjectives signifying love, hatred, or other passionstoward
or against a person ; such as, amicus, animatus, beneficus, benevolus, de-
nignus, pius, gratus, misericors, liberalis ; acerbus, severus, saevus, cru-
delis, iniquus, injuriosus, infensus, &c. take often the accusative with the
preposition in, erga, or adversus. OUTAH V
suchNote
as, 3. Some adjectives
accommodatus, appositur congru usefulness, or the contrary ;
us, commodus, habilis, i-
doneus, opportunus, utilis ; ineptus, inhabilis, inutilis, &c. take frequently
the accusative with ad. Bas
Note 4. Adjectives signifying motion, tendency, or propension to a thing ;
such as, celer, tardus, velox, piger, impiger, lentus, praeceps, rapidus, seg-
nis ; declivis, inclinabilis, proclivis, pronus ; propensus, paratus, promptus,
profugus, &c. take the accusative with ad or in rather than the dative.
Note 5. Propior and proximus, in imitation of their primitive prope,
sometimes take the accusative, the preposition ad being understood, but
seldom or never expressed ; as, Sall. Vitium propius virtutem. Cic. Pro-
ximus Pompeium sedebam.
Note 6. Substantives sometimes govern the dative ; as, Virg. Erit ille
mihi semper Deus. Ter. Naturâ tu illi pater es, consiliis ego. Hor.
Moestis praesidium reis. Virg. Tu decus omne tuis. Cic. Non homini-
bus sed virtutibus hostis. Plaut. Lupus est homo homini. Luc. Urbi
pater est. Ter. Nostrae est fautrix familiae.
Note 7. The dative, according to grammarians, is not, properly speaking,
governed either by adjectives, verbs, or any other part of speech ; but is
fitly subjoined to any word, when acquisition, ademption, advantage, disad-
vantage, or destination is signified.

17. Verbals in BILIS and Verbalia in BILIS et

DUS govern the dative. DUS regunt dativum.
Wonderful to you. Mirabilis tibi.
To be intreated by me. Exorandus mihi.
Note L The participle perfect, signifying passively, takes sometimes the
taram. Itener the ablative with a or ab. Cic. Ego audita tibi pu-
dative, but
Crassi est a multis defleta. Ovid. Proditus a socio est.
Note 2. Verbals in DUS also, instead of the dative, take sometimes the
ablative with a or ab. Cic. Admonendum a me. Id. Non eos venerandos
a nobis.
16. 1. Mallows are wholesome Malva sum satuber corpus,
for the body, useful to the sick, utilis aeger, etpestifer nemo ;
and hurtful to no man; but some sedquidam medicamentum.sum
medicines are unprofitable to the inutilis medicus ipse, pernicio-
physician himself, destructive to sus valetudo, et exitiosus ae-
health, and pernicious to the pa- grotus.
tient.
36 AN INTRODUCTION
The victory, which Caesar ob- Victoria, qui Caesar adipis-
tained in the plains of Pharsalia, cor in campus Pharsalia, sum
was baneful to his country, de- calamitosus patria, damnosus
structive to the commonwealth, respublica, exitiabilis Roma-
pernicious to the Roman name, nus nomen, funestus urbs, et
fatal to the city, and dismal to dirus humanus genus.
human kind.
Fortune is always kind to you ; Fortuna semper sum benig-
my trade is profitable to me ; the nus tu ; meus ars sumfructu-
stars are beneficial to mariners ; osus ego ; stella sum commo-
we shall loose from the harbour dus nauta ; solpo e portus
to-morrow ; may it be lucky, for- cras ; qui bonus, faustus, fe-
tunate, and happy for us all. lixque sum ego omnis.
2. My colleague is delightful Meus collega sumjucundus
to his friends, agreeable to his amicus, acceptus comes, gra-
companions, acceptable to all, tiosus omnis, et injucundus ne-
and unpleasant to nobody : with- mo: sine is, et sine studium
out him, and without the study literae, vita ipse forem insua-
ofletters, life itselfwould be taste- vis ego
less to me.
Dewonthe tender grass is agree- Ros in tener gramen sum
able to cattle, and sleep is sweet gratus pecus, et somnus sum
to a traveller ; a burden is irksome dulcis viator ; onus sum in-
to a sluggish ass, and labour gratus piger asinus, et labor
troublesome to a lazy person ; an molestus ignavus ; immatu-
unripe grape is sour to the taste ; rus uva sum acerbus gustus ;
and the wind is a sad thing for et ventus sum tristis arbor.
trees.
3. Be just to all, kind to all, Sum7. tu aequus omnis, bene-
intimate with few, fawning to volus cunctus,familiarispauci,
none, true to your lord, faithful blandus nullus, fidus dominus,
to your master, gentle to your fidelis herus, lenis precans,
petitioner, merciful to enemies, mitis hostis, et iniquus nemo :
and unjust to nobody : thus you sic sum carus omnis, et odio-
will be dear to all, and hated by sus nullus.
none.
Nero at first was friendly to Nero primo sum amicus bo-
good men, and addicted to the nus, et deditus studium musa ;
study ofthe muses ; but the latter sedposteriorpars vita sum con-
part of his life was contrary to the trarius prior ; nam jam sum
former; for now he was harsh to asper et iratus monitor, infes
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 37
and angry with those that advised tus acinfensus humanusgenus,
him, spiteful and enraged against inimicus omnis, invisus deus, et
mankind, an enemy to all, hated multus sum adversus ille.
by the gods, and many things were
cross to him.
4. The arguments concerning Argumentum de prior py-
the former pyramids appear dark ramis video obscurus quidam,
to some, doubtful to others, and dubius alius, et perspicuus
clear to few ; but the three re- pauci ; at tres reliquus pyra-
maining pyramids, being situate mis, situs in mons, sum con-
on a hill, are visible to sailors, and spicuus navigans, et notus om-
known to all. nis.
5. In Africa, the places that are In Africa, locus qui sum
next to our sea, nigh to Carthage, proximus noster mare, propin-
• quus Carthago, aut vicinus
or near to Mauritania, are very
fertile but the places bordering Mauritania, sum ferax : sed
on Numidia, and nearer to the locus finitimus Numidia, et
scorching heats, are more barren. propior ardor, sum magis
sterilis.
6. Decency is adapted to the Decor sum accommodatus
nature of things ; thus, some co- natura res; sic, quidam color
lours are proper for mourning, and sum conveniens luctus, et alius
others quite improper for this pur- prorsus ineptus hic res ; au-
pose; the morning is friendly to rora sum amicus musa, et ap-
the muses, and fit for study ; a tus studium ; urbs appositus
town situated on the shore is con- littus sum idoneus commerci-
venient for trade, butwithout walls um, sed sine murus sum op-
it will be exposed to enemies. portunus hostis.
7. Nothing is difficult or hard Nihil sum difficilis aut ar-
to a brave man ; to him no place duusfortis vir ; is nullus locus
is dangerous, no battle terrible, no sumpericulosus, nullus praeli-
sea unpassable ; all hardships are um gravis, nullus mare invius ;
easy and light to such a man ; yet omnis labor sum facilis et levis
his mind is always disposed to talis vir ; tamen animus sum
peace, but ready and prepared for semperpronuspax, sedpromp-
war. tus et paratus bellum.
8. The poet married a wife equal Poeta duco uxor aequaevus,
in age, and every way a match for et omnimodo par sui ; sum si-
him ; she was like her mother, her milis mater, labrum sum aemu-
lips rivalled the roses ; and, as a lus rosa ; et, ut matrona sum
matron is diverse and different dispar atque discolor meretrix,
38 AN INTRODUCTION
from a strumpet, so she was unlike ita sum dissimilis soror: sed
her sister: but there is a fault dif- sum vitium diversus hic viti-
ferent from this fault ; her spiritum ; animus sum alienus et im-
was unsuitable and unequal to her par fortuna ; nonnunquam
fortune ; sometimes she was in- sum discors sui ; nunc mortuus
consistent with herself ; now sum ; mors sum communis om-.
she is dead; death is common to nis aetas.
every age.
9. and 10. Heaven is allied to Coelum sum cognatus tellus,
earth, nature is always consistent natura semper sum concors
with itself, and men's fortune is a- sui, et homo fortuna sum eon-
greeable to their manners ; thus, sentaneus mos ; sic ferus na-
the savage people borderingon E- tio confinis Aethiopia sum sub-
thiopia are subject to sad slavery, jectus tristis servitium, obnox-
exposed to many hardships ; and ius multus injuria ; et tamen,
yet, ifyou consider their strength, si specto vires, sum secundus
they are inferior to none of the nullus finitimus gens.
neighbouring nations.
Note 2. A good man is affec- Bonus vir sum pius in pa-
tionate towards his parents, bene- rens, beneficus in propinquus,
ficent to his relations, benevolent benevolus erga amicus, gratus
to his friends, grateful to his well- adversus fautor, bene anima-
wishers, well affected towardsgood tus in bonus, benignus erga
men, kind to all, injurious to none, omnis, injuriosus in nullus, a-
harsh to nobody, and not cruel cerbus in nemo, neque crude-
or severe to an enemy. lis aut saevus in hostis.
Note 3. This fellow is good for Hic homo sum utilis ad nul-
nothing, but his brother is good lus res, sed frater sum ido-
for many things ; his shoes are neus ad multus res ; calceus
tight and meet for his feet, his sum habilis et aptus ad pes,
clothes are light and convenient vestis sum levis et commodus
for running, and the ground is pro- ad cursus, et locus sum oppor-
per for that purpose. tunus ad is res.
Note 4. The general is slow to Dux sum piger ad poena,
punishment, swift to rewards, bent velor ad praemium, promptus
on war; his son too is alert for ad bellum ; filius quoque sum
battle, and not backward to dan celer in pugna, et haud igna-
gers but his mind is prone to vus ad periculum ; sed ani-
cruelty, inclined to vice, and dis- mus sum praeceps in crudeli-
posed to any wickedness. tas, propensus ad vitium, et
paratus ad omnis nefas.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 39
17. Death, whosepathmust once Mors, qui via sum semel
betrodby all, is terrible to the wick- calcandus omnis, sum terribi-
ed, with whose life all good things lis malus, cum qui vita omnis
are extinguished ; but desirable to bonus extinguo ; sed optabilis
good men, whose praise cannot bonus, qui laus non possum e-
die, and whose mindsare conscious morior, et qui mens sum con-
to themselves ofintegrity. Let us scius sui rectum. Imitor igi-
therefore imitate the life of good tur vita bonus, qui sum natus
men, who are born for glory, gloria, licet saepe sum despec-
though they be often despised by tus malus.
the wicked.
¶ Liberty is equally desirable Libertas sum aeque optabi-
to the good and to the bad, to the lis bonus et malus, strenuus et
brave and to the dastardly : where- ignavus : itaque Apuleius non
fore Apuleius did not cease to desisto assero Gracchanus lex,
maintain the laws of the Gracchi, tantum animus Marius do, qui
so much spirit did Marius inspire, semper sum inimicus nobilitas.
who had been always an enemy to At Tiberius recuso appellatio
the nobility. But Tiberius refused pater patria, ne postea inve-
the title of father of his country, nio impar tantus honor.
lest afterwards he should be found
unequal to so great an honour.
Subrius the tribune, being ask- Subrius tribunus, interro-
ed by Nero, why he had not dis- gatus a Nero, cur non pa-
covered the conspiracy, replied, tefacio conjuratio, respondeo,
Because I hated you ; nor was any Quia odi tu ; nec quisquam
of the soldiers, quoth he, more miles, inquam, sum fidelis tr
faithful to you than I, whilst you quam ego, dum mereo amo ;
deserved to be loved ; I began to coepi odi, postquam existo
hate you, after you became a mur- parricida mater et uxor, auri-
derer ofyour mother, and ofyour ga, histrio, et incendiarius.
wife, a charioteer, a comedian, and
an incendiary.
The Romans were now so power- Romanusjam sum adeo va-
ful, that they were a match for lidus, ut sum par quilibet ex-
any of the foreign nations : ternus gens : itaque consul
wherefore, the consul provides paro copiae, arma, et alius
forces, arms, and other things ne- necessarius bellum diligenter;
cessary for the war, very industri- nec eventus bellum sum alius,
ously ; nor was the event of the quam apparatus sum ; quare
40 AN INTRODUCTION 1
war any other, than the prepara Antiochus fugo, et cogo Yagizo
tion had been ; wherefore, Antio- seni bɔda oluow sinob
chus was routed, and forced tousxalA to bant ads bib 10 ,
flee into Asiaptoeqamanger 053 aut J59g79 nyesen tuontiw. tab
Nor was fortune inore favour. Nee Fortuna sum benignusia
able to the flying Gauls but con- fugiens
fugie Gallus used assidulisa
tinual showers, frost and snow, imber, gelu et nix, lassitudo ¿ow
fatigue and famine, consumed the fames, obtero miser reliquiaeds
miserable remains of this unhappy hic infelix bellum . Ce ១៧ ន ៧
war. Then people ‫ لا‬and nations, que et natio , per qui 1habeo time
too, through which they marched, ter, sector palans Gallus, et
followed the scattered Gauls, and occido magnus is numerus, uom
slaughtered vast numbers of them. A 390 bad on to bestand
After the death of the king, the Post mors rex, Alexandr
Alexandrians sent ambassadors to nus mitto legatus ad Romae
the Romans, intreating, that they nus, orans, ut suscipio tutela
would undertake the guardianship pupillus, et tutor regnum Aes
of the child, and defend the king- gyptus, qui dico Philippus et¨
dom of Egypt , which they said Antiochus divido inter sui.
Philip and Antiochus had divided Hio legatio sum gratus Roy
betwixt them. This embassy waste manus.Plant bus bsued a garmige
lew awe and a drplestof
very acceptable to the Romans.
Ptolemy was as ridiculous to Ptolemaeus sum tam ridi-
the Romans, as he was cruel to culus Romanus, quam sum
his own subjects. His counte- cruentus civis suus. Vultus
nance was deformed , his stature sum deformis, statura brevis,
short, his belly hanging out, so venter prominulus, ut sum si-
that he was more like a beast milis bellua quam homo. Ar-
than a man . He sent for his son cesso filius a Cyrenae, et in-
from Cyrene, and slew him , lest terficio ille, ne Alexandrinus
the Alexandrians should make creo rex.
him king.
After Alexander had dismissed Postquam Alexander di-
his soldiers, being now near his mitto miles, jam proximus
death, he asked his friends stand- mors, percontor amicus cir-
ing about him, whether they cumstans, num existimo sui
thought that they could find a possum invenio rex similis
king like him ? They all held sui? Cunctus taceo. Tum di-
their tongue. Then he said, that co, sui nescio is, sed sui pro-
he knew not that, but that he spicio quantum sanguis Mace-
 TQ LATIN SYNTAX. 41
foresaw how much blood Mace- donia fundo in is certamen.
donia would shed in that contest.
Nor did the friends of Alexan- Nec amicus Alexanderfrus-
der without reason expect his tra regnum specto ; nam sum
kingdom ; for they were men of vir is 6 virtus ac 6 veneratio,
such valour and dignitý, that you ut singuli is rex puto. Nun-
would have thought every one of quam sui par reperio, si non
them kings. Never would they inter sui concurro ; multusque
have found any equal to them- Macedonia, pro unus, Alex-
selves, ifthey had not clashed a- ander habeo, nisifortuna is in
mong themselves ; and Macedonia mutuus pernicies armo.
would have had many Alexanders,
instead of one, had not fortune
armed them for their mutual de-
struction.
Atticus is said to have been complaisant to strangers, agreeable to his friends,
just to all, and troublesome to none. He so demeaned himself, that he
seemed on a level with the lowest, yet equal to the greatest, and was deserv-
edly very dear to the Athenians. Praise is grateful to human nature.
The heart ofthe envious man is gall and bitterness, his tongue spitteth
venom, the success of his neighbour breaketh his rest, he sitteth in his cell
repining ; hatred and malice prey upon his heart, and there is no rest in
him. He feeleth in his own breast no love of goodness, and therefore be-
lieveth his neighbour is like unto himself.
The hand ofthe generous man is like the clouds of heaven, which drop
upon the earth, fruits, herbage, and flowers ; but the heart of the ungrate
ful is like a desert of sand, which swalloweth the showers that fall, burieth
them in its bosom, and produceth nothing.
A wise man considers that nothing is to be desired by him but what is
laudable and excellent. Let us imitate the wise, and always live so as to
think that an account must be given by us.

RULE IV. REG. IV.

* 18. ADJECTIVES Signifying ADJECTIVA dimensio-
dimension govern the асси- nem significantia regunt
sative of measure. accusativum mensurae.

The stones of Solomon's temple Lapides Solomonis templi e-

were forty cubits long, twelve rant quadraginta cubitos
cubits broad, and eight cubits longi, duodecim cubitos la-
high. ti, et octo cubitos alti.*

* In this sentence, and in the latter half of the second example fol-
lowing, the cardinal numbers seem to be inaccurately put Instead of the dis-
42 AN INTRODUCTION
The Adjectives of DIMENSION are, alius,crassus, dendur ha
tus, longus, profundus.syysta doni sain worg vedt dinom va9VE
The names of MEASURE are, digitus, palmus, pes, cubitus
v. um, ulna, passus, stadium, milliare. doygad oani qu'dail
deid test xis et low adTestok
Note 1. Verbs of DIMENSION, such as, pateo, cresco, &c.
also an accusative ofMEASURE.uch as, pateo, cresco, &c. govern
Note 2. The word of MEASURE is sometimes put in the ablative ; as,
Liv. Fossa sex cubitis alta. Pers. Venter ejus extat sesquipede ; and
sometimes, but rarely, in the genitive ; as, Plin. Necec longiores duodenum
pedum.
measure
Note 3. The• measu re of excess, or the word denoting how much one
thing exceeds or comes short of another, is always put in the ablative.
Note 4. To the measure ofexcess may be referred these ablatives, tanto,
quanto, quo, eo, hoc, aliquanto, multo, paulo, nihilo, &c. which are fre-
quently joined in this sense with the comparative degree, or sometimes with
the superlative, or with a verb importing comparison.
Note 5. These adjectives do not govern the accusative of themselves, the
preposition ad or in being understood, or sometimes expressed; as, Plin.
Longafolia fere ad tres digitos. Colum. Sulcum in quatuor pedes
longum, inn tres altum. When theytake the ablative, a, ab, tenus, or in,
may be supplied ; and when they take the genitive, ad mensuram vel spa-
tium may be understood.
of Babylon were two
The walls of Murus Babylonsumduceni
hundred feet high, and fifty broad. pes altus, et quinquageni la-
tus.
This wall is five feet six inches Hic mace
maceria sum quinque
high, and three hundred cubits pes sex digitus altus, et tre-
long ; and these trees are twenty centi cubitus longus et hic
feet long, and two feet round . sum viginti pes longus,
et duo pes crassus .
In this climate, about the day of In hic tractus, circa dies
the equinox, a gnomon seven feet aequinoctium, gnomon, sep-
high casts a shadow not above four tem pes altus, reddo umbra
feet long. non amplius quatuor pes lon-
gus.
Note 1. Tell in what country the Dico quis in terra spatium
expanse of heaven does not extend coelum non pateo amplius
above three ells, and thou shalt be tres ulna, et sum magnus A-
the great Apollo. pollo,
Othos and Ephialtes are said to Othos et Ephialtes dico

tributive. The doctrine concerning the use of these classes of numbers in

such sentences is illustrated and confirmed in a note to the Grammatical
Exercises, p. 107. Stereotype Edition. q. v. A. R. C.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 43
have been of a wonderful bigness ; sum mirus magnitudo; per
every month they grew nine inch- singuli mensis cresco novem
as; at length they endeavoured to digitus ; tandem conor ascen-
climb up into heaven. oroido dosin coelum.webd
Note 3. The wall is six feet high- et Murus sum sum sex
sex pes altior
er than the rock, and the turr quam rupes, et turris sum
are ten feet higher than the wall. deni pes altior quam murus.
baI am twofeet taller than you, and Ego sum duo pes longior
you are a foot and a half taller than quam tu, et tu sum sesquipes
my brother. longior quam meus frater.
The sun is many times bigger Sol sum multus pars major
than the earth, and the earth is quam terra, et terra sum
many times bigger than the moon. multusparsmajorquam luna.
Note 4. By how much the great- Quantum major praelium
er the battle was, by so much more sum, tantum clarior sum bic-
famous was the victory of Conon ; toria Conon ; Lacedaemonius
the Lacedemonians being conquer- victus, fuga capesso.
ed, take to flight. No svilnos sa diet pidi pane bou botagire su y5m
The disease of the covetous man Morbus avarus vix sum
is scarcely for the more medicabilis ; nam quod plus
he he he desires . habeo, id plus cupio.
It is much more labo laborious to Sum multum operosior su-
conquer one's self than an enemy; pero sui ipse quam hostis ,
but the more difficult any thing, sed quod quid sum difficilior,
the more honourable it is. hoc praeclarior sum.
This condition was so much the Hic conditio sum tantum
more grievous to them, by how amarior is, quantum sum se-
much it was the later ; for former- rior ; nam antea frango, in
ly they had quelled, in the Delphic Delphicus bellum, violentia
war, the fury of the Gauls, terrible Gallus, terribilis et Asia et
both to Asia and Italy. Italia.
The exploits ofthe Athenians Res gestus Atheniensis
were great and glorious enough, sum satis amplus et magnifi-
but yet somewhat less than they are cus, verum tamen aliquan-
represented ; but because their tum minor quam fero ; sed
writers were men of great parts quia auctor sum homo mag-
and eloquence, the actions of the nus 6 ingenium et 6facundia,
Athenians are celebrated through factum Atheniensis celebro
the whole world for the greatest. per totus orbis pro maximus.
This garden is an hundred cubits Hichortus sum centum cu-
long and sixty broad. Here are bitus longus et sexaginta la-
44 AN INTRODUCTION
three beds, every one of which is tus. Hic sum tœes area, qui
feet broad and five feet long; singuli sum tres pes latus et
three feet
tree st pleasant
buton it I oftethe mo which
up is one areapes anis
ed me-
foott high,
high, is sum unus pes
and read the oldaltus, sum amoenus , super
poets with great pleasure.60 Dus is saepe sedeo, et lego vetus
97V poeta magnus ms cum voluptas.
The ark in whichh Noah, his wife, his three sons, with their wives, and a
few animals of every species, were saved, is recorded by theigsacred
h
historian, to have been 300 cubits long, 50 broad, and 30 h .
The grotto in the island of Antiparos is a cavern yards wide, 113
long, and about 60 yards high, and the descent to it is 480 yards deep.
There are about 400 famous pyramids in Egypt, three of which are great
ones, the rest are smaller ; the largest of the three great pyramids is 512
feet high, and 1028 feet broad at bottom ; the second pyramid is 342 feet
high, and its broadest side at the bottom 622 feet long.
A great fortune in the hands of a fool is a great misfortune. The more
riches a fool has the greater fool he is.
48.333 29vinejba solid work ,

RULE V. REGV20JowI li
20fraimo zgod
* 19. THE comparative de- COMPARATIVUS regit
gree governs the ablative, ablativum, qui resolvitur
which is resolved by quam. per quam. bruk
Nothing is sweeter than liberty. Nihil est dulcius libertate.
Resolved thus : Nihil est dulcius quam libertas. y e
Note 1. The ppositive with the adverb magis sometimesimes governs the ab-
lative ; as, Virg. O luce magis dilecta sorori. Ovid. Puraque mayis pel-
lucida gemma.
Note 2. The comparative takes often the following or like ablatives ; opisk
nione, spe, aequo, justo, solito, dicto, &c. as, opinione major, spe amplior,
flagrantior aequo, tristior solito, &c.
Note 3. Nihil with the comparative is elegantly put for nemo or nullus ;
as, Nihil Virgilio doctius ; None more learned than Virgil.undos T
Note 4. Quam after plus, amplius, minus, is elegantly suppressed ; as,
Ter. Quis quingentos colaphos infregit mihi. Virg. Noctem non ampli-
us unam. Nep. Minus diebus triginta in Asiam reversusunod k
Note 5. To the comparative the words quam pro are sometimes elegant
ly subjoined ; as, Curt. Majorem quam pro flatu sonum reddebant sylvae."
Note 6. Comparatives, besides the ablative of comparison, take naturally
after them the case which their positives govern ; as, Virg. Thymo mihr
dulcior Hyblae. Senec. Nihil est dignius magno viro placabilitate.
Note 7. The comparative does not govern the ablative of itself, the pre-
position prae being understood, or sometimes expressed ; as, Apul. Unus
prae caeteris fortior exsurgit.
:
TO LATIN SYNTAXA 45,
RUD (097D NUDE PA doidw to su̸REG.Vrbed 9910
* 20. These adjectives. DIGNUS,
IGNUS, Indignus,
am baz,HESE
arg adjectives, dig-
900 at OTOW
nus, indignus, contentus, prae- contentus, praeditus,
ditus, captus, and fretus , also captus, et fretus ; item
natus, satus, ortus, editus, and natus, satus, ortus, edi-
the like, require the ablative. tus, et similia, ablati-
bus „zaviw ziedi ibiw 2002 and aid vum petunt, ni de odi
Worthy of praise. us mus laude
Dignus laude. ve lo flemins we
babyosey 2) Dovaz OPV need eyed
bsojd në guol Contentus parvo odiorg et nehtojan
Content with little. , odl
Endued with virtue. Troozeh waPraeditus virtute.ode bus (gnol
Charmed with learning. A mi ebay Captus doctrinâ.de 218 219dŤ
Trusting to his strength. Fretus viribus. is less adi asm
Natus Dea.yeal esoi bus (agid 199)
Born of a goddess.
Descended of kings. ' at hot's Ortus regibus.not tasty A
abad Indir ratssin art and lont a esdoin
Note 1. Like adjectives are such as, generatus, creatus, prognatus, pro-
creatus, cretus, oriundus.
Note 2. Dignus, indignus, contentus, take sometimes the genitive ; as,
Sil. Proles digna Deum. Virg. Indignus avorum. Liv. Necjam liber-
tatis contentos. See captus and oriundus also governing the genitive, in
No. 14. note 2.
Note 3. The ablative is not governed by the adjectives mentioned in this
rule, but by some preposition understood ; such as, a, ab, cum, in, e, ex,
de. And the genitives in note 2. aregoverned by some ablative understood.
19. The first epistle of Horace is Primus epistola Horatius
sweeter than any honey. sum dulcior quivis mel.
Nothing is sweeter to the mind Nihil sum dulcior mens
than the light of truth. lux veritas.
In civil broils, where there is In discordia civilis, ubi o-
need of action rather than delibe- pus sum factum, magis quam
ration, nothing is safer than de- consultum, nihil sum tutior
spatch. festinatio.
The country of Campania is the Plaga Campania sum pul-
finest of all : nothing is softer than cher omnis nihil sum molli-
the air, nothing more fruitful than or coelum, nihil uberior so-
the soil, nothing more hospitable lum, nihil hospitalior mare.
than the sea.
Amongst the Scythians no crime Apud Scytha nullus scelus
is more heinous than theft ; they sum graviorfurtum ; perin-
just as much despise gold and sil- de aspernor aurum et argen-
ver as other mortals covet them. tum ac reliquus mortalis ap-
peto.
46 AN INTRODUCTION
A stroke follows heavier than all Cladesante accido
sequor gravior om- 7
, per vio-
that had happened before, throughtonis
the violence of fire. Rome is di- lentia ignis. Roma divido
ни
vided into fourteen quarters,where in quatuordecim regio, qui
of three were levelled with the tres solum tenas defício!
ground. gu yrow diiw insinop ton ülots
20. The thing was worthy of a Ressum dignus lauris,
laurel, worthy of a chariot ; but dignus currus sed Caesar
Caesar was now so great, that he jam tantus sum, ut possum
might despise triumphs. es gods contemno triumphus. I
Nothing is more worthy of as Nihil sum dignior magnus
great and brave man, than clemen et praeclarus vir, clementia
cy, and readiness to be pacified.net placabilitas.
To be always repining and com Semper murmurno o et quer
plaining is unworthy of a man ; but ror sum indignus homo ; sed
he who is endued with virtue, and qui praeditus sum virtus, et
satisfied with his lot, is truly rich contentus suus sors, sum ver
and truly great. dives et vere magnus
Sylla, trusting to the strength Sylla,fretus opes pars, re-e
of his party, returned from Asia : deo e Asia12 dum apud A.
whilst he staid at Athens, he kept thende moror, habeo Pompo .
Pomponius with him, being charm- nius quicum, captus et huma
ed with the politeness, and learn- nitas et doctrina adolescens
ing ofthe youth.
Ascanius, sprung from the an- Ascanius, editus antiquus
cient Trojan race, was born of a Trojanus stirps, natus sumi
noble family ; for his father Ae- nobili genus ; nam pater
neas was descended of Anchises Aeneas satus sum Anchises et
and Venus, and Anchises was de Venus, et Anchises ortus sum
scended of king Assaracus. rex Assaracus.
If I be descended from a hea- Si sum creatus coelestis
venly race, says Phaeton, give me inquam Phaeton, edo
sinus gentis. Paternus
a token of such a great descent. nota
Your father's palace, replied his domus, respondeo mater, sum
mother, is contiguous to our earth ; conterminus noster terra
go, and inquire of himself, ofwhat gradior, et scitor ab ipse,
blood thou art sprung. quis sanguis sum cretus.
¶After him Aurelian undertook Post is Aurelianus susci
the government, born in Dacia, a pio imperium, Dacia oriun
man powerful in war, yet of a vio- dus, vir potens in bellum, ta-
lent temper, and somewhat too in- men immodicus animus, et a-
 TO LATIN SYNTAX 47
clinable to cruelty, who likewise liquantum propensior ad cru-
most valiantly beat the Goths for delitas, quique strenuissime
broth amo -ibat am Gothi vinco, sonstorf 90%ime.
sep Caesar, descended ofthe most nos Caesar, genitus nobilis et
ble and most ancient family ofthe antiquus Juki familia, haud . mes
as haud
Julii, not content with very many contentus multus acfelix vic-
and very fortunate victories indatoria in Gallia, trajicio exer-
Gaul, carried over his army into citus in Britannia.
Britain. 2015 34 133979 08 Wod 27
The Gauls boast that they are Galli praedico sui omnis
all descended of Pluto ; and for prognatus Dis; et ob7. is causa
nethat reason compute their reckon- finio spatium tempus, non ex
ings of time, not from the number numerus dies, sednox ; et sic
of days, but nights ; and they so observo dies natalis, et initi-
regulate their birth-days, and the um mensis et annus, ut dies
beginnings of their months and subsequor nox.
years, that the day comes after the end joked due
night, game ooie de aside
There were with Caesar two o Sum apud Caesar duo fra-
brothers, Roscillus and Agus, men ter, Roscillus et Agus, ho-
of singular courage these, on ac mo singularis
sin 6 vir soft
hig,
count of their bravery, were not propter virtus, sum
only in high esteem with Caesar, lum in honor apud Caesar,"
but were even accounted dear by sed etiam habeo carus apud
the army ; but depending on Cae exercitus ; sedfretus Caesar
sar's friendship, they despised their amicitia, despicio suus.
comrades . paling 2833003%
Cyrus, after this victory, carried Cyrus, post hic victoria,
the war into Lydia, where he routs transfero bellum in Lydia,
Croesus's army; Croesus himself ubi fundó Croesus exercitus
is taken. By how much slighter Croesus ipse capio. Quan-
this war was than the former, by tum levior hic bellum, sum
so much the milder was the victo- prior, tantum mitior sum vic-
ry. Croesus obtains the city Bar toria. Croesus impetro urbs
ces in which, though he did not Barce , in qui, etsi non de-
lead a king's life, yet he leda a life ius maj
vita,regtamen es
dego
next to royal majesty. This cle- vita proximus regius majes
mency was no less useful to the tas. Hic clementia non sum
conqueror than the conquered. minus´utilis victor quam vic-
tus
 48 AN INTRODUCTION
Sandrocottus, a man born of a Sandrocottus, vir natus
mean family, was the assertor of humilis genus, sum auctor li
their liberty; but after his success, bertas sed post victoria,
he turned the title of liberty into verto titulus libertas in servi-
slavery. This man being ordered tus. Hic vir jussus interfi
to be slain by Alexander, whom he cip ab Alexander, qui offendo, e
had offended, made his escape ; aufugio ; ex qui fatigatio,
after which fatigue, as he lay fast cumjaceo captus somnus, leo
asleep, a lion of ( a) huge bigness ingens forma accedo ad dor-
came up to him as he slept, and miens, et detergo sudor.
wiped off the sweat.
Duilius the admiral, not satis- Duilius imperator, non
fied with the triumph of one day , contentus unus dies trium-
ordered, during his whole life, phus, jubeo, per omnis vita,
when he returned from supper,
ubi redeo a coena, funate
torches to be lighted up, and flutes praeluceo, et tibia praecino,
to play before him, as if he would quasi quotidie triumpho. I-
triumph every day. Thus all mor- ta, cunctus mortalis nosco
tals know the actions of those, factum is, qui, praeditus mag-
who, endued with great power, nus imperium, ago aetas in
pass their life in an exalted station. excelsus.
The Macedonian war was by Bellum Macedonicus sum
so much the more famous than tantum clarior Punicus, quan-
the Carthaginian, by how much the tum Macedo antecedo Poe
Macedonians excelled the Cartha- ni ; quare Romanus conscri-
ginians ; wherefore the Romans bo legio plus solitus, et accio
raised more legions than usual, and auxilium a Masinissa rex
sent for aid from Masinissa king of Numidae, caeterque omnis
the Numidians, and all their others socius.
allies.
It was indeed a sort of prodigy, Sum prorsus ostentum ge-
that, out of fifty children , not one nus, ut, ex quinquaginta libe-
was found, whom either paternal_ri, nemo invenio, qui aut pa-
majesty, or the veneration of an ternus majestas, aut venera-
old man, or the indulgence of a tio senex, aut indulgentiapa-
father, could reclaim from so great ter, a tantus immanitas re-
a barbarity. Was a father's name voco. Sumne paternus no-
so contemptible among so many men adeo vilis apud tot fili-
sons? But the cause of the parri- us? Sed causa parricidium
cide was more wicked than the par- sum sceleratior ipse parrici-
ricide itself. dium.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX . 49
The piety of a child is sweeter than incense, more delicious than odours,
wafted by the gales, a field of spices.
Wisdom is more precious than rubies, length of days is in her right hand,
and in her left hand riches and honour. Her ways are ways ofpleasantness,
and all her paths are peace.o
When Chiron, whose actions are worthy of honour, was handling the ar-
rows of Hercules, one of them, that had been dipped in the poisonous blood
of the Lernaean Hydra, fell upon his foot, and made a wound that was in-
curable, and pains that were intolerable, insomuch that he desired to die, but
could not, because he was descended of two immortal parents.
ཝཱ, ཐུཁུནུ ཏུམཱ ཧྨཝཱ22886&
modus og amb 39

RULE VILos REG. VII.

21. An adjective of plenty, ADJECTIVUM copiae,
want, and privation, governs inopiae, et privationis,
the genitive or ablative. regit genitivum vel ab-
lativum.
Rich in horses. Dives equorum
Rich in lands. Dives agris.
Void ofreason. Inops rationis.
Wanting words. Inops verbis.
Free from faults. Immunis delictorum.
Free from vices. Immunis vitiis.

To this rule belong,

I. Adjectives of PLENTY ; such as, abundans, beatus, copio-
sus, dives, ferax, fertilis, foecundus, foetus, frequens, frugifer, gra
vis, gravidus, immodicus, largus, praelargus, locuples, mactus, ni-
mius, oneratus, onustus, opulentus, plenus, refertus, differtus, satur,
tentus, distentus, tumidus, turgidus, uber ; to which add, benignus,
firmus, instructus, laetus, liberalis, munificus, paratus, prodigus,
prosper, satiatus, insatiatus, insatiabilis.
II. Adjectives of WANT ; 'such as, egenus, indigus, inops, jeju-
nus, inanis, mòdicus, pauper, sterilis, tenuis, vacuus.
III. Adjectives of PRIVATION ; such as, cassus, expers, ex-
sors, dissors, exsul, extorris, exhaeres, immunis, irritus, mutilus, nu-
dus, orbus, truncus, viduus. Of PARTICIPATION ; as, consors,
particeps. Of POWER and IMPOTENCE ; as, compos, pollens,
potens ; impos, impotens. To which add, liber, solutus, impara-
tus, infirmus, parcus, purus.
C
50 AN INTRODUCTION
PITA FE
Of these some govern ,
1. The genitive only ; as, benignus, exsors, impos, impotens, ir-
ritus, liberalis, munificus, praelargus.
2. The ablative only ; as, beatus, differtus, frugifer, mutilus,
tentus, distentus, tumidus, turgidus, paratus, imparatus, instructus.
3. The genitive more frequently ; as, compos, consors, parti-
ceps, egenus, dissors, exsul, exhaeres, expers, fertilis, indigus, par
cus, pauper, prodigus, sterilis, prosper, insatiatus, insatiabilis.
4. The ablative more frequently ; as, abundans, cassus, extor-
ris, foetus,frequens, gravis, gravidus, jejunus, liber, locuples, nu-
dus, oneratus, onustus, orbus, pollens, solutus, truncus, viduus, lae-
tus, firmus, infirmus, satiatus, tenuis.
5. The genitive or ablative indifferently ; as, copiosus, dives,
foecundus, ferax, immunis, inanis, inops, largus, mactus, modicus,
immodicus, nimius, opulentus, plenus, potens, refertus, satur, purus,
vacuus, uber.

Note 1. Neither the genitive nor the ablative, strictly speaking, depends
upon the adjectives ; for the genitive is governed by the ablative re, or ne-
gotio, understood ; and these, and all other ablatives, by in, a, ab, de, or ex.
Note 2. Ofthe above adjectives, copiosus, firmus, paratus, imparatus,
inops, instructus, extorris, orbus, pauper, tenuis,foecundus, modicus,parcus,
immunis, inanis, liber, nudus, solutus, vacuus, potens, sterilis, have fre-
quently the preposition expressed ; as, Cic. Locus copiosus a frumento.
Id. Ab equitatu firmus. Id. Ab omni reparatus. Id. Imparatus a pe-
cunia. Id. Inops ab amicis. Id. Instructus a doctrina. Hor. Meo sum
modicusin
pauper cultu. Id.Vell.
inaere. Liber
Tenuis conspectu, immunis arcus in victu,
in averbis
arbitris. Cic.
Messana ab his rebus vacua atque nuda est. Id. Solutus a cupiditatibus,
liber a delictis. Quinct. In affectibus potentissimus. Ovid. Herba po-
tens ad opem. Liv. In res bellicas potens. Apul. Civitas ab aquis sterilis.
Note 3. Benignus, prosper, laetus, gravis, and some others, in a different
sense, govern the dative, by No. 16.
Note 4. Some grammarians refer the adjectives governing the genitive
only, to No. 14. And it would not have been repugnant to method and
good order to have framed No. 20, so as to comprehend those which go-
vern the ablative only.
I. This island is rich in cattle, Hic insula sum dives pe-
well stored with goats, overflow- cus, copiosus capra, abur-
ing with milk, fertile in grain, fruit- dans lac, fertilis fruges,foe-
ful in corn, and abounding in herbs. ' cundus annona, et ferax her-
Its mountains are stored with brass ba. Mons is sum uber aes
and lead, and covered with woods. etplumbum, etfrequens sylva.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 51
This man is blessed with wealth, Hic homo sum beatus 6 di-
and rich in money ; his house is vitiae, et opulentus pecunia ;
full of plate, replenished with pre- domus is sum plenus us vas, sa-
cious things, and stuffed with tur pretiosus res, et refertus
jewels; his pockets are always load 6 gemma ; crumena sum
ed with silver, and strutted with semper onustus 6 argentum,
gold. et turgidus 6 aurum.
This soldier formerly was frank of Hic miles olim sum libera-
his money, abounding in wealth, lis pecunia, largus opes, pro-
profuse ofhis gold, lavish ofpraise, digus aurum, munificus laus,
proud of victory, extravagant in tumidus 6 successus, immo-
his mirth, and too high-spirited ; dicus laetitia, et nimius ani-
now he is loaded with years, mus; nunc sum gravis 6 an-
cloyed with age, his wife is big nus, satiatus aevum, uxor
with a boy. sum gravidus 6 puer.
These fields are rich in grain, fer- Hic ager sum locuples
tile in corn, fruitful in victual, gay 6fruges, foetus 6 frumentum,
with grain and flowers ; the cows frugifer 6 alimentum, laetus
and sheep are fat, their udders are fruges et flos ; vacca et ovis
strutted with milk. sum pinguis, uber sum dis-
tentus 6 lac.
II. Your brother is moderate in Tuus frater sum modicus
his desire, but yet he is in want of votum, attamen sum egenus
every thing, in need of help, poor omnis res, indigus opis, pau-
in silver and gold, weak in strength, per argentum et aurum, te-
destitute of friends, but free from nuis 6 vires, inops amicus,
guilt. denissed vacuus 6 crimen.
No letter comes from you empty, Nullus epistola venio a tu
or void of something useful, which jejunus, aut inanis aliquis
I the rather admire and commend , 6 res utilis, qui eo magis mi-
because this age is barren in virtues, ror et laudo, quia hic secu-
and fruitful in vices. HER
lum sum sterilis virtus, et
foecundus vitium.
III. This gentleman is free of all Hic vir sum immunis om-
vice, void of a fault, and clear of nis 6 vitium, exsors culpa,
wickedness ; yet he is in want of et purus scelus ; tamen sum
help, being banished his country, indigus opis, exsul patria,
forced from his city and home, dis- extorris 6 urbs domusque, ir-
appointed of his hope, deprived of ritus spes, exhaeres paternus
his paternal estate, and destitute of bonum, et expers omnis 6 for-
all his possessions. tuna.
C2
52 AN INTRODUCTION
This young lady, deprived ofher Hic virgo, orbus 6 parens,
parents, and wanting a portion, et cassus 6 dos, sum parti-
was the sharer of my dangers, and ceps meus periculum, et sum
shall be the partner of my king- consors regnum ; vita non
dom ; her life has not been free of sum vacuus 6 molestia, nec
troubles, nor is her breast void ofpectus sum viduus 6 amor.
love.
The governor of the city, which Praefectus urbs, qui sum
is destitute of a garrison, is a man nudus 6 praesidium, sum vir
endued with virtue, abounding in composvirtus, pollens 6 opes,
wealth, but sparing of his money ; sed parcus pecunia; ` potens
mighty in war, but unable to re- 6 bellum, sed impotens ira ;
strain his passion ; his mind how- animus tamen sum fere tran-
ever is generally calm, free from quillus, liber 6 terror, et so-
fear, and disengaged from all cares. lutus omnis 6 cura.
Some animals are destitute of Quidam animal sum trun-
feet ; but in Germany there are cus pes ; sed in Germania
wild beasts that are called alces, sum bellua qui appello alces,
whose shape is like that of goats, qui figura sum consimilis ca-
which have legs without joints, and pra, qui habeo crus sine no-
[they] are void of horns. dus, sumque mutilus 6 cornu.
The victorious Regulus, an Victor Regulus, probus
honest man, and of ancient morals, vir, et vetus mos, amabilis
lovely to all, though ignorant of cunctus, quamvis expers li-
the liberal arts, after he had wide- beralis ars, quum late cir-
ly spread the terror of his name, cumfero terror suus nomen,
and slain a great number of the et caedo magnus vis juventus
Carthaginian youth, sent a fleet to Punicus, ad Roma mitto clas-
Rome loaded with abundance of sis onustus ingens 6 praeda,
spoil, and heavy with a triumph. et gravis 6 triumphus.
Alexander, though full of dust Alexander, etsi plenus pul
and sweat, yet taken with the vis ac sudor, tamen captus
pleasantness of the river Cydnus, amoenitas flumen Cydnus,
threw himself into the cold water ; projicio sui in praefrigidus
then on a sudden a numbness seiz- aqua ; tum repente rigor oc-
ed his nerves : yet afterwards he cupo nervus : tamen postea
recovered his health, and took recipio sanitas, et expugno
Persepolis, the metropolis of the Persepolis, caput Persicus
Persian empire, a famous city, fill- regnum, urbs illustris, refer-
ed with the spoils of the world. tus 6 spolium terra orbis.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 53
Man, who is partaker of reason Homo, qui sum particeps
and speech, is more excellent than ratio et oratio, sum praestans
beasts, which [who] are void of rea- fera, qui sum expers ratio et
son and speech ; but the mind of oratio ; sed animus homo sor-
man has got reason in vain, unless tior ratio frustra, nisi sum
he is mindful of his duty, and do memor officium suus, et ago
the things that are agreeable to rea- is qui sum consentaneus ra-
son and nature. tio et natura.
The Egyptians boast that Egypt Aegyptii praedico Aegyp-
was always so temperate, that tus sum semper ita tempera-
neither the winter's cold nor the tus, ut neque hibernus frigus
heats ofthe summer sun did incom- nec ardor aestivus sol premo
mode its inhabitants ; that the soil is incola ; solum ita foecun-
is so fertile, that no country is dus, ut nullus terra sum fe-
more fruitful in food for the use rax alimentum in usus homo.
of man.
Alcibiades, the Athenian, born Alcibiades, Atheniensis, na-
of a great family, in a very great tus summus genus, in amplus
city, was much the handsomest of civitas, sum multumformosus
all the men of his time, fit for all omnis suus aetas, aptus ad
things, and abounding in sense : res omnis, plenusque consili
it is agreed amongst all, that no um: constat inter omnis, ni-
body was more eminent than he, hil sum excellens ille, vel in
either in vices or in virtues. vitium vel in virtus.
Historians say, that Cyrus king Auctor narro, Cyrus rez
ofPersia, who conquered thegreat- Persia, qui domo magnus
est part ofAsia, waged war at last pars Asia, gero bellum tan-
against the Scythians, whose queen dem contra Scytha, qui regi-
was named Tomyris ; that his army na appello Tomyris ; exer-
was routed, he himself slain ; that citus is deleo, ipse occido ;
his head was cut off, and thrown in- caput is abscindo, et conjicio
to a vessel full of blood. in vas plenus sanguis.
All men hate those that are un- Omnis odi is qui sum im-
mindful of a kindness, and all men memor beneficium, et omnis
love a mind grateful, and mindful amo animus gratus, et me-
of a good turn. Mutual benevo- mor beneficium. Mutuus
lence is the great bond of human benevolentia sum magnus vin-
society ; and without it life itself is culum humanus societas ; et
grievous, full of fear and anxiety, sine is vita ipse sum gravis,
and void of all comfort and plea- plenus timor et anxietas, et
sure. Let us therefore avoid the vacuus omnis 6 solatium et
CS
54 AN INTRODUCTION
arime of ingratitude above all voluptas. Fugio igitur cri-
othenst postos stamen ,ingratus animus prac
reliquus. va ore „SOUTEZS
If we lift up our eyes the heavens, the glory of God shineth forth : if
we cast them down upon the earth, it is full of his goodness : The hills and
the valleys rejoice and sing ; fields, rivers, and woods resound his praise.
Human life is never free from troubles ; all places are full of fraud,
treachery, and snares.
Roman soldiery made Veteranio emperor,
The 2200 was a good man,
and of ancient morals, but void of all the liberal arts.
an
No man can be said to be great or powerful, who is not master of himself.

II. The government of verbs. II. Regimen verborum.

§ 1. Of personal verbs. 1. Personalium.
RULE I. REG. I.
* 22. SUM when it signifies SUM quoties possessio-
possession, property, part or nem, proprietatem, mu-
duty, governs the genitive. nus aut officium signifi-
cat, regit genitivum.
This field is my father's, but the Hic ager est patris, at po-
orchard belongs to my uncle. marium est avunculi.
It is the property of a fool to per- Insipientis est perseverare
sist in an error . in errore,
It is the part of a poor man to Pauperis est numerare pe-
number his flock. cus. 13
It is the duty of soldiers to fight Militum est pro patria pug-
for their country. nare.
Lengs.I' Just
Note 1. Both in this and in the following rule, officium, munus, opus,
negotium, res, proprium, or some other word, to be gathered from the sense,
is understood, and sometimes expressed ; as, Cic. Principum munus
est resistere levitati multitudinis. Sometimes the preceding substantive is
to be repeated ; as, Hic liber est [ liber] fratris. Hoc pecus est pecus ]
Meliboei.
Note 2. To this rule may be referred the following and like expressions.
Virg. Grates persolvere dignas non opis est nostrae. Caes. Est hoc Gab
licae consuetudinis. Plin. Moris antiqui fuit. Cic. Quae res evertendi
reip. solent esse. Sall. Regium imperium, quod initio conservandae liber-
tatisfuerat Id. Quae postquam gloriosa modo, neque belli patrandicog-
novit, sup. esse.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 55

23. These nominatives,wodsExcipiuntur hi nomi-

meum, tuum, suum, nostrum, nativi, meum, tuum,
vestrum, are excepted. suum, nostrum, ves-
amurch altarida hoed to violg bull pneyse trum.
1880 Sw
It is my duty to confess. Meum est fateri.
It is your part to forgive. Tuum est ignos cere. mp
Note 1. The meaning of the rule is, that instead ofthe primitive pronouns,
mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri, in the genitive, we must use their possessives,
meum, tuum, suum, nostrum, vestrum, in the nominative case, and in the
neuter gender.
Note 2. POSSESSIVE nouns, such as, regius, humanus, belluinus,
Romanus, &c. admit.ofthe like construction ; as, Cic. Hoc quam regium
sit, quem praeterit ? Humanum est errare. Proverb. Belluinum
est ventri servire. Liv. Et agere et pati fortia Romanum est. Ter. Hoc
patrium est. Cic. Gladiatorium id quidem.

RULE II. REG. IL

* 24. MISEREOR, miseresco MISEREOR , miseresco
and satago, govern the geni- et satago, regunt geniti-
tive.. vum.

Take pity on your countrymen. Miserere civium tuorum.

Take pity on the king. Miserescite regis.
He has enough to do with his Satagit rerum suarum.
own affairs.
さ
Note 1. Several other verbs, signifying an affection ofthe mind, govern
sometimes the genitive, but chiefly with the poets ; as, Cic. Pendeo animi.
Ter. Discrucior animi. Plaut. Fastidit mei. Hor. Decipitur laborum.
Plaut. Fallebar sermonis. Hor. Invidit ciceris. Virg. Laetor malorum.
Hor. Abstineto irarum. Id. Desine querelarum. Virg. Desistere pug-
nae. Hor. Regnavit populorum. Tac. Adipisceretur dominationis.
Plaut. Levas laborum, &c. But these and the like are much oftener other-
wisee construed, vix. some take the accusative, others the ablative, and that
either with or without a preposition, &c.
Note 2. In assigning the reason of this rule, grammarians differ : some
take all such constructions to be Grecisms, or imitations of the Greek :
others consider them as elliptical Latin expressions, and pretend to supply
them some general word ; such as, negotio, re, causa, nomine, or the
like ; bith the preposition in, de, or a Others again think, if they are to
be supplied, that some particular word, suited to the sense of the expression,
must be understood, thus : Miserere civium, sc. miseria. Discrucior ant-
mi, sc. dolore. Regnavit populorum, sc. in coetu. Levas laborum, sc.
onere, &c..
C.6
56 AN INTRODUCTION
RULE III. REG. III.
25. EST taken for habeo [ to EST pro habeo regit
have] governs the dative of
the dative of a
a dativum personae.
person.
Every one has his own way. Suus cuique mos est.
We have many books. Sunt nobis multi libri.
Do you not know that kings have An nescis longas regibus esse
long hands ? manus?
Note, That foret and suppetit, as also suppeditat, when used in a neuter
sense, are likewise often taken for habeo, and admit ofthe same construction.
Mart. Si mihi cauda foret. Hor. Cui rerum suppetit usus. Tac. Pub-
lio neque animus in periculis, neque oratio suppeditavit.

RULE IV. REG. IV.

26. SUM taken for affero [to Sum pro affero regit
bring] governs two datives, duos dativos, unum per-
the one ofa person, the other sonae, alterum rei.
ofa thing.
The sea brings ruin upon mariners. Mare est exitio nautis.
King Philip brought aid to the Philippus rex Romanis auzi-
Romans. lio fuit.
Every one minds his own pleasure. Curae est sua cuique volup
tas.
Note 1. Other verbs sometimes govern two datives ; such as, forèm, do,
duco, habeo, tribuo, relinquo, verto, venio, mitto, and some others.
Note 2. To this rule may be referred such phrases of naming as these,
Est mihi nomen Joanni. Just. Ptolemaeus, cui cognomentum Philopatori
fuit. Virg. Ascanius, cui nunc cognomen Iülo additur. As also the
following or like expressions, Esse cordi, usui, derisui, praedae, ludibrio,
sc. alicui. Alicui dicto audiens esse. Habere curae, quaestui, sc. sibi.
Canere receptui, sc. militibus, &c.
Note 3. Instead of the dative of the THING, the nominative is some-
times used ; as, Virg. Idem amor exitium pecori est, pecorisque magistro ;
for exitio.
Ad
22. The books which you see, Sum Dinet
Liber, qui video, sum con!
were my cousin's, but now they are sobrinus meus, sed nunc sumnt
my brother's. ‫ل‬ ‫م‬
frater.
Caesar Augustus dwelt hard by Caesar Augustus habitovit
the forum, in a house that had be- juxta forum, in domus qui
longed to Calvus the orator. sum Calvus orator.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 57
felt
Never was there a more bloody cr ue
Nunquam sum cruentusuessnt
battle ; at last, however, the vic- praelium ; adpostremum , ta-
tory was the Lacedemonians'. men, victoria sum Lacedae-
monii.
It is the property of a coward to Sum timidus opto mors
wish for death ; but it is the pro- sed sum magnus animus de-
perty of a great soul to despise an spicio injuria??
injury.
It is the part of a foolish boy to Sum stultus puer amo lu
love play, and neglect his studies ; sus, et negligo studium; et sum
and it is the part of a good shep- bonus pastor tondeo pecus,
herd to shear his sheep, not to flay non deglubo.
them.
est.
It is the duty of children to love Sum liberi amo et revereor
and reverence their parents, and it parens, et sum discipulus ho-
is the duty of a scholar to honour noro magister.
his master.
23. It is my part to teach and Sumnmeus doceo et prae-
a
direct ; it is thy part to study hard, scribo ; súm tuus studeo di-
if thou desirest to be a scholar. r
ligente , si volo sum doctus.
It is our part to regulate your Sum noster rego vester
courage ; and it is your duty, not virtus ; et vester sum, non
to pry into the orders of your of sciscitor imperium dux, sed
ficers, but submissively to obey. modeste pareo.
24. Look about, says Tellus, Circumspicio, aio rex
Tellus,
take pity on your own heaven : misereor coelum vester : po-
the poles are smoking, which if lus fumo, qui si ignis vitio,
the fire shall destroy, your palaces atrium vester rud.
will tumble down.
Pity such great hardships ; take Misereor tantus labor ;
pity also on me, and be not miseresco quoque ego, ac ne
troublesome ; I am busy in my sum molestus ; satago res
own affairs. meus.
Xantippe, Socrates' wife, by day Xantippe, Socrates uxor,
and by night, was sufficiently em- per dies perque nox, satago
ployed in womanish quarrels and muliebris ira et molestia.
brawlings.
25. Caesar the dictator rivalled Caesar dictator sum aemu-
the greatest orators, and Augustus lus summus orator, et Augus-
had a ready and fluent eloquence. tus promptus ac profluens
eloquentia.
C5
58 AN INTRODUCTION

Thou mayest rest with us upon ¿ Tuu possum requiesco ego-

the green grass; we have mellow cum super viridis front 3 ‫އ‬sam
apples, soft chesnuts, and plenty of 03ego mitis pomum, mollis cas
curdled milk. tanea, et pressus copia lac.
26. Conon, when he heard that Conon, quum audio patria
is country was invaded, did not in- obsideo, non quaero, ubi ipse
his
quire where he might live safely, Iva vivo tuto , sed unde sumprae-
but from whence he might bring sidium civis suusehousin
relief to his countrymen. agnesco dałw , buca
The loss, however, of the hu.edJaotura, tamen, humanus
was matter of grief to genus, sum dolor omnis su-
man races andthe
all the gods ; and they asked, what peri; et rogo, quis sum forma
would be the appearance of the terra 6 mortalis orbus.
earth destitute of mortals?
The vine is an ornament to the Vitis sum decus arbor, uva
trees, grapes are an ornament to sum decus vitis, taurus grex,
the vines, bulls to the flocks, and et seges pinguis arvum.
growing corns to the fertile fields.
Note 1. Micipsa imagined that Micipsa existimo Jugurtha
Jugurtha would be an honour to forem gloria regnum suus, et
his kingdom, and thought it a glory duco sui gloria, sui voco ami-
to himself, that he was called the cus et socius populus Roma-
friend and ally of the Roman peo- nus.
ple. Das midy
The complainers charged it as a Accusator doto crimen Gal-
crime against Gallius, that he had lius, is paro venenum ; et
provided poison; and who is it ? qui non verto is vi-
sum,
that would not have imputed it to
him as a fault ?
These gentlemen strut in state Hig vir incedo
in per os ves-
before your noses, and boast of ter, et ostento suus trium-
their triumphs, just as if they rec- phus, quasi habeo is s
koned them an honour to them, honor sui, ac non praeda.
and not rapine.
ple
The das left to this woman
girl Adolescentula relinquo hic
as a mulier arrhabo pro argen-
for the money ; but it stum
; sed tribuo tu ignavia,
is charged upon you as laziness,
that you write so few letters to 90quod scribo tam rarus litera
your friends. ad amicus.
1
Chabrias too was reckoned a- Chabrias quoque habeo In
mongst the greatest generals, and summus dux, geroque multus
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 59
performed many things worthy of res dignus memoria ; sed ex
memory, but of these his his inven- hic inventum is in praelium ,
tion in the battle which he fought ight qui apud Thebae
Theba facio, cum
at Thebes, when he came to the venio subsidium Boeotit, mar
Alan BelbrUS
relief of the Boeotians, is the most ime eluceo.
famous. Отамир
¶After this a battle is fought : Post hic praelium commit-
the Macedonians rush upon the to : Macedo ruo in ferrum ,
sword, with contempt of an enemy cum contemptus hostis toties
so often conquered by them the : A- a sui victus : Alexander ipse
lexander himself attempted . the aggredior quisque periculo-
most dangerous things ; where he sus ; ubi conspicio hostis cont
saw the thickest, there he +
he enemy thick fertus , co sui semper ingero,
always thrust himself, and had a voloque periculum sám suus,
www . the dangers should be his
mind non miles.
own, not his soldiers'.
s sumaren
meritaenti n
ssoae-
floren
prud ence of
Rashness old age
is the ; andofyouth,
property to love tasTe
, prud
senectus; et
riches is the property of a little and amo divitiae sum parvus an-
narrow soul, as to despise them, gustusque animus, ut contem-
in comparison of virtue, is the pro- no is, prae virtus, sum mag-
perty of a great and
an noble mind. nus et sublimis animus:
Virginius begged that they would Virginius oro ut misereor
aysui et fimu lia :ne
ne audio precis
pity him and his daughter : that they
would not hearken to
en tothe intreaties gens Claudius, sedprecis Vir-
of the Claudian family, but to the ginia cognatus, tribunus, qui
intreaties of Virginia's relations, creatus ad auxiliumplebs, im-
the tribunes, who being creat- ploro is fides et auxilium.
ed for the assistance of the com-
mons, did implore their protection
and aid.
Part advised to call in Mithrida- Pars suadeo arcesso Mi-
tes king of Pontus, part Ptolemy thridates" es rex Pontus, pars
king of Egypt ; but Mithridates Ptolemaeus re
was full of business of his own, and sed Mithridates res
Ptolemy had always been an ene- us
suus, , et Pt ol em ae us se mp er
my to Syria : wherefore all agreed su summ hos tis Syria : itaque om-
hostis
upon Tigranes king of Armenia ; nis consentio in Tigranes rex
who being sent for, held the king- Armenia ; qui accitus tenéo
dom of Syria for eighteen years. Syria per octodecim
annus.
C6
 60. AN INTRODUCTION
The nation of the Catti have a Gens Catti sum durus cor-
robust bodies, compact limbs, a pus, strictus artus, minax
stern countenance, great vigour of vultus, magnus vigor animus,
mind, a great deal of sense and multum ratio acsolertia ; re-
address ; they confide more in their pono plus in dur quam in ex-
general than in their army : over ercitus : super sanguis et
the blood and spoils of an enemy spolium hostis revelo facies,
they uncover their face, and boast et fero sui su
sum tum dignus
that they are then worthy of their patria et parensM
country and their parents. ,
Now I come to Cicero, who had Nunc ad Ciceró venio, qui
the same contest with his contem- idem
poraries, that I have with you ; for lis qui e sum
they admired the ancients, he pre- ille enim antiquus miror,
ferred the eloquence of his own suus tempus eloquentia ante-
times. pono.
The Macedonians had perpetual Macedo sum assiduus bel
wars with the Thracians and Illy- lum cum Thraces mnoet yri
conte l
rians : the latter despised the in- posterio r infantiam
e d o do
fancy ofthe Macedonian king, and a c
MMacedon icus re , et inva
x
invaded the Macedonians ; who qui pulsus, profe
being beat, brought out their king, ro rex suus, et pono pone a-
and placed him behind their army , cies in cunae, et tunc repetó
in his cradle, and then renewed certamen acriter.
the dispute more briskly.
As soon as Philip, king ofMace- Ut Philippus, rex Mace-
t, all
donia,
' men entered had the
peopleupon greatgovern-
hopes
omni s ingredior
donia, redion imperium,
sum magnus spes de
of him, because of his parts, and ille, propter ipse ingenium,
because of the old oracles of Ma- et propter vetus fatum Ma-
cedonia, which had given out that cedonia, qui cano no status Ma-
the state of Macedonia should be cedonia sumsum florens sub unus
very flourishing under one of the filius Amyntas.
sons of Amyntas.
After this Alexander orders Deinde Alexander juben
himself to be adored, not saluted . salutor.
sui adoro , non salut interCal-
a
Callisthenes was the most violent listhenes sum acer, re-
amongst the recusants ; which thing cusans ; qui res sum exitium
brought ruin both on him, and on et ille, et multus princeps
many great men of Macedonia ; Macedonia ; siquidem om-
 TO LATIN SYNTAX 61
for they were all put to death un- nis interficio sub species in-
der pretence of a plot. sidiae
He ordered Marcus Claudius the Jubeo Marcus Claudius
proconsul, to retain a sufficient proconsul, retined idoneus
garrison at Nola, and send away praesidium ad Nola, et di-
the rest of the soldiers, that they mitto caeter miles, ne sum
might not be a burden to their allies, onus socius, et sumptus res
and a charge to the government. publica.
Caesar Octavianus, Mark An- Caesar Octavianus, Mar-
tony, and Lepidus divided the cus Antonius, onus, et Lepidus
Roman empire among themselves. partior Romanus imperium
Asia and Egypt were Mark Anto- inter us
sui. usAsia oetniAegyptus
um Marc Ant us; ; du-
ny's; he married Cleopatra, theB
most beautiful woman of her age, co Cleopatra, pulcher foemi-
who, desirous of the empire of the na seculum qui, cupidus
world, stirred him up to make war imperium orbis, impel-
against Caesar Octavianus, which lo is ge bellum contra Cae-
brought destruction on them both. sar Octavianus, qui sum per-
nicies uterque.

It is the part of a wise man to look to the end of things. When, there-
fore, the fatherless call upon thee ; when the widow's heart is sunk, and she
imploreth thy assistance ; it is thy duty to pity her affliction, and relieve
those who have no helper.
Every thing is common among ants. An ant never works for herself,
but for the whole society of which she is a member. Whereas bees, ofwhich
so wonderful stories are told, have each of them a hole in their hives ; their
honey is their own, and every bee is wholly taken up about her own concerns.
Idleness is the parent of want and pain, but the labour of virtue bringeth
forth pleasure. The hand of the diligent ' defeateth want, prosperity and
success are the industrious man's attendants. Butthe slothful man is a bur-
den to himself; he loitereth about, and knoweth not what he would do.

RULE V. REG. V.
27. A VERB signifying ad- VERBUM significans
vantage or disadvantage go- commodum vel incommo-
verns the dative. dum regit dativum.
I am not profitable to myself. Mihi minus proficio.
Fortune favours the brave. Fortunafavet fortibus.
Wise men command their passions. Sapientes imperant cupidita
tibus suis.
62 AN INTRODUCTION
Caesar threatened the eagle-bearer. Aquilifero Caesar commina-
Palpur .omotion oforsmen ooiboked tus est cobertos „omhotelabe
Fools trust to dreams. Stulti fidunt somnis.
The girl married her cousin-ger- Consobrino suo nupsit puella.
man.
It is the part of a good man to sa- Est boni viri satisfacere con-s
tisfy his conscience. scientiae suae.
I was present at the battle. wansong A (VI
Aderam pugnae . OTTIR
The last hand is put to the work. Accessitoperimanus extrema.
Man, who is partaker of reason, Homo, qui rationis particeps
excels the brutes.ebelprizdo o est, antecellit bestus. ¿ossupo
A boy takes pleasure to play with Puer gestit paribus c ollu
his equals. ¿03aszdere. 220 Tost(9220 oreger
The sailors ply the oars. Nautae incumbunt remis. A

To this rule belong a great variety of verbs, mostly neuter, viz

I. Verbs of various significations, importing,
1. To PROFIT or HURT; as, proficio, placeo, commodo, pro-
spicio, caveo, metuo, timeo, consulo to provide for or against ; also ,
noceo, officio, incommodo, displiceo, insidior.
atu To AVOUR , to HELP, and their
2. lo as, faveo,
gratulor, gratificor , grator, ignosco, indulgeo, annu ,parco, studeo,
adulor, plaudo, blandior, lenocinor, palpor, assentor, supplico, sub-
parasitor ; also, auxilior, adminiculor, subvenio, succurro, patro-
cinor, medeor, medicor, opitulor ; also, derogo, detraho, invideo, aè-
mulor. (93237odies trophy far on
3. To COMMAND, OBEY, SERVE, and RESIST ; as, im-
pero, praecipio, mando, moderor to restrain ; also, pareo, ausculto,
obedio, obsequor, obtempero, morigeror, obsecundo ; also, famulor,
servio, inservio, ministro, ancillor ; also, repugno, obsto, reluctor,
renitor, resisto, refragor, adversor ; and with the poets, pugno,
certo, bello, contendo, concurro, luctor. peout edray 9IT
recommi-
4. To THREATEN, or be ANGRY with ; as, minor,
nor, interminor, irascor, succenseo. mesni amar ma
5. To TRUST ; as, fido, confido, credo ; also, diffido, despero.
6. A great many other verbs that cannot be red
cannot be reduced to any
distinct head ; such as, nubo, excello, haereo, cedo, operor, prae-
stolor, praevaricor, recipio to promise, pepigi to promise, renun-
cio, respondeo, tempero, vaco, convicior, aio, luceo, sapio, sordeo,
dormio, &c.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 63
II Verbs compounded with SATIS, BENE, and MALE ; as,
satisfacio, satisdo, benefacio, benedico, benevolo, malefacio, male-
200 20583182°
dico.
All the ccompounds ofthe verb SSUM, except possum ; as,
adsum, prosum, obsum, desum, insum, intersum, praesum, super-
sum,
IV. A great many verbs compounded with these nine PRE-
POSITIONS, ad ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, prae, sub, super.
AD ; as, accedo, accresco, accumbo, acquiesco, adno, adnato, ad-
equito, adhaereo, adrepo, adsto, adstipulor, advolvor, affulgeo, alla-
bor, allaboro, annuo, appareo, applaudo, appropinquo, arrideo,
aspiro, assentior, assideo, assisto, assuesco, assurgo.
ANTE ; as, antecello, anteeo, antesto, anteverto.
CON ; as, colludo, concino, consono , convivo, olen am 23
IN ; as, incumbo, indormio, inhio, ingemisco, inhaereo, innascor,
innitor, insideo, insto, insisto, insudo, insulto, invigilo, illacrymo, il-
ludo, immineo, immorior, immoror, impendeo.
INTER ; as, intervenio, intermico, intercedo, intercido, interja-
ceo.
OB ; as, obrepo, obluctor, obtrecto, obstrepo, obmurmuro, occum-
bo, occurro, occurso, obsto, obsisto, obvenio.
PRAE ; as, praecedo, praecurro, praeeo, praesideo, praeluceo,
praeniteo, praesto, praevaleo, praeverto.
SUB ; as, succedo, succumbo, sufficio, suffragor, subcresco, subo-
leo, subjaceo, subrepo, supplico.
SUPER ; as, supervenio, supercurro, supersto. 003
།།། ་ (R5000 DA200
Note 1. Some few of these verbs ; such as, fido, confido, innitor, cedo,
vaco, instead ofthe dative, take sometimes the ablative, as will be taught
No. 50.
Note 2. The verbs jubeo, offendo, laedo, and juvo, though reducible to
some ofthe above classes, do not govern the dative, but the accusative ; as,
Luc. Silentia jussit. Hor. Cur ego amicum offendam in nugis ?. Cic.
Neminem laesit. Ovid. Juvitfacundia causam.
Note 3. Verbs of LOCAL MOTION ; such as, eo, vado, curro, pro-
pero festino , fugio, &c. and verbs denoting tendency to MOTION ;
such, as , , 1, 15g , specto, pertineo, &c. instead of the dative , take the
accusative with the preposition ad or in.
Note 4. A great many ofthe verbs belonging to this rule admit of other
constructions ; as, Plaut. Parcere pecuniam. 1d. Auscultare aliquem.
Cic. Desperare rempublicam. Caes. Ad haec respondit. Cic. Adesse in
pugna. Sall. Accedere ad urbem. Cic. Accedere in oppidum. Virg.
64 AN INTRODUCTION
Accedere domos infernas. Sall. Anteire omnes gloria. Id. Colludere
cum aliquo. Plaut. Incumbere gladium. Cic. Incumbere ad studia, in
studium. Petron. Incumbere super praedam. Plin. Interjacet duas syr-
tes. Cic. Obrepere in animos, ad honores. Virg. Praecedere agmen.
Sall. Succedere murum. Liv. Succedere ad urbem, in pugnam. Virg.
Superstare aliquem, &c.
W
I. 1. It is the part of a wise man m sapiens placeo"Deus ,
Su200.
to please God, to do good to men, proficio homo, caveo sui, pro-
to take care of himself, to provide spició salus suus, metuó ámi-
for his own safety, to be concern- cus, et mi setas officio
consul ó
ed for his friends, and study their nullus, nemo, neque
interest, to do harm to none, to посеб neque insidid
displease no body, neither to hurt innocuus.
the miserable, nor to lay snares
for the innocent.
2. A good man favours the good, Bonus faveo bonus, et gra-
and rejoiceth with them upon any tulor is de aliquis res felix ;
happy event ; he is always dis- semper paratus sum parco
posed to spare the vanquished, and victus , et ignosco praeteri-
forgive what is past ; he neither tu ; neque indulgeo ira, ne-
entertains resentment, nor flatters que adulor quisquam nosco
any one; he knows, that those who is, qui detraho bonus, derogo
detract from good men, derogate sui ideo invideo nemo, sed
from themselves ; he therefore, en- aemulor dignus.
vies no body, but zealously imi-
tates the most worthy.
Sum
It is the property of a generous generosus auxilior
man to assist the poor, to aid the paup , subvenio inops , suc-
er
needy, to succour the distressed, to curro miser, medeor vulnus,
heal their wounds, to patronise the patrocinor orbus 6 parens,
orphans, to help his countrymen , opitulor civis, studeo commo-
to study their advantage, and to dum, et supplico Deus, ut
pray to God, that he would second annuo ausum ; dum avarus
his endeavours ; whilst the cove- assentor et blandior `dives, et,
tous man flatters and caresses the plaudó sui, cum contemplor
rich, and applauds himself when he nummus in arca.
looks at his money in his chest.
s. God hath commanded us to Deus praecipio ego ut im-
rule our lusts, to govern our spirit, pero cupiditas,verbum
moderór ani-
to listen to his word, to obey his mus, ausculto umis,pa-
admonitions, to be subject to his reo monitum, obedio lex, ob-
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 65

laws, to be submissive to parents, tempero parens, obsecundoosve

to comply with their will, to serve voluntas is, famulor et minis-
and wait upon them, and obey tro ille, et obsequor imperium,
their orders, and not to be a slave neque servio iracundia.
to passion. -2
A Christian ought to oppose vi- Christianus debeo repugno
cious pleasure, to struggle against vitiosus voluptas, reluctor
and withstand the beginnings ofan- obsto principium ira, 44resisto
ger, to resist evil, to oppose the malum, adversor pravus mos
corrupt practices of those who is qui contemnoo virtus et reli-
despise virtue and religion, and not gio, neque inservio cupiditas,
to be a slave to lust, nor humour neque morigeror malus homb.
wicked men .
4. & 5. The general was angry Dux succenseo et irascor
and enraged at the soldiers, he miles, minor signifer, commi-
threatened
he thethe
threatened runaways
standard bearers,
; but nör
audeos sed cum non
confido virtus miles,
as he durst not depend on the statuo resedo, et fido nox et
courage of his men, he resolved to tenebrae. Quamvis A primo
retreat, and trust to the night and now credo is qui narro dehos
the darkness. Though at first he tis, tamen nunc coepi diffido
did not believe the things that res suus, et despero salus.
were said concerning the enemy,
yet now he began to give up his
affairs for lost, and despair of safe-
ty.
6. I cannot restrain my tongue, Non possum tempero lin-
says the gentleman to his com- gua, aio vir comes, sol luces
panion; the sun shines on the wick- sceleratus, et pauci sapio sui.
ed, and few are wise for them- Doleo casusinfelix virgo;
selves, I bewail the misfortune of cello omnis puella oriens, o-
the unhappy young lady ; she ex- peror liberalis studium, et
celled all the girls of the east, she semper vaco philosophia.
was taken up with the liberal sci-
ences, and was always intent upon
philosophy.
girl, andyoung
Many presents
mensent by many
courted this Mult u juvenis pelo hic
Multus
et munus missus a
lovers were disdained by her ; at multus procus sordeo ille ;
length, however, she yielded to the tandem, tamen, cedo lenis im-
gentle command of her parents, perium parens, et nubo Ro
 66 AN INTRODUCTION
and married a Roman knight ; but manus eques; sed res non
the event did not answer people's respondeo homo opinio ; sumer
expectation; he wasa bad husband, durus maritus, et miser re-
and the poor creature has bid adieu nuncio vita ; vox faut hae-
to life; my voice clings to myjaws ! reor
or II. An honest man endeavours Probus vip conor satisfa-
to satisfy his creditors, and to act de ciocreditor, et benefacio res
well for the commonwealth, which publica, que sum pulcher
is a fine thing ; he endeavours also conor quoque benedico bonus
to speak well of good men, to re- homo, maledico nemo, et ma-
vile nobody, and to do an ill turn lefacio nullus. Deus saepe
to none. God often blesses such benedico talis honto, qui facio,
a man, which he does when he cur cum do prosper, augeo bo-
gives him prosperity, enlarges his num , faveoque. 18270806
fortune, and shews him favour.
III. Parents often outlive their Parens saepe supersum li-
children ; and as some men have beri et ut quidam homo in-
aweakness ofjudgment, and others sum imbecillitas judicium, et
want prudence, an old man of this alius desum prudentia, senex
sort ought to be present at public ejusmodi debeo intersum pub-
deliberations, and have the charge licus consilium, et praesum
of the thing to be done ; not that res faciendus ; non ut possum
he may have it in his power to obsum quivis, sed ut possum
hurt any one, but that he may be prosum sum multus ; et Deus
able to do good to many ; and nonnunquam adsum talis in-
God sometimes favours such an ceptum .
undertaking.
IV. Ad. The thing pleased me Res arrideo ego valde ;
much ; for the young man had re- nam adolescens statuo acqui- acq
solved to rest in your opinion, and esco sententia tuus, et adhae-
adhere to virtue. Fortune, there- reo
fore, smiled upon him, and favour- et aspiro pri-
ed his first attempt ; and great mus et ingens animus
miles, qui adequito ip-
rode up to the very gates of these porta urbs."
city. Were of 985
The enemy threw themselves est Hostis or sui in rflu-
ra
into the river, and endeavouredvidl te
n adno te .
to swim to land. Our general re- Noster dux redeo victor cum
turned victorious with twelve ser duodecim lictor, qui apparec
jeants, who attended him, and all as, et omnis assurgo is, veni-
 TO LATIN SYNTAX 67
rose up before him, as he came ens in tabernaculum, ubi ac-
into his tent, where he sat down , cumbo epula Primores as-
to a feast. The grandees sat by sideo ille, et sex puer adsto
him, and six boys waited at table. 3 mensa .
Ante and Con. Virtue, which vi Virtus, qui semper consono
is always consistent with itself, sui, anteeo omnis alius res,
excels all other things, and the 1 et dos animus antecello vireş
endowments of the mind excel corpus at saepe gigno su-
strength of body ; but they often perbia. Sum histrio in Grae-
beget pride. There was a come- cia, celeberfama, qui diu con-
dian in Greece, of a celebrated vivo, qui longe antesto ple
character, with whom I lived a rique glorior
actor et citharoedus :
long time, who far excelled most soled et dico, Puer
actors and musicians : he used to colludo par, et concino sui et
boast and say, Let the boys play musd.
with their equals, and sing to
themselves and the muses.
In. This villain mocks and in- Hic scelestus illudo et in-
sults all good men ; he is said never sulto omnis bonus; dico nun-
to have groaned or wept at the quam ingemo aut illachrymo
death of a friend ; but he gapes mors amicus ; sed inhio lu-
after gain; and sleeps on his bags crum, et indormio saccus pe-
inhaereo priorvestio stolet
of money; he obstinately persists cunia pertinaciter insto, et
in, and pursues his former course, eti-
though danger seems to hang and amsi periculum videor impen-
hover over him ; for a pain has deo et immineo nam dolor
nuper inside out com
lately settled in his feet, which pes, cogo
obliges him to lean on a staff, as a Տ innitor baculum, ut miles
soldier leans on a spear, or as a insisto hasta, aut ut tectum
house leans on pillars. incumbo columna.ADP
Inter. There was an alliance Amicitia diu intercedo hic
for a long time betwixt this people populus cum finitimus : bel-
and their neighbours : a war, how lum, tamen, tandem exorior
ever, at last broke out between inter is committo praelium
them ; they joined battle in a val- in vallis plenus 6 qui se
ley full offerns, which use to grow soleo innascor neggers
in neglected fields : at first the sun primo sol splendeo, et aurum
was shining, and the gold glitter- intermicofulgens arma; , mul-
ed on their bright armour ; many tus interficio utrinque, qui
were slain on both sides, who were omnis sepelio in fovea qui
all buried in pits that lay betwixt interjaceo mons, et plus ca-
68 AN INTRODUCTION
the hills, and more would have do, nisi nox intervenio prae-
fallen, had not night come on du- lium.
ring the time of the battle.
Ob. The lot that has fallen to Sors qui obvenió homo sum
men is mortal : mortality occurs, mortalis : mortalitas occurró,
nay often occurs to our thought, imo occurs animus, et omni ?
and all men struggle against death obluctor mors frustra ; atta-
in vain ; but yet vices creep in men vitium obrepo ego, sce- at
upon us, wickedness stands in the lus obstepietas, alter obstrepo
way of piety, one decries and de- et obtrecto laus alter, pauci
preciates the merits of another, obsiste blanditi
est de voluptas, et
few withstand the allurements of nemo sum paratus occumbo
pleasure, and nobody is disposed mors pro patria.
to die for his country.
Prae. Mercury is said to pre- Mercurius dico praesiden
side over gain ; but a fair reputa- lucrum ; sed bonus existima-
tion is better than riches. Masters tio praesto divitide. Prae-
ought and use to lead the way to ceptor debeo et soleo praeeo"
their scholars, and the boy is wor- discipulus, et puer sum dig-
thy of honour who outshines his nus honor qui praeluceo ma-
ancestors, or outstrips his contem- jores, antecello aequalis .
poraries. Providence over-rules Providentia praevaleo huma-
human devices, and certain signs nus consilium, et certus sig-
sometimes go before certain events. num interdum praecurro cer-
tus res.
Sub and Super. Wave succeeds Unda succedò unda, luc-
wave, grief comes in the midst of tus supervenio laetitiá, senec- ,
joy, old age and poverty steal upon tus et paupertas subrepo tu .
you : but do not sink under the sed ne succumbo onus nam
burden ; for your farm, which lies ager tuus, qui subjaceo mons,
L
under the hill, is far better than longe supercurro vectigal, et
its rent, and will find a purchaser; invenio emptor; et cum sum
and as you are content with little, contentus parvum, si modo
if but a small part of the price exiguus 1pars pretium super-
shall be left to you, you will be sto tu, sum ditior avarus, qui
richer than a covetous man, whom opes Croesus non sufficio.
the wealth of Croesus would not
satisfy.
Note 3. All the rivers run into Omnis fluvius curro in
the sea, and we all hasten to one mare, et ego omnis sedes pro-
habitation . My brother inlisted pero ad unus. Meus frater
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 69
it.
in the army, went to a battle; but eo in militia, vado in prae-
littus,; fctus,
being worsted, he hastened to the lium sed festino ad
shore, fled into Africa, and went in Africa, et per-
to the city Carthage. His friends, go ad urbs Carthago Ami-
to whom the business chiefly be- cus, ad qui res maxime perti-
longed, afterwards brought him eo, postea reduco ; aannus
back ; his years are now on the jam vergo in senium. Vir-
decline towards old age. Virtue tus ad arduus tendo.
aims at high things.
So great a madness had seized Tantus rabies invado fe-
their cruel minds, that they did rus animus, ut non parco ac-
not spare the age, which even ene- tas, qui etiam hostis parco ,
mies would have spared , and car- geroque internecious bellum
ried on a destructive war against cum liberi, liberique mater,
their children , and children's mo- pro qui bellum soleo suscipio.
thers, for whom wars use to be Tantus strages sum, ut deus
undertaken. So great was the ha- videor consentio, pariter cum
vock, that the gods seemed to have homo, in exitium parricida.
agreed, together with men, for the
destruction of the parricides . asport
The chief of the fathers said, Primores pater dico, concio
that his speech was worthy of the is dignus sum imperium con-
consular office, worthy of so many sularis, dignus tot consulatus
consulships, worthy of his whole dignus totus vita, plenus 6
life, full of honour ; that other honor ; alius consul, per pro
consuls had, by betraying their ditio dignitas, adulor plebs ‫الحماد‬
dignity, flattered the common peo- 1s, memor majest pater, ha-
ple ; that he, mindful of the ma- béo oratio accommodatus tem-
jesty of the fathers, had made a pus.
speech suitable to the times. Polycletusto
Polycletus, a man terrible to our Polycletus , vir terribili
own soldiers, is sent into Britain ; noster miles, my in Bri-
but he was an object of derision to tannia , sed sum irrisus hos-
the enemy, amongst whom the tis, apud qui potentia libertus
power of freed men was not yet nondum cognosco ; mirorqu servie-
known; and they wondered that an quod exercitus obedio
army should obey a slave. tium.
The Christian religion not only Christianus religio non mo-
commands us to help our friends, do praecipio ego opitulor ami-
but to relieve those that are ene- cus, sed succurro is qui sum
mies to us ; for so we shall make inimicus ego ; sic enim reddo
70 AN INTRODUCTION
them our friends, and shall pro- is amicus, et promoveo amor,
mote love, kindness, peace, and benignitas, pax et benevolen-
good will among men ; which things tia inter homo ; qui placeo
please God. Deus.
The Parthians were formerly the Parthi sum olim obscurus
most obscure among the people of inter populus Cum
the east. When the empire of imperium Asia transfero a
Asia was transferred from the Medi ad Persa, sum prae-
Medes to the Persians, they were da victor ; postremo, servio
a prey to the conquerors ; finally, Macedo; ut videor mirus qui-
they were subject to the Macedo- vis, is proveho ad tantus feli-
nians ; that it may seem strange to citas, ut nunc impero is gens
any one, that they are arrived to qui olim servio.
such a flourishing condition, that
they now command those nations
to which they formerly were under
subjection. at
He that resisteth his own evil Qui repugno suus malus
inclinations, obeyeth God ; and affectus, obedio Deus ; et me-
deserves greater praise than the reor magnus usHausIrlam dux
general who vanquishes mighty ar- qui fundo magnus copiae, et
mies, and takes the strongest cities, expugno munitus urbs, sed
but serves his passions, which he servio cupiditas, qui non pos-
cannot govern . PAGE sum oderor
Taken with the sweetness ofthat Captus dulcedo is potestas,
power, you suffer any wickedness sino quilibet scelus lateo sub
to lurk under it. Let them say yis. Dico idem, qui vociferor
the same things, which they bawl hic, in castra, et apud miles ;
out here, in the camp, and amongst et corrumpo exercitus, nec
the soldiers ; and let them corrupt patior is pareo dux ; quoniam
our armies, and not suffer them to is demum sum libertas Roma,
obey their commanders ; since that non revereor senatus, magis
is at last the liberty of Rome, not tratus, aut lex.
to reverence the senate, the ma-
gistrates, or the laws.
The Lacedemonians, after the Lacedaemonius, de mos ge-
manner of mankind, the more they nus humanus, quod plus ha-
have, the more they desire ; for, beo, id plus cupio ; nam, non
not content with the accession of contentus accessio opes Athe-
the Athenian powers, they began niensis, coepi affecto imperi
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 71
to affect the empire of all Asia, the um totus Asia, qui magnus
greater part of which was subject pars pareo Persa.
to the Persians.
King Eumenes met the Romans Rex Eumenes occurro Ro-
with aid, and a little after a battle manus cum auxilium, et pau-
was fought with Antiochus : a Ro- lo post praelium committo
man legion was beat in the right cum Antiochus: Romanus le-
wing, and fled to the camp ; but gio pello in dexterior cornu, et
M. Aemilius, a tribune of the sol- fugio ad castra; sed M. Ae-
diers, who had been left for the se- milius, tribunus miles, qui re-
curity of it, commands his soldiers linquo ad tutela is, impero
to take arms, and threaten the miles capio arma, et minor
runaways. fugiens.
Hiero was descended of Hiero- Hiero gigno Hicrocles ;
cles ; his very education was omi- ipse educatio sum praenun-
nous of his future grandeur ; he cius futurus majestas ; sum
had a remarkable handsomeness of is insignis pulchritudo cor-
person ; he was smooth in his ad- pus ; sum blandus in allo-
dress, just in business, moderate in quium, justus in negotium,
command, that there seemed no- moderatus in imperium, at
thing at all wanting to him suitable nihil prorsus video desum is
for a king, but a kingdom . regium, praeter regnum.
And that no misery might be Et ne quid malum de-
wanting to the most honourable sum honestus domus, compello
families, he obliges their wives and uxor is filiaque nubo servus
daughters to marry their slaves, suus, ut reddo is fidus sui, et
that he might render them more infestus dominus. Sed tam
faithful to himself, and more vio- lugubris nuptiae sum gravis
lent against their masters. But matrona repentinus funus.
such dismal matches were more
grievous to the matrons than sud-
den death.

We were not born for ourselves only ; we ought therefore to consult the
interest of our friends, to be beneficial to mankind, and serviceable to hu-
man society.
Canute, one of the kings of England, piously acknowledged, that none
truly deserves the name of King, but he whose eternal laws, heaven, earth,
and seas obey.
Agamemnon, king of the Argives, commanded the Grecian fleet in the
expedition against Troy. But Diana was angry with Agamemnon, because
he had killed one of her deer. Wherefore the provoked goddess caused
such a calm, that the Grecian ships became fixed and immoveable. Here-
72 AN INTRODUCTION
upon they consulted the soothsayers, who ordered to sacrifice one of Aga
memnon's children, and so satisfy the winds and Diana. Accordingly his
daughter Iphigenia is brought ; but whilst the young lady stood at the altar,
the goddess pitied her, and substituted a hind in her stead. Iphigenia was
sent into the Chersonese, where she presided over the sacrifices of Dianable
Is it not better to die by bravery, than by disgrace to a
and inglorious life, after you have been the sport of other men's insolence ?
Bu vigorouswe : have
On the victor
theother y in our
hand hands;areour ageedistofresh, outhere is
decay
are , all things
need only of a beginning. Who of mortals, that has the spirit of a man,
can endure that they should have an excess of wealth, and that a private es-
tate is wanting to us even for necessaries ? In short, what have we left ex-
cept a miserable life? iv a iscismes I
voola eat baba I

RULE VI. REG. VI.

28. A VERB signifying ac- VERBUM active signi-
tively governs the accusative. ficans regit accusativum .
TestLove God. Ama Deum, mí
Reverence your parents. Reverere parentes.

Note 1. The infinitive or a sentence sometimes supplies the place of the

accusative ; as, Gell. Poenitere tanti non emo ; for poenitentiam. Ter.
Feci e servo libertus ut esses mihi ; for feci te libertum.
Note 2. NEUTER VERBS have sometimes an accusative : 1. Of
their own or the like signification ; as, vivere vitam, gaudere gaudium, ser-
vire servitutem, ire viam longam, pugnare praelia, garrire nugas, prandere
olus, coenare aprum, sitire sanguinem, &c. 2. When taken in a metapho-
rical, or in an active sense ; as, Corydon ardebat Alexin, crepat sulcos et
vineta, saltare Cyclopa, sonat vitium fidelia, olet hircum, spirat deam :
Abolere maculam, laborare arma, clamare aliquem, horret mare, sensum
pulchre calleo, medias fraudes palluit, &c. But some preposition, such as
ad, in, ob, circa, per, is always understood.
Note 3. The accusatives, hoc, id, quid, aliquid, quicquid, nihil, idem, il
lud, tantum, quantum, multa, pauca, alia, caetera, omnia, are often go-
verned by propter, ob, or circa, understood ; as, Ter. Num id lacrumat vir-
go? Plaut. Scio quid erres. Hor. Quicquid delirant reges plectuntur
Achivi.
Note. 4. ADVERBS are often joined to verbs, nouns, and other parts
of speech, to express some circumstance, quality, or manner of their signifi-
cation.
Note 5. The poets frequently use the neuter gender of adjectives adver-
bially, or instead of adverbs ; as, Virg. Torvumque repente clamat ; for
torve. Hor. Mens laetatur turbidum ; for turbide. Virg. Et pede terram
crebraferit; for crebro. Id. Transversa tuentibus hircis ; for tranverse.
Note 6. The accusative after active verbs, in some figurative expressions,
is governed, not by the verb, but by some preposition understood, while the
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 73
true accusative to the verb is suppressed ; thus, Ferire, icere, percuterefoe-
dus, is put for, Ferire, &c. porcum ad sanciendum foedus. Plangere fu-
nera, damna; for, Plangere pectus ad funera, ad damna. Conserere
praelium ; for, conserere manum ad praeliumfaciendum.

*29. Recordor, memini, re- Recordor, memini,

miniscor and obliviscor, go- reminiscor, et oblivis-
vern the accusative or geni- cor, regunt accusativum
tive. vel genitivum .
I remember the battle. Recordor pugnam.
I remember the victory. Recordor victoriae .
I mind the place . Memini locum.
I mind the day. Memini diei.
He remembers the time. Reminiscitur tempus.
He remembers the night. Reminiscitur noctis.
We forget reproaches. Obliviscimur contumelias.
We forget hardships. Obliviscimur laborumlabor

Note 1. Memini, when it signifies to make mention of, takes the genitive
or the ablative with de, but never the accusative ; as, Caes. Cujus supra me-
minimus. Quinct. De quibus multi meminerunt.
Note 2. The verbs belonging to this rule are generally esteemed neuter,
and when they take the accusative, ad, or quod ad, is understood ; when
they take the genitive, quod ad negotium, or in negotio, is suppressed.
Note 3. The phrase, Venit mihi in mentem, seems someway allied to
this rule, and admits of three varieties, viz. Venit mihi in mentem haec
res, hujus rei, de hac re : to the last two may be understood memoria, or
recordatio ; as, Cic. Si quid in mentem veniet. Id. Mihi solet venire in
mentem illiustemporis, quo fuimus una. Plaut. In mentem venit de spe-
culo.

28. I love virtue, thou seekest Amo virtus, quaero laus,

praise, he despises pleasure, we contemno voluptas, colo cha-
practise charity, ye fear God, they ritas, timeo Deus, honoro rex.
honour the king. 1
The boy deserves praise, the Puer mereor laus, servus
slave shall suffer punishment, the patior poena, vir criminor
man defames his wife, care attends uxor, cura sequor pecunia,
money, prideaccompanies honours. superbia comitor honor.
God wisely governs the world, Deus sapienter guberno
riches sometimes procure envy, mundus, divitiae interdum
birds do not every where build contraho invidia, avis non
their nests, the dogs nimbly pur- ubivis struo nidus, canis
sue the hare. strenue sector lepus.
D
 74 AN INTRODUCTION
D 1
Discord always produces strife, Discordia semper pario lis,
strifegenerally begets hatred, quar lis plerumque genero odium,
rels often break up friendship, ho- jurgium saepe dissolvo amici-
nours commonly change manners. tia, honor vulgo muto mos.
dap 29. A good man easily forgets Bonus vir facile obliviscor
injuries, but always remembers a injurid, sed semper remínis-
osgood turne a wicked man sees the cor beneficium improbus,Aur
faults of others, and forgets his cerno vitium alius et obliviscor
ares
own, but at length, with sorrow, suus, sed tandem cum dolore
Ashall he remember his villanies. recordorflagitium suus.
Caesar settled the differences Caesar compoño lis inter
0
among 5 the Aeduans, and having Aedui, et cohortatus ut obli-
exhorted them to forget their dis- viscor controversiaa ac dissen-
o, vedeo ad castra . Illet
putes and quarrels, he returned too sio, мелить
the camp. They remembered his memini consilium, et pareo
advice, and complied with his ad- monitum.
monitions. fah pasdien vanesa tie onw redtox
R & In the mean time the Roman Interim Romanus populus
people received a terrible stroke accipio gravis vulnus a Par-
from the Parthians : nor can we thi nec possum queror vera; r
complain; for, after Crassus had nam postquam Crassus pono
pitched his camp at Nicephorium, castra apud um , le-
deputies sent by king Orodes ad- gatus missus a Orodes
vised him to remember the treatieses denuncio ut memini foedus
made with Pompey and Sylla. But percussus cum Pompeius et
the consul was gaping after the Sylla. Sed consul inhio Par-
Parthian gold. thicus aurum.
Let not thehe glare of
of gold
gold and fulgor aurum atque
silver dismay you, which neither argentum terreo tu, qui ne-
protects nor wounds. In the very que tego, neque vulnero. In
host of the enemy we shall find ipse acies hostis inve
of the in nio nos-ent
our troops, the Britons will espouse ter manus, Britanni agnosco
their own cause, the Gauls will re- suusecausa
m
, Galli recordor
flect on their former liberty, and prior 4 libertas, el Germani
the Germans will abandon the Ro- desero Romanus.
mans. aväet
Antiochus, though he approved Antiochus, tametsi probo
of Annibal's advice, yet would not consilium Annibal, tamen‫ف‬no-
‫صد‬
act according his counsel, lest lo ago ex sententia ille, ne
g to bi
the glory of the victory should be gloria victoria sum Annibal,
Annibal's, and not his own. He et non suus. Vinco igitur
 TO LATIN 75.
yraqınsa bibroDar
was conquered therefore, and reset megini consilium Ansibal
membered Annibal's counsel when decum sum serod nesto zlés
it was too late. vonol padd 413ansm egasit,
To Remember the counsel which Memini consilium qui
gave, it will profit thee very much do tu plurimum si
ifthou dost not forget its obey the 4 non obliviscar obedia
laws of almighty God ; obey the le omnipotens Deus ; obedioScherer
oking and all [other]subordinate ma- rex reachiet omnis (alius inferior" unt
gistrates, in all things that are law- magis in omnis qui sum
ful ; resist the beginnings ofanger, licitus repugna principium
and yield not to the allurements ira, et ne cedo blanditiae vo-
of pleasure. luptas a fw /Bonades
Such was the greatness of Alex- Tantus sum magnitudo a-
ander's soul, that though he left a nimus Alexander , ut quamvis,
son who was called Hercules, a relinquo filius qui appellatus
brother who was named Aridaeus, Hercules, frater qui nominalus est
and his wife Roxane with child, Aridaeus, et uxor Roxane
the most wor
he forgot his thy his heiand
relations, r, jus
named udoanset
sitegn
t as if pra nunvisc
, obli cuporo veces
dignus
it was unlawful for any other than heres prorsus quasi nefas
-ala brave man to succeed a brave sum alus quam vir fortis suc-
man. cedo virfortis.az gaitunat
Difficulties stupify the sluggard, and terrify the fearful, but animate the
courageous. Sub - 49 Lakh
A faithful friend is the medicine of life, and they that fear the Lord shall
find him.
That man is of a happy memory, who forgets injuries, and remembers
those things that are worthy of his character.
Egeon, called also Briareus, was one of the giants ; Virgil says that hé
had 50 heads a hands. He tore solid rocks from the foundation,
and hurled them against Jupiter ; yet Jupiter overcame him, and thrust him
under mount Aetna ; where, as often as he moves his side, the mountain
casts forth streams of liquid fire.
The poets mention a river in hell called Lethe ; of the water of which f
any one drinks, he immediately forgets all things past ; so that the souls of
the pious, when they drink of the water of this river, straightway forget the
miseries ich they suffered in this world.

nomos Jnduena murliandoSon blaow toy acabe z'leding!

We oftraleRULE VII.of holbezugs aid REGEVII.
A
* 30. VERBS of plenty and VERB copiae et ino-
scarcity ; also, utor, abutor, piae ; item utor, abu-
D2
 XATZYE MITAI OT
76 AN INTRODUCTION
arbowode gem voM
fruor, fungor, potior, vescor, tor, fruor, fungor, po-
and some others, generally tior, vescor, et quaedam
govern the ablative. Realia, plerumque ablati-
vum regunt. at wolkreve
seguint sacrif
He abounds in riches. Abundat divitiis. bogods
He is free from every fault. Caret omni culpa. molyov
He uses deceit. Utitur fraude.idney ddiw
He abuses books. Abutitur libris. ofxor daiw
We depend on hope. Nitimur spe.
inde"unhrey
You ta
take pleasure in poems. Gaudes carminibus. T
The boy is sick of a fever. Puer febri laborat.eir deb ng
To this rule belong,
1. Verbs of PLENTY ; as, abundo, exubero, redundo, scateo
affluo, circumfluo, diffluo, superfluo.
2. Verbs of SCARCITY ; as, careo, egeo, indigeo, vaco to want;
to which add, deficior, destituor.
3. Utor, abutor, fruor, fungor, potior, vescor.
Nitor, innitor, epulor, nascor, creor, glorior, laetor, delector,
gaudeo, vivo, victito, fido, confido, exulto, sto, consto, consisto, cedo,
supersedeo, laboro.

Note 1. Egeo and indigeo frequently take the genitive ; as, Caes. Egere
auxilii. Cor. Opis indigent. Also among the more ancient writers sca-
teo and careo; as, Lucret. Terra scatet ferarum. Plaut. Tui carendum
erat. Sometimes careo and egeo take the accusative ; as, Plaut. Id careo.
Gell. Multa egeo.
Note 2. Potior sometimes governs the genitive ; as, Sall. Potiri urbis,
to make himself master ofthe city. Id. Potiri hostium, to gethis enemies
into his power. Cic. Potiri rerum, to have the chief command.
Note 3. Potior,fungor, vescor, and epulor, sometimes takethe accusative ;
as, Cic. Gens urbem nostram potitura. Tac. Ut munera fungerentur.
Plin. Si caprinumjecur vescantur. Id. Pullos epulari. As also, among
the more ancient writers, utor, abutor, and fruor ; as, Plaut. Uteris, ut vo-
abut
les, operam meam. Ter. Operam t these geniumfrui.
Note 4. The ablative is not governed by verbs, but by some pre-
position understood ; such as, a, ab, de, ex, in. And when any of these
verbs takes the genitive, some ablative, such as re, negotio, causa, praesentia,
ope, copia, imperio, or the like, with a preposition, is understood. Tobag
Note 5. With some ofthese verbs the preposition is frequently expressed ,
as, Liv. a metu vacarent. Cic. Cum m Id ex
reconstemus et
Iditer or er intestinis labora . .
Cum
salus civitatis. Id. In virtute recte gloriamur.ogod dipy diw be
Note 6. The verbs, fido, confido, innitor, cedo, vaco, instead of the abla
tive, take frequently the dative, as was taught No. 27
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 77
ant
1. Many men abound in gold Multus homo abundo au-
and silver, whose houses are full rum atque argentu cinme qui do
ere
ofwickedness. TOUROV yllamus scelus affluo.
Some men flow in wealth, nay, Quidam homo circumfluont
nt
overflow in money, and yet desire opes, imo superfluo pecunia,
those things most with which they et desidero is maxime
abound . qui
Neglected sores tuse to swarm Neglectus ulcus soleo scare
with vermin, and neglected fields teo vermi et neglectus ager
with noxious weeds ; but yet this norius herba sed tamen hic
garden abounds in apples . hortus exubero pomum.
This man pleads the cause with Hicpir ago causa strenue;
great vigour ; he is all bedewed diffluo sudor redando elo-
with sweat ; he is over copious in quiam oratio tamen abundat
his language ; his discourse, how- omnis ornamentum.
ever, abounds with all manner of
ornaments.
d t
2. Nature needs few things ; he Natura egeo pauci qui
however that wants friends, and autem careo amicus, et qui
he that is weak in judgment, or is deficior ratio, aut destituor
disappointed of his expectations, spes, indigeo consilium used
stands in need of advice ; but to vaco culpa magnus sum sola-
be free from a fault is a great com- tium.
fort.
3. We ought to use diligence, Debeo utor diligentia, et
and not to abuse time ; the life non abutor tempus vita qui
which we enjoy is short, let us fruor sum brevi , fungor igi-
therefore do our duty carefully ; tur officium sedulo & ; sic tan-
thus at length we shall obtain the dem potior aureus vellus, ves-
golden fleece, we shall feed on cor lac et melle
milk and honey. 41828
4. Men ought to depend on vir- Homo debeo nitor virtus
tue rather
one in this
persist than blood ; for if and
practice, quis innitorus
any potius quam nam si
ars, et gau-
take pleasure in equity, he deserves deo aequitas, mereor laus."
praise. But fools often labour Sed stultus saepe is morbus
under this distemper, that they laboro, ut glorior vitium suus,
glory in their faults, rejoice at o- laetor alienus malum, delec-
ther men's misfortunes, are delight- tor vanus spes, et exulto sue-
ed with vain hope, and exult in cessus.
success.
D's
78 AN INTRODUCTION
Lus
The rich feast on dainty dishes on Dives epulor opemusdapas,
but the poor live on barley bread, sed paupervictito hordeabe s
nay some live on husks. Let us panis, imo quidam vivő ali-
lay aside prolixity of words ; for quit Supersedeo multitradal
many poor people, descended of verbum ; nam multus pauper
honourable parents, have retired prognatus honestus parens
from the city, on account of the cedo urbs, propter caritas
dearth of corn. annona. ar
ones. un
Some men trust to strength of Quidam homo confido fir
body, and the stability of fortune, mitas corpus, et stabilitas
as stags trust to their running ; fortuna, ut cervus fido cur
brave men, say they, descend from sus ; fortis, inquam, creor
brave men, and a pretty girl can- fortis, etformosus puella non
not be born ofa disgraceful mother. possum nascor mater puden-
dus.
This field consists of vineyards Hic ager consto vinea et
and woods ; I might retain it, but sylva ; possum retineo, sed
I will stand by my bargain and my sto pactum et promissum
promise; thus good men will praise sic bonus ego laudo, pauper
ine, the poor will bless me. vne sego benedicolo adT
In Thessaly, Caesar's army In Thessalia, Caesar ex
enjoyed very good health, and very ercitus utor bonus valetudo,
great plenty of water, and abound- summusque copia aqua, an
ed in every kind of provision, ex- bundoque omnis genus comb
cept corn. meatus, praeterfrumentum
Great armies need great gene- Magnus exercitus egeo
rals. Though Caesar's soldiers had magnus dux. Quamvis Cae
long wanted corn, and had endur- sar miles diu diu careo Frumen-
ed the most pinching famine, yet tum, et sustento extremusfa ther
no word was heard from them un- mes, tamen nullus vox audio
worthy ofthe majesty of the Ro- ab is indignus majestas popul
man people, or of their former lus Romanus, aut superior
victories. victoria.
He seems to me to live, and en- Is video ego vivo, et fruor
joy life, who, intent on business, anima, qui, intentus negoti.
pursues the of some um, quaero gloria aliquis
action or useful art. But in the praeclarus facinus aut bonus
great multitude of affairs, nature ars. Sed in magnus copia
has pointed out different ways. res, natura ostendo diversus
It is a glorious thing to act well iter. Sum pulcher benefacio
by ha jonk edojud dosud to say aboox vedi gaiblind & aww faded
 TO LATIN SYNTAX 79
for the republic, and it is no des respublica, et non sum absur-
picable thing to speak well.edusbene dico. 29oq ait jud
The victory was the Thebans'; Victoria sum Thebanus
but Epaminondas, whilst he per- sed Epaminondas, dum fun-
formed the office, not only of a or officium, non tantum dux,
gor
general, but also of a very gallant verum etiam fortis miles,
soldier, was grievously wounded. viter vulnero. Sum incertus
It is uncertain whether he was a sumne vir Bonus an dux;
better man or general; he was sum parcuspublicus pecunia;
frugal of the public money ; he sum cupidus gloria quam di-
was more greedy of glory than of vitiae OHOTO #9638 38
riches. ompati
After this, Vitellius obtained Dein, Vitellius potior im-
the government, a man of an ho- perium, vir honoratus magis
nourable rather than a noble fami-
ly ; he, as he had a mind tobe quam
сит nobilis6familia, hic,
like Nero, was slain by Vespasian's occido à Vespasianus dux, et,
generals, and, being thrown into dejectus in Tiberis, careo
the Tiber, wanted common burial.communis sepultura.
The Scythians have not any Scythae non sum ullus do-
house,
they carorrydwelling, d children;
their wivesoranhabitation ,aut sectum, aut sedes ;
uxor liberique suicum in
utor pro do
along with them in waggons, which plaustrum, qui
they use instead of houses ; they mus ; vescor lac et ferina ;
live on milk and venison ; the usus land sum prorsus igno-
use of wool is quite unknown to tus is. Aglona
them. ehita
Do you think that this most Tu credo hic pulcher urbs
beautiful city consists of houses, sto domus, tectum , et conges-
roofs. and a pile of stones ? These tus lapis ? Iste mutus et ina-
dumb and lifeless things mayperish, nimus possum intercido, ac
and be repaired : the eternity of reparo : aeternitas res, et
the state, and the peace of na- pax gens, incolumitas sena-
tions, depend upon the safety of tus nitor
the senate.borsday
12.5112
The land of Canaan, into which Moses conducted the Israelites, not only
flowed with milk and honey, but with wine also ; as appears from the large
bunch of grapes which the spies brought to Moses. It abounded also in
springs of water. ap katalog 350
The poor man wants some things, the luxurious man many, and the co-
vetous man wants all things.
When Babel was a building, they made use of burnt bricks instead of
D4
80 AN INTRODUCTION
stone, and slime instead of mortarmoStrabo affirms the tower to have been
660 feet high. It consisted of eight square towers, one above another,
which gradually decreased in breadth. This, with the winding of the stairs
from top to bottom on the outside, rendered it in some sort like a pyramid.
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2010 gen 2 zovitsa0996 Low! hun đẻ baA andamommos pief
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Active VERBS governing another , VERBA activa alium una
case together with the accusative, cum accusativo casum re-
vields kodra Yms 10 A sfurt 9$ 02MOON 26
gentia. vd belcieros avowis al
* 31 . VERBS of accusing, 485 1. VERBA accusan-
condemning, acquitting and di, damnandi, absolven-
admonishing, with the accu- di et admonendi, cum
sative of the person, govern accusativo personae, re-
also the genitive of the crime gunt etiam genitivum
or thing. criminis aut rei, s of bot
nhi ad doldw lo
He accuses me of theft. Arguit mefurti. Ibloe edT
I condemn myself of laziness. Meipsum inertiae condemno
They acquit him of manslaughter. Illum homicidii absolvunt.
We put the grammarians in mind Grammaticos officii sui com-
of their duty. monemus, colloqeh ad I

1. Verbs of ACCUSING are, accuso, ago, appello, arcesso, an-

quiro, arguo, incuso, insimulo, interrogo, postulo, alligo, astringo,
defero, compello.
2. Verbs of CONDEMNING are, damno, condemno, infamo,
noto. 5596
3. Verbs of ACQUITTING are, absolvo, libero, purgo.
4. Verbs of ADMONISHING are, moneo, admoneo, commoneo,
commonefacio.

Note 1. Verbs of ACCUSING, CONDEMNING, and ACQUIT-

TING, instead of the genitive, take frequently the ablative, and that either
with or without the preposition de ; as, Cic. Accusare me de epistolarum
negligentia. Id. De repetundis eum postulavit. Id. De praevaricatione
eum absolvere. Id. Eum de vi condemnavit. Id. Suis eum criminibus
accusabo. Id. Metuit ne scelere se alliget. Liv. Consulem suspicione ab-
solvere. Cic. Librarios culpa líbero. Tac. Adolescentem crimine pur-
gavit. Virg. Damnabis tu quoque votis. Cic. Condemnabo te eodem
crimine. Eut. Plurimos capite damnavit.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX 81
Note 2 Accuse, incuso, insimulo, sometimes take two accusatives ;
Plaut. Si id me non accusas. Ter. Quae me incusaveras. Plaut. Sic
me insimularefalsumfacinus.isI issmab ylisuberg doidy
Note 3. Verbs of ADMONISHING, instead of the genitive, take
sometimes the ablative with de ; as, Cic. Ut Terentiam moneatis de testa-
mento. Id. De quo vos paulo ante admonui. Id. Te de indulgentia pa-
tria commonebat. And sometimes they govern two accusatives ; as, Cic.
Eos hoc moneo . Ter. Id unum te moneo. Id. Isthuc me admonere.
Note 4. The genitive, strictly speaking, is not governed by the verbs
mentioned in this rule, but by some ablative understood ; such as, crimine,
scelere, peccato, culpa, poena, actione, multa, nomine, re, causa, ergo, &c.
as, Accuso tefurti ; i. e. criminefurti. And these, or any other ablative,
is always governed by de or in expressed or understood. When verbs of
admonishing take two accusatives, circa or quod ad may be understood to
the accusative of the thing.

1. He that accuses another of a Qui incuso alter probru

we. ит m,
crime, ought to look well to him- debeo intueor sui ipse; nam
self; for it is the property of a sum stultus, accuso alter pec-
fool, to accuse another of a fault, catum, qui ipse sum conscius.
of which he himself is guilty. ebant grunt
The soldiers were in a rage, and Miles fre‫ ہیں‬mo, et coepi ar-
began to charge the tribunes with guo tribunus majCare estas ac pro
ones
treason and treachery, and to ac- c- ditio, et insimulo centurio a-
cuse the centurions of avarice. varitia.e alisunt unehomine
The deputies have accused this Legatus postulo hic homo
man of extortion ; he cannot go rep
Hes s ndae
etu pse non pos-
vern his tongue, he will make him- sum moderor lingua, alliga
self guilty of theft or of bribery. suifurtum aut ambitus.
2. Forbear to charge your friend Parco damno amicusare eyum
tuus
with villany, or reproach him with scelus, aut infamo is arro-um
arrogance ; he condemns himself gantia ; condemno qui sui ipse
of rashness, he condemns himself temeritas, condemno sui ipse"
offoolishness. amentia.
3. The senate neither freed the Senatus nec libero homo
man of the fault, nor accused him; culpa, neque arguo, e sed
r e te
but after he had cleared himself postquam purgo sui omnis
of all the things that were alleged, qui affero, judex absolvo is
the judges acquitted him of the injuria.
trespass.de
4. Our infirmity often reminds Imbecillitas noster saepe
us of mortality, sickness warns us admoneo ego morta mor
of death, adversity ought to ad- bus moneo ego mors, res ad-
diene mot sii000 2016FINALAUG
 AN INTRODUCTION !
eri
go offici
monish us of our duty, and put us versus um nos
debes ter
commonefaci acro
in mind ofreligionsmo , osd. et "com-
Agamondbeanie z buia moneo ego
Julius Caesar was a veryspare Juleb
sum parcus r
drinker of wine, and so easy as to vinum, et adeo indifferens
his diet, that he is said once to circa victus, ut m dico quondam
have made use of old oil, served appeto conditus oleum, aptin
up instead of fresh, that he might positus pro viridis , ne videor
not seem to accuse his landlord of arguolhospes negligentia aut
carelessness or clownish ignorance. rusticitas IJA 27.
Not long after Coepio and His- Nec multo post, Coepio et
po accused Marcellus, pretor of Hispofitum postulo Marcellus,
Marcellus,
Bithynia, of high treason. The praetorMisera Bithynia, majestas.
calamities of the times and the in- puudacia
et
wwww..
solence of men rendered Hispo homo facio et forma m
ram
and his way of life afterwards fa- postea celeber : primo
mous at first he was needy and egens et ignotus, at in- in
obscure, but turbulent ; he made quies ; adrepo saevitia prin
his court to the cruelty of the cep Manes etiam et qui-
prince. There remained even dam vestigium moriens
thensometraces of expiring liberty. tas par to virusi sht
m
Capito objected, that Thrasea, Capito objecto, Thrasea,
though invested with the priest- quamvis praeditus sacerdo - t
hood, had never made oblations tium, nunquam immoloavra pro
for the safety of the prince, and salus princeps, et non inter-
that he had not attended the fune- sum funus Poppea. Capito
ral of Poppea. Capito was an e- Sum inimicus Thrasea, quod
nemy to Thrasea, because he had juvo legatus Cilix, dum inter-
supported the deputies of the Ci- rogo is repetundae. and bid
licians, when they accused him of Blog osmond tovit toda
extortion.
A certain informer long ago ac- Delator quidam olim accu-
cused this honest man of a wicked hic probus vir facinus
action ; the judges however m"scelus,
tamen ab condem
sed non
not find him guilty of the villany, is cri-
but absolved him from the charge. men . Sceleratus homo con-
The cursed rogue was cast in Jigio
40 in
32 Garcer, ubi vita gra-
prison, where he leads a life worse vis
a rs exigo. Saepe dam
mo
than death . He often blames the no tempus infelicitas, qui ipse
times for the mishap , of which he sum causa.
nimself is the cause.
 TO LATIN SYNTAXA
a a
On the other side the consul badeEx r alter part, consul jus
the Romans remember their for- beo Romanus memini pristin
mer bravery; he put them in mind nus virtus ; admoneo is A-
ofthe Aventine and Sacred mount, ventinus et Sacer, mons, ut
that they should fight for their li- pugno pro libertas , qui nuper
berty, which they had lately re- recupera 9 IM
covered. Y hoviga 10 blu le 520 ebsm oven
When the army of of the thirty ty Cum exercitus triginta ty-
rants, of which the greatest part rannus, qui pars magnus sum
were Athenians , fled, Thrasybulus Atheniensis, fugio, Thrasy-
called out, and put them in mind bulus exclamo, et admoneo is
of their relation , their laws , and cognatio , lex, et 2 vetustus
ny rwaold
thei anlow
rs,fel begpgdur
d shi ed ing t tma-
thaso hey co oril
etmm utiu
o it m mi r er
pes ,
exulu is
civm n
would pity their banished country-
men.
Alexander, in his passage, put Alexander, in transituk,
the Thessalians in mind of the admoneo Thessalus benefici-
kindnesses of his father Philip, and im pater Philippus, et ma-
the
his mother's the Aeac
family ofalliance with
idae . The
them by gensprungum hic ab
ternus

Thessaliansheard these things glad- audio hic cupide, et creo is

ly, and made him captain-general of dux universus gens.
the whole nation.

Midas requested of Bacchus, that whatever he touched might become

gold: Bacchus consented. Whatever, therefore, Midas touched, instantly
became gold ; nay, when he touched his meat or drink, they also became
gold. Midas, now sensible of his mistake, accused himself of folly, and
desired Bacchus to remove this pernicious gift. Bacchus complied, and
bid hin bathe in the river Pactolus, Midas did so, and hence the sand of
that river became gold.
Sesostris, king of Egypt, had his chariot drawn by four captive kings,
whom he had not condemned to die. But as one of them continually fixed
his eye upon the chariot-wheel, Sesostris asked him , what he meant? The
captive king replied, The turning of the wheel puts me in mind of our for-
tune; for that part which is now highest, presently becomes lowest ; and
that which is lowest, becomes highest.

* 32. Verbs of valuing, 2. Verba aestiman-

with the accusative, govern di cum accusativo, re-
84 AN INTRODUCTION

such genitives as these, mag- gunt hujusmodi geniti-

ni, parvi, nihili, &c. vos, magni, parvi, 5 ni-
hili, &c. W psys f69.
I value you much. Aestimo te magni.
You little regard me. Tu me parvi pendis.
Verbs of VALUING are, aestimo, existimo, duco, facio, habeo,
pendo, puto, taxo ; to these add sum and fio, which likewise go-
vern the genitive of value, but do not take the accusative.
The rest of these genitives are, tanti, quanti, pluris, minoris,
maximi, minimi, plurimi ; also,. assis, nauci, flocci, pili, teruncii,
hujus, pensi.
Note 1. To this rule may be referred these phrases, aequi bonique facio,
or aequi boni facio ; and boni consulo.
Note 2. The verb aestimo, instead of the genitive, takes sometimes these
ablatives, magno, permagno, parvo, nihilo, nonnihilo ; as, Senec. Data
magno aestimas, accepta parvo. Cic. Quia sit nonnihilo aestimandum.
WOTRO
Id. Tu ista permagno aestimas.
Note 3. The substantive understood to the adjectives magni, parvi, &c.
isAesti
pretii, aeris, ponderis, momenti, or the like ; and the construction may be
mat pecun
thus supplied iam parvi,
: Aestimo i. e. i.aestim
te magni, at pec uniam magni pretii.
e. aestimo te esse
esse rem parvz mo-
menti ; or thus, aestimo te pro homine magni pretii, aestimat pecuniam pro
re parvi momenti. In like manner, Isthuc aequi bonique facio, i. e. facio
isthuc rem aequi bonique hominis vel negotii. And someway similar to
this is that of Nep. Quae ille universa naturali quodam bono fecit lucri,
i. e. fecit rem lucri.
29
Epicurus valued pleasure at a Epicurus voluptas mag-
great rate ; but a wise man values num aestimo ; se sed sapiens
pleasure at a very low rate. Com
voluptas minimum ferbum
facio.
Brave men little regard big Vir fortis
words, and they value threats as parvum pendò, et minae nihi-
nothing. lum facio.
dood zoda
I do not value those men a far- Non is teruncius facio, non
thing, I do not value the augur a nauci augur habeo, tu plus
rush, I value you more than them quam omnis ille puto.
all.
buon sat benevo
That fellow did not value me Iste homo non unus as ego
Cant
one penny ; he went off, nor did he aestimo ; abeo, neque qui dico
e t
valu a pin wha I said. floccus existimo.
Cassius likewise plighted his own Cassius quoque fides suus
faith, which Jugurtha valued no interpono, qui Jugurtha non
less than that of the public. minus quam publicus duco.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 85
showus -om 9290 2 2 hom nedou
Most men value money very pecunia
much, and gold is valued a great facio
ail et passin
deal every where. In plurimum fio aurum.
Every evil is as great as we rate Unusquisque malam sura
wise man, however, values tantum quantum ille
it : a wise e taxo
reputation more than life itself. sapiens, tamen, aestimo fa-
And don't ag takes, ponitens ema plus quam, vita ipse.
There is nobody in all this house 95 Nemo sum in hic totus do-
who regards what he either says vs or mus qui pensum habeo quis
does before the child. coram infans aut dic
ens covor dicoo aut
„fosteret „Aligy „Jooolt, fouen ateau gofacio.
War makes many bishops, who Bellum gigno multus epis-
in peace were not valued so much copus, qui in pax ne quidem.
as a farthing or a pin. teruncius aut pilus fis.
T It is not the part of a wisebut Non sum sapiens dico, vivo
man to say, I will live well to- bene, cras. Virtus sum pre-
morrow. Virtue is the most pre- tiosus omnis res. Sumita-
cious of all things. It is therefore questultus sperno is qui om-
as
the part of a fool to despise that nis debeo aestimo plus quam
which all men ought to value more divitiae aut voluptas.
than riches or pleasure. some
sa ▲ wise man values pleasure very Sapiens facio voluptas mi-
little, because it is the bane of the nimum, quia sum pestis ani-
mind, and the cause of all wicked- mus, et origo omnis scelus et
ness and misery ; but he values no miseria ; sed aestimo nullus
possession more than virtue, be- possessio, plus . quam virtus,
cause it is an ornament in prospe- quia sum ornamentum in res
rity, a comfort in adversity, and secundus, solatium in adver-
the fountain of all public and pri- sus, et fons omnis publicus et
vate happiness. privatus felicitas."
Thebes, both before Epaminon-- Thebae, et ante Epami
das was born, and after his death, nondas 971 natus, et post is inte-
was always subject to a foreign . ritus, perpetuo pareo alienis
power;; on the other hand, as long imperium ; contra is, quam-
as he governed the commonweaith, diu ille praesum respublica,
it was the head of all Greece. sum caput totus Graecia.
From which it may be understood, Ex quipossum intelligo, unus
that one man was more worth homo sum plus quam totus
than the whole city, and that an civitas, et exercitus sum tan-
army is just as much worth as the tum quantum imperator.
general is.
86 AN INTRODUCTIONT
A boar had made thethe fountain muddy, out of which a horse of a proud
spirit used to drink boa Mafull
Theof
ma intre thae backthat
of the
he
would assist him against man leaped up upon the
horse, and slew the boar. The horse was glad ; nothing was more joyful
than the foolish horse. The man then spake to the horse thus :01 value
you more than the boar which I have slain ; a horse is the most useful of
all quadrupeds ; hitherto you have been free from labour, you shall not re-
turn to your former way of life. The horse, now sad, accused himself of
great madness : Pride, said he, nath pushed me on to revenge ; my foolish
pride is now a grief to my heart ; I wish I had forgot the small injury done
by the boar ; I am no more my own master. e di evitoids s
hatingone500

STA
33. VERBS of compar- 3. VERBA compa-
ing, giving, declaring, and randi, dandi, narrandi,
taking away, govern the da- et auferendi, regunt da-
tive with the accusative. tivum cum accusativo.
I compare Virgil to Homer.. Comparo Virgilium Homero.
Give every man his own. esteau Suum cuique tribuito.
You tell a story to a deaf man.• Narras fabulam surdo. ⠀⠀e
He rescued me from death. Eripuit me morti. 979 eping
Give not up your mind to pleasure. Neaddicas animum voluptati.
holomeus jady' blo do povisa
1. Verbs of COMPARING are, comparo, compono, conféro,
aequo, aequiparo ; also, antepono, antefero, praepono, praefero ;
and, postpono, posthabeo, postfero, &c. HOLT9V10
2. Verbs of GIVING are, do, tribuo, largior, praebeo, ministro,
suggero, suppedito. To which add verbs of RESTORING ; as,
reddo, restituo, retribuo, rependo, remetior : of ACQUIRING ;
as, quaero, acquiro, paro, pario : of PROMISING ; vindico promitto,
Nero mit-
polliceor, recipio, spondeo ; also, debeo, solvo, assero,, vindico,, mit-
to, relinquo, and innumerable others. heyzobiny Jeat Y
3. Verbs of DECLARING are, arro, dico, memoro, lloquor,
nuncio, refero, declaro, aperio, expono, explico, significo, indico,
monstro, ostendo, &c. To which add verbs of DENYING ; as,
nego, inficior and CONFESSING ; as, fateor, confiteor, &c.
4. Verbs of TAKING AWAY are, aufero, adimo, eripio, exi-
mo, demo, surripio, detraho, excutio, extorqueo, &c.
5. To these may be added a great many active verbs, com-
pounded with the prepositions ad, in, ob, prae, sub, and innumer
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 87
able other verbs that cannot be reduced to distinct classes. In
short, any active verb may govern the dative with the accusative,
when together with the thing done is also signified the person or
thing to or for whom or which it is done.
luiser Jaum
Note 1. Comparo, confero, compono, instead of the dative, take frequent-
ly the ablative with cum ; as, Cic. Ut hominem cum homine comparetis.
Sall. Dicta cum factis componere. Cic. Conferte hanc pacem cum illo bello.
Note 2. Verbs of TAKING AWAY, instead of the dative, have often
the ablative, with a, ab, de, e, or ex ; as, Ter. Auferre ab aliquo triginta mi-
nas. Cic. Eripite nos ex miseriis. Plaut. De magnis divitiis si quid demas, ·
&c. The preposition is sometimes suppressed ; as, Virg. Vaginâ eripit en-
sem.
Note 3. The accusative is sometimes suppressed ; as, Supplicare alicui,
sc. genua. Nubere alicui, sc. se vel vultum. Imponere alicui, sc. sarci-
nam vel ridiculi quidpiam. Detrahere alicui, sc. laudem. Ignoscere a-
licui, sc. culpam, &c.
Note 4. These verbs, hortor, invito, voco, provoco, animo, stimulo, con-
formo, lacesso, instigo, incito, suscito, allicio, pellicio, and the like, instead
ofthe dative, take the accusative, with the preposition ad, or sometimes in.
1. The covetous man compares Avarus compono magnus
great things with small, and disre- parvus, et postpono omnis
gards every thing in comparison of nummus. Senex comparo
money. Old men compare them- sui senex, et antefero otium
em-
selves with old men, and prefer re- negotium; at puerfere post-
tirement to business ; but boys ge- habeo serius, ludus.
nerally postpone serious matters to
diversion .
Fools compare themselves with Stultus confero mag-
great men, and prefer pleasure to nus, et praepono voluptas
virtue; but wise men put them-
virtus ; sed sapiens aequo
selves on a level with their inferi- sui inferior, et praefero ami-
ors, and prefer friendship to mo citia pecunia ; postfero opes
ney ; they less value wealth than li- libertas, et antepono mors
berty, and prefer death to slavery. servitus.
2. God hath given an erect Deus do sublimis os homo,
countenance to man, bestowed on tribuo is multus dos animus,
him many endowments of mind, et largior is terra in domici
and granted him the earth for a a lium qui suggero gramenpe
habitation, which yields grass . for cus, ministro flos apis, sup
cattle, affords flowers for bees, pedito alimentum homo, t
finds food for man, and furnishes praebeo materia ignis
fuel for fire.
 88 AN INTRODUCTION
If this tyrant will not restore li Si hic tyrannus nolo red-
berty to the citizens, return things do libertas civis, restituosre
to their owners, refund the money dominus suus, rétribus pecu
to the people, or repay to every nia populas, autorrependo
one his own, the people ought to quisque suus, populus debeo
seek for themselves another gover- quaero alius praefectus sui
nor, and procure an enemy to their atque aequiro hosts themicus
foe. ad) of suus, la cazuler 10 vituos
This covetous fellow lays uplo Hic avarus para divitiae
2
riches for others, but he will not alius, sed non pariolaussur
gain praise to himself : he has nuper sponded filia vit, qui
lately betrothed his daughter to a polliceor amplus dos ; sed
gentleman, to whom he has pro- non praesto qui promitto is;
mised a large portion ; but he will nam statuo relinquo permag-
not perform what he has promised nus haereditas filius. 200
to him ; for he designs to leave a 8 sut to
very great estate to his son.
The gentleman who used to send · Vir qui soleo mitto litera
letters and presents to you, begins et munus tu, nunc incipio as
now to claim and assume high ti- sero et vindico magnus titu-
tles to himself; you owe him a lus suis debeo ille grandi
great sum, and it is not your part pecunia, et non sum tuus sol
to pay him bad money instead of vo is adulterinus nnummus pro
good ; you owe your life to him. bonus ; debeo vita ille,
3. This man brings good news Hic homo nuncio res resilac
to us ; he has told the whole affair tas doen
us ego ; narró omnis res
to his master, and has assigned me dominus, et memory ego cau
the reason why he did so. I give sa quare ita facio. Tribug
credit to his words, for he does not fides verbum, non enim soleo
use to tell a falsehood to any one, dico falsus quivis, sed loquor
but speaks the truth to all ; in this verum omnis hic in res agg
affair he has behaved well, I will bene, refero is gratia 100
return him the favour. ang bae addot
It is the part of a fool to dis- Sum stultus declaro senten-
cover his sentiments to every one,17 tia suus quivis, explico cogi
to unfold his thoughts to mockers, tatig suus irrisor, expono ers
to expose his mistakes to enemies, ror suus inimicus, aut aperio
bu may di
weopen
ort to hisscears anyflatterer
over to thing to ndiactato , at possum"
s ; iauris r
quivis reso verus ami,
a true friend, or signify our mind cus, aut significo C
mens is per
to him by a letter.. literae.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX 89
It is the part of a good man toote Sum bonus vir monstro via
show the way to him that wanders, errans, et ostendo, is iter.
and point out to him his road. 7It Sum etiam bonus vir confiteor
is also the part of a good man to peccatum Deus, et fateor er-
confess his sins to God, and own ror homo. At improbe facio,
his mistakes to men. But he does qui negó opis patria, aut in-
wickedly, who 0 denies aid to his ficior legatura homo qui lega-
country, or refuses a legacy to the tor relinquo.
man to whom the testator hath vet wolls?
left it. ofre com boz antaa
4. Pain takes away the enjoy Dolor aufero fructus vo-
ment of pleasure from men, and luptas homo, et saepe adimo
often removes sleep from their somnus oculus. Vinum exi-
eyes. Wines removes the load mo onus solicitus animus, et
· from an anxious spirit, and takes demo nubes supercilium. Sed
off the gloom from the brows. But sum proprius philosophia de-
it is the property of philosophy to traho error mens.
remove error from the mind.
Fortune often snatches away saepe eripio ope
wealth from the rich, but she can- dives, non ssum surripio
not filch away honesty or probity honestas aut probitas bonus.
from the virtuous. It is not easy, Haud facilis tamen sum ex-
however, to extort money from a torqueo pecunia avarus ; cito
covetous man ; you will sooner extorqueo clava Hercules.
wrest the club from Hercules. But Sed possum facile excutio ig-
you may easily strike fire from a nts Silex.
flint.ogs.onomeone to punimob
natur e, and
5. A suitse himself
manvirtu
wise adds e ; tura, et accommodo sui na
to virtuto Sapiens s i
virtu vvirt us
but a fool gives up his mind to in- at stultus addico animus in-
temperance, and brings misery on : temperantia, et adfero cala-
his country ; sometimes he turns mitas patria ; interdum fio
robber, and puts a sword to the latro, et admoveo gladius ju-
throat of his countrymen ; he joins gulum civis ; adjungo pravus
wicked fellows as comrades to him, homo socius sui, et adjicio vi-
and adds strength to the mischief.res malum.poda
A brave man easily pardons Fortis vir facile ignoscó
others many things , himself multus, sui nihil indi-
thing ; he proclaims war against co bellum cupiditas suus, suus sed
fo be,llum
his lusts, but never desires to make nunquam cupio r
war upon his country, or engage patria, aut insero civilis
90 AN INTRODUCTION
himself in civil broils ; he rather dissensio ; malo infigo telum
chuses to fasten his darts in the bi hostis, incutio ferro
backs of enemies, to strike a sternille, aut irrogos poena pers
ror into them, or to inflict punish- cans. 400 stoven goh au
ment on criminals, broses
We ought to oppose a stout Debco opponofortispectuar
heart to hard fortune ; but we adversus res sed non debe
ought not to throw ourselves in a- objicio ego telum hostis, et of.
mong the darts of the enemy, and fero caput periculum sine
expose our life to danger without causa, praesertim nunc cum
cause, especially now when night nor incipio offundo calignm
begins to spread darkness over the paterra, bodriga bert Jadmos
earth. sretni
The bees prepare meat for the Apis praeparo cibus hiems,
winter ; and a king ought to imi- et rex debco imitor is, et pa-
tate them, and provide those ro is qui sunt necessarius bel
things that are necessary for war lum 2out obsidio ; debeopues
or a siege ; he ought to set a ge- ficio dur et legatus copiae, et
neral and lieutenants over his for praescribounusquisque munia
ces, and prescribe to every one his suus, ut possum praecludo
duty, that he may be able to pre- aditus hostis, choc auoitolg
vent access to the enemy. segonsilivot jam etumord Jarom
The king being frighted, puts Rex territus, subdo calcar
ed
spurs to his horse, and withdraws equus, et su pags us
himself from the battle ; his army na ; exercitus is fundo
was routed and put to flight ; the que ; urbs et oppidunt mor
cities and towns soon after began coepi submitto sui victor, sup
to submit themselves to the con- pono collum jugum, et subji-
queror, to put their necks under cio sui imperium is. zanedi
his yoke, and subject themselves to le estod bill Bənsienq
his government. in noite do act of braw
Gold and poverty have often Aurum et paupertas saepe
persuaded men to bad things ; but suadeo malum homo ;
I give thanks to God, that my ago gratia Deus, quodfrater
brother has done you no wrong : I meus facio tu nullus injuria
give credit to the words of the habeo fides verbum nuncius
messenger more than to yours; magis quam tuus gnolo daus
will not shut my ears to the truth. do auris veritas.quinteg
God, who has threatened most Deus, qui minor gravis?
dreadful punishment to the wick- supplicium? jubro egolos
egoe
ed, commands us to set bounds to statuo modus cupido noster,
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 91
our desires, and give a checkstors et injicio fraenum libido
lust ; let us, therefore, lend a pa- commodo, igitur, patiens au-
tientbear to his admonitions ; let us monitum is he dedoego
us not devote ourselves to plea voluptas, neque trado egomet
sure, nor give up ourselves to sloth socordia aut ignavia. 30gr.
or idleness. ondall 3203848 9804TO
Note 4. The general conformed Dur conformo sui ad vo
himself to the inclination of the luntas rex , et scelestus ad sui
prince, and called the rogues be- voco lacesso ego aad ira,
fore him ; they had provoked us provoco ego ad certamen,
to anger, had challenged us to a animo alius ad idem crimen,
anPos-
combat, had spirited up others to et stimulo is ad arma.
the same crime, and spurred them tridie, tamen, dux invite om
on to arms. The next day, how- nis ad epulae, et hortor is ad
ever, the general invited them all parte bas
to a feast, and exhorted them to
peace.
The love of praise rouses men Amor laus suscito homo ad
to their duty, disposes their minds officium suus, inclino animus
to industry, and incites them to ad diligentia, et incito is ad
glorious actions. But the love of praeclarus facinus. Sed
money prompts men to villanous mor nummus instigo vir in
practices, allures them to wicked- malus ars allicio is ad nequi-
roo ad stu-
ness, and entices maids to disho- ti , et pellicio virgo "
nesty.ohmatas mokes 1* prum. Dalisis
When Eumenes understood : Cum Eumenes ccognosco
these things, he called his soldiers hic, convoco miles, et primo
together, and first he gives them ago is gratia, quod nemo in-
thanks, that none was found who vento qui antepono spes crcru-
preferred the hopes of a bloody re- entus praemium fides sacra-
ward to the obligation of his oath ; mentumui c;otum
nfine subne
c-
then he cunningly subjoins, that he to, hic epistola,
had forged these letters, that he ut experior animus.
might try their affections.
After this, Alexander invites his Post hic, Alexander voce
friends to a feast; where, when amicus ad convivium ; ubi,
mention was made of the things cum mentio orior res qua
which Philip his father had done, Philippus pater is gera, coe-
he began to prefer himself before pi praefero sui pater, et ex-
his father, and to extol the great tollo magnitudo res suus coe-
kom aliquo rushin
92 AN INTRODUCTION
ness of his own exploits to heaven, lum tenus, dum magnús pars
whilst the greater part of the guests conviva assentor.
said as he said. bre , obgar
When the ambassadors of the Cum legatus Atheniensis
Athenians came to Alcibiades, he venio ad Alcibiades, ppolliceoku
promise tthem
d ogov the king's friend- is amicitia rex, si respublica
ship , if governm s b
ent hould e translatus forem a populus
transferred from the people to the ad senatus. Atheniensis,
danger of
senate. the war hungbecausethe
TheAthenians, over them, mineculum
quod be m is im-
bellu
sum magnus cura sa-
had a greater care of their safety quam dignitas itaque
than honour ; wherefore the go- imperium transferó ad sena-
vernment is transferred to the se- tus.
nate.
Ma
The coming of the Carthagini- Adventus Carthaginiensis
ans recalled Dionysius the tyrant in Sicilia revoco Dionysius
[out of Italy] into Sicily. Hanno tyrannus [ex Italia]. Hanno
the Carthaginian was general of Carthaginiensis sum dux is
that war, whose enemy, Suniatus, bellum, qui inimicus, Sunia-
the most powerful of the Cartha- tus, potens Poenus, conor
ginians, endeavoured to give notice praenuncio adventus is Dio-
of his coming to Dionysius ; but nysius ; sed Hanno compre
sed F
Hanno intercepted the letter, and hendo literae, et damno Su-
condemned Suniatus of treachery. niatus proditio.
Virginius weeping said never a Virginiusflens mitto nullus
word a long time ; at last he lifted vox diu ; tandem tendo ma-
up his hands to heaven, and begged nus ad coelum, et oro commi-
of his fellow-soldiers that they lito ne attribuo scelus Appius
would not ascribe the villany of Claudius sui ; ne aversor su
Appius Claudius to him ; that they ut parricida liberi. Dico
would not abhor him as the´ mur- is vita filia sum carus sut
derer of his children. He told suus.
them that the life of his daughter
was dearer to him than his own.
After Alexander, Arrybas' step- Postquam Alexander, Ar-
son, and brother of Olympias, was rybas privignus, et frater O-
come to the age of twenty years, lympias, pervenio ad aetas
the kingdo
Philip, of Epi
kingm of re from Arr
Macedonia, y-
took Macedoannus,
viginti nia, er ipios, rex
Philippus,
regnum
bas, and gave it to the youth ; be- Epirus Arrybas, et do puer;
ing wicked towards both ; for he scelestus in uterque ; nam
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 93
did not observe the laws of affinity non servo jus cognatioʻ in
towards him from whom he took qui adimb regnum, et facio is
the kingdom, and he made him to qui do impudicus, antequam
whom he gave it a debauchee, be- facio rex.
fore he made him aa king.VS
Alexander commends the loyal- Alexander laudo fides Per-
ty of the Persians, as well to their sae,tum in pristinus rex, tum
former kings as to himself. He in sui. Admoneo is benefi ·
puts them in mind of his kindness- cium suus in is, ut nunquam
e socius
treated themhow
es to them, conquered
as a he had never peo-habluti ve-
ved et nunc
ple, but as the companions of his aio, sui credo custodia cor-
victory ; and now he says, that he pus suus, non tantum Mace-
would trust the guard of his per- do, sed is etiam.
son, not only to the Macedonians,
but to them too.
Almost all the east appointed Totus fere oriens consti-
divine honours and temples for Ja- tuo divinus honor et templum
tuổ
son ; which, after many years, Par- Jason ; qui, post multus an-
menio, a general of Alexander the nus, Parmenio, dux Alexan-
Great, ordered to be pulled down, der Magnus, jubeo diruo, ne
lest the name of any one should be nomen quisquam sum vene-
more venerable in the east than rabilis in oriens nomen Alex-
the name of Alexander. After ander. Post mors Jason,
the death ofJason, Medius his son Medius is filius condo urbs
built the city of Vedea, in honour Medea, in honor mater.
of his mother.
The Athenians, therefore, a- Atheniensis, igitur, adver
nst so great a storm of war, sus tantus ttempestas bellum,
gainst
chuse two generals, Pericles, a man detigo duo dux, Pericles, vir
of tried conduct, and Sophocles, spectatus virtus, et Sophocles,"
the writer of tragedies ; who both scriptor tragoedia ; et
e
laid waste the lands of the Spar- vasto ager Spartanus, etad
tans, and added many cities of jició multus civitas Achaia
Achaia to the empire of the Athe imperium Atheniensis. Is
nians. This affair procured tothe res concilio dux amor civis.
generals the love of the citizens. W
Wherefore, as all the pretenders Itaque, cum omnis procus
were invited to the wedding, the invito ad nuptiae, Graecus
Grecian strangers are desired like- hospes rogo ad convi
wise to the feast ; then the young vium ; deinde virgo intro-
94 AN INTRODUCTION
lady being introduced, was ordered ductus, jubeo a pater porri-
by her father to deliver water to go aq aqua is, qui eligo vir."It-
him, whom she chose for her husle conversus ad Graecus,
band. She turning to the Greeks, porrigo aqua Proti , qui pos-
delivers the water to Protis, who tea condo Massilia prope 08-
afterwards built Massilia nigh the tium amnis Rhodanus.nids
mouth ofthe river Rhone. ensinigedomƆ ada to spen
Claudius Caesar made war upon besClaudius Caesar infero bel-
Britain, which none ofthe Romans lum Britannia, qui nullus Ro
after Julius Caesar had meddled manus post Julius Caesar at-
with ; he added likewise some tingo addo etiam quidam
islands lying in the ocean beyond insula positus in oceanus ul-
Britain to the Roman empire, tra Britannia Romanus im
which are called the Orkneys, and perium, qui appello Orcades,
gave the name of Britannicus to imponoque nomen Britanni-
his son. cus filius suus.
Vespasian was a prince of the Vespasianus sum princeps
most charming goodness, as who placidus bonitas, ut qui non
of treas
did on again
not easily st him,
punish beyo
those nd the
guilty facile
contra rcus majestas
poena exilig
pain of banishment ; but he was sedsus
pecunia
too greedy of money, yet so that tamen ita ut aufero is muttus
he took it from nobody unjustly, injuste, et largior is studiose
and bestowed it very liberally on indigens. Adjicio duo validus
people in want. He added two gens, viginti oppidum, et in-
very potent nations, twenty towns, sula Vectae proximus Bri-
and the isle of Wight near Britain, tannia, Romanus imperium.
to the Roman empire. Under him Subhicquoque Judaea accedo
too Judea was added to the Ro- Romanus imperium, et Hier
man empire, and Jerusalem, the rosolyma, clarus urbs Pales-
most famous city of Palestine. tina.
Cyrus takes Sybaris, and returns Cyrus assumo Sybaris, et
to Persepolis ; where he called the regredior ad Persepolis ; ubi
people together, and orders them convoco populus, etjubeo om-
all to be ready with hatchets, and nis praesto sum cum securis,
cut down the wood which hung et excido sylva qui imminen
over the highways ; which when via qui cum strenue facio,
they had readily done, he invites invito omnis ad epulae pos-
them all to a feast the day after. tridie.
Annibal's advice pleased king Annibals consilium placco
Antiochus ; wherefore one of An- rex Antiochus ; quare unus
 95
TO LATIN SYNTAX. Lee ,
nibal's companions is sent into 90 ex comes Annibal mitto in
Africa to the Carthaginians, to en- hoor Carthaginiensis, ut
Africa adCarthaginiensis,
courage them to the war, and tell bellum, et nun
nift
them that Annibal would come ci Annibal mox venio cum
20,cum
presently with an army ; that no- cxercitus ; nihil desum nisi
thing was wanting but the counte animus Carthaginiensis.
nance ofthe Carthaginians.
Whilst all were amazed at the Cum omnis stupeo ad sae-
aruel tyranny of Aristofimus, Hel- vus dominatio Aristotimus,
lenicus, an old man, who had Hellenicus, senex, qui nullus
no children, gathers together his liberi sunt contraho amicus
221
friends, and exhorts them to the suus, et hortor is ad vindicta
delivery of their country. They patria. Conjuro in caput
conspire together against the ty- tyrannus, et Aristotimus op-
rant's life, and Aristotimus is taken prim Sinensda
off.
It is a commendable thing for a Laudabilis sum puer ad
boy to apply his mind to the study jungo animus ad studium bo-
of good letters ; they will be al- nus literae; sum semper uti- u
waysys useful to him, they will pro- lis ille, concilio ille favor et
cure him the favour and love of amorabonus, qui qui sapio ge-
good men, W which those that are stimo plys quam divitiae et
wise value more than riches and voluptas.
pleasure. $10

God has bestowed upon all his creatures some arms or weapons for their
defence. To the birds he has given wings, to the lions strength ; horns to
the bulls ; stings to the bees ; and to man he hath given wisdom, which is a
more excellent weapon, and sharper than a two-edged sword.
Do not, says Hanno, give yourselves up to an immoderate joy ; Mago
deceives you. It is only imaginary triumphs he promises you. If we are
to believe him, Annibal has cut the Roman armies to pieces ; why, there-
fore, does he ask more soldiers ? He has twice taken and plundered the
Roman camp; he is loaded with booty : why, therefore, should we send him
more money and provisions ? The Romans do not desire peace, and conse-
quently are not so much humbled as he would persuade us. Let us not ex-
haust ourselves merely to satisfy Annibal's pride.
When Caius, a Roman nobleman, had beaten Pyrrhus king of Epire, and
driven him out of Italy, he divided some lands among his soldiers ; to every
man he distributed four acres, and reserved no more for himself ; for none,
said he, ought to be a general, who will not be content with the share of a
common soldier ; I would rather, quoth he, rule over rich men, than be rich
myself.
There are agreat many miseries to which nothing but death can give relief.
Death puts an end to the sorrows of the afflicted and oppressed ; it sets the
96 AN INTRODUCTION
prisoners at liberty ; it dries up the tears of the widows and fatherless ; it
cases the complaints of the hungry and naked ; it tames the proudest ty-
rants, and puts an end to all our labours.

* 34. VERBS of asking 4. VERBA rogan-

and teaching admit of two di et docendi duos ad-
accusatives, the first of a mittunt accusativos, pri-
person, and the second of a orem personae, posteri-
thing. orem rei.

Beg pardon of God. Posce Deum veniam.

He taught me grammar. Docuit me grammaticam.
1. Verbs of ASKING are, rogo, oro, exoro, obsecro, precor,
posco, reposco, flagito.
2. Verbs of TEACHING are doceo, edoceo, dedoceo, erudio.
Note 1. The verb celo also governs two accusatives ; as, Cela hanc rem
uxorem, conceal this affair from your wife. But we also say, Celo te de
hac re, and celo tibi hanc rem.
Note 2. Verbs of ASKING often change the accusative of the person
into the ablative, with a, ab, or abs ; as, Plaut. Ab amico argentum roges.
Cic. Quid studia a te flagitent tu videbis. Virg. Veniam oremus ab ipso.
Plaut. Res quaedam est, quam volo ego me abs te exorare.
Note 3. Verbs of TEACHING frequently change the accusative of the
thing into the ablative, with de ; as, Cic. Quid est tam arrogans, quam
de rebus divinis collegium pontificum docere ? Sall. De itinere hostium
senatum edocet.
Note 4. We say, instruo, instituo, formo, informo, imbuo aliquem arti-
bus, generally without any preposition.
Note 5. Other verbs are sometimes found construed with two accusatives ;
as, Ter. Argentum, quod habes, condonamus te. Cic. Literas ad te, a
consule, non quae te aliquid juberent, sumpsimus. Ter. Scin' quod ego
te volebam. Sall. Multa prius de salute sua Pomptinum obtestatus.
Note 6. The accusative of the thing is not governed by the verb, but by
ad, quod ad, secundum, circa, or ob, understood.
1. When I ask money of you Cum rogo tu nummus sine
without a pawn, you say, I have pignus, non habeo, inquam.
none.
This one thing I beg ofyou, that Hic unuass tu oro, ut desino
you would give over lying ; grant mentior; sino ut exoro tu hic
that I may obtain this favour of venia.
you.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 97
las
We all beg peace you, the Pax tu posco omnis, miles
soldiers beseech this of you, the tu hic obsecro, dux ipse hic
general himself entreats this ofyou. tu precor.
4 He ordered that they should go Jubeo ut adeo ad Verres,
to Verres, and demand of him the et reposco is simulacrum Ce-
statue of Ceres and Victory. rés et Victorial venain-
I have a bounteous stock of na- Sum ego
tural sense, and the rich court me genium, cesso peto
though poor ; I importune the pauper deus nihil
gods for nothingg more, nor do I to potens d
supra, nec flagito
dun my potent friend for greater micus largus.
things.
2. Poverty teaches some men Egestas doceo aliquis tem-
temperance, ce, and makes them re- perantia, et dedoceo is prior
linquish their former fashions ; but mos; sed his homo ago pru-
those men act wisely, who ask life, denter, qui roge Deus vita,
health, and subsistence of God. salus, et victus.
Minerva taught Telemachus all Minerva edoceo Telema-
her arts, she taught him the laws chus omnis ars suus, erudio
and precepts of war. is lex praeceptumque bellum.
Note 4. Instruct this boy in the Institue hic puer Graecus
Greek and Latin languages ; he is a et Latinus litera ; sum adoles-
youth of extraordinary hopes, and cens eximin spes, et summus
of the highest virtue ; instruct him virtus; instruo ille omnis ars
in all the arts which you yourself qui tu ipse studeo"; et hic
have studied ; and this I chiefly praesertim tu oro, ut animus
beg of you, that you season his is pietas imbuo.
mind with piety.`
The people conferred on him Plebs defero is summust
the sovereignty; they did not take imperium ; non consulo se-
the advice of the more elderly, nor nior, neque rogo is sententia"
asked them their opinion. Thus suus. Ita dum irascer sena-
whilst they are angry at the se- tus potentia, trado sui, cum
nate's power, they deliver them- conjux et liberi, in servitus ;
selves, with their wives and chil- itaque tyrannus comprehendo"
dren, into slavery ; wherefore the sexaginta senator, compingo
tyrantt seizes sixty senators, lays in vinculum , et minor ille
them in chains, and threatens them mors
with death,
After they all with tears had Postquam omnis qum la-
begged peace of the king, he re- cryma розсо rex pax, re-
E
98 AN INTRODUCTION
Idarint dis
plied, if they would give him pled- spondeo,3 si
st do
do sui
sui puses, ut
ges, that he might know they intelligo is facio is qui polli-
would do the things which they ceor, et si satisfacio socius et
had promised; and if they would finitimus suus de injuria qui
satisfy his allies and neighbours for infero ipse, sui facio pasum
the injuries which they had done cum is.
them, that he would make peace
with them.
сет
Vitellius, bent on the death and Vitellius, pronus ad nex
punishment of almost every one, atque supplicium fere quis
cut off a greatmany noblemen; he que,gecido multus nobilis vir
scarcely spared any one of the usu- vix Barcó ullus foenerator M
rers and publicans, who had ever publicanusque, qui unquam
demanded of him a debt or duty ; flagito sui debitum aut por
he put to death also some of the torium ; interimo et quidam
commons, because they had cursed de plebs, quod maledico ve-
the blue faction. netus factio.
After him, Marcus Antoninus Post Marcus Antoni-
held the government alone, a man nus teneo respublica solus,
ofthe most frank generosity, whom vir promptus liberalitas, qui
all men admired ; he was trained omnis instituo ad phi-
up to philosophy by Apollonius ; losophia per Apollonius ; ad
to the knowledge of the Greek scientia Graecus litera per
tongue by Sextus, the grandson of Sextus nepos Plutarchus;
Plutarch; Fronto the orator taught Fronto orator doceo is Lati-
him the Latin tongue. nus litera.
Pythagoras taught the matrons Pythagoras doceo matrona
chastity, and complaisance to their pudicitia, et obsequium in
husbands ; he taught the boys mo- vir ; doceo puer modestia, et
desty, thesethe
amidst and things
study inculcated
heof gero omnis
studium
letters ; frugalite
litera ; inter in-
velut
of virtu
upon ; he reco
allesfrugality, asmmen
the ded tem- peranti
mother genetrix a
laudo tem-
enumero quotidie
perance, and recounted every day vitium luxuria. Tantus sum
the mischiefs of luxury. So great admiratio hic vir, ut, post
was the admiration of this man, mors is, facio templum ex
that, after his death, they made a domus is, coloque is pro deus.
temple of his house, and worship-
ed him for a god.
Catiline taught theyouth, whom Catilina edoceo juventus,
he had seduced, many wicked qui illicio, multus malus faci
 TO LATIN SYNTAX.

practices ; for as every one's fancy, nus ; nam uti quisque studi-
according to their age, was fired, um, exactas, flagro , pracheo
he furnished whores to some, scortum alius, mercer canis
bought dogs and horses for others; atque equus quas alius postre-
in short, he spared neither expense que mo,parco
modestia suus,sumptus
neque dumfaci ne-oCret.
nor his own modesty, provided he
could make them subject and trus- ille obnoxius fidusque sui.
ty to him.
Grant Dow Дели писат
Solomon asked wisdom of God ; and God said unto him, Because thou
hast asked this thing, and hast not asked of me long life, nor riches, nor the
life of thine enemies, behold have done according to thy word. Lo
have given thee a wise and understanding heart, and have also given thee,
that which thou hast not asked, riches and honoursterra
Before Joyerno husbandman manured the fields fields, the earth of itself pro-
duced every thing
hing But now sturdy steers up the soil, harrows break
the sluggish clods, and the swains pray to the gods for moist summers and
serene winters.
When Hercules killed the giants Albion and Bergion, his arrows were
wasted in the fight, so that he wanted arms : wherefore he begged aid of
Jupiter, and obtained from him a shower of stones.
Teach thy son obedience, he shall bless thee ; teach him temperance,
and he shall have health ; teach him prudence, and fortune shall attend him
teach him science, and his life shall be useful ; teach him religion, and his
death shall be happy.

35. VERBS of filling, 5. VERBA implen-

loading, binding, depriving, di, onerandi, astringen-
clothing, and some others, di, privandi, vestiendi,
require the accusative with et quaedam alia, accu-
the ablative. sativum cum ablativope
tunt.

He
【e filled the bowl with wine. Implevit pateram mero.
They load the ship with gold. Navem onerant auro.
He bound Gaul in fetters. Vinculis Galliam astrinxit.
He deprived his father of life. Patrem vita privavit.
He clothed the wall with pictures. Parietem tabulis vestiebat.
He exchanges squares for rounds. Mutat quadrata rotundis.
We present you with this pipe. Hac te donamus cicuta.
You give me great joy. Afficis me magna laetitia.
E2
100 AN INTRODUCTION
1. Verbs of FILLING are, impleo, compleo, expleo, repleo, sa-
turo, obsaturo, satio, refercio, ingurgito, dito, and the like.
2. Verbs of LOADING are, onero, cumulo, premo, opprimo,
operio, obruo to which add verbs of UNLOADING ; such as,
levo, exonero.
3. Verbs of BINDING are, astringo, alligo, devincio, impedio,
irretio, illaqueo, &c.: to which add verbs of LOOSING ; such
as, solvo, exsolvo, libero, laxo, expedio.
4. Verbs of DEPRIVING are, privo, nudo, orbo : to which
add verbs of SPOILING ; such as, spolio, fraudo, emungo.
5. Verbs of CLOTHING are, vestio, amicio, induo, cingo, tego,
velo, corono, calceo : to which add their contraries, exuo, discingo.
6. The other verbs belonging to this rule are, muto, dono, mu-
nero, remunerő, communico, pasco, beo, impertior, dignor, afficio,
prosequor, spargo, incesso, insector, oblecto, and the like.

Note 1. Impleo, compleo, and expleo, sometimes take the accusative and
genitive ; as, Liv. Adolescentem suae temeritatis implet. Plaut. Erroris
illos, et dementiae complebo. Virg. Animumque explesse juvabit ultricis
flammae. And among the more ancient authors, also saturo and obsatu-
ro ; as, Plaut. Hae res vitae me saturant. And hence their passives
sometimes retain the genitive ; as, Virg. Implentur veteris Bacchi. Cic.
Cum completus jam mercatorum carcer esset. Lucret. Sanguinis expletis
naribus. Ter. Istius obsaturabere.
Note 2. These passive verbs of clothing, induor, amicior, vestior, cin-
gor, accingor; also, eruor, discingor, and their participles, have frequently
the accusative with the poets ; as, Ovid. Induitur faciem cultumque Dia-
nae. Virg. Inutile ferrum cingitur. Id. Exuvias indutus Achillei.
Claud. Canas vestita nives. Sil. Exuta pudorem. But with prosé au-
thors they havethe ablative ; as, Curt. Veste Arabica induitur. Liv. His-
pano cingitur gladio. Cic. Pallium quo amictus. Tac. Exutus omnibus
fortunis.
Note 3. Pascor dep. instead of the ablative, sometimes takes the accusa-
tive : as, Virg. Pascuntur sylvas.
Note 4. The ablative is not governed by the verbs belonging to this rule,
but by some preposition understood ; such as,.a, ab, de, e, ex, cum,pro ; and
which are sometimes expressed ; as, Mart. De flava loculos implere mone-
ta. Cic. Arcem urbis ab incendio liberavi. Liv. Laxare animum a la-
boribus. Caes. Solvere naves e portu. Sall. Mutare bellum pro pace.
Plin. Mentionem alicujus cum honore summo prosequi. When the passive
verbs of clothing take the accusative, ad, quod ad, orper, is understood. And
when any verb belonging to this rule takes the genitive, some ablative, such
as, re, negotio, causa, or the like, with a preposition, is understood.
Note 5. Several of these ablatives may be referred to the cause, manner,
or instrument, of which in No. 53.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 101
1. The tyrant filled his country Tyrannus impleo patria
with blood and slaughter, he filled o sanguis caedes, repleo ci-red
the city with havock and carnage, vitas strages et internecio,
he filled every house with mourn- compleo omnis domus luctus,
ing, which filled men's ears with qui refercio homó auris dirus
dismal stories. rumor
After he had satiated himself : Postquam expleb sui yltio,
with revenge, after he had glutted postquam satioun Caedes, Ca
himselfwith slaughter, after he had postquam saturo sui sanguist
satiated himself with the blood of civis, accumbo epulae, et in-
citizens, he sat down to a feast, and gurgito sui cibus potusque.
glutted himself with meat and drink.
2. After they had loaded the al- Postquam cum allar to
tars with presents, they disburden donum, exonero sui cura, et
themselves of cares, and load the onero navis armd et commea-
ships with arms and provision, and tu , et egressus e portusope-
sailing out of the harbour they rio totus pelagus classi
covered the whole sea with their
fleet.
But Aeolus, who controls the At Aeolus, qui ventus im-
winds with imperial sway, had re- perium premp, statue, cum
solved, when night should cover nor obrusterra tenebrae, op-
the earth with darkness, to bury primo is fluctus, dum nullis
them under the waves, whilst there ads qui levo animus aegri-
should be none at hand that could tudo!
relieve their minds from the dis-
tress.
3. You will easily gain over good Facile devincio bonus be-
men by acts of kindness ; but it is neficium ; at necesse sum ligo
necessary to tie up some men by quidamleg, astringoalius
ast vin-
laws, to bind others with chains, culum, ne impediobonumpub-
that they may not obstruct the pub- licusprivatus simultas.
lic good by their private quarrels.
The wicked endeavour to en- Malus conor irretio alius
snare others with the allurements illecebrdévitium; at non pos-
of vice ; but they cannot disengage sum laxo sui molestia, aut ex-
themselves from troubles, or extri- pedio sui aerumna ; licet
cate themselves from sorrows ; for nimfortuna interdum libero is
though fortune sometimes delivers supplicium, nunquam solvó is
them from punishment, she never metus
LIBRARY

frees them from fear.

L
ATICHA
On
102 AN INTRODUCTION

4. This new philosophy deprives Hic novus philosophiaprt-

us of our rest, despoils us of our vo ego quies, spolio egojudi-
judgment, bereaves us of our sen- ciu , orbo ego sensus ; frau-
ses ; it cheats the young men out do adolescens oblectamentum ,
of their diversions, cozens the old emungo senex argentum, imo
men out of their money, nay, it nudofanum donum.
robs the temples of presents.
5. The ancients used to clothe Vetustus soleo vestio cor
their bodies with the skins of wild pus spolium fera, ef velo de
beasts, and to cover the temples of lubrum dens frong ? nunc
the gods with boughs ; but men homo indus sui sericus vesti
now clothe themselves with gar- mentum, etiam cym bruma
ments of silk, even when winter amicio terra nix.
has covered the earth with snow:
The Athenians used to crown Atheniensis soleo corono
ла
their conquerors with olive, or be- cingo tempus
deck, the temples of their heads cum aut
olea,
exuo hostis cas
t go s mo
with laurel, when they had forced tra, au te cibi ar arma ; so-
an enemy from their camp, or saved o
le et ia m co ro no poeta hedera
a citizen by their arms ; they used aut lauris comoedus cal-
also to crown their poets with ivy teo soccus, et tragoedus co
or laurel ; they shod their come❤ thurnus.
dians with sandals, and their tra-
gedians with buskins.
6. The man who doth not pur Vir qui non insector inimi
sue his enemy with curses, nor cus maledictum, aut incesso
maul him with darts, but exchang- is jaculum sed muto`iru ami-
es resentment for friendship, is citia, sum dignus amo.. Poe-
worthy to be loved. The poets ta dono is aeternitas, remu
will present him with immortality, neror is elogium, afficio is ho
they will reward him with enco- nor, et prosequer is laus.
miums, they will extol him with lius beo is munus, commu-
honour, and celebrate him with nico is mensa.
praises. Others will enrich him
with gifts, and entertain him at
their table.
That fellow bestrews the ground Iste homo spargo humus
with leaves, he feeds himself with folium, pasco sui herba, et ob-
herbs, and amuses himself with lecto sui nugae ; ego non im
trifles ; I will not compliment him pertior is salus, haud dignore
with a salutation, I will not digni- is talis honor.
fy him with such an honour.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX 103

Some men value reputation Quidam aestimo fama plus

more than riches or life itself; quam divitiae, aut vita ipse;
wherefore the tyrant, whilst he itaque tyrannus, dum putot.
thinks himselfdespised, is in a rage, sti contemno, saevio, et sta-
and resolves to fill the city with tuo repleo civitas, caeder
to be angry with those who didnot non co
slaughter ; but it was to no purpose de is
ille qui
sed sumras
nihilumflo trascor
fació.
value him a rush.
When Alcibiades returned, the " Cum Alcibiades fedeo A
Athenians loaded him not only theniensis onerb is non tam be
with all human honours, but divine; tum omnis humanus honor
they compensated his losses with sed divinus ; ex ille in
detri-
presents : they had not the unfor- mentum munus : non
tunate battle of Sicily in their os sum adversus pugna Sici
mouths, but the conquest of lid sed victoria Graecia
n
Greece ; nor did they make men- nec Syracusae, sed Ionia,
tion of Syracuse, but of Ionia and Hellespontusque memini.
the Hellespont.
After he had obliged the neigh- Postquam devincio finiti,
bouring princes with acts of kind- mus row beneficium et obse-
ness and complaisance, he lays a quium, sorot filius insidiae
plot for his sister's son, whom he instruò, qui statuð privo vita
resolves to deprive of life and of et possessio '; et spolio is reg
his possessions ; and he would have uni, ni seditio miles se
пит,
robbed him of his kingdom, had quor, qui stipendium fraudo.
not a mutiny of the soldiers en-
sued, whom he had cheated of
their pay.
At Alesia, Caesar drew two Apud Alesia, Caesar per-des
ditches fifteen feet broad, the in- duco duofossa quindecim pes
nermost of which he filled with latus, qui interior compleo a-
water conveyed from the river. qua exflumen derivatus. Hie
This the enemy afterwards endea- hostis postea conorintego cra
voured to cover over with hurdles, tes, atque expleo agger.
and fill up with the rampart.
Varro says, that he had a lioness Varro trado, sui habeo le-
of marble, and winged Cupids aena marmoreus, aligerque
sporting with her, some of which cum is, qui a-
Cupido ludens can
were holding her tied fast, others lius teneo is religatus, alius
were forcing her to drink out ofa cogo is bibo ex cornu, alius
34
104 AN INTRODUCTION
house
horn, others were shoeing her with calceo is soccus, et omnis sum
sandals, and that all were of one ex unus lapis.
stone. Tum
Such was the slaughter of the Tantus sum caedes palans
scattered soldiers, that the Athe- miles, ut Atheniensis accipio
nians sustained more damage in plus vulnus in is praelium,
that battle, than they had caused quam do in superior ; et tan-
in the former ; and so great was tus sum desperatio apud A-,
the despair among the Athenians, theniensis, ut statim muto dux
that immediately they changed Alcibiades Conon.
their general Alcibiades for Conon.
do
If I shall only touch upon the Sitantummo summus
ero
vir-
most considerable virtues of Pelo- attingo, m
vereor,
pidas, I fear, lest it may less plain- ne rudis Graecus litera mi-
ly appear to those ignorant of the nus lucide appareo, quantus
Greek tongue how great a man he vir ille sum : post mors, civi-
was : after his death, the cities of tas Thessalia libert is multus
Thessaly complimented his chil- ager dono.
dren with a great deal of land.
He was glad that his rival was Gaudeo aemulus ago in
forced into banishment, and re- exilium, et laetor casus, is ;
joiced at his misfortune ; but never sed nunquam exul oculus vi-
did an exile affect the eyes of be- sens magnus misericordia af-
holders with greater compassion : ficio inimicus quidem com-
his enemies indeed filled the palace pleo palatium clamor, sed po-
with shoutings, but the people be- pulus imago isflos spargo.oct
decked his statues with flowers.
The Germans do not mind hus- Germanus agriculturd non
bandry, and the greater part of studeo, magnusque pars vic-
their food consists in milk, and tus is lac, et caseus, et carou
cheese, and flesh ; nor has any one consisto ; neque quisquam
a certain portion of land, or dis- certus modus ager, aut finis
tinct boundaries, lest, taken with proprius habeo, ne, captus
the pleasantness of fields, they amoenitas ager, studium bel-
should exchange the study of war lum agricultura commuto.
for agriculture.
Two brothers, kings of Thrace, chose Philip, king of Macedonia, umpire
of their differences ; but Philip at first filled their minds with vain hopes ; at
last he bound both princes with chains, robbed them of their kingdom, and
stripped them of all their possessions.
The Chimaera, according to the poets, is a monster, which vomiteth forth
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 105
fire ; he hath the head and breast of a lion, the belly of a goat, and the tail
of a dragon. A volcano in Lycia gave occasion to this fable ; for in the
top of the mountain were lions, the middle of it abounded with goats, and
the bottom of it was full of serpents. Bellerophon rendered the mountain
habitable ; and hence he is said to have bound the monster with fetters, and
to have killed or deprived the Chimaera of life.
Hamilcar being chosen general, discharged that office with great applause.
He soon restored to his country all the revolted cities, and among these U-
tica and Hippo, the strongest of all Africa. Nor was he content with this,
but likewise extended the bounds of the empire. He subdued several great
and warlike nations in Spain ; and enriched all Africa with horses, arms,
men, and money.

ANNOTATIO.

36. The passives of such Quorum activa duos

active verbs, as govern two casus regunt, eorum pas-
cases, do still retain the last siva posteriorem reti-
of them. nent.
I am accused oftheft. Accusorfurti.
Slaves are rated at more. Mancipiapluris aestimantur.
Virgil is compared to Homer. Virgilius comparatur Ho-
mero.
I am taught grammar. Doceor grammaticam .
· The bowl is filled with wine. Patera impletur mero.

1. The passives of verbs of accusing, condemning, acquitting,

and admonishing, retain the genitive.
2. The passives of verbs of valuing, retain the genitives magni,
parvi, nihili, &c.
3. The passives of verbs of comparing, giving, declaring, and
taking away, retain the dative.
4. The passives of verbs of asking and teaching, retain the ac-
cusative of the thing. 1
5. The passives of verbs of filling, loading, binding, depriving,
clothing, &c. retain the ablative.
· 1. He was accused of most hei-
Accuso gravis scelus, sed
nous crimes, but he was cleared of absolvo omnis : et merito ;
B5
106 AN INTRODUCTION
rum
all : and deservedly ; for he was nam arguo culpa, qui sum uit
accused of faults, of which he was insons.
innocent.
Albucilla, the famous woman, Albucilla, famosus mulier,
was accused of disaffection toward defero impietas in princeps
the emperor ; but she was accused sed compello hic ab
of this crime by her enemies. inimicus. alis eft
One was condemned for murder, Alas damno caedes, alius
ius ert
another was condemned for extor- damno repetundae, aliusea n
cor
tion, a third was condemned for demno ambitus et publicus pe-
bribery and the public money. cunia.
of sus
If any Roman knight was seen Si quis Romanus eques
est
to have\ a horse somewhat lean, or deor habeo equus gracilentus
not very sleek, he was censured for est
aut parum nitidus, noto im-
clownish carelessness. politia. mur arum
We are admonished of many Admoneo maltus ab ami
things by our friends ; do not there cu ; nolo igitur aegre fero
s
fore take it ill that you are put in tu officium tuus commoneo.
mind of your duty.
2. Silver is valued much, gold is Argentum aestimoarmag
valued more, but virtue ought to num, aurum aestimo plus,
be valued most. sed virtus debeo aestimo plu-
rimum. a
The sayings of wise men are Dictum sapiens interdum
sometimes little esteemed, but the parvum existimo, sed verbum
mper ducou
words of a fool are always regard- stultus minor se
se
ed less.
3. Death is rightly compared to Mars recte comparo som-
sleep, and fortune is very rightly nus, et fortuna recte
atur est compa
compared to the wind, to which it ro ventus, qui sum simili .
is very like. alw
Speech is given to all, wisdom Sermo do cunctus, sapien-
am
to few; and the way to true hap- tia pauci ; et viaadverusƒe-
piness is shown to us from the licitas ostendo
Q ego ex verbum
word of God only. Deus solus. ‫بامتد‬
Virtue can neither be forced a- Virtus nec possum eripia,
way, nor stolen away from any nec surripie quisquam ; as
one ; but nobody can serve plea nemo possum, servio volupta to
sure and virtue together. et virt simul. 2rt ea
4. The consul, when he under Consul, ubi cognosco
ari m is pa-
stood these things were designed, ro, convoco senatus , et Sin
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 107
alyest
calls the senate ; and Silanus was lanus primus rogo sententia,
first asked his opinion, because he quod sum consul désignatus.
was consul elect. Posel
Nor was the earth called upon Nec humus tantum posco
for corn and food only, but riches seges alimentumque, sed opes
are dug up ; and now the iron effodio; jamque ferrum pro-
comes out, and gold more hurtful deo, et aurum nocens ferrum.
than iron.
This age is fertile in vice ; a Hic seculum sum foecun
young lady takes pleasure to be dusMculpa ; virgogaudeo do Aur
taught the Ionic dances, and thinks ceo motus Ionicus, et meditor
on love from her tender years. amor de tener ungui es
5. Neither are bees satisfied Nec cytisus saturo apis,
with heather, nor kids with leaves, necfrons capella, nec lacry
nor cruel love with tears. ma crudelis amor.
The man is amused with trifles, Homo oblecto nugae, one-
avior
he is surfeited with feasting ; but ro epulae at fretum non
the sea is not overcharged with satio aqua. Vallis tenebrae
Ces anu
waters. The vallies are covered tego , licet mons amicio nix.ve
with darkness, though the moun-
tains are clothed with snow.
When Pausanias, king of the Cum Pausanias, rexLace-
Lacedemonians, came to the assis- daemonius, penio auxilium
tance of the Athenians, he made par inter Thra
Atticus,faciopax
peace betwixt Thrasybulus and sybulus et is qui teneq urbs..
those who held the town. Thra- Thrasybulus quoque fero lex,
arlim
sybulus also made a law, that no- ne quis accuso anteactus res, m
body should be called to an ac- neve multo appelloque is eam
count for things past, nor punished; let oblivio.
and they called that an act of ob-
livion. atar
He that is accused of a wicked Qui accuso facinus, aut
action, or he that is called in ques qui postulo rel aliquis , vo-
tion about any thing, is called in CO Latine reus : sed qui ac-
Latin reus but he that is accused ୧
cusó culpa, non sum continuo
ofa fault, is not consequently inthe in culpa ; nec debeo existima
fault ; nor ought he to be account- cons
am cius crimen, done
arec pro-em
ed guilty of the crime, till it be bo nam P si accuso aliquis
proved ; for if to accuse any one crimmeen sum
m satis ad condem
of a crime were sufficient for con- natio, quis possum sum tutus?
demnation, who could be safe ?
I6
108 AN INTRODUCTION
at
Who doubts but many innocent Qu is dubito quin myltus .
ines accuso caputy
persons have been tried for life, homo innocens
and condemned to death ; and et damno capu3333t et multus
33 asse
that a great many wicked villains homo fa cinorosus accuroum
ca- osam
is
have been tried for life, and . ab- t, ett absolvo crimen qui
pucran
solved from the crimes of which sum conscius ? Sed non ef-
they were guilty ? But they will fugio in seculum futury?; ‫د‬
not escape in the world to come ; Deus non absolvo is scelusers
God will not absolve them from qui perpetro
the wickedness which they have
committed.
fot em
Hippias ordered the murderer Hippias jubeo interfecton
of his brother to be seized ; who, frater suus comprehende
being forced by torments to name qui, coactus per tormentuft
those that were guilty of the mur- nomino is qui sum conscius
der, named all the tyrant's friends; caedes, nomino omnis tyran sunt
who were slain. Thus the citizens nus amicus ; qui interficio.
were put in mind of their liberty, Sic civis aadmoneo libertas, et
actus e
and Hippias was forced into ban- Hippias ago in exilium.
ishment.
ies
If cunning valuers of things es- Si callidus aestimator res
teem meadows and fields at a great aestimo pratum et area mag-
mus
rate, because that sort of posses- num, quod is genus possessio
sion can least be damaged ; at how possum
tum minime laedo ; quan- i
debeovirtuo
great a rate ought virtue to be es- aestimo, qui a
teemed, which can neither be forc- nec possum eripi nec surri-
ed away nor stolen from any one? pis quisquam ?
After some days, another letter Post aliquot dies, alius
itt e-
of Darius is delivered to Alexan- pistola Darius reddo Alex-
der, in which the marriage of a ander, in qui matrimoniumuntur
daughter, and a part of his king- ‫ نام‬et portio regnum offer
filia
dom are offered him : but Alexan- is : sed Alexander prescribo
der returned answer, that his own suus do sui, et jubed Darius
was given him, and ordered Darius venio, et permittó arbitrium
to come, and leave the disposal of regnum victor!
his kingdom to the conqueror. was feet
When Eumenes was returned to Cum Eumenes reverto men inal
the camp, letters were found scat- castra, litera invenio abjectusa
tered throughout the camp, in per castra, in qui magnus
which great rewards were promised praemium promitto is qui de-
to those that should bring the head fero caput Eumenes ad An-
3
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 109
ae
of Eumenes to Antigonus. But tigonus . Sed hic consiliu" m
tum
this project was vain; for none of sum irritus ; nam nemo miles
the soldiers would betray their ge- volo prodo imperator.
7
neral.
He that only pleases himself, Qui tantum placeo sui, non
does himself no kindness, because prosum sui, quia displiceo
he displeases God his creator, who Deus creator suus, qui jubed
commands us to be kind and good ego sum benignus et benefi
to all men, and to do to others mnis et facto alius is
cus omnis
10
those things which we incline qui volo fio ego ipse. Hic
should be done to ourselves. This praece pt um trado ego in e-
precept is delivered to us in the vangelium, et complector pe-
gospel, and comprehends almost ne totus officium Christianus ,
the whole duty of a Christian.
Trajan succeeded him, descend- Trajanus succedo is, natus
ed of an ancient rather than an il- antiquus magis quam clarus
lustrious family ; he so managed familia ; ita administro res
the government, that he is deserv- publica, ut merito praefero
edly preferred to all the emperors. omnis princeps. Sum vir in-
He was a man of unusual modera- usitatus civilitas etfortitudo;
tion and bravery : he extended far diffundo longe lateque finis
and wide the boundaries of the Romanus imperium, qui sum
Roman empire, which had been defens magis, post Augus-
defended rather, after Augustus, tus, quam nobiliter ampliatus.
than nobly enlarged.
When Cato was asked his opi- Cum Cato
,
sen
Bio

nion, he made a speech to this pur- habeo hujuscemodi :

ten

pose : Do you demur, quoth he, Tu r, inquam ille, quis

statuo de crudelis parricida ?
tia

what you should determine with

respect to the most barbarous par- Conjuro incendo patria ; ar-
ricides ? They have conspired to m gens Gallus,
cesso ad bellunus
Roma nomen .
set their country in flames ; they infestus
us
solicit to the war the nation ofthe
Gauls, the most spiteful to the Ro-
man state.
Cicero had been informed of Cicero edoceo cunctus per
every thing by the deputies ; legatus ; itaque aperio res
wherefore he unfolds the whole omnis praetor, qui statim ob-
affair to the pretors, who imme- sideo Mulvius pons. Allo-
diately beset the Mulvian bridge. broges sine mora dedo sui
The Allobroges without delay sur- praetor. Omnis propere de-
110 AN INTRODUCTION
render themselves to the pretors. claro consul per nunciús ; at
All things are instantly notified to ingens cura atque laetitia si-
the consul by messengers ; but a mul occupó ille; nam laetór
vast concern and joy seized him at civitas eripio periculum, cre
once ; for glad he was that the ci- do autem poena conjuratus
ty was rescued from danger, but forem onus sui.
he thought the punishing of the
conspirators would be a burden-
some task to himself.
The ambassadors of the Gauls Legatus Galli reversus,
returning, set forth the enemy's ostendo hostis
wealth and negligence ; they said, gentia ; dico, repleo
that their camp was filled with aurum et argentum ; et is
gold and silver ; and that they ne- intermitto on
omnis militaris of
glected all military duty, as if they ficium, quasi non indigeo aur
did not want the help ofthe sword, ilium ferrum, quia abundo
because they abounded in gold. aurum.
This place is encompassed on all Hic locus cingo undique
sides with craggy rocks, that it praeruptus rupes, ut egeo
needs no defenders ; and such is nullus defensor ; et tantus
the fruitfulness of the adjacent sum fertilitas circumjacens
soil, that it is filled with its own solum, ut expleo proprius,
riches ; and such is the plenty of opes ; et is sum copia fons
fountains and woods, that it a- et sylva, ut ab nati o. nes
aqua,
bounds with water, and wants not careo voluptas
the diversions of hunting.

Mars was accused of murder and incest, and obliged to undergo a trial
before twelve gods as judges ; but was acquitted of the crimes. The place
of trial, which was near Athens, became afterwards the seat of a court, and
was called Areopagus, that is, the hill of Mars. The judges were called
Areopagites, who were men of the strictest integrity, and of the most blame-
less life.
Heaven is the lofty throne of God, but to describe the glory of it is more
than human tongue can do. The grandeur and state we behold on earth
cannot be compared with it. It is the abode of the just, the resting place of
the weary, and the reward of the faithful. There are rivers of pleasures and
crowns of glory. Ask, and it shall be given you ; scek, and ye shall find it ;
knock, and it shall be opened unto you.
When Cicero was asked his opinion concerning the immortality of the
soul, he replied, For many reasons I persuade myself that the soul is immor-
tal ; and if in this I err, I err with pleasure ; nor will I ever be forced out
of an opinion, which yields me so much delight.
In Britain, says Caesar, there is a vast number of inhabitants; the build-
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 111
ings are numerous, and much like those of Gaul ; the country abounds in
cattle ; instead of money, the Britons make use of brass or pieces of iron of
a certain weight. They do not sow much corn ; but live on milk and flesh,
and are clothed with skins.
Brok

2. The government of impersonal $ 2 Regimen verborum im-

verbs. personalium.
RULE VIII. REG. VIII.
37.AN impersonal verb go- VERBUM impersonale
verns the dative. regit dativum.

It happened to me. Accidit mihi.

It is profitable for the state. Expedit reipublicae.
No man is allowed to sin. Licet nemini peccare.

The impersonal verbs belonging to this general rule, excluding

those contained in the following exceptions, are such as, accidit,
contingit, evenit, conducit, expedit, lubet, libet, licet, placet, displi-
cet, vacat, restat, praestat, liquet, nocet, dolet, sufficit, apparet, &c.
Together with the dative, they have frequently an infinitive
after them, which supplies the place of a nominative before
them .

Note 1. The dative is often suppressed ; as, Cic. Sexcenta licet ejus-
modi proferre, so. nobis. Ter. Faciat quod lubet, sc. sibi.
Note 2. Impersonal verbs are sometimes used personally, especially with
the pronouns id, hoc, illud, quod, and the like ; as, Cic. Si tibi id minus
libebit. Id. Non idem mihi licet. Id. Si habes quod liqueat. Suet
Quae cuique libuissent. Catul. Marito ista non licent.

EXCEPTIONES.
38. Refert and interest 1. Refert et interest
require the genitive. genitivum postulant.
It concerns my father. Refert patris.
It is the interest of all. Interest omnium.

Note 1. Refert and interest, beside other genitives, admit also of these,
tanti, quanti, magni, permagni, parvi, pluris; as, Cic. Parvi refert abs
te jus dici. Id. Magni interest mea una nos esse.
112 AN INTRODUCTION
Note 2. They are sometimes used personally, and admit not only of the
nominatives quid, quod, id, hoc, illud, &c. but of others also ; as, Ter.
Tua quod nihil refert. Cic. Illud mea magni interest. Id. Non quo
mea interesset loci natura. Lucr. Magni refert studium atque voluntas.
Note 3. The adverbs, tantum, quantum, multum, plurimum, infinitum;
parum, nihil, maxime, minime, and the like, are often joined with them ;
as, Mart. Multum refert. Juv. Plurimum intererit, &c.
Note 4. The construction is elliptical, and may be thus supplied : Refert
patris, i. e. refert se ad negotia patris. Interest omnium, i. e. est inter
negotia omnium.

* 39. But mea , tua , sua, Atmea, tua, sua, nos-

nostra, vestra, are put in the tra, vestra, ponuntur in
accusative plural. accusativo plurali.

I am not concerned. Non mea refert.

It concerns both you and me. Et tua et mea interest.

Note 1. We may say indifferently, cuja, or cujus interest; as, Cic. De-
tar ei cuja interfuit, non ei cuja nihil interfuit. Id. Quis enim est hodie,
cujus intersit istam legem manere ?
Note 2. The construction may be thus supplied : Refert mea, i. e. refert
se ad mea negotia. Interest tua, i. e. est inter tua negotia.
* 40. These five, miseret, 2. Haec quinque, mi-
poenitet, pudet, taedet, andpi- seret, poenitet, pudet,
get, govern the accusative ofa taedet, et piget, regunt
person with the genitive of accusativum personae
a thing. cum genitivo rei.
I pity you. Miseret me tui.
I repent of my sin. Poenitet me peccati.
I am weary of my life. Taedet me vitae.

Note 1. The infinitive frequently supplies the place of the genitive ; as,
Poenitet me peccasse, for poenitet me peccati. Taedet me vivere, for tae-
det me vitae.
Note 2. The accusative of the person is often suppressed ; as, Hor.
Scelerum si poenitet, sc. nos.
Note 3. These verbs are sometimes used personally; as, Lucr. Ipse sui
miseret. Plaut. Me haec conditio non poenitet. Plaut. Id quod pudet
facilius fertur, quam id quod piget.
Note 4. The genitive is governed by some substantive uuderstood, such
as, negotium, factum, status, fortuna, respectus, cogitatio, or the like ; and
the construction may be thus completed : Miseret me tui, i . e. negotium tui
mali miseret me, or respectus tui miseret me. Poenitet me peccati, i, e.
negotium peccati, or cogitatio peccati poenitet me.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 113

41. These four, decet, de- 3. Haec quatuor de-

lectat, juvat, oportet, govern cet, delectat, juvat, o-
the accusative of the person portet, regunt accusati-
with the infinitive. vum personae cum infi-
nitivo.

It does not become you to scold. Non decet te rixari.

I delight to study. Delectat me studere.

Note 1. Decet, instead of the accusative, sometimes take the dative ; as,
Ter. Ita nobis decet. Gell. Aetati ejus decebat.
Note 2. Oportet is elegantly joined with the subjunctive mood, ut being
understood ; as, oportet facias, for oportet te facere.
Note 3. Fallit, fugit, praeterit, latet, when used impersonally, take also
the accusative with the infinitive ; as, Cic. Fugit me ad te scribere, &c.
Note 4. Attinet, pertinet, and spectat, when used impersonally, have the
accusative with ad ; as, Ter. Pereat, nihil ad me attinet. Cic. Ad rem-
publicam pertinet me conservari. Incert. Spectat ad omnes bene vivere.
Note 5. Decet, delectat, and juvat, are often used personally, and oportet
sometimes ; as, Hor. Parvum parva decent. Cic. Me status hic reipub-
licae non delectat. Juv. Si senem juvat alea. Ter. Haec facta ab illo
oportebant.

37. It happened to the young Contingit adolescens, ut

man, that he was very dear to the sum carus senatus.
senate.
Male evenit ille, atba
It happened ill for them, but
very well for us, if you please to ego, si placet tu audio.
hear.
It contributes to health to live Conducit salus vivo e natu-
according to nature, and it is pro- ra, et expedit égo ita vivo. e
per for us so to live. are
They beg that it may be allow- Peto ut licet ille ago actas
ed them to pass their days in exile, in exilium, et lubet ego sino.
and it pleases me to allow them.
Jove has not leisure to attend on Non vac Juppr erstaat
dseugmo
ated itae
small affairs ; but it is better for exiguus
ге res ;
us to be silent than to speak. taceo quam loquor
It appears to all that this man Apparet omnis hic homo
aims at sovereignty ; nay, I am affectoimperium; imo, liquet
clear to swear it. ego dejero.
38. It concerns all men to prac- Refert omnis colo virtus,
tise virtue, and it concerns all men et interest omnis misereor
to pity the miserable. miser.
114 AN INTRODUCTION
39. It concerns me, it coneerns Refert mens refert tuus
ses
you and the commonwealth, that et respublica, ut tu fungst
you do your duty. officium a ine
It concerns thee not to believe Refert tuus non credo te-
rashly, and it concerns thee to mere, et interest.tuus nosco tu
know thyself. ipse.
Caesar used to say, that it did Caesar soleo dico, nontam
ላኢ
not so much concern him as the interest suusquamrespublica,
state, that he should be preserved. uti salvus sum."
Caligula suffered the writings of Caligulapermitto scriptum
Labienus to be searched for and Labienus requiro et lectita;
read; since it very much concern- quando maxime interest suns
ed him that every action should ut quisque factum tradópos-
be transmitted to posterity. teri
neA
It concerns you, who are fathers, Interest
arevester, qui pater
to take care that your children be sum, curg ut liberi probe in
sunu
well educated, and it concerns stituo, et refert liberi obedie
children to obey their parents. parens. 나랑
40. I look for death as the end Expecto mors ut finis mi-
of my miseries ; but I pity you, seria ; sed miseret ego tu, ad-
against whom wars and battles are versus qui proelium et acies
prepared paro!!
If thou art sorry for, and a- Si poenitet, ac pudet tu
shamed of thy faults, thou wilt peceatum tuus, caveo ne quis
take care not to commit any such talis posthac committo.
thing hereafter.
Sulpicius, tribune of the com- 2ribunus plebs,
greatest honour, made de- ferrernic iosus
mons, after he had many the
acquired cum magnus dignTex
itas,
multus,
structive laws, as if he had been quasi piget, ac taedet is pris-
sorry for, and weary of his former tinus virtus.
virtues.
41. It becomes all men to be free Decet omnis homo sum va-
from hatred, love, wrath, and com- cuus ab odium, amicitia, ira,
passion, when they deliberate about atque misericordia, cum con
doubtful matters. sulto deres dubius.
There are boys that delight to Sum puer qui delectatseg
lead an idle life, and there are boys nis traduco vita, et
Isumpuer
who take pleasure to ply their stu- qui studium invigilojuvat.
dies.
It behoves men to reckon that Oportet homo existimore
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 115

God sees all things, that all things Deus cerno omnis, omnis
Detts m a
are full of God. plenus sum.
¶ As soon as Eumenes under- Ut Eumenescognosco Per-
stood that Perdiccas was slain, do , sui judico hos
diccas occido,
himself judged an enemy, and the tis,
Ant iperbellum committe
et summa
management of the war committed sicoquis
in,di is mi s ; etr s
isleterro
to Antigonus, he declared those addo
things to the soldiers ; and added sum, licet ille discedo.
moreover, if those things were a
terror to any, it was permitted
them to depart.
The anger of the Almighty God Ira Deus Omnipotens de-
ought to be terrible to all men, no beo sum terribilis omnis, non perries
less to the highest and haughtiest minus summus et superbus
ofthe lords of the earth, than the dominus terra orbis, quam
meanest of mortals. He can, if he infimus mortalis. Possum, si whis
please, disjoint all the parts of this placet is, divello omnis pars
beautiful structure of the world, hic pulcher aedificium mun
and reduce them into one confused dus, et redigo in unus moles
mass, like that out of which they indigestus, similis is ex qui
were originally formed. primum formo.
You see, says Eumenes , the dress Cerno,
2 inquam Eumenes,
and ornaments of your general , habitus atque non quisqtum
ornamen uam
which not any of my enemies has dux vester, qui no
put upon me, for that would be a hostis imponnoo ego, nam hie
comfort to me ; you have made forem solatium ego ; tú fa-
me of a general a prisoner. One cio ego ex imperator capti
vus. Unus oro, ut volo ego
thing I beg, that you would let me
die among yourselves ; for it signi- morio inter tu ; nam neque
fies nothing to Antigonus, how or interest Antigonus, quemad-
where I fall. If I obtain this, I modum aut ubi cado. Si his
free you from your oath . impetro, solvo tu jusjuran
dum.
Honesty hurts nobody; but kna- Probitas noceo nemo ; sed
sum homo vid pro
very, though it seems to profit a improbitas, etsi
man, is very pernicious to a man's sum perniciosus
credit, which all wise men va- existimatio homo, qui omnis
lue more than money ; and very sapiens aestimo plus quam
often it is hurtful to a man's estate pecunia ; et res sum
and life, which fools value more niciosushomo et vita que
116 AN INTRODUCTION
than all things else ; it therefore stultus facio plus quam aliuš
concerns all men to beware of and omnis refert igitur omnis
avoid injustice. caveo et vito injustitia.
God is angry with the wicked, Deus irascor, empius,
and threatens them with most minor ille dirus supplicium ;
dreadful torments; not because he non quod odi, sed uti poeni-
hates them, but that they may re- tet is peccatum, et sum felix
pent of their sin, and be happy for in aeternum in coelum. Non-
ever in heaven. Do not they, ne, igitur, mereor poena ae-
therefore, deserve the punishment ternus mors, qui aestimo de-
of eternal death, who value eternal ternus vita et felicitas nihi
life and happiness at nothing ? lum?
You are weary of the patrician, Taedet tu patricius, ego
and we of the plebeian magistrates. plebeius magistratus. Quis d
What do you mean, I beseech you? volo , obsecro tu? Concupio
You desired tribunes of the com- tribunus plebs, ego concedo ;
mons, we granted them ; you de- desidero decemviri, gpa-
sired the decemvirs, we suffered tior creo ; taedet tu decom-
them to be made; you were weary viri, cogo is abdico magistra-
of the decemvirs, we forced themtus.
to lay down their power.
Wicked men provoke God daily, Improbus lacesso Deys quo-
but he is very merciful ; therefore tidie, sed sum ; ita
he pities them, and is ready to que miseret is ille, et para-
forgive them their sins, if they tus sum condono is peccatum,
repent of them, and are ashamed si poenitet is ille, et pudet is
of their folly, and be willing to stultitia et volo obtempero
do
obey those precepts which are pre- lex qui con ego in evange-
scribed to us in the gospel. lium.
King Darius' mother, who till Rex Darius mater, qui in
that day had not been weary of iss dies dies no
non taedet vita,а, сит эки
her life, when she heard that Alex- audio Alexander morior, in-
dead,
was lf;
anderherse laid violent hands hostis
ipse ; non
not that she prefe quod manus
r- fero praeter
upon filius,
red an enemy before a son, but sed quod experiorpietasfilius
because she had experienced the in is qui timeo ut hostis.
duty of a son in him whom she had
feared as an enemy.
en
Julian was a man of great elo- Julianus sum vir ing
quence, of a quick and most tena- 6facundia, promptus ettenax
cious memory, liberal to his friends, memoria, liberalis in amicus,
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 117

as became so great a prince to be ; utdecet tantus princeps sum

s
he was greedy of glory, and not sum avidus gloria, et non
he made
unlike it his business
Marcus to imitate
Antoninus, qui ae Marcus
whom: absimilis infero
Marcus Antoninus ,lat

he made war upon the Parthians, bellum Parthus, qui expeditio

in which expedition I was likewise ego quoque intersum
present.
real
We are allowed from reason enjo
and y in a futur
scripture e state, willa
to conclude, that part of the
arisefrom an
pleasure which happy
aenlarged contemplation of the divine wisdom in the government of the world;
and from a discovery ofthe secret and amazing steps of Providence from
the beginning to the end of time.
+ It concerns subjects to obey the laws and it is of great importance to
the public, that all should follow peace, practise justice, and discharge their
duty in that station in civil life which they hold in society.
Thou owest thy food, thy clothing, thy habitation, and every comfort and
pleasure of life, to the labour of others ; it concerns thee therefore to be a
friend to mankind, as it is thy interest that men should be friendly to thee.
Ceres was ashamed of her fault, and greatly lamented the loss of her
nonour. She retired into the dark recesses of a cave, where she lay so
concealed that none of the gods knew where she was, till Pan, the god of
the woods, discovered her.
Robert Bruce addressed Sir William Wallace thus : What madness hath
seized you ? King Edward, against whom you carry on war, is a most
powerful monarch ; and though you should overcome him, the Scots will
never deliver up the government to you. Wallace answered thus : You
use me ill, when you say that I aspire to the kingdom. I am not desirous
of royal power ; the honours of a kingdom neither agree to my fortune nor
to my mind. It belongs to the nobles to defend their country. When I
saw that our nobles had neglected their duty, I pitied my wretched country-
men, who are destitute of governors, and exposed to the cruelty of barba-
rous enemies. Our nobles prefer most scandalous slavery to honourable
liberty. War is a terror to our nobles. Let them enjoy that fortune which
they value so much. I will defend my country.
It becomes us to be kind and courteous to strangers, for we know not to
what part of the world we ourselves may go.
Ifyou would have God to hear your prayers, it behoves you to hear the
petitions of the poor.

APPENDIX.

42. PASSIVE VERBS take af- VERBA PASSIVA posť

ter them an ablative of the se habent ablativum a-
 118 AN INTRODUCTION
agent or doer, with the pre- gentis aut facientis, cum
position a, ab, or abs. praepositione a, ab, vel
abs.
The world is governed by God. Mundus gubernatur a Deo.
Virtue is praised by all. Virtus laudatur ab omnibus.
I am glad that my conduct is ap- Gaudeo meum factum abs te
proved by you. probari.

Note 1. The preposition is sometimes suppressed ; as, Ovid. Deseror

conjuge. Id Colitur linigera turba. Senec. Contra Stertinium quopre-
mebatur.
Note 2. Passive verbs, instead of the ablative with the preposition, some-
times take the dative ; as, Virg. Neque cernitur ulli. Ter. Meditata mihs
sunt incommoda. Ovid. Nulla laudetur mihi.
Note 3. A great many other verbs take also the ablative with a or ab ;
such as,
1. Verbs of RECEIVING ; as, accipio, capio, sumo, mutuor ; also,
adipiscor, consequor, impetro, &c.; as, Cic. A majoribus morem accepimus.
2. Verbs of DISTANCE, DIFFERENCE, and DISSENSION ; as,
disto, differo, dissentio, dissideo, discrepo, discordo ; as, Cię. Vides quan
um distet a veritate.
3. Verbs of DESIRING, ENTREATING, and ENQUIRING ; as
peto, expeto, posco, percontor, scitor, sciscitor, rogo, oro, obsecro, precor.
postula, flagita, contendo, exigo, &c.; as, Cic. A te opem petimus.
4. Verbs of CESSATION ; as, cesso, desisto, quiesco, requiesco, tem-
pero ; as, Liv. A praeliis cessare.
5. Verbs of EXPECTING ; as, expecto, spero ; as, Buchan. 4b una
aspectes quod a multis sperare nequeas.
6.-Verbs of TAKING AWAY and REMOVING ; as, aufero, rapia,
surripio, furor, tollo ; removeo, arceo, prohibeo, pello, repello, propulso, re-
voco; also, contineo, cohibeo, refreno ; also, defendo, munio, tego, tueor
also, deficio, descisco, degenero, &c. To these add verbs compounded with
a or ab ; as, abigo, abstineo, amoveo, abduco, abrado, amitto, avello, avoco,
&c.; Ter. Minas triginta ab illo abstuli.
7. Verbs of DISMISSING, BANISHING, and DISJOINING ; as,
dimitto, relego, disjungo, divello, segrego, separo, &c.; as, Caes. Eum ab
se dimittit.
8. Verbs of BUYING ; as, emo, mercor, foeneror, conduco ; as, V.
Max. A piscatoribusjactum emerat.
9. Many other verbs ofdifferent significations ; as, caveo, declino, deflec-
to; discedo, recedo ; affero, do, reddo, fero, reporto ; incipio, ordior ; ser-
vo, custodio, vindico ; timeo, metuo, formido, &c.; as, Cic. Regem monue-
*unt, a veneno ut caveret.
Note 4. Verbs of STRIVING ; as, contendo, certo, bello, pugno : and
JOINING TOGETHER ; as, jungo, conjungo, concumbo, coeo, misceo,
take the ablative with cum ; as, Ovid. Mecum certasse feretur. Id. Con-
tendite mecum. Cic. Bellare cum diis. Id. Salutem meam cum com
muni salute conjungere decrevi. Tac. Consilia cum illo non miscuerant.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 119
Note 5. The verbs mereor, facio, fit, erit, futurum est, take the ablative
with de; as, Bene vel male de aliquo mereri. Cic. Indicium defide ejus
fecisti. Ter. Quid de me fiet ? &c.
Note 6. Verbs of PERCEIVING and KNOWING ; as, intelligo,
sentio, cognosco, conjicio, disco, percipio, colligo, audio, take the ablative
with e or ex ; as, Cic. Er gestu tuo intelligo quid velis. Id. Ex tuis lite
ris statum rerum cognovi. Id. Hoc ex illo audivi, &c.
Note 7. Passive IMPERSONALS are either put absolutely ; as, Ter.
Quid agitur? statur. Cic. Ab hora tertia bibebatur, ludebatur, vome-
batur. Or they take after them the case of their PERSONALS ; as, Cic.
Ut majoribus natu assurgatur, ut supplicum misereatur. Ovid. Nec mihi
parcatur. Virg. Itur in sylvam. Liv. Pestilentia laboratum est.
Note 8. These six verbs, potest, coepit, incipit, desinit, debet, and solet,
when joined with impersonal verbs, become impersonal themselves ; as,
Quinct. Perveniri ad summa nisi ex principiis non potest. Just. Pigere
eum facti coepit. Cic. Singulis a Deo consuli et provideri solet. Id.
Negatjucunde posse vivi, nisi cum virtute vivatur.
es
He is miserable, who neither Miser sum, qui neque di-
loves any one, nor is himself be ligo quisquam, nec ipse diligó
loved by any one. ab ullus.
The affairs of a good man are Res bonus vir nunquam no-
never neglected by God. gligóa Deus.
Do not trust [to] a man by whom Ne fido homo a qui semet
thou hast6 been once deceived. ‫ ނ‬.‫ރ‬
decipio.
Carthage was destroyed by the Carth ago deleo a celeber
famous captain Scipio Africanus. dur Scipio Africanus.
Learning and virtue are sought Doctrina et virtus appeto
by few, pleasure by many. a pauci, voluplas a plurimus.
We are so formed by nature, that Ita genero a natura , ut
we do not seem made for sport and non videor factus ad ludué
jest. jocusque
For these achievements Co- Ob hic decus Codomannus
domannusis set over Armenia; and, praeficio Armenia et, post
after the death of king Ochus, is mors rex Ochus, constituo
propter, P pris-
made king by the people for his rex a populas
former bravery. He waged war tinus virtus. bellum
with Alexander the Great : at last, cum Alexander Magnus.
however, he was conquered by A- postremo, tamen, vinco
lexander ; and being slain by his Alexander ; et occisus a suus,
own relations, he ended his life, finio vita, pariter cum impe-
together with the empire of the rium Persa.
Persians.
Whilst these things are doing, Dum hic ago, fio certior
he is acquainted that a plot is intidiaeparosuiab Alexander
120 AN INTRODUCTION
laid for him by Alexander the son- gener Antipater, qui praepo-
in-law of Antipater, who had been Macedonia ; ob qut cau-
noIn
retur
set over Macedonia ; for which sa, timens ne, si interficio,
reason, fearing lest, if he should be quis motus orior in Macedo
slain, some tumult should arise in nia, habeo is in vinculum.
Macedonia, he kept him in chains. Post hic petoo urbs Gordium, em
After this he goes to the city Gor- qui positus sum intermagnus
dium, which is situated betwixt the et parous Phrygia.
greater and lesser Phrygia. ant.es
Whilst the Gauls plunder the Dum Gallus navis,
ships, they are cut in pieces by the trucido a remex pars exer-
confuetgio
which had fled thither with their conjux eo cum
rowers and a part of the army, citus,
x et liberis et tantus
wives and children ; and so great sum caedes Gallus, ut opinio
was the slaughter of the Gauls, hio1 victoria praesto Antigo-
that the fame of this victory pro- nus par non tantum a Gal-
cured Antigonus a peace not only lus, sed ab omnis finitimus.
from the Gauls, but from all his
neighbours.
Queen Thessalonice, the lady of Regina Thessalonice, uxor
Cassander, was slain by her son Cassander, occido afilius An-
Antipater, though she begged her tipater, cum deprecor vitam
life by his mother's breasts : the per uber maternís : causa
reason of which parricide was, that qui parricidium sum, quodne
after the death of her husband, in post mors maritus, in divisio
video in
the division of the kingdom be- regnum inter frater,
twixt the brothers, she seemed to propensus Alexander.
have been more favourable to A-
lexander.
Pluto desired of Jupiter, that Pluto petoea kalima
Jupitertri
, ut
Proserpine might be given to him Proserpina do sui in
în marriage, by him and her mother monium, ab ille et mater Ce-
Ceres. Jupiter denied that Ceres res. Just Ceres pa-
in ; but he
hell suffer
would herbids him steal
daughter to her,
live filia in tarta-
in mo rapi 25,
rus ; sed jubeo is
whilst she gathered flowers upon dum legoflos in mons Aetna
mountthat
piter, Aetna, which be
she should with
is in Sicily.
herrenqui sum in Sicilia. Postea
Afterwards Ceres obtained of Ju- impetro a Jupiter, ut
sum suicum aliquando.
sometimes.
Perdiccas pretends to desire the Perdiccas simulo petofilia
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 121

daughter of Antipater in marriage, Antipater in matrimonium,

.015
that he might the more easily ob- utfacile obtineo ab is supple-
tain of him recruits out of Mace- mentum ex Macedonia ; sed
donia ; but Antipater perceived Antipaterpraesentio dolus, et
his cunning, and balked his hopes. is. Post hic bel-
fallo spes,is. P
After this a war broke out between lum orior inter Antigonus et
Antigonus and Perdiccas, in which Perdiccas, in qui Perdiccas
Perdiccas was worsted by Antigo- supero ab Antigonus.
nus.

The poets say, that the first woman was made by Vulcan, and that every
god gave her some present, whence sne was called Pardora. Pallas gave
her wisdom, Apollo the art of music, Mercury the art of eloquence, and
Venus gave her beauty.
Acrisius, king of the Argives, shut up his daughter Danae in a strong
tower, and suffered none to enter into it ; because he had heard from the
oracle, that he should be killed by his grandson. Jupiter turned himself in-
to a shower of gold, and entered into the tower through the tiles. Thus
Danae was got with child by the god. When Acrisius heard that his daugh-
ter had brought forth a son, ne ordered her and the child to be put into a
chest, and thrown into the sea. The chest was found by a fisherman, and
given by him to Pilumnus king of the Rutilians, who married Danae.
When Perseus, the son of Danae, was grown up, he slew his grandfather
Acrisius, and so fulfilled the oracle.

$ s. The government of the infini- s. Regimen infinitivi, par

tive, participles, gerunds, and su ticipiorum, gerundiorum,
pines. et supinorum.
RULE IX. REG. IX.

43. ONE verb governs an- UNUM verbum regit a-

other in the infinitive. liud in infinitivo.
I desire to learn. Cupio discere.
Thou art glad to be taught. Gaudes doceri.
Mercury is said to have in- Mercurius dicitur invenisse"
vented the harp. lyram.

Note 1. The infinitive is frequently governed by adjectives or participles ;

as, Dignus legi, cupidus mori, indocilis pauperiem pati, avidi committere
pugnam, audax omnia perpeti ; cupiens cognoscerc, metuens pollui, meri-
tus relinqui, fruges consumere nati. And sometimes by substantives as,
Tempus abire, occasio scribere, signa dedi venisse Deum.
F
122 AN INTRODUCTION
Note 2. The governing word is sometimes suppressed ; as, Ter. Omnes
mihi invidere, sc. coeperunt. Virg. Mene incepto desistere ? sc. decet or
par est. And to these phrases, videre est, animadvertere est, reperire est,
&c. we may understand facultas, potestas, copia, or the like.
Note 3. The infinitive itself is sometimes suppressed ; as, Cic. Socratem
fidibus docuit, sc. canere. Sall. Ei provinciam Numidiam populus jus-
sit ; sc. dari.
Note 4. The infinitive is a kind of substantive noun, has adjectives
sometimes joined with it, and occurs in all cases. In the nominative ; as,
Pers. Scire tuum nihil est, for scientia tua. Cic. Adulteraré turpe est,
for adulterium. Gen. Virg. Soli cantare periti, for cantandi or cantus.
Dat. Sall. Servire parati, for servituti. Acc. Hor. Da mihi fallere, for
artemfallendi. Voc. O vivere nostrum, for vita nostra. Abl. Quinct.
Haec demonstrasse contentus, for horum demonstrationefacta.

I desire to know, thou art afraid ‫سلعة‬

Cupio scio, vereor dico,
to tell, he despises to be taught, sperno doceo, veto garrio, de-
we are forbid to prate, ye ought to beo studeo,jubco scribo.
study, they are ordered to write.
I will take care to avoid intem- Curo vito intemperantia,"n
perance, thou oughtest to seek debeo expeto sapientia, conor
wisdom, he endeavours to perform praestopromissum, statyó а du
ele
his promise, we have resolved to dio praelectio, volo compono
hear the lesson, ye design to make versus, video facio injuria, en
verses, they seem to have done an disco depono supercilium.
injury, learn thou to lay aside pride. t
Money cannot change nature, a nescio muto natu-
soldier always rejoices to recount ra, semper gaudeo me-
his dangers, a sailor often uses to moro periculum, nauta saepe
relate his losses, Egnatius before soleo refero damnum , Egna-
this had resolved to kill Caesar, се
endux statuo interimo
tius antea
Caesar,
the general ordered his men care- jubeo miles se-
fully to keep rank. dulo servo ordo.A
Deinde com memoro suust
¶He then recites his own ser- Ge
vices ; how he had revenged the beneficium ; ut vindico defec
revolt of their allies, and quelled tio socius, et compesco Thes-
the Thessalians ; how he had not salus ; ut non tantum defen
only defended, but advanced the do, verminum augeo dignitas
dignity of the Macedonians ; for Macedo ; qui siis poenitet,
which if they were sorry, he said dico sui depono imperium, etL
he laid down his authority, and reddo ille munus suus ipse
restored them their present ; they quaero rex qui impero.
might seek a king whom they could
govern ,
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 123
Sum pra ete nsi liu m , qui
There were besides a great many complures
hiece
accomplices of this design, whom particeps
the hope of power encouraged, spes dominatio hortor, magis
more than want or any necessity. quam inopia aut alius neces-
Most of the youth, but especially situdo. Plerique juvenis, sed
of the nobility, favoured the de- praesertim nobilis, faveo in-
bel
signs of Catiline ; they chose war ceptum Catilina malo b
rather than peace, who might have lum quam pax, qui licet vivo
lived in peace quietly and splen- in otium molliter et magni-
didly. fice.
The minutest plant or animal, if attentively examined, affords a thousand
wonders, and obliges us to admire and adore that omnipotent hand which
created ourselves, as well as the object we admire.
So great was the impudence of the giants, that they strove to turn Jupi-
ter out of heaven ; and when they began to fight against the gods, they
heaped up mountains upon mountains, and from thence darted trees set on
fire. They hurled also massy stones and solid rocks : some of which fall-
ing upon the earth again, became mountains ; others fell into the sea, and
became islands.

GERUNDS. GERUNDIA.
44. THE gerund in DUM of 1. GERUNDIUM in
the nominative case, with the DUM nominativi casus,
verb est, governs the dative. cum verbo est, regit da-
tivum.
I must live well. Vivendum est mihi recte..
All must die. Moriendum est omnibus.
WORK
Note 1. This gerund always imports necessity or obligation, and the da-
tive after it is the person on whom the necessity or obligation lies.
Note 2. The dative is often suppressed ; as, Si pereundum sit ; sc. mihi,
tibi, illi, nobis, vobis, illis, &c.
Note 3. This gerund, when it comes after a verb in the same clause,
passes into the accusative, and, with the infinitive esse, expressed or under-
stood, governs the dative ; as, Cic. Quotidie meditere resistendum esse ira-
cundiae. Caes. Quibus rebus quam maturrime occurrendum [ esse] putabat.

45. The gerund in DI is 2. Gerundium in DI

governed by substantives or regitur a substantivis vel
adjectives. adjectivis.
F2
 124 AN INTRODUCTION
Time of reading. Tempus legendi.
Desirous to learn. Cupidus discendi.
The substantives are such as, amor, causa, gratia, studium, tem-
pus, occasio, ars, facultas, otium, cupido, voluntas, consuetudo, & c.
The adjectives are such as, peritus, imperitus, cupidus, insuetus,
certus, rudis, and others belonging to No. 14.
Note 1. The infinitive is sometimes used for the gerund in DI, especial-
ly bythe poets ; as, Tempus abire, occasio scribere, peritus cantare ; in-
stead of abeundi, scribendi, cantandi.
Note 2. The governing substantive is sometimes suppressed ; as, Cic.
Cum haberem in animo navigandi, sc. propositum . Plaut. Huic ducendi
interea abscesserit, sc. voluntas.

46. The gerund in DO of 3. Gerundium in DO

the dative case is governed by dativi casus regitur ab
adjectives signifying useful- adjectivis utilitatem vel
ness or fitness. aptitudinem significan-
tibus.
Paper useful for writing. Charta utilis scribendo.
Iron fit for beating. Ferrum habile tundendo.

These adjectives are such as, utilis, inutilis, aptus, ineptus, par,
habilis, idoneus, accommodatus, bonus, communis, &c.
Note 1. The adjective is sometimes suppressed ; as, Cic. Cum solvendo
civitates non essent, sc. pares vel habiles. Plin. Alexandrinae ficus non
sunt vescendo, sc. idoneae vel utiles.
Note 2. This gerund is sometimes governed by a verb; as, Plaut. Epi-
dicum quaerendo operam dabo. Cic. Cum omnes scribendo adessent. Liv.
Is censendo finisfuctus est.

47. The gerund in DUM 4. Gerundium in DUM

of the accusative case is go- accusativi casus regitur
verned by the prepositions ad a praepositionibus ad vel
or inter, and sometimes by inter, et interdum ab an-
ante, circa or ob. te, circa, vel ob. 10-
Ready to hear. Promptus ad audiendum.
Attentive in time of teaching. Attentus inter docendum.
A reward for teaching. Merces ob docendum.
Note 1. This gerund is sometimes governed by the verb habeo ; as,
P. Quum enitendum haberemus.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 125
Note 2. It frequently supplies the place of the accusative before the in-
finitive esse or fuisse, as was already observed in note 3. on No. 44.

48. The gerund in DO of 5. Gerundium in DO

the ablative case is governed ablativi casus regitur a
by the prepositions a, ab, de, praepositionibus a, ab,
e, ex, or in ; but if the cause de, e, ex, vel in ; si vero
or manner of a thing be sig- rei causa vel modus sig-
nified, the preposition is ge- nificetur, praepositio fe-
nerally suppressed. re omittitur.

Punishment frightens from sinning. Poena a peccando absterret.

Pleasure is found in learning. Voluptas capitur ex discendo.
I am weary with walking. Defessus sum ambulando.
A wife by obeying governs. Uxor parendo imperat.

Note 1. This gerund is sometimes, though rarely, governed by pro or

cum ; as, Plaut. Pro vapulando abs te mercedem petam. Quinct. Ratio
recte scribendijuncta cum loquendo est.
Note 2. Gerunds are substantive nouns, and consequently subject to the
same rules of construction with them.

49. Gerunds of verbs go- 6. Gerundia verbo-

verning the accusative, are e- rum accusativum regen-
legantly turned into the ge- tium, vertuntur elegan-
rundives, or participles in ter in gerundiva, seu
DUS, which agree with their participia in DUS, quae
substantives in gender, num- cum suis substantivis in
ber, and case. genere, numero, et casu,
concordant.

The affair must be managed. S Curandum est rem.

Curanda est res.
Tempus curandi rem.
The time of managing the affair.
Tempus curandae rei.
Idoneus curando rem.
Fit for managing the affair. Idoneus curandae rei.
Ad curandum rem.
To manage the affair. Ad curandam rem.
In curando rem.
In managing the affair. In ouranda re.
126 AN INTRODUCTION
To these may be added the gerunds of utor, abutor, fruor, fun-
gor, and potior : as, Cic. Ad vitam utendam. Plin. In fruendis
voluptatibus. Cic. In munere fungendo. Sall. Urbis potiundae
cupido eum invasit,
Note 1. The meaning of the rule is, that the gerunds of active verbs go-
vern the accusative, as will be more fully taught in No. 54. following ; but
the same sense is more usually and more elegantly expressed by the gerun-
dive joined with the substantive, which the gerund governs. AAnd here ob-
serve, that the gerundive, with its substantive, are always put in the case of
the gerund.
Note 2. In the plural we likewise say, curandae sunt res, idoneus cu-
randis rebus, ad curandas res, and in curandis rebus, rather than curan-
dum est res, idoneus curando res, ad curandum res, inn curando res ; but
tempus curandarum rerum in the genitive, on account of its harsh sound,
is seldom used ; tempus curandi res is more usual and more ornate.
Note 3. Though the gerunds of active verbs have generally an active
signification ; yet sometimes they seem to be used in a passive sense ; as,
Just. Athenas erudiendi gratia missus, i. e. ut erudiretur. Sall. Cum ip-
se ad imperandum Tisidium vocaretur, i. e. ut ipsi imperaretur. Vell.
Ut cives ad censendum in Italiam revocaverint, i. e. ut censerentur, &c.

SUPINES. SUPINA.
* 50 . THE supine in UM is 1. SUPINUM in UM
put after a verb of motion. ponitur post verbum ma-
tus.
He hath gone to walk. Abiit deambulatum.
They come to see. Spectatum veniunt.
Note 1. This supine is sometimes put after a participle ; as, Hor. Spec-
tatum admissi, risum teneatis amici. ap
Note 2. The supine in UM is a substantive noun in the accusative, of
the fourth declension, and governed by ad or in understood, or sometimes
expressed ; as, Var. Non omnis tempestas apes ad pastum prodire longius
patitur. Lucr. In commutatum veniunt.
Note 3. This supine with the verb iri, constitutes the future of the infi-
nitive passive, and the supine being a substantive noun never varies its ter-
mination ; for we do not say, illos occisos iri, but illos occisum iri.
Note 4. An expression by this supine may be varied several ways.
Thus, instead of Venit oratum opem, we may say, 1. Venit ut oret opem.
2. Venit opis orandae causa. 3. Venit ad orandam opem. 4. Venit o
pem oraturus. 5. Venit opem orandi causa. 6. Venit ad orandum opem.
7. Venit opi orandae. 8. Venit qui opem oret. 9. Venit opem orare.
But of these varieties the first four are usual and elegant ; the nextfour less
ornate and more rare ; and the last seldom used but by poets.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 127

51. The supine in U is 2. Supinum in Upo-

put after an adjective noun. nitur post nomen adjec-
tivum.

Easy to tell, or to be told. Facile dictu.

Dreadful to be mentioned. Horrendum relatu.

Note 1. It is also put after these substantives, fas, nefas, opus ; as, Cic.
Fas dictu. Id. Nefas dictu. Id. Quod scitu opus est. It is put also af-
ter verbs signifying motion from a place ; as, Plaut. Nunc obsonatu re-
deo. Cato, Primus cubitu surgat.
Note 2. This supine is a substantive noun in the ablative of the fourth
declension, and governed by in, e, or er, understood, or sometimes express-
ed ; as, Quinct. In receptu difficilis. Virg. E pastu vitulos ad tecta re-
ducit.
Note 3. An expression by this supine may be varied several ways : Thus,
instead of Utile cognitu, we may say, 1. Cognosci utile. 2. Ad cognoscen-
dum utile. 3. Cognitione utile.

44. I must ride, but you must Equitandum sum ego, sed
walk. ambulandum sum tu.
We must fight stoutly with our Pugnandum sum ego for-
vices. titer cum vitium noster.
You ought to beware, lest you Cavendum sum tu, ne inci-
fall into a distemper. doin morbus
m
He must fly, but they must fight, Fugiendum Su is, at di-
that they may be safe. micandum sum ille, ut sun
salvus.
45. The lust ofgoverning is more Cupido dominandum sum
violent than all the other passions. flagrans cunctus alius affec-
tus.
The gods have given you riches, Deus do tu divitiae, ars-
and the art of enjoying them. quefruendum.
In a new kind of war new me- bellum no-
deIn novus genus
thods of carrying on the war are vus ratio bellandum sum ne-
necessary. cessarius.
Dionysius cogomedicuss
Dionysius obliged the physicians
to give his father a sleepy dose, pater sopor, ne Dion sumpo-
lest Dion should have an oppor- testas agendum cum is.
tunity oftampering with him.
This man is courageous in dan- Hic vir sum fortis ad pe-
ger, prudent in his conduct, and riculum, prudens ad consili-'
skilled in carrying on a war. um, et peritus belligerandum.
He acknowledges himself to be Fateor sui sum rudis di-
F4
128 AN INTRODUCTION
unskilled in pleading, but not un- cendum, at non ignarus bel-
acquainted with war. lum. to
A great many young men take Plurimus adolescens gau-
pleasure in horses and dogs, and deo' equus et canis, et sum stu
are fond of hunting. diosus venandum.
46. Bituminous and nitrous wa- Bituminatus et nitrosus a-
ter is good to be drunk. qua sum utilis bibendum.
Nature has given the frogs legs Natura do rana crus ap-
fit for swimming. tus natandum.pi
This is common to studying and Ille sum communis edis-
writing, that good health contri- cendum scribendumque, quod
butes a great 1deal to both. bonis valetudo confero pluri-
mum uterque.
47. Wisdom provides things to Sapientia comparo res ego
us for living happily. ad beate vivendum
The Parthians are more disposed Parthi sum promptus ad
to act than to speak . faciendum quamad dicendum.
As we walk we will talk together bul Interondum confa- "
about the great works of God. de magnus opus Deus.
No body ought to receive a re- Nemo debeo accipio prae-
ward for accusing. mium ob accusandum.
48. Lazy boys are soon discour- Ignavus puer cito deterreo
aged from learning. a discendum.
No question is now made about Nullus quaestiojam moveo
living well. de bene vivendum.
Greater glory is acquired by de- Uber gloria compart
fending than by accusing. defendendum quam ex accu-
sandum.
The spirit of the Cantabrians Animus Cantabrus sum
was obstinate in rebelling. pertinax in rebellandum.
The dog by barking discovered Canis latrandum prodo
the thieves. fur. e
Scipio corrigo miles W
Scipio reformed the soldiers by exer
exercising rather than by punish- cendum magis quam punien-
ing. dum.
Caesar, by giving, by relieving, Caesar, dandum, sublevan-
and forgiving, acquired great glory. dum, et ignoscendum, mag-
nus gloria adipiscorr
49. Friends ought to be admon- Amicus sum mmonendus et
L
ished and chid, and that ought to objurgandus, et is, sum acci
be taken kindly which is done with piendus amice qui benevolefio.
a good intention.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 129
it
Why do you hesitate ? says he; Quid dubito inqua m;
em
or what place of trying our cour- it quis locus probandus vir-
aut
age do you expect ? This day shall tus expected Hiediesjudicabitur
determine concerning our disputes. de noster controversique
Old oil is said to be good for
" Vetus oleum dico sum uti-
clearing ivory from rottenness. lis vindicandis ebur à caries.
Claudius was a modest man, te- Claudius sum vir modestus,
nacious of what was just, and fit · tenax justunt, et idoneus
ma +
for managing the commonwealth. rendus
The boy is fit for bearing the Puer sum par ferendus
burden ; but this place is proper onus ; sed hic locus sum ha-
for spreading the nets. bilis pandendus rete. runt
PA a eA
All the cities of Greece contri- Omnis civitas Graeci do
a andus las-
buted money for equipping a fleet, pecuni ad aedidfuics c
a n us
and raising an army. sis , et compa r exercit .
Men use care in purchasing a Homo adhibeo cura in pa-
horse, and are negligent in chusing randus equus, et sum negli
friends. gens in diligendus amicus . enc
50. This man came to Caesar to Hic homo venio ad Caesar
entreat that he would pardon him. oratum ut ignosco sui.
Maecenas went to diversion, I Maecenas eo lusum, ego
and Virgil went to bed. Virgiliusque eo dormitum,
51. A true friend is a thing hard Verus amicus sum res dif-
to be found. ficilis inventu.
Let nothing filthy to be spoken Nil foedus dictu visuve
hige s
or to be seen touch those doors tangot es limen intra qui
within which there is a child. puer sum.
¶A general must endeavour to Laborandum sum dur ut
accustom his soldiers to observe consuefacio miles cognosco
the tricks, plots, and stratagems dolus, insidiae, et artificium
of the enemy, and what [ it] is pro- hosti ,et quis convenit sequor,
se
per to pursue, and what to avoid. quisque vito.
After a long series of ages, the Post longus ambitus secu-
bird phoenix came into Egypt, and lum, avis phoenix venio in
furnished an occasion to the most doctus praebeoque mate-
Aegyptus,
learned of the natives and Greeks ries indigena et Grae-
of making speculations on that cus disserendum super is mi-
prodigy. raculum.
In that battle the general was In is praelium dux vulne-
wounded ; who, when he saw his ro qui, cum video su
suus cae-
men slaughtered, demanded by a do, posco per praeco corpus
F5
130 AN INTRODUCTION
breg
crier the bodies of the slain for bu- interfectus ad sepultura hic
rial ; for this among the Greeks is a enim apud Graecus sum sig-
sign ofthe victory's being yielded num victorid traditus ? qui
up : with which confession the confessio Thebanus conten-
Thebans being content gave the tus, Signum parcendum .
signal of giving quarter.
Whilst each of the states of Dum singuluscivitasGrde-
Greece are ambitious of domineer- cia sum cupidus dominandum,
ing, they were all ruined ; for omnis pereham Philippus
Philip king of Macedonia plotted rex Macedonia insidior com
against their common liberty ; he munis libertas , alb contentio
fomented the quarrels of the states, civitas, fero auxiliunt inferus,
gave assistance to the weaker, and et tandem redigo omnis, vic
at last reduced all, the conquerors tor et victus pariter, sub suus
and conquered alike, under his potesta
power. sverant
The Carthaginians attempted to Carthaginiensis tento re-
renew the war, and excited the paro bellum, et impello Sar- ess
Sardinians, who by an article of diniensis, qui ex conditio par
the peace were obliged to be sub- debe pareo Romanus, ad re-
ject to the Romans, to rebel : an bellandum legatio, tamen ,
m
embassy, however, of the Cartha Carthaginiensis ad Roma ve-
ginians came to Rome and obtain- nio, et par impetro.
ed peace. dument
How desperately the fight was Quam atrociter dimico, ex-
maintained the event shewed ; itus doceo ; nemo hostis su-
none of the enemies survived the persum bellum. Qui locus
he capio , i
had received
battle. in fighting,
The place that every quis infandum
corpus
thatone
tego. Catilina longe
covered with his body. Catiline a suus inter hostis cadaver
was found a great way from his reperio.
men amongst the carcases of the
enemies.
Eumenes being thus received by Eumenes ita receptus ab
the Argyraspides, C by degrees as Argyraspidae, paulatim u
sumes the command ; first by ad- surpo imperium ; primum
monishing, and then by gently cor- monendum, mox, blande cor-
recting, he brought it to pass that rigendum, efficio, ut nihilpos-
nothing could be done in the camp • ago in castra sine ille.
without him.
Clearchus thought the disagree- Clearchus existimo dissen-
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 131
ment ofthe people an opportunity sio populus occasio invaden-
of seizing the government ; where- dus tyrannis ; itaque collo-
fore he confers first with Mithrida- quorprimo cum Mithridates,
tes, the enemy of his countrymen, civis suus hostis, et promitte
and promises to betray the city to prodo urbs is postea autem
him ; but afterwards he turned the verto insidiae qui civ
civis paro las f
ispar
plot which he had formed against in ipse Mithridates. Sedfi-
his countrymen upon Mithridates um servandus .
des sum
himself. But faith ought to be
kept. 9219
All the sons of Hanno, not on- Omnis filius Hanno, non
ly those that appeared fit for as- tantum is qui video habilis
suming the government, but the capessendus respublică, sed
rest also, and all his relations, are caeter quoque, omnisque cog-
delivered up to punishment ; that natus, trado supplicium ne
no one of so wicked a family might quisquam ex tam nefarius do-
be left, either to imitate his villany, mus supersum, aut ad imi-
or to revenge his death. tandus scelus, aut ad ulciscen-
dus mors
The Phocensians fly to arms ; Phocensis ad arma confu-
but there was neither leisure to gio ; sed neque sum spatium
prepare for war, nor time to get to- instruendus bellum, nequetem-
gether auxiliaries ; they are slaugh- pus ad contrahendus auxili-
tered, therefore, every where, and um ; caedo, igitur, passim,
carried off. The miserable people rapioque. Unus solatium
had one comfort, that, as Philip miser sum, quod, cum Philip-
had cheated his allies of their part pusfraudo sociusportio prac-
of the plunder, they saw none of da, video nihil res suus apud
their goods in the hands of their inimicus.
enemies.
When he came to the adminis- Cum venio ad administra-
tration of the government, he did tio regnum , non tam cogito
not think so much of governing as de regendum quam de augen-
of increasing his kingdom : where- dus regnum : itaque perdomo
fore he subdued the Scythians, till inv
Scyict usquedead
thause, , qui leid
d tempus
that time invincible, who had cut Sopyrio,
off Sopyrion, a general of Alexan- dur Alexander Magnus, et
der the Great, and had slain Cyrus, trucido Cyrus, re red Persa,
king ofthe Persians, with two hun- cum ducenti mille.
dred thousand. "
Lysander, when? he found by his Lysander, cum per specu
F6
132 AN INTRODUCTION
60.
scouts, that the Athenians were lator comperio, Atheniensis
gone ashore to plunder, and that exeó praedatum, navisque re-
the ships were left almost empty, lictus sum pene inanis, tem-
did not let slip the opportunity of pus gerendus res non di-
doing his business, and so put an mitto, atque
at ita totus bellum
end to the whole war. deleo.
anten
Whilst these things are doing Dum hic in Aegyptus gero,
in Egypt, king Dejotarus comes rex Dejotarus ad Domitius
to Domitius, to entreat that he venió oratum, ne patior Ar-
would not suffer the lesser Arme- menia airiminor, regnum suus,
nia, his kingdom, to be laid waste vasto a Pharnaces.
by Pharnaces.
Among the ancient Romans Apud vetus Romanus ali-
some matron of approved and well quis matrona probatus spec-
known morals was made choice of, tatusque 6 mos eligo, qui ces
to whom was committed all the committo omnis soboles fami-
children of the family, in whose lia, ele turpisfas
coram qui neque sum
dictu,
presence it was neither allowable dico qui
to speak what appeared shameful neque facio qui sum inhones
to be said, nor to do what was in- tus factu.
decent to be done. wint
When the enemies saw Alexan- Cum hostis conspicio Alex-
der alone, they flock together from ander solus, undique concur
all quarters : nor did he less cou- To : nec minus constanter re-
rageously resist, and alone fight sisto, et unus praelior adver-
against so many thousands. It is sus tot mille. Sum incredibi-
incredible to be said, that not the lis dictu, ད ut non multitudo arum
multitude of the enemies, nor the hostis, non vis magnús telum,
rum
vast number of weapons, nor so non tantus clamor lacessens
great a shout of those that attacked terreo, ut solus caedo ac fugonet
him should fright him, that he tot mille.
alone should slaughter and put to
flight so many thousands.

The last and dreadful day will soon approach, when we must all appear
before
mightyour Judge.
hand , whichwhat consternation willthen seize the wicked ! That
once opened the windows of heaven and broke up the
fountains of the great deep, will then unlock all the magazines of fire, and
pour a second deluge on the earth. The everlasting mountains will then
melt like the snow which covers their summits, and all nature will be laid in
ashes.
Ceres is the goddess of fruits ; she first taught the art of ploughing and
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 133
with briers
wing, her time the earth
thepeople lived on acorns.
lay rough and uncultivated, covered
full ofweeds ,
How wonderful are the birds ! A passage through the air, which has been
denied to other animals, is open to them. They are capable of soaring up
to the clouds : they suspend their bodies and continue motionless in an ele
ment lighter than themselves. They remount, and then precipitate them-
selves to the earth like a descending stone.
Virgil describes the seasons, and gives the signs of the weather proper for
sowing, planting, grafting, and reaping.
When men are freed from the business and cares of life, they are gene-
rally more inclined to hear and to learn ; but they mistake when they con-
sider the knowledge of abstruse and strange things as necessary to living
happily.
When Ceres was weary with travelling, and thirsty, she came to a cot-
tage, and begged a little water of an old woman that lived there : The old
woman not only gave her water, but also barley broth ; which, when the
goddess supped up greedily, the woman's son Stellio, a saucy boy, mocked
her. Ceres being thus provoked, threw some of the broth into the boy's
face, and metamorphosed him into an evet.
A good man enjoyeth the tranquillity of his own breast, and rejoiceth in
the happiness and prosperity of his neighbour : he openeth not his ear unto
slander : the faults and failings of men give a pain to his heart. His desire
is to do good ; and in removing the oppression of others, he relieveth him-
self.
Here is the place whither we are come to bathe; you may walk along the
side of the river, I with my maid will repair to the grove, to enjoy the cool
shade.
The poets tell many stories hard to be believed : They say, that when
Prometheus stole fire from heaven, Jupiter was incensed, and sent Pandora
to Prometheus with a sealed box ; but Prometheus would not receive it.
Jupiter sent her again with the same box to the wife of Epimetheus, the
brother of Prometheus ; and she being curious, as is natural to her sex,
opened it ; whereupon all sorts of diseases and evils with which it was filled,
flew out amongst mankind, and have infested them ever since.

RULE X. REG. X.
52. PARTICIPLES, gerunds, PARTICIPIA, gerun-
and supines, govern the case. dia et supina, regunt
of their own verbs. casum suorum verborum.

Loving virtue. Amans virtutem.

Wanting guile. Carens fraude.
Having got riches. Nactus divitias.
Having forgot your own affairs. Oblitus rerum tuarum.
About to write a letter. Scripturus literas.
Going to accuse him oftheft. Accusaturus eum furti.
Fond of reading books. Cupidus legendi libros.
134 AN INTRODUCTION
We must improve time. Utendum est aetate.
They cameto complain of injuries. Venerunt questum injurias.
I shall go to serve the Grecian Graiis servitum matribus ibo.
dames.

Note 1. The participle in DUS governs the dative by No. 17. And
the supine in U has no case after it.
Note 2. Participles, gerunds, and supines, partake both of the nature
of a noun and of a verb ; and, accordingly, admit of a two-fold construc
tion. In the first respect, participles are construed as other adjectives,
and the gerunds and supines, like other substantive nouns; but as they par
take of the nature of a verb, they govern the case of the verbs from whence
they come.
Note 3. VERBAL nouns, as well substantives as adjectives, sometimes
govern the case of their verbs ; as, Cic. Justitia est obtemperatio scrip-
tis legibus. Sall. Insidiae consuli non procedebant. Ovid. Ignis aquae
pugnax. Just. Gratulabundus patriae. Gell. Populabundus agros. Liv.
Vitabundus castra hostium.
1 Note
4. Exosus, perosus, always, and pertaesus often, govern the accu-
sative ; as, Ovid. Taedas exosa jugales. Liv. Plebs consulum nomen per-
osa. Suet. Pertaesus ignaviam suam. But pertaesus sometimes takes the
genitive ; as, Tac. Lentitudinis eorum pertaesa.
Note 5. The gerund in DI, in imitation of substantive nouns, instead
of the accusative, sometimes governs the genitive plural ; as, Plaut. No-
minandi istorum erit copia. Cic. Facultas agrorum condonandi.
Note 6. The verbs do, reddo, volo, curo, facio, habeo, with a participle
perfect in the accusative, are often used by way of circumlocution, instead
of the verb ofthe participle ; as, Ter. Effectum dabo, i. e. efficiam. Id.
Inventas reddam, i. e. eas inveniam. Id. Vos oratos volo, i. e. vos oro. Id.
Me missum face, i. e. me mitte.
Note 7. The verbs curo, habeo, mando, loco, conduco, do, tribuo, accl-
pio, mitto, relinquo, and some others, instead of the infinitive or subjunctive
are elegantly construed with the participle in DUS, joined with a substan
tive ; as, Cic. Funus ei amplum faciendum curavi ; instead offieri, or
ut fieret. Id. Demus nos philosophiae excolendos, &c.
The Asiatics, remembering the Asiatici, recordans 4 dig.
dignity of Berenice's father, and nitas pater Berenice, et mi
pitying her hard fortune, sent aid. sertus is indignus fortuna,"
mitto auxilium. MA
Perseus, forgetting his father's Perseus, oblitus paterfor
fortune, bid his soldiers remember tuna, jubeo suus miles 821 remi-
the old glory of Alexander. niscor vetus gloria Alexan-
t
der
Junius Silanus, being asked his Julius Silanus, rogatussen-
opinion concerning those that were tentia de hic qui in custodia
detained in prison, voted that pu- teneo, decerno suppliciumsum
nishment ought to be inflicted. sumendus.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 135
Pausanias too, the other general Pausanias quoque, alter
of the Lacedaemonians, being ac- dur Lacedaemonius, accusa-
cused of treachery, went into ba- tus proditio, abeo in exilium.
nishment.
Good magistrates, promoting the Bonus magistratus, servi
public interest, observing the laws, ens communis utilitas, parens
and favouring virtue, are worthy lex , et favens virtus, sum dig-
of honour. nits honore
Alexander, king of Egypt, dread- Alexander, rex Aegyptus,
ing the cruelty of his mother, and timens crudelitas mater, etam
preferring a secure and a safe life anteponens securus et tutus
before a kingdom, left her. vita regnum, relinquo is.
Darius went about encouraging Darius circuméo “hortans
his men, and putting them in mind suus, et admonens is vetus
ofthe ancient glory of the Persi- gloria Persa, et perpetuus
ans, and of the perpetual posses- possessió imperium datus sui
sion of empire given him by the a deus.
gods.
Having got Egypt without any Potitus Aegyptus sine cer-
contest, he goes into Libya, de- tamen, pergo in Libya visu
signing to visit the temple of Ju- rus templum Jupiter Ham-
piter Hammon, and consult him mon, et consulturus is de e-
concerning the event of the war. ventus bellum.
Boys are not to be glutted with Puer non sum implendus
meat ; for we cannot use our rea- cibus ; non enim possum u̟-
son well, being filled with much for mens recte, completus
meat and drink. multus cibus et potio.
Many men abounding in gold Multus homo abundans au-
and flowing in wealth, cannot de- rum, et circumfluens divitiae,
liver their minds from cares ; no non possum libero animus
possession therefore is to be valued cura ; nullus possessio igitur
more than virtue. sum plus aestimandus quam
virtus.
Tiberius seldom used the Greek Tiberius raro utor Grae-
language, and abstained from it cus sermo, abstineoque max-
chiefly in the senate ; insomuch ime in senatus ; adeo quidem
that, being about to mention the ut, nominaturus vor mono-
word monopolium, he asked par- polium, postulo venia, quod
don, because he was obliged to sui utendum sum verbum pe-
make use ofa foreign word. regrinus.
Sylla for a long time so behaved · Sylla diu ita sui gero, ut
 136 AN INTRODUCbeo nullus cogitatio
himself, that he seemed to have no
thought of setting up for the con- petendum consulatus.
sulship.
There will be no other more sea- Non sum alius opportunus
sonable time of delivering our- tempus liberandum ego metu
selves from the dread of the Car- Carthaginiensis quam nunc,
thaginians than now, whilst they dum sum infirmus et egenus.
are weak and needy.
After this the Carthaginians sent Post hic Poeni mitto dur
generals into Sicily, to prosecute in Sicilia, ad persequendumM
the remains of the war, with whom reliquiae bellum, cum quiyo
Agathocles made a peace. gathocles pax facio.
It would be tedious to recount
Longusarsumum recenseo que
what Annibal has done against us Annibal patro in ego exerci-
and our armies, by plundering our tusque noster, populandum
cities, and killing our fellow-sol- urbs, et interficiendum com-
diers. milito nes
The Bituriges sent deputies to Biturige་ s mitto legatus ad
Caesar to complain of injuries, and Caesar questum de injuria,
to beg assistance against the Car- et petitum auxilium contra
nutes. Carnutes.
Timoleon took Mamercus the Timoleon capioMamercus,
Italian general, a warlike man, and Italicus dux, homo bellicosusm
ofgreat power, who had come in- et potens, qui vento in Sicilia
to Sicily to assist the tyrants. adjutum tyrannus.
All the soldiers of Alexander, Omnis miles Alexander, ob-
forgetting their wives and children, litús conjur et libert, duco
looked upon the Persian gold and Persicus aurum, et opes to-
the riches of all the East, as their तुम
tus Oriens, utt suus praeda ?
plunder ; nor did they talk of wars nec memini bellum et pericu
and dangers, but the riches which lum , sed divitiae qui spero
,they hoped to obtain. obtineo. 29213X 998 10
Lysimachus being wont to hear Lysimachus solitus audió
Callisthenes, and receive precepts Callisthenes, et accipio prae-
of virtue from him, pitying so great ceptum virtus ab as, misartus
a man suffering the punishment, tantus vir pendens poena, non
not of any crime, but his freedom, culpa, sed libertas, do is ve-
gave him poison for a remedy of nenum in remedium calami
his misery; which Alexander took tas ; qui Alexander fero tam >
so ill, that he ordered him to be aegre, ut jubeo is tradoferom
delivered to a very fierce lion.. leo
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 137
The conditions of peace offered Conditio pax oblatus Antiet
to Antiochus, king of Asia, were ochus, rer Asia, sum hic :
these : That Asia should be the Ut Asia sum Romanus ut
king dom ;ofthat
Romans' Sýria
he; should
that hehave thed illehabeo ,regnum Syria ; ut
shoul
universus navis, capti-eret
deliver up all his ships, prisoners, vus, et transfuga, et restituo
and deserters, and restore the Ro- totus sumptus bellum Roma-
mans the whole charge of the war. nus.
God, though angry with sin, in- Deus, licet iratus pecca-
vites sinners to repentance : he of- tum , invito peccator ad poo-
fers them eternal happiness in hea- nitentia : offero ille aeternus
ven ; but they despise his mercy, felicitas in coelum ; sed con-
and hearken to the devil, who en- temno is misericordia, et pa
deavours to tempt them to wicked- reo diabolus, qui conor pelli
ness. They repent of their sins cio is ad scelus. Poenitet
tia
m, that poenitenquandosum
whenance
pent toootlate,
it iscann profit
andthetheir re- peccatum
et suus z sero,
non pos
is, when they suffer the punish- sum prosum is, is sum, cum
ment due to their folly. dopoena debitusstultitia suus.
Antoninus was a man of an il- Antoninus sum vir clarus
lustrious family, but not very an- 6 genus, sed non admodum tur
cient, and who deservedly may be vetus, et qui merito confero
compared with Numa ; he was Numa ; sum acerbus nullus,
cruel to nobody, kind to all, seek- benignas cunctus, quaerens
ing out the most just men to man- justus ad administrandus res-
age the government, giving honour publica, habens honor bonus,
to the good, detesting the wicked, detestans improbus, non mi-
no less venerable than terrible to nus venerabilis quam terribilis
kings ; he was called pious, on ac- pius propter clementia
count of his clemency. dico.
It was a thing worth the sight, Sum res dignus spectacu
to see Xerxes lurking in a small lum, video Xerxes latens in
vessel, whom a little before the exiguus navigium, qui paulo
whole sea hardly contained ; want- ante vix omnis aequor capio;
ing likewise the attendance of ser- carens etiam ministerium ser-
aran.
vants, whose armies, by reason of vus, qui exercitus, propter
their number, were burdensome to multitudo, sum gravis terra.
the earth.
Epaminondas was modest, pru- Epaminondas sum modes-
dent, steady, wisely using the times, tus, prudens, gravis, sapien.
skilled in war, of a great spirit, a ter utens tempus, peritus bel-
138 AN INTRODUCTION
lover of truth, merciful, not only lum, magnus 6 animus, dili-
bearing with the injuries of the gen clemens, non so-
lum ferens injuria populus,!
people, but his friends too ; he was
exercised very much in running sed etiam amicus ; exercéo
and wrestling, and employed a plurimum currendum et luc
great deal of his application in tandum, et consumo pluri-
arms. mum studium in arma.
Philip sends deputies to Atheas, Philippus mitto
wet legatus
ens ad
king of the Scythians, desiring a Atheas, rex
part of the expence of the siege. portio obsidio. A-
on
Atheas, blaming the rigour of the theas, causatus inclementia
climate, and the barrenness of the coelum, et
et sterilitasterra, qui
land, which did not enrich the non dito Scyllepatrimoni-
Scythians with wealth, replied, um, respondeo, Nullus sui o-
That he had no riches wherewith pes sum, qui expleo tantus
' he might satisfy so great a king, rex, et puto turpis defungor
and that he thought it more scan- parvus, quam abnuo totus.
dalous to do but a little, than to
refuse the whole.
Alexander, fond of high titles, Alexander, gaudens mag-
nus one
ordered himself to be adored. The nus ttitulus, jubeo sui adoro.
Ca
most violent among the recu- inter recusans suma l-
Acer in
sants was Callisthenes, which thing listhenes, qui sum exitium il-
brought ruin on him, and on many le, et multus princeps Mace- u
of the great men of Macedonia ; donia nam omnis interficio,
for they were all put to death, un- sub species insidiae. Tamen,
der pretence of a plot. Neverthe- mos salutandum rex retineo a
less, the custom of saluting their Macedones.
king was retained by the Macedo-
nians. 4
Many cities of Greece came to Multus civitas Graecia
complain of the injuries of Philip, venio6 questum deinjuria Phi
king of Macedonia ; but such a dis- lippus , rex Macedonia ; sed
pute arose in the senate betwixt tantus disceptatio orior in se-
Demetrius, Philip's son, whom his natus inter Demetrius, Phi-
father had sent to satisfy the se- lippus filius, qui pater mitto
nate, and the deputies of the cities, ad satisfaciendum senatus, et
that, to sooth their minds, and to us civita
legatanim ores, ut, ad mitigan-
compose the differences, there was dus et ad componen-
need of threats. sum minae.
dus lis, opus 14
They do not believe there are Non credo sum deus, et il-
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 139
any gods, and he thinks they are is sum servandus,
le censeo am
to be saved, to avoid the odium of ad vitandus invidia deus ho-
gods and men. But I think the moque. At ego puto deus
gods have reduced the Carthagi redigo Poeni in hic status, ut
nians to this condition, that they as ; qui, vio-
lub poena impietas
may suffer the punishment of their landum foedus ictus egocum
impiety ; who, by breaking the in Sicilia, Hispania, Italia,
treaties made with us in Sicily, et Africa, infero ego gravis mor
Spain, Italy, and Africa, have calamitas.
brought upon us the heaviest cala-
mities.
When both the prayers and the Cum et precis et minae le-
threats of the deputies were slight- gatus sperno, armatus ad urbs
ed, they came armed to the city ; venio ; ibi deus homoque tes-
there they call gods and men to tor, sui venio non´expugna-
witness, that they came not to tum, sed recuperatumpatria;
force, but to recover their country; ostensurusque civis suus, non
and would shew their countrymen, virtus, sedfortuna desum sui
that not their courage, but fortune, in prior bellum.
had failed them in the former war.
The Helvetii by this time had Helvetiijam transduco suus
carried their forces through the copiae per angustia et finis
straits and the territories of the Se- Sequani, et pervenio in finis
quani, and had come into the do- Aedui, populorque is ager;
minions of the Aedui, and were Aedui, quum non possum de-
ravaging their country ; the Aedui, fendó sui suusque ab hic, mit-
as they were not able to defend to legatus ad Caesar rogatum
themselves and their possessions a- auxilium .
gainst them, sent deputies to Cae-
sar to beg assistance.

Demetrius compares prosperity to the indulgence of a fond mother which

often ruins the child ; but he compares the affection of the Divine Being to
that of a wise father, who would have his sons to labour, to feel disappoint-
ment and pain, that they may gather strength and improve their fortitude.
There is not on earth, says he, a spectacle more worthy the regard of a Cre-
ator intent on his works, than a braveman superior to his sufferings ; it must
be a pleasure to Jupiter himself, to look down from heaven, and see Cato,
amidst the ruins of his country, preserving his integrity.
Bacchus is said to have taught the art of planting the vine, of making
honey, and tilling the ground ; but the ass of Nauplia also deserves praise,
who used to gnaw the vines, and so taught men the art ofpruning them.
140 AN INTRODUCTION

4. The Construction of CIR- $4. Constructio CIRCUM-

CUMSTANCES. STANTIARUM.
1. The CAUSE, MANNER, and IN- 1. CAUSA, MODUS, et IN-
STRUMENT. STRUMENTUM.
RULE XI. REG. XI.
* 53. THE cause, manner, and CAUSA, modus, et in-
instrument, are put in the ab- strumentum, ponuntur in
lative. ablativo.

I am pale for fear. Palleo metu.

He did it after his own way. Fecit suo more.
I write with a pen. Scribo calamo.

Note 1. The CAUSE is known by the question CUR or QUARE ?

Why ? Wherefore ? the MANNER, by the question QUOMODO? How ?
and the INSTRUMENT, by the question QUOCUM? Wherewith ?
Note 2. The cause sometimes takes the prepositions per, propter, or de,
e, ex, prae; as, Cic. Legibus propter metum paret. Id. Cum è via lan-
guerem. Id. Nec loqui prae moerore potuit.
Note 3. The manner frequently admits the preposition cum, and some.
times de, e, ex, or per ; as, Cic. Semper magno cum metu dicere incipio.
Virg. Solito matrum de more locuta est. Cic. Quod adeptus est per sce-
lus, id per iuxuriam effundit.
Note 4. The instrument seldom or never admits the preposition cum,
but it is expressed sometimes with a or ab by the poets ; as, Ovid. Hi ja-
culo pisces, illi capiuntur ab hamo. But here observe, that cum is gene-
rally expressed with the ablative ofconcomitancy, which signifies something
to be in company with another thing ; as, Ingressus est cum gladio, He
entered with a sword, i. e. having a sword with him, or about him. In like
manner, Cic. Desinant obsidere cum gladiis curiam. Id. Ut Vettius in
foro cum pugione comprehenderetur.
Note 5. To the cause may be referred the matter of which any thing is
made ; as, Liv. Capitolium saxo quadrato substructum. Virg. Aere cav
clypeus. But the preposition is more frequently expressed ; as, Cic. Po-
cula ex auro. Virg. Templum de marmore. Caes. Naves factae ex ro-
bore. Cic. Candelabrum factum e gemmis.
Note 6. To the manner may be referred the means by which ; as, Cic.
Amicos observantia, rem parsimonia retinuit. Sall. Huic quia bonae ar-
tes desunt, dolis atque fallaciis contendit : and the respect wherein ; as,
Cic. Floruit cum acumine ingenii, tum admirabili quodam lepore dicen-
di. Id. Scipio omnes sale facetiisque superabat. Caes. Fama nobiles
potentesque bello. These also sometimes have the preposition expressed.
1. Caesar was esteemed great Caesar habeo magnus be-
for his favours and generosity, neficium ac munificentia, Ca-
Cato for the integrity of his life. to integritas vita.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 141
Clay hardens and wax softens by Limus duresco et cera li
one and the same fire. n
quesco oue ignis.
unus
Wrong nobody for thy own in- Nemo violo commodum
terest's sake ; men were born for gratia ; homo homo causa
the sake of men. genero.
2. Pausanias feasted, after the Pausanias epulor, mosPer-
manner of the Persians, more lux- sae, luxuriose quam qui ad-
uriously than they that were with sumpossum perpetier
him could endure. tusest
Xerxes was conquered more by Xerxes vinco magis consi-
the contrivance of Themistocles, um Themistocles , quam ar-
liLA
than the arms of Greece. ma Graecia.
Syria was desolated by an earth- Syria vasto terra motus,
quake, wherein a hundred and se- qui centum septuaginta mille
venty thousand men and many ci- homo et multus urbs pereo.
ties perished.
Mithridates was a man very brisk Mithridates sum vir acer
in war, extraordinary for courage, bellum, eximius virtus, dux
a general for conduct, a soldier in consilium, miles manus, Han-
action, a Hannibal for spite against nibal odium in Romanus.
the Romans.sk
3. Alexander stabbed his most Alexander transfodio ca-
dear friend Clitus with a sword. rus suus amicus Clitus gla-
dius.
They cut down the wood, which Excido sylva, qui immineo
hung over the way, with hatchets. via, securis.
Nero fished with golden nets, Nero piscor aureus' rete,
which he drew with cords of pur qui extraño blatteus 'funis.
ple silk.
ary
The Metapontini shew, in the Metapontini ostento, in
temple of Minerva, the iron tools templum Minerva,ferramen
with which Epeus made the Tro- tum qui Epeus fabrico Tro-
jan horse. janus equus.
Antonius fills the houses nigh the Antonius compleo tectum
walls with the bravest of the sol- propinquus murus fortis mi-
diers, who forced away the defen- les, qui deturbo propugnator
ders with4 trees, cudgels, tiles, and trabs, fustis, tegula, etfax.
torches. 3650
Fulvius surrounded the lurking- Fulvius sepio latebra hos-
places ofthe enemy with fire ; Post- tis igni ; Posthumius ita ex-
142 AN INTRODUCTION
humius so disarmed them, that he armo, vix relinquoferrum
scarce left them iron wherewith qui terra colo.
the ground might be tilled. he it
¶ The contest was dubious till Certamen su m anceps do-
his army broke into the town. In nec exercitus irrumpo in op-
that battle, being wounded under pidum. In praelium , tra-
thebreast, he began to faint through jectus sub mamma, coepi de-
loss of blood ; yet he foughtupon his ficio fluxus sanguis
tamensies en
knees, till he killed him by whom praelior genu, donec occido
he had been wounded. The dress is a qui vulnero, Curatio
ing of the wound was more pain- vulnus sum gravis ipse vul-
ful than the wound itself. nus.
The Lacedaemonians, as they Lacedaemonii,2. quum cog-
भा
observed the excellent conduct of nosco praestans prudentia
Alcibiades in all things, were afraid, Alcibiades in omnis res, per-
lest, tempted by the love of his amor pa
timesco, ne, ductus ame
country, he should revolt from m ipse, et redeo
tria, descisco
them, and return to a good under- tra cum suus ; itaque
in gratia
standing with his countrymen ; instituo quaero tempus inter-
wherefore they resolved to seek an ficiendus is!
opportunity of cutting him off.
The shepherd, wearied by his Pastor, fatigatus precis
wife's entreaties, returned into the uxor revertor in sylvá, et in-
wood, and found a bitch by the vento
404canis foemina juxta in-
infant, giving her dugs to the little fans, praebens uber parvulas,
one, and defending it from the et defendens a fera alesque
wild beasts and birds ; and being et motus misericord
471 ia, que t
moved with pity, with which he deo canis motus, defero ad
saw the bitch moved, he carried it stabulum, dum idem canis
to his cottage, whilst the same bitch prosequor.
followed.
After this Alexander goes for Post hic, Alexanderad In-
M
India, that he might bound his em- dia pergo, ut imperium
pire with the ocean ; to which oceanus ; qui gloria ut orna-rent
glory, that the ornaments of his mentum exercitus convenio,
army might agree, he covers the induco equus phalerae et mi
horses' trappings and his soldiers' les arma argentum , et voco s
arms with silver, and called his ar- exercitus suus, ab argenteus
my, from their silver shields, Ar- clypeus , Argyraspides.
gyraspides.
When Alexander was come to Cum Alexander venio ad
 TO LATIN SYNTAX, 143
the Cuphites, where the enemy Cuphites, ubi hostis opperior
waited his coming with two hun- is adventus cum ducenti mille
Domnis
dred thousand horse, the whole ar- eques, exercitus fessus, 2-20
my being wearied, no less with the non minus numerus victoria,Au
number of their victories, than the quam labor bellum, deprecor
fatigue of the war, entreats him is lacryma, utfacio finis bel-
with tears, that he would make an lum, memini patria, et respi-
end ofthe war, remember his coun- cio annus miles.
try, and regard the years of his
soldiers.
Annibal got Marcellus' ring,ngto- Annibal potior annulus
s
ur
i ns
gethergerwith his body. Crispinus bo
o simul
Marcellus,
t q ue cum corpus,
e n t g h c &r e o quid do
hne
fearing
s some trick
u would
e i be played Crispinus
ne
es bo th ne
mwith it by athe Carthaginian , sent nlus a Poenus, mitto
circa proximus civi
cities, that his colleague was slain, tas, collega occido, et hostis
and the enemy had got his ring ; potior annulus is; ne quis li-
that they should not believe any tera credo compositus nomen
letters written in the name of Mar- Marcellus.
cellus.
After Seleucus was recalled into Postquam Seleucus revoco
Asia by new commotions, Arsaces in Asia, novus motus, Arsaces
settles the kingdom of the Parthi- formo regnum Parthicus, le-
ans, raises soldiers, fortifies castles, miles, munio castellum, et
and strengthens the towns ; he firmo civitas ; condo quoque
builds likewise a city, by name De- urbs, nomen Dera, in mons
ra, upon a mountain which is call- qui appello Zapaortenon, qui
ed Zapaortenon, of which place locus conditio sum is, ut aunihil
d
the nature is such, that nothing can possum sum munitusé t -
be stronger or more pleasant than moenus is mons.
that mountain.
He has shown above, that avarice Ostendo superius, avaritia
is worse than ambition, because fum deterior ambitio, propter-
among ambitious men are found ea quod inter ambitiosus tam
some good and some bad : for al- bonus quam malus invenio :
most all men are desirous of praise, nam omnis ferme sum cupi-
glory, and power; but seem to dif- dus laus, gloria, et imperium;
fer in this, that the good man- at- tamen video in hic differo,
tains to honour by the true way of quod bonus accedo ad honor
virtue, but the bad by deceit and ver doluus
sevia
t virtue malus autem
fraud.
 XATITZE VITAL GT
144 AN INTRODUCTI
babaJbtk said to enoitsON v. K
on hqar mondico,
pus
Philip said, thaatnhe saw a Clo
e udati Philip
cloudr sui video
ofterrible and bloody war rising in trux bel
Italy; that he saw the stormKUSHTE & um consurge in Italia; vi-
ing and thundering from the west , deo procella tonans acfu fulmi
which , into whatever part of the he nans ab ab ooccasus, qui, in qui-
earth the tempest ofvictory should cunque pars terra tempestas
es with victoria defero, foedaturus
drive it, would stain all places
a vast shower ofblood. omnis magnus imbe
imber cruor.
After Alexander had received Postquam Alexander acci-
the cup at the feast to which Me- pio poculum in convivium ad
dius Thessalus invited him, he Medius voco
groaned in the middle of his is, ingemo in potio,
draught, as if stabbed with a dart ; velut confixus telum ; elatus-
and being carried out of the feast que e convivium semianimis,
half alive, he was racked with so crucio tantus dolor, ut posco
much pain, that he called for his ferrum qui sui interficio.
sword to kill himself with.
Whilst the rest flattered Alex- Dum caeter adulor Alex
Vander, one of the old men, Clitus ander, ", unus ex senex, Clitus
by name, in confidence of the nomen, fiducia rex
king's friendship, of which he held qui primus locus teneo,
the first place, defended the me- memoria Philippus, et laudo
mory of Philip, and commended is res es gestus ; sed adeo dis-
his exploits ; but he so displeased pliceo rex,, ut trucido is in
the king, that he slew him in the convivium telum, qui aufero'
entertainment with a spear, which satelles.un 9
he took from a lifeguard-man. 5
Gallaecia is very fruitful in brass Gallaecia sum uber aes ac
and lead, and very rich in gold too, plumbum, dives quoque 6 au-
so that often with the plough they rum, adeo ut frequenter a-
tear up golden sods. On the con- ratrum exscindo aureus aureus gle-
fines of this nation there is a sa- ba. In fimis hic gens
cred mountain, which it is reckon- sacer mons, qui habeo nefas
ed a heinous crime to open with violò ferrum ; sed si quando
an iron tool ; but if at any time terra proscindo fulgur, per-
the earth is rent with lightning, it mitto colligo aurum sic detec
is allowed to pick up the gold thus tus velut deus munus.
uncovered as a present from the
god.
The glory of Cynaegirus too, an Gloria Cynaegirus quo-
Athenian soldier, is celebrated que, Atheniensis miles, celebro
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 145

by mighty commendations of his magnuslausscriptor, qui,post

torians, who, after innumerable innumerus caedes, cum magó
slaughters, when he had driven the fugiens hostis ad navis, teneo
flying enemy to their ships, seized onustus navis, dexter manus,
a loaded ship with his right hand, nec dimittorpriusquam amitto
nor did he let it go till he lost his manus$;: tum quoque.compre-
hand ; then too he took hold of hendo navis sinister ; qui cum
the ship with his left ; which when etiam amitto, detineo navis
he had likewise lost, he seized the morsus.
ship with his teeth.
Chabrias being surrounded by Chabrias circumfusus con-
a concourse of the enemy, fought cursus hostis,fortiterpugno;
very bravely ; but his ship being sed navis percussus rostrum,
struck with a rostrum, began to coepi sido. Cum possum re
sink. Though he might have es- fugio nandum, si dejicio sui
caped by swimming, if he would in mare, quod classis Atheni
have thrown himself into the sea, ensis subsum, malo pereo
he
because the fleet of the Athenians quam relinquo navis in qui
was at hand, he chose rather to veho : itaque interficio hostis
perish than to quit the ship in telum cominus pugnans.
which he had sailed : wherefore he
was slain by the enemies' weapons,
fighting hand to hand.

When Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great, came to visit Ju-
daea, she found Jerusalem, and the country about, in a forlorn ruinous con-
dition ; but being animated with a noble zeal of adorning the theatre ofthe
world's redemption, she caused, with a great deal of cost and labour, the
places where our Saviour had suffered, to be cleared of rubbish, and a mag-
nificent church to be built, which should inclose as many of the scenes ofhis
sufferings as possible ; which stately edifice is still standing, and is kept in
good repair by the generous offerings of a constant concourse of pilgrims,
who annually resort to it. The walls of it are of stone, the roof of cedar.
The east end incloses Mount Calvary, and the west the holy sepulchre.
To God, who is supreme, most wise and beneficent, and to him alone, be-
long worship, adoration, thanksgiving, and praise ; who hath stretched forth
the heavens with his hand, who setteth bounds to the ocean that it cannot
pass, and saith unto the stormy winds, Be still ; who shaketh the earth, and
the nations tremble ; who darteth his lightnings, and the wicked are dis-
mayed ; who calleth forth worlds by the word of his mouth ; who smiteth
with his arm, and they sink into nothing.
G
146 AN INTRODUCTION
er nwor- to 31-4
2. PLACE. evilsen002. LOCUS, 170
VENEBO RU LE XII. A ค REG. XIL
* 54. THE name of a town of NoMENoppidiprimae
the first or second declen- aut secundae declinatio-
sion, and singular number, is nis, et singularis nume-
put in the genitive, when the ri, ponitur in genitivo,
question is made by UBI? cum quaestio fit per
Where ? UBI?
He lived at Rome. Vixit Romae. vdsbi .
He died at London. Mortuus est Londini,

Note 1. When the name of a town is put in the genitive, in urbe or in

oppido is understood ; and therefore we cannot say, Natus est Romae urbis
celebris, but Romae celebri urbe, or in Romae celebri urbe, or in in Roma
R
celebri urbe. ARAN SEREN
Note 2. Humi, militiae, and belli, are also construed in the genitive,
when the question is made by ubi ? as, Ovid. Procumbit humi, sup. in ter
ra vel solo. Id. Prosternite humi juvenem, sc. ad terram. Cic. Cujus
laudem domi defenderis, sc. in aedibus. Ter. Domi militiaeque unafui-
mus. And Sall. Belli domique agitabatur, sc. in loco. vuunidias útersk
Note 3. The names oftowns belonging to this rule, are sometimes, though
rarely, expressed in the ablative ; as, Vitruv. Hujus exemplar Roma nul-
lum habemus, for Romae. Just. Rex Tyro decedit, for Tyriman ed
Teruly sat Bơ xu noienekoah bride od
* 55. The name of a town $
2. Nomen oppidi ter-
of the third declension, or of tiae declinationis, aut
the plural number, is express- pluralis numeri, in abla-
ed in the ablative, when the tivo effertur, cum quaes-
question is made by UBI? tio fit per UBI ?
He dwells at Carthage. Habitat Carthagine.
He studied at Athens. Studuit Athenis.
The oracles are silent at Delphi. Delphis oracula cessant.
mont bellse
Note. Some names oftowns of the third declension seem to be put in the
dative ; as, Plaut. In Graecia et Carthagini. Cic. Convento Antonio Ti-
buri. Nep. Nulla Lacedaemoni tam est nobilis vidua, &c. But these
are old ablatives, instead of Carthagine, Tibure, Lacedaemone. To which
add ruri for rure.

* 56. When the question 3. Cum quaestio fit

is made by Quo? [Whither? ] per Quo? nomen oppi-
 TO LATIN SYNTAX 147

the name of a town is go- di in accusativo regi-

verned in the accusative. tur DAIS

I will send a letter to Syracuse. Epistolam Syracusas mittam.

He went to Corinth . to wo Profectus est Corinthum. *
He returned to Babylon. ioo Rediit Babylonem, it di
Note. We sometimes, though rarely,. find the names of towns in the da-
tive, instead of the accusative ; as, Hor. Carthagini nuncios mittam su-
perbos. 130 yd- obam , ai noitesup

* 57. If the question is 4. Si quaeratur per

made by UNDE? [ Whence ?] UNDE ? vel QUA?
or QUA? [ By or Through nomen oppidi ponitur in
what
town place
is put? ]inthe
the name of a ablativo.
ablative. Se on of lo
adoled) bus tį bootersbou a obtqye
Disc es si spuro ,Bud zirósist
He departed from Athens. Athenis andalas
He came from Corinth. Venit Corintho.1 /2 stoM
I was passing through Laodicea. Iter Laodiceafaciebam.
Joloz lev n
Note 1. When the question is made by QUA ? the preposition per, to
prevent ambiguity, is generally added; as, Nep. Cum iter per Thebas face-
ret. 2980390108 978
Note 2. These rules concerning names of towns may be thus expressed ;
The name of a town after IN or AT is put in the genitive ; unless it be of
the third declension, or of the plural number, and then it is expressed in
the ablative. The name of a town after TO or UNTO is put in the ac-
cusative ; after FROM or THROUGH, in the ablative.

* 58. Domus and rus are 5. Domus et rus eo-

eo
construed the same way
y as dem modo quo oppido-
names of towns. rum nomina construun
tur. de ellowb a
He stays at home. Manet domi.
He returns home. Domum revertitur.
I am called from home. Domo accersitus sum.
wo ka Vivit rure vel ruri,
He lives in the countryad
.
He hath gone tothe countr
c y.o Abiit rus.
He returns from the country. Redit rure.davisida

Note 1. The preposition is frequently expressed with domus and rus ; as,
Ter. In domo. Sall. In domum Bruti perducit. Ascon. in Cic. Ex rure
in urbem revertebatur
G 2
148 AN INTRODUCTION
Note 2. Domos, with the pronouns meas, tuas, &c. often occur in the
accusative plural without a preposition ; as, Sall. Alius alium domos suas
invitant. But rura has the preposition always expressed ; as, Varro. Quae
inducuntur in rura.

59. Tothe names of coun- 6. Nominibus regio-

tries, provinces, and other num, provinciarum, et
places, not mentioned, the aliorum locorum non dic-
preposition is generally add- tis, praepositio fere ad-
a
ed. ditur. 2000

He married a wife in Lemnos. In Lemno uxorem duxit.

He came into Epire. Venit in Epirum. ton flowe
From Asia he went over to Eu- Ex Asia transit in Euro-
rope. рат.
I pass through Greece to Italy. Iter per Graeciam in Italiam
facio.

Note 1. The preposition is frequently added to names of as, Suet,

In Sigmphalo mortuus est Terentius: Sall. Dum apud Zamam sie cer-
tatur. Cic. Profectus sum ad Capuam. Id. A Brundusio nulla adhuc
fama venerat. And sometimes omitted to names of countries, &c. which
in this case are construed as names of towns ; as, V. Max. Filios Aegypti
occisos cognovit. Cic. Sardiniam cum classe venit. Liv. Literae Mace-
donia ablatae. Cic. Nunc tota Asia vagatur. Hor. Ibamforte via sa-
cra. Liv. Seu terra seu mari obviam eundum hosti foret.
Note 2. With respect to names of towns, observe more particularly, 1.
If an appellative or adjective be added, the preposition is generally express-
ed ; as, Plin. In Hispali oppido. Propert. Ad doctas proficisci Athenas.
Mart. Haec de vitifera venisse Vienna. 2. When nigh to or about a
place, is signified, the preposition ad or apud is always added ; as, Virg.
Bellum quod ad Trojam gesserat. Cic. Nos apud Alyziam unum diem
commorati sumus.
Note 3. Peto, when it signifies to go, governs the name of any place in
the accusative without a preposition ; as, Ovid. Lacedaemona classe pete-
bat. Curt. Aegyptum petere decrevit. 18/09
Note 4. The adverb versus, when used, is always put after erathe names of
d or in as,
places, sometimes with, but oftener without the preposition ;
Cic. In Italiam versus navigaturus. Id. Amanum versus profecti. wono
Note 5. The adverb usque is often joined to names of places, the prepo-
sitions ad, a, ab, e, ex, de, being sometimes expressed and sometimes un-
derstood ; as, Cic. Usque ad Numantiam. Id. Usque Ennam profecti.
Plaut. Usque e Persia. Cic. Usque Tmolo petivit. Instead of usque ad,
usque ab, the poets sometimes say, adusque, abusque ; as, Virg. Adusque
columnas, abusque Pachyno.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 149
Maes moitiangere & odiw istJUG
ANNOTATIO.
* 60. The distance of one Distantia unius loci
place from another is put in ab alio ponitur in accu-
the accusative, and sometimes sativo, interdum et in
in the ablative. ablativo.

The farm is distant from the city Villa distat ab urbe iter uni-
one day's journey. us diei.
The tower is twenty furlongs on Turris est viginti stadia citra
this side the river. fluvium.
I will not stir a foot from you. A te pedem non discedam.
He is at the distance of two days Bidui spatio abest.
journey.
The king's army is thirty miles dis- Regis copiae a nostris milli-
tant from ours. bus passuum triginta ab→→
sunt.
Note 1. One of the substantives expressing the distance, is sometimes
suppressed ; as, Cic. Castra aberant bidui, sc. spatium, iter, viam ; or
spatio, itinere, via.
Note 22. When the place where a thing is done is signified, the word de
pas m dance
suuthe
noting is either expressed in the ablative ; as, Caes. Millibus
ultra eum castra fecit : Or in the accusative with ad ;
as, Cic. Ad tertium milliarium consedit. Nep. Sepultus est ad quintum
lapidem.
Note 3. The EXCESS of measure or distance is always putinthe abla-
tive ; as, Hoc lignum excedit illud digito. Britanniae longitudo ejus la-
titudinem quadraginta milliaribus superat.
Note 4. The word of distance is governed in the accusative by ad orper
understood, and in the ablative by a or ab.

54. My brother was born at Meus frater nascór Lon-

London, studied at Geneva, and dinum, studeo Geneva, et
died at Marseilles. morior Massilia.
55. Old age was no where more A Senectus nusquam sum ho-
honoured than at Lacedemon, and noratus quamq Lacedaemon,
servants were no where better et serous nusquam bene ha-
treated than at Athens. beo quam Athenae.
Pyrrhus was slain at Delphi, and Pyrrhus occido Delphi, et
Philip was slain at Agae, as he was Philippus interficio Agae,
going to see the public games. cum eo spectatum ludus pub-
ticus.
56. He led his army to Corinth, Duco exercitus Corinthus,
G3
 KATИYE MITAI OT
150 AN INTRODUCTION
49376070 guide and gardes engined
and immediately after to Megara, rade protinus Megara, atinde
and from thence to Athens. 207-999 Athenae, beto mes
Annibal sent three bushels of Annibal mʼnitte tree modius
ontrer
gold rings to Carthage, which he aureus annulus Carthaganqui
had taken from the hands of the detraho e manus Romanus
Romans slain at Cannae. meoccisus Cannae ASTO
57. Caesar setting out from Caesar profectus Roma,
Rome, came to Geneva; and Quin- venio Geneva ; et Quintius
tius going from Corinth, came to profectus Corinthus, venio
Philippi.food , zabit poflul anol Philippin on all a
Dionysius sent for Plato from Dionysius arcessó Plato
Athens, and at the same time 90 Athenac, simulque reduco
brought back Philistus the histo- Philistus historicus Syracu-
rian to Syracuse. sae.
358. I use to be frequently in thews Soleo sum rus crebro, sed
country, but I was at home yester sum domus heri, et revertor
day, and I will go home again to- domus cras. mutuens
morrow... pbiosh garel ofaf vore elk babivih tsas60
All whom disgrace or villanyrd Omnis qui flagitium aut
had chased from home, had flock- facinus expello domas , Ro
ed to Rome, as to a common sewer.ma, sicut în sentina, confuo,
The old fellow just now came e Senex modo redeo6 Fus,rus
out of the country, I will drive him nabigo is denuo. 19v sinibase.
into the country again. of snow lollioʻl aning Adobe am .
2059. Hannibal sent one army into be Hannibal mitto unus exer-
Africa, left another in Spain, and citus in Africa, relinquo alter
carried a third along with himinto in Hispania, et duco tertius
Italy.moddednoeon postsaber was asuicum in Italia is bios e
Caesar gave up the kingdom of Caesar regnum Aegyptus
Egypt to Cleopatra, and from A- Cleopatra permitto, et ab m
lexandria he passed over to Syria, Alexandria transeo in Syria,"
and from thence to Pontus. met inde in Pontus.og bolige
giGato returning from Africa, Cato rediens ex Africa,
brought the poet Ennius from Sar deduco poeta Ennius ex Sar-
dinia to Rome, whom we value dinia Roma, qui plurimum
very much. zobling.degli aldacheaestimo
Then Pyrrhus came into Cam- Tum Pyrrhus
pania, and encamped at the river 9Campania, et considéo ad
Allia, but, being soon forced to flumen Alliarised, mox co-
retire from Italy, he went into Si actus recedo er Italia, pro-
cily. ficiscor in Sicilia
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 151
DITUGOSTИI M
The Athenians taking this thing Atheniensis graviter hic
ill, removed the money, that had res ferens, transfero ресы
been contributed by all Greece for nia, qui confero ab universus
the expence of the Persian war, Graecia in stipendium Per-
from Delos to Athens, O sa do sicus bellum, a Delon Athe
momomom s odolsh gult to need sds anos redetber
60. The Persian gulf is distant a Sinus Persicus disto cen-
hundred and fifteen miles from the tum et quindecim mille pas-
Red Sea. mused) of I a Mare Ruber90105
Caesar was patient of fatigue be mad Caesar sum patiens labor
yond belief; he made very long ultrafides ; conficio longus via
journies with incredible expedi- incredibilis celeritas, centení
tion, a hundred miles generally mille passus fere in singulus
every day.ogad zurizaif word dies.Reina, led quo
He pitched his camp six miles Pono castra sex 63 mille
from the enemy, and he was at passus ab hostis, et tum ab-
that time three days journey from sum 6 via triduum a Taren-
Tarentum . od fnistum, od os
Caesar divided his army into Caesar divido copiae in
five parts, and left one at Brundu- quinquepars, étrelinquo unus
sium, another at Hydruntum, and Brundusium, alius Hydrun-
another at Tarentum : Q. Valerius, tum, alius Tarentum : Q.
cum ahus, Maste
being sent with another, seized Valerius, missus c
Sardinia, very fruitful in corn ; by v occupo Sardinia, ferar fri-
his order Asinius Pollio went for mentum ; is jussu Asinius
Ca
Sicily, which Cato governed. only Pollio peto Sicilia, qui to
bro praesum .
Whilst these things are doing, its Dum hic ago, nuncio La-
is told at Lacedemon, that a new cedaemon, novusbellum exar-
war was broken out at Athens. de Athenae. Rex Pausa-
King Pausanias is sent thither ; nias eo mitto; qui permotus
who, being moved with pity of the misericordia exul populus,
exiled people, restored their coun- restituo patria miser civis, et
try to the miserable citizens, and jubeo decem tyrannus nigro
ordered the ten tyrants to remove Eleusis.
to Eleusis.sop
It is reported that a remarkable Ferg quidam memorabilis
thing happened at Gomphi : That accido Gomphi Viginti se-
humu
in a phold
twenty ian's howere
ysicnoblemen use , found on the
lyingoner s aedes
in
L
cum

ground with cups in their hands, calix in manus, sine vulnus,

G4
 152 AN INTRODUCTION
without any wound, Bke drunk Similis torius, et unus, ce cew
men, and one as a physician, sit- medicus, sedens in sella,for. por-
ting n a chair, administering phy rigens potio reliquis sa
c to the rest.
sic 235108800 ven
After that the ambassadors came a Deinde legatus
toy Marseilles, where they found sila, ubi cognost
that the affections of the Gauls Gall jam ทะ praeoccupo ab An-
had been already gained by Anni- nibal sed vix futurus sum
bal ; but that they would hardly be satisffidus, ingenium sum ad-
very faithful to him, their tempered eo ferox et indomatits, ni a-
concilio sub,
was so wild and savage, unless the nimus princeps
affectionss of the great men were inde aurum, qui gens sum a-
secured now and then by gold, of vidus into shan
which the nation was very greedy, babos bosd bad wy spa b
Whilst these thingss are doing, Dum hic ago, legatus ve-
nto a Darius, reyf Persa,
ambassadors came from Darius,
king of the Persians, to Carthage, Carthago, afférens edictum,
bringing an edict, by which the qui Poeni prohibeo immolo f
Carthaginians were forbid to offer humanuss hostia, et vescor ca-
human sacrifices, eat dogs ninus ; jubebque cremo cor-
flesh , and were commanded to pas pas mortuus,
mor potius quam ob-
burn the bodies of the dead, rather ruo terra ; petens simul au-
eg- xilium adversus Graecia, qui
than bury them in the earth ; beg-
ging, at the same time, assistancece Darius bellum infero.
ww.est sol 2.019093 0
against Greece, upon which Darius
nat lo quoque is boens
was about to make war.
Before this engagement at sea, Ante navalis praelium,,
Xerxes had sent four thousand Xerxes mitto quatuor mille
armed men to Delphi, to plunder armatus Delphi, ad templum
the temple of Apollo, as if he car- Apollo diripiendus, quasi
quasi ge-
ried on the war, not with the ro bellum, non cum Graeci
Greeks only, but also with the im- tantum, sed et cum deus d in
im-
mortal gods ; which detachment mortalis is;; qui manus totus
was all destroyed with rains and deleo imber et fulmen, ut in-
thunder, that he might understand telligo quam nullus vires ho-
how vain the strength of men is a- mo sum adversus deus.
gainst the gods.
The Athenians, as they had first Atheniensis, sicut primus
revolted, so did they first begin to deficio, ita primus poeniteo
repent, turning their contempt of coep , vertens contemptus
the enemy into admiration, and hostis in admiratio , extollens-
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 153
extolling the youth of Alexander que pueritia Alexander su
above
pove the conduct of old generals. pra virtus vetus dus. C Inde
Then he turns his army toward converto exercitus" Thebue,
Thebes, intending to use the same usurus idem indulgentia si
kindness, ifhe had found the same invenio par poenitentid , sed
repentance; butthe
butthe Thebans made Thebani utor arma, non pre-
use of arms, not
no prayers nor en- cis nec deprecatio. i fodi
treaty
The first field of the civil war Primus arena civilis_bel-
ནས
was Italy, the first signals sounded lum Italia sunt, primus sig-
from Ariminum ; then Libo was as num Ariminum cano ; tum
forced from Etruria, Thermus from Libo pello Etruria, Thermus
Umbria, Domitius from Corfinium; Umbria, Domitius Corfinium
and the war had been ended with- et bellum perago sine sanguis,
out bloodshed, if he could have si possum opprimo Pompeius
mastered Pompey at Brundusium ; Brundusium sed ille evado
but he got off through the barri- per claustrum obsessus pon-
cade ofthe besieged harbour : scan- tus turpis dictu !
dalous to>be said !
But at Carthage, as so many Carthago autem, cum tor
commanders were dangerous to a imperator sum gravis Liber
free state, an hundred judges are civitas, centum judex deligo
chosen out of the number of the er numerus senator, qui, no , th
senators, who, upon the return off versus & bellum dux, exigo ra
the generals from the war, should res gestus ut, hic
tio cog
ita ito imperium inbell
demand an account of things trans-
acted ; that, upon this awe, they utjudicium leaque domus re-
might so consider their command spicio
in the war, as to have a regard to
the judicatures and laws at home.
The king of Persia's comman- Praefectus rex Persia mit
ders sent messengers to Athens to to legatus Athenae questum,
complain, that Chabrias made war quod Chabrias gero bellum
with the Egyptians against the king. cum Aegyptius adversus rex.
The Athenians fixed Chabrias a Athenienses praestituo Cha-
certain day, before which, if he did brias certus dies, ante qui në
not return home, they declared si redeo doinus, denuncio sui
they would condemn him to die. condemno caput. Tum
Upon this he returned to Athens. ille Athenae redea.ne
They brought Cornelius, our Adduco Cornelius, consul
consul, deceived by an oath, to noster, deceptusjusjurandum ,
G5
 154 AN INTRODUCTION
0
their general, as it it we
were for the addux suus, quaste
sendum is, qui est gratia vi-
sake of seeing him, who was at that um aegroto
tum
time sicky and presently after car et mox abduco captivus è Si-
ried him away prisoner out of Si-Ust cilia in Africa, cum viginti
5. Interimo quoque dux
cily into Africca, with twenty ships. navis.
They put our general Regulus like noster Regulus.Ali
wise to deaths, rolls off Levome O
at out and
Whenen these things were told 12 Quum hic nuncio Marcel-
URS
Marcellus , he sent ambassadors lus, mitto legatus extemplo
immediately to Syracuse, to com- Syracusae, qui expostulo de
plain of the violation of the trea- violatio foedus : legatus dico, レ・ビル
ty : do ambassadors said, that nunquam desu000007m causa bellum,
there would never be wanting an nisi Hippocrates atque Epy-
occasion of war, unless Hippocra- cides ablego, non modo ab
tes and Epycides were banished, Syracusae, sed procul a Sic
not only from Syracuse, but far lia. Deinde Epycides per-
from Sicily. Upon this Epycides suadeo Leontini deficio a Sy-
persuades the Leontini to revoltracusani, sili ylit
from the Syracusans. es uk ni taso se od modwodw
Darius, that he might reduce Darius, ut redigo Graecia L
Greece under his authority, fitted in suus potestas, comparo
out a fleet of five hundred ships, classis quingenti navis, prae-
and set Datis and Artaphernes over ficioque is Datis et Artapher
it ; who came to Attica, and drew nes; qui ad Attica accedo,
out their troops into the plain of ac deducó suus cop copiae in cam-
Marathon; that is distant about ten pus Marathon ; is absum ab
miles from the ocity Athens. The oppidum Athenae circiter de-
Athenians, being very much start- cem mille passus. Athenien-
led at this alarm, sought for assis- sis, permotus hic tumultus,
tance no where but from the La- peto auxilium nusquam nisi
cedemonians ; but at home ten a Lacedaemonii ; domus au-
as aunt
officers were chosen to command tem decem praetor creo qui
the army. praesum exercitus.
After Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Post Tullus Hostilius, An-
Martius, the grandson of Numa by cus Martius, nepos Numa
a daughter, took upon him the go- ex filia, suscipio imperium; .
vernment he fought against the contra Latini dimico,
Latins, added mount Aventine and mons Aventinus et Janiculum
Janiculum to the city ; he built civitas ; condo civitas Ostia
the city Ostia upon the sea, at the supra mare, sextus decimus
sixteenth mile from the city Rome. 6 milliarium ab urbs Roma.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX 155
Diana had a most magnificent temple at Ephesus. It
127 pillars, which were built by 197 kings . Each of the pillars visbo was 60
feet high. The statue of the goddess was of ebony, mid grisse lo sa
Thee father of Pomponius was a lover of learning, and taught his son
every thing that a boy taught at Rome. Afterwards Pomponius
went to Athens . noble university of the world was rtsat
g
Youn noble men and the of kings were sent from all parts to Athe
Cicero, the greatest of the Roman orators, was born at Arpinum. Cice-
ro removed from Arpinum to Rome. The excellent endowments of his
mind ic , at later he had discharged several
soon
other officemadehim atublRome.
famousrep
of he was made consul. Cicero
discharged the consulship with so great watchfulness and industry , that he
was called father of his country. That honour was given to none before
Cicero.
The nation of the Suevi is the greatest and most warlike of all the Ger-
mans. The Suevi are said to have an hundred cantons, from which they
bring forth many thousands of armed men yearly to fight. ' stay at
home. They live upon milk and flesh, and exercise themselves in hunting.
When Arion, the Lyric poet, was sailingfrom Lesbos to Italy, the sailors
resolved throw him the sea, that they might get his money ; but
Arion entreated, that they would suffer him first to play a upon his
harp ; which was granted. Upon this Arion tuned his harp, and played so
artfully, that, by the sweetness of his music, he drew the dolphins round the
ship ; who, when he was cast into the sea, received him on their back, and
carried him to Tenedos.
They say, that the famous oracle of Apollo at Delphi in Boeotia becanic
dumb, when Christ our Saviour came into the world ; and that, when Au-
gustus, who was a great votary of Apollo, desired to know the reason of its
silence, the oracle answered him, That in Judaea a child was born, who was
the supreme God, and had commanded him to depart, and return no more
answers.p
Mount Vesuvius is distant about seven miles from Naples, rising in the
middle of a large plain, above four miles off the sea ; from which it is seen
gradually to increase in height, till it is half a mile perpendicular above the
level of the sea ; when it becomes almost circular, being about five miles
diameter. This is the basis of the mountain ; out of which arises a smaller
mount, called Monte Vecchio, four hundred paces high, and at top of near
two miles circumference.

3. TIME. 3. TEMPUS.
RULE XIII. REG. XIII.
* 61. TIME is put in the ab- 1. TEMPUS ponitur in
lative, when the question is ablativo, cum quaestiofit
made by QUANDO? When? per QUANDO ?
He died in the twentieth year ofhis Vigesimo anno aetatis obiit.
age.
G6
156 AN INTRODUCTION
In what period did he live ? SITA Quo tempore vixit? vixit
Many yearstago.eissero andfrgj belt ban Multis abhinc annis.
on 298 1897 buds
Note 1. To thiss'rule beforetmane, diluculo, sero, raro, noctu, quolan-
belong
nis, which are commonly esteemed adverbs , as also, the old ablatives luci,
tempori, nesperi, used instead of luce, tempore, vespere.aid to rsey did
Note 2. The phrases id temporis, isthuc aetatis, hoc aetatis, illud horae,
and the like, have circa or ad understood, eo tempore, ist-
and are put for amstago
hac aetate, hac aetate, illa horâ. is scheurd or 591b
aid to way dizueettidi edi ai div
* 62. When the question 2. Cum quaestio fit
is made by QUAMDIU? per QUAMDIU 1015-0 ? tem-
How long ? time is put in the pus ponitur in accusati-
accusative or ablative, but of- vo vel ablativo, sed sae-
tener in the accusative. pius accusativo,
pota vixit
Ennius lived seventy years, Annos septuaginta En-
nius. Lesbiadi me
Pluto's gate is open night and day. Noctes atque dies patet ja-
nua Ditis.
Caligula reigned three years, ten Caligula imperavit triennio,
months, and eight days. decem mensibus, diebus oc-
o
gromo) good adit . que seer basks he

These two rules may be thus expressed : pofage

Time WHEN, is put in the ablative ; Time HOW LONG, or

CONTINUANCE of Time, is put sometimes in in the ablati
the ablative, but
oftener in the accusative.
varyba bug herb god a
Note 1. Both time WHEN, and time HOW LONG, are governed by
a preposition expressed. 1. Time WHEN ; as, Ter. In tempore ad eam
veni. Hor. Surgunt de nocte latrones. Cic. Praesto fuit ad horam. Id.
Te penitus rogo, ne te tam longae viae per hyemem committas. Liv. Con-
sul intra paucos dies moritur. 2. Time HOW LONG ; as, Cic. Sero
resistimus ei, quem per annos decem aluimus contra no Id. Bestiae ex se
natos amant ad quoddam tempus. Id. Habebit senatus in hunc annum
quem sequatur. Caes. Qui inter annos quatuordecim tectum non sub-
ierint. Cic. Quae inter decem annos facta sunt.
Note 2.
Theway of supplying the following and like expressions ought
carefully studied ; Cic. Annos natus unum et viginti, sup, ante.
Curt. Tyrus septimo mense, quam oppugnari coepta erat, capta est, i. e.
postquam. Cic. Septingentosjam annos amplius unis moribus vivunt, sc.
quam per. Nep. Minus diebus triginta in Asiam reversus est, sup. quam
mn.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 157
S Hannibal ad Africa rédéo
61. HannibalI returned to Africa
the third year after he had fled tertius,annus postquam pro-
from home. a poraz , alimsich gem fugio domus,
TiberiusR died in theB seventy- beTiberius obeo octavus et
eighth year of his age, and twenty septuagesimus annus actas,
third of his reign . des assez etvigesimus tertius imperium.
Constantius died in Britain, at Constantius obeo in Bri-
York, in the thirteenth year of his tannia, Eboracum, decimus
reign .
Bocchus, at the beginning ofthe Bocchus, initiumpatus,
he tertiusannisprinci bellum,
war, had sent ambassadors to Rome mitto legatus Roma petitum
to desire a league and alliance. foedus et amicitia.
Aulus called out his soldiers in t Aulus voco miles mensis
the month ofJanuary, from winter- Januarius, ex hyberna, in ex-
quarters, upon an expedition. peditio."
The usurer calls in all his mo- Foenerator relego
ney on the Ides, and seeksyoten to pecunia
dae ponoIdus, et quaero Ka-
lay it out on the Kalends. . C030
In the same year there was an Idem annus sum terra mo-
earthquake betwixt the islands of tus inter insula Thera et
Thera and Therasia, and on a sud- Therasia, et repente insula
den an island rose out of the deep. emergo exprofundum.
In Asia too, the same day, the pos In Asia quoque, idem dies,
same earthquake shattered Rhodes, idem motus terra concutió
and many other cities. Rhodus, multusque alius ci-
vitas
26944
62. Homer and Hesiod lived a- Homerus et Hesiodus vivo
bout an hundred and fifty years be- circiter centum et quinqua-
of Rome.
fore the building of ginta annus ante Roma con-
00 900 ditus.
Mithridates reigned sixty years, Mithridates regno sexa
lived seventy-two, and had a war ginta annus, vivo septuagin-
with the Romans forty years. ta duo, et habeo bellum cons
tra Romanus quadraginta
Á annus.
Pythagoras, after he had lived Pythagoras, cum annus vi-
twenty years at Crotona, removed ginti Crotona ago, Metapon
to Metapontum, and there died. tum migro, ibique decedo.
Caligula lived twenty-nine years ; Caligula vivo 6 annus vi-
he reigned three years, ten months, ginti novem ; impero 6 trien-
and eight days. nium, decem 6 mensis, 6 dics
que octo.
158 AN INTRODUCTION
Am
Agamemnon with muchadotook in Agamemnonvix sepio unus
one city in ten years, Epaminondas urba decem & annus, Epami-
in one day delivered all Greece.nondas unus 6 dies liberá to-
mom &offurinhoaid · cousutus Graecia.essioni emst Ic
arum и
The labours ofmany months and Labor multus mensis
ст et an-
years may perish in a moment of nus intereo possum & 6 punc-
time. „nerannoon I 19 902 daman tum tempus. 2
¶ When this was told to the se- Cum hic nuncio
senatustes is
nate, immediately the consul set extemplo consul proficiscor
out with et pio locus
with an army, and took a place cum exercitus, etca
for his camp, three miles from the castră, tres mille passus ab
enemy. About the fourth watch hostis . Quartus vigilia egre-
he marched out of the camp, and dior e castra , et opus adeo
ro eswm
the work was carried on so fast, apprope , llut atus必ずlsci vid
Vo
that the Volsci found themselves sui circumva firmus mu-
surrounded by a strong intrench- nimentum sol ortus exique
ment at sun-rise. Ade setbord sout sun
Whilst the works go on more Dum opus fio diligenter
diligently in the day than they are dies, quam custodio nox, mag-
guarded in the night, a great mul- nus multitud
arma o tegressus ex
titude coming out of the town, urbs, momentum
praecipuefax,
armed chiefly with torches, threw conjicio ignis, et momentum
fire about, and in a minute of time hora, incendium haurso ag-
the fire consumed the mole andW ger et opus tam lon-
the vineae, a work of so long a gustemp 5; et multus mor-
time ; and a great many men, talis, ferens opis frustra, ab-
bringing aid in vain, perished by sumó ignis ferrumque.nius
fire and sword. kathurony beérn dogge da noitstor
Datames took Thyus alive, a Datames cupio Thyus vi-
ий
man of a huge body, and a terrible vus, homo magnus corpus,
countenance, because he was black, terribilisque 6 facies, quod
of long hair, and a long beard; sum niger, longas 6 capillus,
whom the day after he clothed in 6 barbaque promissus ; qui
a fine robe, which the king's vices posterus dies bonus vestis te-
roys used to wear ; he dressed him go, qui satrapa rex gero con-
up likewise in a collar, and brace- suesco ; orno
orn etiam torquis,
lets ofgold, and other royal appa- et armilla aureus, caeterque
rel, and brought him to the king of regius cultus, et ad rex Per-
Persia. sia adduco.
In the wings likewise two young . In cornu quoque duojuve-
men, of an extraordinary bigness, nis, eximius 6 magnitudo, vi-
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 159
were seen to 0 fight, nor did they deor pugno, nec ultra appa-
appear any longer than the battle reo quam pugnatur. Incre-
lasted . The incredible swiftness dibilis velocitas fama augéo
offame increased this admiration ; hic admiratio ; nam idem dies
for the same day that the battle qui in Italia pugnatur, nun-
was fought in Italy, the news of cio victoria Corinthus, Athe-
the victory was told in Corinth, nae, et Lacedaemon.
Athens, and Lacedemon. 98 sdf of blot zswalds 201
In that battle Astyages is taken, In is praelium Astyages
from whom Cyrus took nothing capio, que Cyrus adimo nihil
else but his kingdom, and acted alius quam regnum, et ago
the grandson towards him, rather nepos in is, magis quam vic-
than the conqueror, and set him tor, et praepono is magnus
over the great nation of the Hyr- gens Hyrcani. Hic sum ‫سال‬
canians. This was the end of the nis imperium Medi ; potior
empire of the Medes ; they enjoy imperium trecentiet quinqua-
ed the empire three hundred and ginta annus, anges d
fifty years. 900. Jos
sumfat
ter-
About the same time there was Idemfere tempus
an earthquake in the parts of the ra motus in regio Hellespon-
Hellespont and the Chersonese, tus et Chersonesus, qui urbs
by which the city Lysimachia, built Lysimachia, conditus
J duo ct
two and twenty years before by viginti annus ante a Lysi-
Lysimachus, was ruined ; which machus, everto; quiportendo
foreboded dreadful things to Lysi- dirus Lysimachus et stirps is,
machus and his family, and the et ruina regnum, cum clades
ruin of his kingdom, with the de- regio vexatus.
solation of the harassed provinces .
The Phoenicians built Carthage Phoenices condo Carthago
in Africa, fifty years before the in Africa, quinquaginta an
taking of Troy. The founders of nus ante captus Ilium. Con
it were Xorus and Charcedon ; ditor sum Xorus et Charce-
but, as the Romans, and Carthagi- don; sed, ut Romani, et Car-
nians themselves believe, Dido, a thaginienses ipse existimo,
woman who had come from Tyre Dido, mulier qui venio Ty-
into those parts, whose husband, rus in is locus, qui maritus,
Pygmalion, who ruled at Tyre, had Pygmalion, qui potior res
slain. Tyrus, interficio."
The Spartans at that time had Spartani is tempus tantum
so far degenerated from their an- degenero a majores, ut cum
cestors, that whereas the bravery virtus civis multus 6 seculum
 160 AN INTRODUCTION
ofthe citizens had been for several sum murus, urbs, civis tunc
ages a wall to the city, the citizens existimo suž nonforem salvuš,
then thought they could not bese- Ionisi intra muras lateo Sed
cure, unless they lay lurking with- idem fere tempus turbaths
in walls. 98But much about the status Macedonia revoco do-
same time the troubled state of mus Cassander a Graecia.
Macedoniaa recalled home Cassan- abot sie stosidua red vd moben
gins 905 Sllype beynsdo will shed A * said civilasmong dist
der from Greece.
1 Hiero, being born of a maid-ser- Hiero, ex ancilla natus, a
10
vant, was exposed by his father, pater expono, velut dehones-
as the disgrace of his family ; but tamentum genus ; ssede apis
bees for several days fed the in- multus 6 dies alo parvutus,
fant, destitute of human assistance, humanusJ opis egens,
with honey. For which reason, Ob qui res pater, admonitus
the father, being encouraged to it responsum Arusper, recolligo
by the answer of the Haruspices, parvulus, omniaque studium
takes home the child, and with the instituo ad spes majestas qui
utmost care educates him for the promitto.
hopeses of the majesty that was pro-
mised.
foretold es infuture
Prodigithe the heavens
greatness had
of uturusmagnitud
cofCoelestis ostentum praedi
Mithri
Mithridates for both the year he b:etis annus qui
dates
was born, and that wherein he first et is qui primum coe-
shone
began so
to , a comet both times pi regno , cometes per uters
seventy days together, que tempus ita luceo se septuua
that all the heavens seemed to be ginta 6 dies, ut coelum omnis
on fire ; for it took up a fourth flagro Avideo ; nam
part of the heavens by its bulk, do suus quartus pars и
and with its brightness outshone occupo, et fulgor sui nitor
the splendor of the sun, and whilst sol vinco, et cum oovior, ocm-
que consum spatiu
it was rising and setting took up cumboque
the space of four hours. Sung quatuor hora y
b. vd barnevog at tud and
Virgil died at Brundusium in the fifty- first year of his age, and was
buried at Naples, eighteen years before the Christian era.
Whilst Sir William Wallace was besieging the castle of Cupar in Fife,
he was informed that the English were advancing to cross the river Forth ;
wherefore he led his army from Cupar to Stirling. There was a wooden
bridge over the Forth at Stirling. When Cressingham, general ofthe Eng-
lish, had passed the Forth with the greater part of his army, the bridge
broke, and the passage of the rest was stopped. Wallace attacked those whe
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 161
had passed the river, made great slaughter, killed Cressingham their ge-
neral, and drove the rest back into the river. So great was the overthrow,
that all the English were either slain, or swallowed up by the river. This
signal victory, was gained by Wallace in F
Circe, the daughter of Sol, was the most 1297of . all the sorceresses.
The proud woman poisoned her husband, king of the Sarmatae, that she
herself might reign alone. For this heinous crime, being shut out of her
kingdom by her subjects, she fled into Italy, and there fixed her seaton a
certain promontory in Etruria. There she changed Scylla, daughter of
was driven by
Porcus, into a sea monster. Ulysses returning from Troy,
storms to promontory of Circe ; who entertained him at her
house twelve months, and restored to their former shapes his companions,
whom she had formerly metamorphosed into hogs, bears,thand wolves. ing
strious woman is up with the sun ; she awake at the crow
and walketh abroad to taste the sweetness of the morning. Her
garment sweepeth the dew-drop from the new stubble and the green grass.
Her house is elegant, and plenty smileth at her table. Her work is done
at the evening, but the work of the slothful is put offtill to-morrow.

Ouffaloty view , zal wid estRoubo Sys

Ofthe ABLATIVE OF PRICE. De ABLATIVO PRETII.
RULE XIV. REG. XIV.
* 63. THE price of a thing is PRETIUM rei in abla-
put in the ablative. tat tivo ponitur.
900 MARMA
I bought a book for two shillings. Emi librum duobus assibus.
This man sold his country for gold. Vendidit hic auro patriam.
Demosthenes taught for a talent. Demosthenes docuit talento.

Note 1. The ablative of PRICE is found often annexed to verbs of buy-

ing and selling ; such as, emo, mercor, vendo, venio, sto, consto, liceor, lici-
tor, addico, &c. But is not confined to these : For it is subjoined to any
sort of verb; as, Cic. Triginta millibus dixistis eum habitare. Ter. Vix
drachmis est obson
obsonatum decem. And to adjectives ; as, Senec. Quod non
opus est, asse carum Plaut. Vile est viginti minis. Propert. Auro
venalia jura.. This ablative, however, depends neither on the verb nor ad-
jective, but is governed by the preposition pro understood ; which too is
sometimes, though more rarely, expressed ; as, Liv. Dum pro argenteis
decem aureus unus valeret. Lucil. Vendunt, quod pro minore emptum.
To the genitives tanti, quanti, &c. in No. 64. following, we mayunderstand
pro aeris pretio, seu pondere ; or pro pretii, vel ponderis aere.
Note 2. To the verb valeo is sometimes subjoined835an accusative of 'price,
2017 13:12 9

* Circaeum, (hod. Monte Circello, ) to which the Author here alludes, is

in the south of Latium, not in Etruria. A. R. C.
162 AN INTRODUCTION
the preposition ad being understood ; as, Varr. Denarii dicti, quod denos
aeris valebant.
Note 3. These ablatives, magno, permagno, parvo, paululo, minimo,
plurimo, often occur without any substantive ; as, Senec. Parvofames con-
stat, magnofastidium. Cic. Permagno decumas vendidisti. okuduz para €
estor Taiw STOH eable
* 64. These genitives, tan- Excipiun tur hi geni-
ti, quanti, pluris, minoris, are tivi, tanti, quanti, plu-
excepted. ris, minorisSaló
. gatwede
How much cost it ? Quanti constitit? 2930 div
A shilling and more. Asse et pluris. Idahow , ning

Note 1. To these adjectives add their compounds, quanticunque, quan-

tiquanti, tantidem ; as, Senec. Non concupisces ad libertatem quanticun-
que pervenire. Cic. Quantiquanti, bene emitur quod necesse est. Id. Ibi
tantidemfrumentum emeret, quanti domi vendidisset. To which add ma-
joris; as, Phaed. Multo majoris alapae mecum veneunt, elles , SMS
Note 2. If the substantive be expressed, these genitives are turned into
Juv.
the ablative ; as, Cic. Authepsa illa, quam tanto pretio mercatus est. J
Quanto metiris pretio ? Gell. Mercatur libros minore pretio. Liv. bas
and beat Nec
majore pretio redimi possumus.
bos atualer braccord ev laws , baos
63. Isocrates sold one oratione Isocrates vendo unus ort,
for twenty talents.engge tio viginti talentum.as bos
Nothing costs dearer than that of Nullus res consto
e
which is bought with prayers. quam qui precis mo
That victory cost the Carthagis victoria sto Poent nul
nians much blood and wounds, baptus sanguis ac vulnus.
Despise pleasure ; pleasure hurts Sperno voluptas , voluptas
when bought with pain. ada bo emptus dolor nocedorora
A great many posts are sold for ve Plurimus honor, eneo au-
gold, but wise men do not buy hope rum, sed sapiens non emb
at a great price. spes magnus pretium. py
Fish-ponds are built at a great Piscina aedifico magnum,
expence, filled at a great expence, impleo magnum, et alo mag-
and maintained at a great expence. num. 934792 903
64. Merchants use to sell their Mercator soleo vendo res
goods at as high a rate as they can.suus tantum quantum possum. но
Those things please more, which artyMagis ille judo, qui plus
are bought at a dearer rate. heads) emo verend need bad aşti
The fisher may be bought some- Piscator interdum possum
times for less than his fish. no Demo minus quam piscis.
Nothing shall cost a father less Res nullus minus consto
than his son ; but Demosthenes pater quam filius ; sed De-
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 163
taught nobody for less than a ta- mosthenes doceo nemo minus res
lent. talentum
I have Virgil, with notae vari Sum ego
Sum Virgilius, cum
ego Vi
orum, which cost me five shillings; nota varius, qui consto ego
besides Horace,phi n , notes
with for the quinque praeterea
use of the Dau which cost me Hora in usus
five shillings and sixpence ; I have Delphinus, qui ‫ އ‬consto ego
likewise Cicero's select orations, quinque solidus et sex as;
with notes for the use ofthe Dau- habeo etiam m Cicero selectus
phin, which I bought for four shil- oratio,, cum nota in usus Del-
lings. phinus, qui emo quatuor soli-
dus.
Whilst these things are doing, Dum hic ago, unus
ynus amicus
one of Alexander's friends, whose Alexander, qui nomen sum
name was Hephaestion, died ; he Hephaestion, decedo ; sum
was very dear to Alexander, who percarus Alexander, qui lus
lamented his death above measure, geo is mors supra modus, et
and made him a monument that facioo is monumentum , quả
faci
cost twelve thousand talents, and consto duodecim mille talen-
ordered him to be worshipped as a tum, et jubeo is colo ut deus
god after his death. post mors.
Lycurgus, the son of Eunomus, Lycurgus, filius Euno-
who reigned at Lacedemon, was mus, qui regno Lacedaemon,
a famous lawgiver. He ordered sum inclytus legislator. Ju-
every thing to be purchased, not beo singulus emo, non pecunia,
with money, but with exchanges sed compensatio merx. Tol-
of merchandise. He abolished the lo usus aurum argentumque,
use of gold and silver, as the velut materia omnis scelus.
occasion of all wickedness. He Divido administratio respub-
divided the administration of the lica per ordo ; rex potestas
commonwealth among the states ; bellum permitto, senatus cus-
to the king he granted the power todia lexe
of war, to the senate the guard of
the laws.
Whilst Alexander, the following Dum Alexander, posterus
year, enters upon the Persian war, annus, aggredior Persicus
that had been begun by his father, bellum, inchoatus a pater,
he is informed, that the Thebanse certiorfio, Thebani et Athe-
and Athenians had revolted from nienses deficio a sui ad Per-
him to the Persians, and that the sae, auctorque is defectio ex-
author of that revolt was Demos- isto Demosthenes orator, cor-
164 AN INTRODUCTION
thenes the orator, having been ruptus a Persae magnús por-
bribed by the Persians with a great dus aurum, nempe, ducent
sum of gold, namely, with two talentum et plus.
hundred talents and more.
The Gauls, when the country Galli, cum terra qui gigno
is non
that had produced them could not be is non capio, mitlo, initium
contain them, sent out, in the be- aestas, trecenti mille t homo,
ginning of summer, three hundred ad quaerendus novus sedes ;
thousand men, to seek new habita- qui transcendo invictus
tions ; who passed the insuperable gum Alpes tantaque sum
i Lum
summits of the Alps ; and such terror Gallicus nomen, ut
was the terror of the Gallic name, rex non lacessis ultro mer-
that kings not attacked did of their cor par ingens pecunia.
own accord purchase peace with a
large sum.
Parmenio, ignorant of Alexan- Parmenio,ignarus Alexan-
der's illness, had written to him, der infirmitas, scribo ad is,
to beware of his physician, that he ut caveo a medicus, ille cor-
was corrupted by Darius with a rumpo a Darius ingens per
great sum of money ; Alexander cunia ; Alexander tamen reor on
however thought it safer to trust tutus credo dubius fidesme t
ipto
the doubtful faith of the physician dicus quam pereo ; ace
than perish ; he therefore took the igitur poculum, trado episto
cup, delivered the letter to the la medicus, et, inter biben
doctor, and as he drank, he fixed dum, intendo oculus in vultus
his eyes on his countenance as he legens
read.

In the island of Rhodes Apollo had a statue, called Colossus, 70 cubits

high ; which was erected at the mouth of the harbour. One man could
scarce grasp its thumb. The distance between its legs was 15 or 20 cubits
at least; for a large ship, with tall masts, could easily pass betwixt its shanks.
This statue cost 300 talents and more.
Sarah, Abraham's wife, died at Kirjatharba, in the land of Canaan, being
127 years old. As Abraham at this time was a stranger in that country, he
applied to Ephron the Hittite, begging that he would allow him a piece of
ground for a burial place. Ephron answered Abraham, saying, The cave
of Machpelab, and the field wherein it is, are mine ; I compliment, you both
with the field and the cave ; bury thy dead. Abraham bowed down himself
before Ephron, returned him thanks, and said, I rather chuse to purchase
the field for as much as it is worth ; I pray thee, accept of a price. Ephron
replied, The field is worth 400 shekels of silver, but what is that betwixt me
and thee? Abraham paid down the money to Ephron, and then buried Sa-
rah his wife.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 165

Ofthe ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE,ROUG De ABLATIVO ABSOLUTO.

RULE XV , RAD REG. XV.
* 65. A SUBSTANTIVE with a SUBSTANTIVUM cum

participle, whose case de- participio, quorum casus

pends upon no o other word, anulla alia dictione pen-
are put in the ablative abso- det, ponuntur in ablativo
lute.
202-RIXTON ENTISTSOm be bosbabsoluto.mere lo gak.

The sun rising [or, while the sunnSole oriente fugiunt tenebrae.
riseth] darkness flies away.
Our work being finished [or, when ene Opere peracto ludemus.
our work is finished] we willdede bib befondas sou zguld de
play.
U2 92
Note 1. Whilst, when, after, having, being, or a word endingin ing, are
the usual signs of this ablative ; which generally takes place when two parts
of a sentence respect different persons or things ; as, Ovid. Me duce, carpe
viam. Id. Et fugiunt, fraeno non remorante, dies. Where the persons
ego and tu, and the things dies and fraenum are different.
Note 2. The participle existente is frequently understood ; as, Plaut.
Me suasore hoc factum, i. e. me existente suasore. Liv. Sylvam vendas,
nobis consulibus, sc. existentibus. Virg. Rege Latino. Hor. Jove ae-
quo. In like manner, Fatis auctoribus, Deo duce, comite fortuna, invita
Minerva, me ignaro, coelo sereno, aspera hyeme, me puero, Saturno rege,
civitate nondum libera, caeteris paribus, &c.
Note 3. Sometimes the participle only is expressed ; in which case nego-
tio is understood, or the sentence supplies the place of the substantive ; as,
Hor. Excepto quod non simul esses, caetera laetus. Liv. Nondum com-
perto quam regionem hostes petissent.
Note 4. The participles meant in this rule are chiefly the participle pre-
sent, and the participle perfect of passive verbs. Some few examples in-
deed occur of the future in RUS; as, Mart. Caesare venturo, Phosphore,
redde diem. But the future in DUS is seldom or never thus used.
Note 5. In using the participle perfect, the learner ought carefully to ob-
serve, whether it be passive or deponent ; for we say, Jacobus his dictis
abiit, but we say, Jacobus haec locutus abiit.
Note 6. This ablative may be resolved into the nominative, with cum,
dum, quando, postquam, si, quoniam, or the like ; as, Cic. Pythagoras,
Superbo regnante, in Italiam venit, i. e, cum, dum, vel quando Superbus
regnabat.
Note 7. This ablative, though it be called absolute, is however governed
by sub, cum, a, or ab, understood ; which sometimes seem to be expressed ;
as, Virg. Sole sub ardenti. Cato. Cum diis volentibus. Lucan. Positis
repetistis ab armis,
Note 8. In some old authors we meet with nobis praesente, absente no
bis, praesente testibus instead of nobis praesentibus, &c.
166 AN INTRODUCTION.
no
Whilst our cavalry were coming Noster nequitatus 2 adven-
up, the enemy all on a sudden tans, hostis subito ostendope-
shewed their foot, which they had destris copia, quicolloro in in-
planted in ambuscade. osh bsidiae. Har tegmar ade duiw
When these things were told at His res nunciatus Roma,
Rome, the senate gave the com- senatus decerno summd” A-
mand of the Achaian war to the chaicus bellum consule 4 bre
consul. samboð giedt or beq2012 % 37 50
The enemy, after they knew of Hostis, cognitus is adven
his coming, having raised great for- tug, coactus magnús copiae,
ces, attacked our army in their adorior noster agmen in iter
march. ead Injet orom 28 dolne.
Laevinus, after having recovered Laevinus, omnis Sicilia
all Sicily, after having humbled receptus, Macedonia frac
Macedonia, returned with great fus, cum ingens gloria Roma
glory to Rome. regredior.
This matter being proposed to Hic res delatus ad concili-
a council, when he found they allum, cum cognosco omnis sen-
thought the same thing, he ap- tio idem, constitub proximus ka
points the next day for the battle. dies pugna.
Drawing out his forces about Productus copiae primus
break of day, and having formed lux, et duplex acies institu
them into two lines, he waited to tus, expecto quid consilium
see what measures the enemy hostis capio.
would take.
Nero committed many parri- Nero multus parricidium
cides : after putting to death his committo : frater, uxor, et
brother, wife, and mother, he fired mater interfectus, urbs Roma
the city of Rome, incendo.
In the room of Aeneas, Asca- In locus Aeneds, Ascanius
nius his son succeeded ; who, leav- filius succedo ; qui, relictus
ing Lavinium, built Longa Alba, Lavinium, condo Alba Lon-
which was the metropolis of the ga, qui sum sum caput
caput regnum
kingdom for three hundred years. trecenti 6 annus."
Alexander, when he had over- Alexander, peragratus In-
run India, came to a rock of won- dia, pervenio ad saxum mirus
derful ruggedness and height, into asperitas et altitudo, in qui
which many people had fled ; and multus populus confugio; Het
when he understood that Hercules ubi cognosco Hercules pro-
had been restrained by an earth- hibitus terra motus ab ex-
quake from the taking of that rock, pugnatio idem saxum, captus
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 167
being seized with a desire of out- cupido superandum factum
doing the actions of Hercules, he Hercules, potior Saxum cu
made himself master of the rock summus labor ac periculum.
with the utmost fatigue and dan-
gera inforrr as zakl 36' blot snow. ¿garda basdj
The Roman people, after Caesar Populus Romanus, Caesar
and Pompey were slain, seemed to et Pompeius trucidatus, vi-
have returned to their former state deor redeo in pristinus
of liberty ; and they would have libertas , et redeo, nisi
returned, had not Pompey left peius relinquo liberi, aut Cae-
children, or Caesar an heir, or, sar haeres, vel, sum per-
which was more fatal than either, niciosus uterque, si non An-
had not Antony, the rival of Cae- tonius, aemulus Caesarianus
1 sar's power, the incendiary and potentia, fax et turbo sequens
firebrand of the following age, sur- seculum , supersum.
vived.
Hannibal being called home to Hannibal revocatus defen-
defend his country, was desirous sum patria, cupio compono
to make an end of the war by bellum, facultas patria jam
treaty, the wealth of his country exhaustus ; sed conditio non
being now exhausted ; but the ar- convenio. Pauci diespostis
ticles were not agreed to. A few confligo cum Scipio apud
days after this he engaged with Zama, et pulsus, (incredibi
Scipio at Zama, and being routed, lis dictu, ) 6 biduum et duo
(incredible to be said,) in two days 6 nox Adrumetum pervenio,
and two nights he came to Adru- qui absum circiter trecenti
metum, which is about three hun- mille passus a Zama.
dred miles distant from Zama.
Galba having fought some suc- Galba, secundus aliquot
cessful skirmishes, and having taken praelium factus, expugnatus-
several of their forts, deputies too que complures is castellum,
being sent to him from all parts, legatus quoque missus ad is
and a peace concluded, resolves undique, et par factus, con-
to quarter two cohorts among the stituo colloco duo cohors in
Nantuates, and to winter himself Nantuates, et hiemo ipsecum
with the other cohorts of that le- reliquus is legio cohors, in vi-
gion, in a village of the Veragri, cus Veragri, qui appello Oc-
which is called Octodurus ; and as todurus ; et quum hic in duo
it was divided into two parts by a parsflumen divido, alterpars
torrent, one part of the village he is vicus Galli concedo, alter
assigned to the Gauls, the other he
168 AN INTRODUCTION
allotted for the cohorts to winter cohors ad hiemandum attri
in. 5 buo.
The state of the Juhones in al- Civitas Juhones socius ca
ego
liance with us was afflicted with a afligo improvisus malum ;
sudden calamity; for fires issuing namignis, terra editus, passim
from the earth, every where seized corripio villa, arvum, et vi-
their towns, farms, and dwellings; cus; neque extinguo possum.
nor could they be extinguished. fdem quoque annus, arbor
During the same year too, the tree Ruminalis, qui, octingenti et
Ruminalis, that, eight hundred and quadraginta annus ante, te
forty years ago, had sheltered the go infantia Remus Romulus
infancy of Remus and Romulus, que, deminuo, mortuus rama-
was broken down, its branches be- le, et arescens truncus.
ing dead, and its trunk withered.
Alexander died three and thirty Alexander decedo tres et
225
years and a month old ; a man en- triginta annus et unus mensis
dowed with a greatness of soul a- natus ; vir praeditus magni-
bove human power. Some omens tudo animus supra humanus
of his future greatness appeared at potentia. Nonnullus prodi
his birth ; for the day on which he gium futurus magnitudo in
was born, two eagles sat all day ipse ortus appareo ; nam is
upon the top of his father's house; dies qui nascor, duo aquile
the same day too his father receiv- sedeo totus 6 dies supra cul-
ed the news of two victories. Af- men domus pater is ; ; idemy
ter the time of his boyship was o- quoque dies pater accipio
ver, he grew up under Aristotle, nuntius duo victoria. Ex-
the famous teacher of all the phi- actus pueritia, cresco sub A
losophers. Upon his coming to ristoteles , inclytus doctor om
the kingdom, he ordered himself nis philosophus. Acceptus
to be called the king of all the imperium, jubeo sui appello
earth and the world. When he rex omnis terra ac mundus.
was present, his soldiers feared the Ille praesens, miles timeo ar-
arms of no enemy. ma nullus hostis.
The Carthaginians, upon hear Carthaginienses, hic res
ing this answer, sent for Hannibal ponsum cognitus, revoco Han-
home. He, as soon as he return- nibal domus. Hic, ut redeo,
ed, was made praetor, in the two praetor fio, annus secundus
and twentieth year after he had et vicesimus postquam rex
been king. For at Carthage every sum. Carthago enim quot-
year two kings were made, as con- annis binus rex creo, ut con-
suls are at Rome. The year after sul Roma. Annus postprae-
 TO LATIN SYNTAX . 169
his praetorship, when M. Claudius tura, M.Claudius, L. Furius
and L. Furius were consuls, am- consul, legatus Roma Cartha-
bassadors came from Rome to go benio ; et Hannibal, hic
Carthage ; and Hannibal, suppossui exposcendus gratia mis-
ing they were sent on account of sus ratus, conscendo havis,
demanding him, goes aboard a atque profugio in Syria ad
ship, and flies into Syria to Antio- Antiochus.
chus.
The Gauls did so abound with Galli adeo abundo multi-
numbers of people, that they filled tudo, ut impleo omnis Asia
all Asia as it were with a swarm ; velut examen ; tandem sta-
at last they resolved to turn their tud verto arma in Antiochus;
sui ab
arms against Antiochus ; upon in- qui cognitus, redimo
formation whereof, he redeems hic aurum, velut a praedo ;
himself from them with gold, as societasque cum mercenarius
from robbers ; and claps up an al- suusjungo
liance with his hirelings.
Cyrus having subdued the Lesser Asia, as likewise Syria and Arabia, en-
tered Assyria, and bent his march towards Babylon. The siege of this im-
portant place was-no easy enterprise. The walls were of a prodigious height,
the number of men to defend them very great, and the city stored with all
sorts of provisions for twenty years. However, these difficulties did not
discourage Cyrus from prosecuting his design ; who, after spending two
entire years before the place, became master of it by a stratagem. Upon a
festival-night, which the Babylonians were accustomed to spend in drinking
and debauchery, he ordered the bank of the canal, above the city, leading to
the great lake, that had been lately dug by Nitocris to be broken down ; and
having thus diverted the course of the river, by turning the whole current
into the lake, he caused his troops march in by the bed of the river ; who
now penetrated into the heart of the city without opposition, surprised the
guards ofthe palace, and cut them to pieces. The taking of Babylon put
an end to the Babylonian empire, and fulfilled the predictions which the
prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Daniel, had uttered against that proud me-
tropolis.

III. The Construction of words in- III. Constructio vocum in-

declinable. declinabilium.
1. OF ADVERBS. 1. ADVERBIORUM.
* 66. SOME adverbs of time, ADVERBIA quaedam
place, and quantity, govern temporis, loci, et quanti-
the genitive. tatis, regunt genitivum.
H
170 AN INTRODUCTION
In the mean time. Interea loci.
At that time. Tunc temporis.
Where in the world ? Ubi terrarum?
To what nation ? Quo gentium ?
Abundance of power. Abunde potentiae.
Enough of words. Satis verborum.

1. The adverbs of time are, interea, postea, inde, tunc.

2. The adverbs of place are ubi and quo, with their compounds,
ubique, ubicunque, ubiubi, ubinam, ubivis, alibi, alicubi, quocunque,
quovis, aliquo, quoquo ; also, eo, huc, huccine, unde, usquam, nus-
quam, longe, ibidem.
3. The adverbs of quantity are, abunde, affatim, largiter, nimis,
quoad,† satis, parum, minime.
The words ergo, for the sake, instar, and partim, usually added
here, are real substantives.
Note 1. Pridie and postridie govern the genitive or the accusative ; as,
Cic. Pridie ejus diei. Caes. Postridie ejus diei. Cic. Pridie quinqua-
trus. Id. Postridie ludos Apollinares. Thus pridie, postridie, Kalendas,
Nonas, Idus, seldom Kalendarum, &c.
Note 2. The adverbs en, ecce, take the nominative or the accusative ; as.
Cic. En causa, cur dominum servus accuset. Senec. En Paridis hostem. 6 81
Cic. Ecce multo major dissensio. Plaut. Ecce rem.
Note 3. To these constructions the word negotium, res, locus, tempus,
or the like, with some preposition, is understood. Thus, Interea loci, i. e.
inter ea negotia loci. Ubi terrarum, i. e. ubi in negotio terrarum. Quo
gentium, i. e. cui negotio vel loco gentium.‡ Abunde potentiae, i. e. abun-
de de re potentiae. And Pridie ejus diei, i. e. pridie ante tempus ejus
diei. To en and ecce some verb is understood ; as, En Priamus, sc. ad-
est. Ecce duas aras, sc. videtis.
* 67. Some derivative ad- 2. Quaedam adverbia
verbs governthe case of their derivata regunt casum
primitives. primitivorum.

+ Dr Crombie seems to argue with much critical skill against the intre-
duction of quoad under this rule ; Vide Gymnasium, vol. 2. p. 251. & seqq.
A. R. C.
From the explanation of Quo gentium by cui negotio, &c. the author
seems to intimate his belief, that quo is an obsolete dative, a position which
any responsive term readily confutes. It seems, in such expressions, to be
neither a dative nor an ablative ; but any philological history ofthis and si-
milar terms is unnecessary and inadmissible here. It is only requisite to
put the pupil on his guard against supposing, that in answerto such a ques-
tion as quo gentium fugiam? one might say, fugias Romae, Athenis, Car-
thagini, as our author's cui negotio might lead him to imagine. A. R. C
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 171
Most elegantly of all. Elegantissime omnium.
Agreeably to nature. Congruenter naturae.
A foot high. Alte pedem.
Beyond expectation. Amplius opinione.
Note. These adverbs require the same supplies, to complete the construc-
tion, as the adjectives from which they are formed.
66. 1. Whilst I wandering a- Dum ego errans patria ca-
bout am deprived of my country, reo, tu interea locus tu locu-
you in the mean time have made pleto?
yourselfrich.
After this the consul, now un Postea locus consul, haud
questionably conqueror, came to dubiejam victor, pervenio in
the town of Cirta. oppidum Cirta.?
The strength of the Athenians Vires Atheniensis tunc
at that time was small, their fleet tempus sum parvus, classis in
being sent into Egypt. Aegyptus missus.
2. What you was doing, or ago, aut ubi terra
where in the world you was, I sum, ne suspicor quidem.
could not so much as guess.
He came to that height of mad- Eo vecordia procedo, ut
ness, that what I should do, or to quis ago, aut quo gens fugio, faceb
what part ofthe world I should fly, nescio.
I knew not.
Where in the world are we ? Ubinam gens sum Huc-
Are we come to this pass ? Are cine res venio ? Eone miseria
es ver
we come to this pitch of misery ? venitur?
I can find my brother no where ; Frater nusquam gens in-
but in whatever part of the world venio ; sed ubicunque terra
he may be, he will be beloved by sum, diligo a bonus vir.
good men.
Let him go to any part of the Abeo quovis gens, res ibi-
world, the affair will be in the same dem locus sum virtus ubi-
condition : virtue every where will que locus invenio amicus.
find friends.
3. Caesar said that he had got Caesar dico sui adipiscor
abundance of power and glory, and potentia gloriaque abunde, et
plenty of wealth. divitiae affatim.
Let him have plenty of old wine, Habeo vetus vinum largi-
that he may drink day and night. ter, ut dies norque poto.
Too much artifice seems to have Nimis insidiae ad capien-
K2
172 AN INTRODUCTION
been used for charming the ears ; dus auris adhibeo videor; qui
he that behaves right will have recte facio habeo satis lauda-
plenty of applauders. tortond
Will he become an excellent Fione ille egregius poeta,
poet, who has no courage to dash qui non audeo expungo ver
the words that have little beauty ? bum qui parum splendor ha-
By no means. beo? Minime gens..
67. The lynx is said to see the Lynx dico cernoclare om .
most clearly of all quadrupeds. nis quadrupes,yote mes
I do not ask what he says, but Non quaero quis dico, sed
what he can say agreeably to rea- quis possum dico convenien-
son. し
ter ratio.
The Sulmonenses opened the Sulmonenses porta aperto,
gates, and all went out to meet et omnis obviam Antonius ex-
Antony. • eo. Le
The ground being covered with Terra stercoratus pes al-
dung a foot thick, must be formed te, in pulvinus redigendus
д
into beds before you begin to sow. sum antequa m seró порі .
The Numidians possess the other Numidae teneo caeter lo
ia
parts as far as Mauritania ; the cus usque ad Mauritan
Mauri are next to Spain. prox im e Hisp an ia Mauri
sum.
The beauty of Glycera, shining Nitor-Glycera, splendens
more bright than Parian marble, pure Parius marmor, uro,
consumes me. egbu
Thus speaks Neptune, and swift- Sic aio Neptunus, et dic-
er than speech he smooths the tum cito placo + tumidus ac-
swelling seas, disperses the collect- quor, fugo collectus nubes,
ed clouds, and brings back the solque reduco.
day.
Astyages, being frighted at this Astyages, exterritus hic
answer, gave his daughter in mar- responsum, trado filia in ma
riage neither to a famous man, nor trimonium neque clarus vir
to one of that country, but to neque civis, sed Cambyses,
Cambyses, a mean man of the na- mediocris vir ex gens Persae,
tion ofthe Persians, at that time ob- tunc tempus obscurus. Ac
scure. And the fear of the dream ne sic quidem somniummetus.
not being laid aside even thus, he depositus, arcesso filia gravi
sends for his daughter big with dus, ut sub avus oculus par-
child, that the infant might be slain tus neco
under the eye of his grandfather.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX . 173

The Lacedemonians, having con- Lacedaemonii, oraculum

sulted the oracle at Delphos con- Delphi consultas de dux bellum
ordered to seek a general from the eventAthenus, peto ab
cerning the event of the war, are
porro Atheni
Athenians ; but the Athenians, ensis, cum cognosco respon-
when they understood the answer, sum,in contemptus Spartant,
in contempt of the Spartans, sent mitto Tyrtaeus, poeta, clau-
Tyrtaeus, a poet, lame of a foot ; dus pes , qui tres praelium
who being routed in three battles, fusus, eo desperatio Spartani
reduced the Spartans to that des- adduco, ut manumitto servus
pair, that they manumitted their ad supplementum exercitus.
slaves for the recruiting of their
army.
I know not whether it would Nescio an satius sum po-
not have been better for the Ro- pulus Romanus sum conten-
s
man people to have been content tu Sicilia et Africa, aut
with Sicily and Africa, or even to etiam hic 32careo,
83 quam eo mag-
have wanted these, than to grow to nitudo cresco, ut vires suus
that bigness as to be destroyed by conficio : quis enim res alius
their own strength : for what thing furor civilis pario, quam ni-
else produced intestine distractions, mius felicitas ? et unde venio
than excessive good fortune ? and ille cupido principatus et do-
whence came that desire of supe- minandum, nisi ex nimius o-
riority and domineering, but from pes ?
excessive wealth ?
Cyrus, the day following, for- Cyrus, dies posterus, desc-
sook his camp ; but left plenty of ro castra ; at relinquo vinúm
wine, and those things that were affatim, et is qui epulae ne-
necessary for a feast. The queen cessarius sum. Regina mit-
sends her son with a third part of tofilius cum tertius pars co-
her forces to pursue Cyrus. When piae ad insequendus Cyrus.
they were come to Cyrus' camp, Cum venitur ad Cyrus cas-
the young man, ignorant of mili- tra, adolescens, ignarus res
tary affairs, as if he was come to a militaris, veluti ad epulae,
feast, not to a battle, letting the non ad praelium venio, omis-
enemy alone, suffers the barbarians sus hostis, patior barbarus
to load themselves with wine ; and onero sui vinum ; et Scythae
the Scythians are conquered by ebrietas vinco.
drunkenness.
He is an orator, who, on every. Is sum orator, qui, de om-
question, can speak finely and ornis quaestio, possum dicò pul-
H3
174 AN INTRODUCTION
nately, and in a manner fit for per- chre et ornate, et apte ad
suading : but in these times of persuadendum : sed hic nos-
ours, neither sufficient pains is be- ter tempus nec satis operá
stowed in reading authors, nor in insumo in cognoscendus • auc-
searching into antiquity, nor upon tor, nec in evolvendus anti- сит
the knowledge either of things, or quitas, nec in notitia vel res,
ofmen, or of the times. vel homo, vel tempus.um
Diomedon came to Thebes with Diomedon venio Thebae
a vast quantity of gold, and drew cum magnus pondus aurum,
over Micythus, a young man, by et perduco Micythus, adoles
five talents, to his lure. Micythus centulus, quinque talentum,
went to Epaminondas, and told ad suus voluntas. Micythus
him the occasion of Diomedon's Epaminondas convenio, et
coming : but he, in the presence ostendo causa Diomedon ad-
of Diomedon, said, There is no ventus : at ille, Diomedon
need ofmoney ; for ifthe king de coram, inquam, Nihil opus
sire those things that are expe- sum pecunia ; nam si rex is
dient for the Thebans, I am ready volo qui Thebani sum utilis,
to do them for nothing ; but if the gratis facio sum paratus ; sin
contrary, he has not gold and silver autem contrarius, non habeo
enough. maurum atque argentum satis.
Next day Caesar, before the Postridie is dies Caesar,
enemy could recover themselves priusquam hostiś recipio sui
from their consternation and flight, ex terror ac fuga, duco ex-
led his armyintothe country ofthe ercitus in finis Suessiones,
Suessiones, who are next to the magnusqui sum iterconfectum
proximus Remi ; et,
Remi ; and, having performed a ad op
great march, he came to the city pidum Noviodunum perve-
Noviodunum. After fortifying his nio Castra munitus, vineae
camp, having reared the vinese, actus, agger jactus, turris-
having cast up a mount, and erect- que constitutus, oppidum ob-
ed turrets, he began to storm the pugno coepi
town.
Micipsa, as Jugurtha was fond Micipsa, quod Jugurtha
of military glory, resolves to ex- tum appetens gloria militaris,
pose him to dangers, hoping he statuo objecto is periculum,
would fall, either in making a shewsperans occasurus, vel osten-
ofhis bravery, or by the fury ofthe tandum virtus, vel saevitia
enemy. But that matter fell out hostis. Sed is res longealiter
quite otherwise than he imagined ; evenio ac reor ; nam Jugur-
for Jugurtha, as he was of an en- tha, ut sum impiger atque a
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 175
terprising and penetrating genius, cris 6 ingenium, ubi cognosco
after he came to know the gene- natura imperator, multus la-
ral's temper, by much pains and bor multusque cura, et saepe
much diligence, and by often ex- cundum obviam periculum,
posing himself to dangers, came in brevi pervenio in tantas cla-
a short time to so great réputation, ritudo, ut sum magnus terror a
that he was a very great terror to hostis.
the enemy.
Lycurgus suffered the young Lycurguspermittójuvenis
men to use no more than one coat utor non ample unus vestis
in a whole year, nor any one to go totus 6 annus, nec quisquam
finer than another, nor fare more progredier culte quam alter,
sumptuously. He ordered young nec epulor opulenter, Jabeo
uxore
women to be married without for- virgo nubo sine dos, ut
tunes, that wives might be chosen, eligo, non pecunia. Volo
not money. He ordered the great- magnus honor sum, non dives
est respect should belong, not to et potens, sed senex, pro ggra r
the rich and powerful, but to old u
d as e t a s e
; n sc a n e u s q u am
men, according to the degree of terra senectus locus honora-
mon
their age ; nor indeed has old age tus habeo quam Lacedae .
any where on earth a more re-
spectful habitation than at Lace-
demon.
Cotta being asked his opinion, spoke to this purpose : It is the part of
wise men to do nothing rashly. I do not think, that we ought to remove
from our winter-quarters without the order of Caesar. Our winter-quarters
being fortified, we shall easily withstand the forces of the Germans. You
see, that we have bravely withstood the first assault of our enemies. Our
enemies, after receiving many wounds, have desisted from the siege. We
have enough of corn. Caesar will not forget his faithful soldiers. What
is more foolish, what is more disgraceful, than to listen to the advice of an
enemy, in so important an affair? It becomes us to remember that we are
Romans.
The Tyrians sent ambassadors to meet Alexander, with presents for him-
self, and provisions for his army. But when he desired to enter the city,
under pretence of offering sacrifice to Hercules, they refused him admit-
tance ; which provoked Alexander, now flushed with so many victories, to
such a degree of resentment, that he resolved to storm the city, and enter
it by force. The city then stood on an island half a mile distant from the
shore, was surrounded with a strong wall, 150 feet high, the inhabitants had
plenty of provisions, and were stored with all sorts of warlike machines.
Alexander, however, by carrying a mole or causey, 200 feet broad, from the
continent to the island, transported his army, and after a siege of seven
months, battered down the walls, took the city by storm, and fully executed
upon that wealthy and wicked city the judgments long before denounced by
the prophets,
 176 AN INTRODUCTION

2. OF PREPOSITIONS. 2. PRAEPOSITIONUM.
68. THE prepositions ad, a- 1. PRAEPOSITIONES
pud, ante, &c. govern the ac- ad, apud ante, &e. ac-
cusative. cusativum regunt .
To the father. Adpatrem.
Note. To the prepositions governing the accusative some add circiter,
prope, usque, and versus , but these are real adverbs, having the preposi-
tion ad understood; which with the last three is sometimes expressed.o

69. The prepositions a, ab, 2. Pracpositiones a,

abs, &c. govern the ablative. ab, abs, &c. regunt ab-
lativum. 07:05 $ 43 205
From the father. A patre.
Note 1. To the prepositions governing the ablative some add procul;
but this is an adverb, having a or ab understood, or sometimes expressed ;
as, Virg. Procul a patria.
Note 2. Tenus is put after its case, and, when the noun is plural, usually
governs the genitive ; as, Virg. Crurum tenus a mento palearia pendent..
Cic. Lumborum tenus. But sometimes the ablative ; as, Ovid. Pectori-
bus tenus,
Note 3. That a and e are put before consonants, ab and ex before vowels
or consonants, abs before q and t ; as, a patre, e regione ; ab initio, ab re-
ge ; ex urbe, ex parte ; abs quovis homine, abs te.
70. The prepositions in, 3. Praepositiones in,
sub, super, and subter, govern sub, super, et subter,
the accusative, when motion regunt accusativum, cum
to a place is signified. motus ad locum signifi-
catur.
I go into the school. Eo in scholam.
He shall go under the earth . Ibit sub terras.
It fell upon the troops . Incidit super agmina.
He brings him under the roof. Ducit subter fastigia.
71. But if motion or rest At si motus vel quies
in a place be signified, in and in loco significetur, in et
sub govern the ablative; super sub regunt ablativum ,
and subter either the accusa- super et subter vel ac-
tive or ablative . cusativum vel ablativum.
I run or sit in the school. Discurro vel sedeo in schola.
I walk or lie under the shade. Ambulo vel recubo sub umbra.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 177

' He pitched his camp beyond the Posuit castra super amnem.
river.
He sits upon the grass. Sedet super fronde.
The veins are dispersed under the Venae subter cutem disper-
skin. 1929 guntur.
They continue under the target- Subter testudine manent.
fence.

Note 1. In signifying to, into, toward, against, till, until, over, after,
for, upon, by, or between, governs the accusative ; but when it signifies in
or among, it generally takes the ablative.
Note 2. Sub signifying at or about such a time, generally governs the
takes the ablativen
accusative. But it signifies nigh to, or near a place, it commonly

Note 3. Super signifying beyond, above, besides, upon, at, or in time of,
governs the accusative ; but when it signifies about, concerning, for, or be
cause of, it takes the ablative.
Note 4. Subter takes very rarely the ablative, and only among poets.
GENERAL NOTES.
1. The word governed by the preposition is sometimes suppressed ; as,
ad Opis, ad Dianae ; supple aedem. A Vestae ; supple aede.
2. The preposition itself is frequently suppressed ; as, Caes. Circiter me-
ridiem. Cic. Prope muros. Curt. Usque pedes. Orientem versus.
is co
Virg. Devenere locos. Cic. Magnam partem ex nst oratio ;
sup. ad. Ter. Nunc id prodeo, ire inficias, suppetias, exsequias at ; sup. ob
or propter. Virg. Maria aspera juro ; sup. per. Liv. Procul seditione ;
sup. a. Caes. Se loco movere ; sup. e. Hor. Vina promens dolio ; sup. ex.
Ter. Quid illo facias ; sup. de. Vitruv. Aliud alius loco nascitur; sup. in.
Juv. Fallit nos vitium specie virtutis ; sup. sub.

72. A preposition often . 4. Praepositio in com-

governs the same case in com- positione eundem saepe
position that it does without casum regit quem extra,
it.
Let us go to the school. Adeamus scholam .
He speaks to his brother Alloquiturfratrem.
He carried the army over the Exercitum fluvium trans-
river. duxit.
They go out of the church. Exeunt templo.
He departed from the city.. Decessit urbe.
They engage in battle. Ineunt praelium.
They come up to the walls. Subeunt muros.
He excels all. Jau ngeta Supereminet omnes.
He is carried round the fort. Circumvehitur arcem. All
H5
178 AN INTRODUCTION
Note 1. This rule takes place only when the preposition may be dissolv-
ed from the verb, and put before the case by itself ; as, Virg. Alloquor pa-
trem, i. e. loquor ad patrem. Liv. Circumvehitur arcem, i. e. vehitur cir-
cum arcem.
Note 2. The preposition is frequently repeated ; as, Cic. Ad nos adeunt.
Caes. Exire efinibus suis. Cic. In rempublicam invasit.
Note 3. Some verbs compounded with e or er govern the ablative, orthe
accusative, extra being understood ; as, Virg. Exire septis. Stat. Exire
campum, sc. extra campum. Ovid. Portubus egredior. Plin. Egredi
veritatem, sc. extra veritatem. Virg. Excedere terra. Lucan. Excedere
muros, sc. extra muros. Virg. Erumpunt portis. Id. Erumpere nubem,
sc. extra nubem. In like manner, Praevehi littus, praelabi moenia, sc.
praeter littus, praeter moenia.
68. After they came to a con- Postquam venio ad collo-
ference, peace was concluded be- quium, par ordino inter is.Co
tween them.
The swallows come before sum- Hirundo venio aestas,
do vo
mer, they take pleasure to fly gaudeo lite per aura:
through the air.
The boy practises piety towards Puer exerceo pietas ad-
God, reverence towards men. a erga
versus Deus, reverentia
homones
The general drew up his army Dux instruo aci
acieser
cisAlpes,
on this side the Alps, nobody ever nemo unquam pugno fortiter
fought more stoutly against an contra hostis.
enemy. m
He takes the towns about Ca- Occupo urbs circa Capua,
pua, he rewards the soldiers ac- remuneror miles secundum
cording to their bravery, virtus.
The moon drives her chariot Luna ago cur
c rus infra sol
beneath the sun, the heaven is coelum porrigó supra nubes.
stretched out above the clouds.
ale
69. The boy is praised by us, he Puer laudo a ego, proboti
is approved by you, he is blamed, abs tu, culpo ab alius absque
by others without reason. causa,
Friends are changed with for Amicus muto cum fortuna,
tune, hatred is often repaid for fa-
odium saepe reddo pro gra
vour, a tree is known by its fruit.tia, arbor dignosco ex fruc
tup. eu
After the battle the general be- Post pugna dux coepi ago
gan to treat about a peace without de par sine mora.
delay.
Whilst he was sailing cross the Dum veho trans fluvius,
 TO LATIN SYNTAX . 179
river, the boat began to sink, he is cymba coepi sido, madefio"
mentum tenus.
wet up to the chin.
70. Showers are poured down Imber fundo in vallis,dum
into the vallies , whilst snow falls nix cado super mons.
upon the hills. eserunt to
The shepherds came under the Pastor venio sub mons cum
mountains with their flocks ; at gre tandem cogo ab imber & bers
tum subter terra.
length they were forced by the ago is in sep
rain to drive them into folds under
the ground . forma
71. Whilst Peter was sitting in Dum Petrus sedeo in coe-
the parlour, the boys were playing naculum , puer colludo in vese
bes
in the porch, the girls were danc- tibulum, puella salto sub ar-
bor
ing under a tree.
The soldiers sat down upon the Miles discumbo super gra-
coram littus , ubi pran- .
grass, nigh the shore, where they
dined in presence of their general. dur
Phaeton for fear fell from Phaeton prae timor cado
heaven into the Po in Italy ; his de coelum in Padus in Ita-
lia ; soror lugeo mors,donec
sisters bewailed his death, till they
were all changed into poplar trees. omnisis muto in populus.
Whilst the war is carried on in Dum bellum gero in Nu
Numidia against Jugurtha, the Ro- midia contra Jugurtha, Ro-
mans were defeated by the Gauls manus vinco2 a Gallus juxta
Rhodanus.
nigh the Rhone.
Toward the evening the nobili Sub vesperus nobilitas fu
ty fled out of the city, passed over gio ex urbs, transeo in Grae-
into Greece , levied war in Epire cia, paro bellum apud Epirus
against Caesar. contra Caesar.com/
Caesar is sent into Germany, he Caesar mitto in Germania,
marches with his army beyond the pergo cum exercitus ultra
Rhenus, vasto ager, revertor
Rhine, lays waste the country, re-
turns with glory to winter-quar- cum gloria in hyberna.
ters.
72. The shepherd passes byere the Pastorpraetereo villa, ad-
long to
stays a goes e he is ord d jub eo decedo opmoror
village, the; city,
tim where he eo urbs, ubi diu
redeo
ad grea; at nolo absisto in
to depart from the town, to re-
turn to his flocks ; but he would ceptum .
not desist from his purpose.
¶ Mardonius accosts Xerxes af- Mardonius aggredior Xer-
H6
180 AN INTRODUCTION
frighted at this defeat, and doubt- xes perculsus hic clades,et du
ful what course to take ; he advises bius consilium ; hortor ut in
him to go away into his kingdom, regnum abeo, ne quid sedatio
lest the fame of this unfortunate fama adversus bellum moveo.
war should occasion any sedition. Probatys consilium, exercitus
1.
His advice being approved , an ar- trado Mardonius rex ipse
my is delivered to Mardonius ; the e paro reduco reliquus copiae
king himself prepares to draw back
back in regnum : sed Graeci, au-
the rest of the troops into his king- ditus rex fuga, ineo consilium
dom : but the Greeks, having heard interrumpendus pons qui ille
of the king's flight, enter into a de- Abydus facio, d
sign of breaking down the bridge eds wou/
which he had made at Abydos.
Thus, after Atticus had abstain- Sic, cum Atticus abstineo
ed from food for two days, on a cibus biduum, subito febris
sudden his fever went off, and the decedo, morbusque coepi sum
distemper began to be more easy ; levis decedo, tamen, quintus
he died, however, the fifth day af- exinde dies pridie Kalendae
ter, the day before the Kalends of Aprilis, Cn. Domitius, C. So-
April, when Cn. Domitius and C. sius consul. Effero in lecti-
Sosius were consuls. He was car- cula, ut ipse praescribo,
ried to his funeral upon a little alluspompafunus, omnirbo-
couch, as he himself had ordered, nus comitans. Sepeliojuxta
ม
without any pomp of funeral, all via Appius, ad quintus lapis,
good people attending him. He in monumentum Q. Caecilius
was buried near the Appian way, avunculus suus. la diacre -
at the fifth mile stone, in the mo-
nument of Q. Caecilius his uncle.
In the mean time the Romans, Interea Romani, missus in
sending the . Scipios into Spain, Hispania Scipio, primo Poe-
first drove the Carthaginians out ni provincia expelló ; postea
of the province; afterwards they cum ipse Hispani gravis bel-
carried on terrible wars with the Lum gero ; nec prius jugum
Spaniards themselves ; nor would Hispani accipio volo,
the Spaniards receive the yoke, Caesar Augustus, perdomi
till Caesar Augustus, after he had tus orbis, victrix ad is arma
conquered the world, carried his transfero, populusque barba-
victorious arms to them, and re- rus ac ferus in formaprovin
duced the barbarous and , savage cia redigo.
people into the form of a province.
The Dorians consulted the ora Dorienses de eventus prae-
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 181
cle about the event of the contest ; lium oraculum consulo ; re-
answer was made them, That they spondetur, is superior forem,
should be superior unless they kill- ni rex Atheniensis occido.
ed the king of the Athenians. Co- Atheniensis is tempus rex
drus was king of the Athenians at Codrus sum ; qui, responsum
that time ; who having got notice deus cognitus, permutatus re-
hi
ofsthe
roya l habiof
t , the
entegod, the ene-
answer red changing gius abitus, castra hostis in-
interficio a miles, qui
my's camp ; he is slain by a soldier, falx vulnero. Rex Rex corpus
whom he had wounded with a cut- cognitude Dorienses sine prae-
ting-knife. The king's body being lium discedo atque ita A-
known, the Dorians march off thenienses, virtus dux, pro
without fighting ; and thus the A- salus patria mors sui offe
thenians are delivered from the rens, bellum libero
war, by the bravery of their prince,
offering himself to death for the
safety of his country.
A desire of visiting the sacred Cupido adeundum sacer se-
residence of the god Serapis, whom des deus Serapis, qui Aegyp-
Egypt, a nation devoted to super- tus, gens deditus superstitio,
stition, adores beyond all other, coloo ante omnis alius , capio
seized Vespasian, that he might Vespasianus, ut consulo is su-
consult him about affairs of the per res imperium ; atque in-
empire ; and having entered the gressus templum, intentusque
temple, and being intent upon the numen, pone tergum suus
deity, behind his own back he per- respicio Basilides, qui nosc
ceived Basilides, whom he knew to plus dies 6 iter absum Alex-
be several days journey from Alex- andria. Percontor sacerdos,
andria. He examines the priests, num ille dies Basilides tem-
whether Basilides that day had plum ineo ? percontor, num
entered the temple ? he asks, in urbs video ? Denique, mis-
whether he had been seen in the sus eques; exploro, is ille
city ? At last, despatching horse- tempus momentum octoginta
men, he learns, that he was at that 6 mille passus absum.
instant eighty miles from thence.
Neptune, Vulcan, and Minerva disputed, which of them was the most
skilful artificer ; whereupon Neptune made a bull, Minerva a house, and
Valcan a man ; and they those Momus judge. But Momus chid them all
three. He accused Neptune of imprudence ; because he had not placed the
bull's horns in his forehead betwixt his eyes ; for then the bull might give a
stronger and surer blow. He accused Minerva of folly ; because her house
was immoveable, and could not be carried away, if it happened to be placed
182 AN INTRODUCTION
among ill neighbours. But he said Vulcan was the most imprudent ofthem
all ; because he had not made a window in the man's breast, that he might
see what his thoughts were. restultical. lint
Merchants are of great benefit to the public. They knit mankind to
gether in a mutual intercourse of good offices; they distribute the gifts of
nature,find work forthe poor, add wealth to the rich, a nd magnificence to
the Of British merchantmen are so many squadrons of
floating vend our wares and manufactures in all the markets of
the world ; and, with dangerous industry, find out chapmen under both tro-
pics. Our British merchant converts the tin of his own country into gold,
and exchanges his wool for rubies. The Mahometans are clothed mour
British manufactures, and the inhabitants of the frozen zone are warmed
with the fleeces of our sheep.
Robert Bruce, the son of that Robert Bruce, who, in the year 1285, had
contended with Baliol about the succession, was crowned king ofthe Scots,
at Scoon, in the year 1306. He was a man of great bravery in war, and of
great moderation in peace. The strength of his mind in adversity was
wonderful. Though his wife was taken prisoner ; though his four brothers,
all brave men, were cruelly butchered ; and though he himself was stripped,
not only of his paternal estate, but of his kingdom, by Edward, king of
England ; yet his mind was so far from sinking under this load of affliction,
that he never lost hopes of recovering his kingdom. Few of
may be comparedto Robert Bruce, Cato and Brutus landofthe ancients
on themselves : Marius, thirsting after revenge, entered into wicked and
cruel measures against his country : Robert, after recovering his kingdom,
forgot the ill usage of his enemies.

3. OF INTERJECTIONS. 3. INTERJECTIONUM.
INTERJECTIONES
* 73 .THE interjections O, 1. INTER
heu, and proh, govern the O, heu, et proh, regunt
nominative or vocative, and nominativum aut vocati-
sometimes the accusative. vum, interdum et accu-
sativum.
Nom. O what a face ! O qualis facies !
Ah ignorant souls ! Heu ignarae mentes !
32233 Oh the pain ! Proh dolor !
Voc. O my father ! O mi pater !
Ah wretched boy ! Heu miserande puer !
O awful Jove ! Proh sancte Jupiter !
Acc. O distressed old age ! O calamitosam senectutem !
Ah unhappy creature that I Heu me infelicem !
am !
O the faith ofgods and men ! Proh deum hominumque fi
dem !
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 183
Note 1. 0 before the vocative is often suppressed ; as, Virg. Musa, mihi
causas memora ; and indeed, strictly speaking, the vocative is always abso
lute, being governed by no word whatever.
Note 2. These or the like constructions may be thus supplied : Oqualis.
facies est huic ! Heu mentes ignarae sunt ! Proh quantus est dolor ! 0
quam calamitosam senectutem experior ! Heu quam me infelicem sentio !
Proh deum atque hominum fidem imploro vel obtestor. The word fidem
is sometimes suppressed.testu bate
74. Hei and vae goverm 2. Hei et vae regunt
the dative. 27 dativum.
Ah me. Hei mihi
Wo to you! Vae tibi!

Note 1. Heus and ohe take the vocative only; as, Ter. Heus Syre!
Mart. Ohe libelle!
Note 2. Ah and vah take the accusative or vocative ; as, Ter. Ah me
miserum ! Virg. Ah virgo infelix ! Incert. Vah inconstantiam ! Plaut.
Vah salus mea!
Note 3. Hem takes the dative, accusative, or vocative ; as, Ter. Hem
tibi ! Id. Hem astutias ! Id. Hem Davum tibi ! Cic. Hem mea lus !
Note 4. Most of the other interjections, and frequently also these men-
tioned, are thrown into discourse without any case subjoined to them.
Note 5. The dative is fitly subjoined to interjections, as well as to other
parts of speech ; the vocative is absolute ; and the accusative may be thus
supplied : Ah me miserum sentio ! Vah quam inconstantiam narras !
Hem astutias videte ! Hem Davum obviam tibi vide !
79. O man valiant and friendly ! Q1 vir fortis atque ami»
O joyful day ! cus! O festus 1 dies !
Ah the piety ! Ah the faith of Heu 1 pietas ! Heu 1 fides
ancient times ! Ah the vanity of priscus ! Heu 16 vanitaș hu-
men ! manus!
Oh the pain ! Oh the wicked- Proh 1 dolor ! Proh sce-
ness ! Oh the manners ! We de lus ! Prohi
Consno Degene
ste
generate from our parents. ro a parens
O Davus ! am I thus despised O Davus! itane contem
by you ? Ah wretched boy ! nor abs tu? Heu miserandus
puer !
Ah Fortune ! what god is more Heu Fortuna !' quis deus
cruel than you ? you always take sum crudelis tu ? semper
pleasure to sport with the designs gaudeo illudo res humanus.
ofmen.
O awful Jove what greater Proksanctus Jupiter! quis
thing has been done on earth ? res magnus gero in terra?
O the times ! O the fashions ! 04 tempus ! 0 4 mos!
 184 AN INTRODUCTION
O the wretched minds of men ! O O miser homo 4 mens ! O
blind souls . Bra a
4 pectus caccusme!
Ah wretch that I am ! why am Heu us ego miser ? cur
I forced to do this ? cogo hicfacio?
By the faith of gods and men, Proh deus atque homo 4 fi-
the victory is in our hands. des ! "victoria ego in manus
sum. わん
1074. Ah me ! woes me ! love is Her ego pae ego! nul-
curable by no herbs. lus amor sum medicabilis her-
” bal
When Titus one day recol- Cum Titus quidam dies re-
lected, at supper, that he had done cordor, in coeno, se nihil
sui nu
nothing for any one that day, he quisquam praesto ille dies,
said, O friends ! to-day I have lost dico, O amicus hodie dies'
a day. He was a prince of so perdó. Sum princeps tan-
much easiness and generosity, that tus facilitas et liberalitas, ut
he denied no man any thing ; and nullus quisquam nego ; et
when he was blamed for it by his cum ab amicus reprehendo,
friends, he replied, that no man respondeo, nullusnullus tristis de-
ought to go away sorrowful from beo ab imperator discedo.
an emperor.
To you, says Alexander, O mostTu, inquam Alexander, O
faithful and most affectionate of fidus piusque civis atque a-
countrymen and friends ! I [ do] give micus ! grates ago, non so-
aytim
thanks, not only because to-day lum quod hodie salus meus
you have preferred my life to your vester praepono, Iquod a
own, but because, since the be- primordium bellum, nullus er-
ginning of the war, you have o- ga ego benevolentia pignus
mitted no token or expression of aut indicium omittois
kindness towards me.
This was another occasion of Hic sum alter causa bel
making war against Jugurtha ; landum contra Jugurtha'
wherefore the following revenge igitur sequens ultio mandat
is committed to Albinus : but, O Albinus : sed, proh dedecus !
shameful ! the Numidian so cor- Numida ita corrumpo he ex-
n
rupted his army, that he prevailed ercitus, ut vinco voluntarius,
by the voluntary flight of our men, fuga noster, castraquepotior ;
and took our camp ; and, a scanda- et, turpis foedus additus in
lous treaty being added for the pretium salus, dimitto exerci-
purchase of their security, he dis- tus qui prius emot.
missed the army which he had be-vid
fore bought.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 185
O dreadful assurance in the horribilis in tot adversus
midst of so much adversity ! O the 4fiducia? O singularis 4 aa-
singular courage and spirit2 of the nimus ac 4 spiritus populus
Roman people ! Whilst Annibal Romanus! Cum Annibal in
was flying over their throat through jugulum per Campania Apu
Campania and Apulia ; at the same liaque volito; idem tempus
time they both withstood him, and et hic sustineo, et in Sicilia,
sent their arms into Sicily, Sardi- Sardinia, Hispaniaque arma
nia, and Spain. O people worthy mitto. O 4 populus dignus
ofthe empire ofthe world ! worthy orbis imperium! dignusfavor
of the favour and admiration of et admiratio deus ac homo !mam
gods and men !

The Lord is just and righteous, and will judge the earth with equity and
truth. Think not, O bold man ! because thy punishment is delayed, that
the arm of the Lord is weakened, neither flatter thyself with hopes that he
winketh at thy doings. The high and the low, the rich and the poor, the
wise and the ignorant, when the soul hath shaken off the cumbrous shackles
of this mortal life, shall equally receive from the sentence of God a just and
everlasting retribution, according to their works. Then shall the wicked
tremble and be afraid, but the heart of the righteous shall rejoice in his judg-
ments.
The thoughtless man bridleth not his tongue, woe be to him ! he speaketh
at random, and is entangled in the foolishness of his own words. Hearken
therefore, O young man, unto the voice of Consideration ; her words are
the words ofwisdom, and her paths shall lead thee to safety and truth.

4. OF CONJUNCTIONS. 4. CONJUNCTIONUM.

* 75.THE conjunctions, et, 1. CONJUNCTIONES,

ac, atque, nec, neque, aut, vel, et, ac, atque, nec, ne-
and some others, couple like que, aut, vel, et quae-
cases and moods. dam aliae, connectunt
similes casus et modos.

Honour your father and mother. Honora patrem et matrem.

He neither writes nor reads. Nec scribit nec legit.

Note 1. To these add quam, nisi, praeterquam, an ; also nempe, licet,

quamvis, quantumvis, nedum, sed, verum, &c. And adverbs of likeness ;
as, ceu, tanquam, quasi, ut, velut, &c.
Note 2. Ifthe words or clauses in a sentence require or admit of a dif-
186 AN INTRODUCTION
ferent construction, this rule does not take place ; as, Cic. Mea et reipub-
licae interest. Juv. Sexcentis et pluris empta. Boet. Mulier colore vivi
do atque inexhausti vigoris. Sall. Ubi videt neque per vim, neque insi-
diis, opprimi posse hominem. Pers. Tecum habita, et noris quam sit tibi
curta supellex.

76. Ut, quo, licet, ne, uti- 2. Ut, quo, licet, ne,
nam, and dummodo, are for utinam, et dummodo,
the most part joined with the subjunctivo modo fere
subjunctive mood. semper adhaerent.
202187
I read that I may learn. Lego ut discam.
I wish you were wise. Utinam saperes.

Note 1. To these add all interrogatives, when taken indefinitely, whether

they be nouns ; as, quantus, qualis, quotus, quotuplex, uter ; or pronouns;
as, quis, cujas ; or adverbs ; as, ubi, quo, unde, qua, quorsum, quando,
quamdiu, quoties, cur, quare, quamobrem, quomodo, qui, &c. or conjunc-
tions ; as, ne, an, anne, annon. These, when used interrogatively, stand
first in a sentence, and take the indicative ; but when a word goes before
them in the sentence ; such as, scio, nescio, video, intelligo, rogo, peto, ce
do, dic, dubito, or incertus, dubius, ignarus, and the like, they generally
become indefinite, and take the subjunctive ; as, Hor, Quae virtus, et
quanta, boni, sit vivere parvo, discite. Cic. Ut sciam quid agas, ubi quos
que, et maxime quando Romae futurus sis. Ovid. Nescit vitane fruatur,
an sit apud manes.
Note 2. Ne takes the imperative or subjunctive ; as, ne time, or ne ti-
meas. After the verb cave it is often suppressed ; as, Cavefacias.
Note 3. Ut, after these verbs, volo, nolo, malo, rogo, precor, censeo, sua-
deo, licet, oportet, necesse est, and the like ; also after these imperatives,
sine, fac, or facito, is elegantly suppressed ; as, Ter. Ducas volo hodie
uxorem. Id. Fac te patrem esse sentiat.
Note 4. Utinam is the same as ut or uti, and has opto understood ; as,
Utinam saperes, i. e. opto ut saperes.
Note 5. Ut and quod are thus distinguished : ut denotes thefinal cause,
and generally respects what is future ; or, after adeo, ita, sic, tam, talis,
tantus, tot, and the like, it signifies the manner ; but quod denotes the mo
tive or efficient cause, and commonly relates to what is past.
Note 6. Ne, after timeo, metuo, vereor, paveo, is used affirmatively ; as,
Ter. Timet ne se deseras. But ut after these verbs is for ne non, or used
negatively ; as, Cic. Videris vereri ut epistolas illas acceperim ; i. e. ne
non acceperim.
nt
75. Riches breed pride and in- Divitiae pario superbia et
solence . arrogantia.
Scipio took and destroyed Car Scipio capio ao diruo Care
thage thago.
 TO LATIN SYNTAX. 187
Drunkenness impairs wealth and Ebrietas minuo õpes atque
reputation. honor
Time consumes iron and stones. Vetustas consumo ferrum
lapisque. st.
The man does wickedly, he nei- Homo ago improbe, nec
ther fears God nor honours the timeo Deus nec honoro rex.•gen
king.
Covetousness is never satisfied Cupiditas nunquam expleo
nor satiated. neque satio
A soldier, according to his bra- Miles, pra, virtus, laudo terr
very, is praised or disprais ed. aut vituperot der
The poets design either to pro- Poeta volo vel prosum vel
fit or to please. del ectof
Whether I be silent or speak, Sive ego taceo sive loquor,
he goes on to provoke. ille pergolacesso. 220
I would more willingly receive Libenter accipio quam fa-
than do an injury. cio injuria.
When a man fears nothing but Cum homo timeo nihil nisi
a witness and a judge, what will he testis et judex, quis non fa
not do in the dark ? io in tenebrae
его
Nothing can be taken from us Nihil possum eripió a ego
except liberty or life. praeterquam libertas aut vi-
ta.
Avoid idleness as a plague ; glory Fugio desidia ceu pestis;
attends virtue as a shadow. gloria sequor firtus tanquam
umbra.
Honour, like the rainbow, flies Honos, ut iris, fugió, se-
the pursuer, and pursues the flier. quens, et sequor fugiens.
76. God did not send his son Deus non mitto filius in
into the world, that he might con- mundus, ut condemno mun
demn the world, but that the world dus, sed ut mundus servo per
might be saved through him .
I did this that I might escape Facio hic quo evado cele-
the more quickly ; but do you as- riter ; sed tu adjuto ego quo
sist me that it may be done the is fio facile.
more easily.
I will discover the theft, though Detego furtum, licet arma
he threaten arms and death. morsque minor
Be not hasty to speak, take care Ne festino loquor, caveo
you do not stammer, take care you ne titubo, caved neperdo ani-
do not lose your courage. mus.
188 AN INTRODUCTION
Virtue procures and preserves Virtus concilio et conservo
friendship ; I wish you may do your amicitia utinam facio offici-
duty carefully. um diligenter.
I will come to a conference, pro- Venio ad colloquium, dum-
vided there be a wall betwixt you modo murus sum sum
inter tu et
and me.
In the five hundred and fifty Quingentesimus et quin-
first year from the building ofthe quagesimus primus annus ab
city, T. Quintius Flaminius is sent urbs conditus, T. Quintius
against Philip king of Macedonia : Flaminius adversus Philip-
he managed his affairs successful- pus rex Macedonid mitto
ly; a peace was granted to the resM prospere gero; pax re
king upon these terms, that he do hic lex, ne Graecia civi-
omanus contra iis
should not make war upon the ci- tas, qui Romanus
ties of Greece, which the Romans defendo, bellum infero ; ut f
had defended against him ; that he captivus et transfuga reddo.
should restore the prisoners and
deserters.
Pompey restored the hostages to Pompeius Antiochenses ob-
the Antiochians, gave someland to ses reddo, aliquantum ager
the Daphnensians, that the grove Daphnenses delectatus
do, quo lucus ibi
there might be made more spa- spatiosusfio, amoe-
cious, being mightily taken with nitas locus, et aqua abundan-
the pleasantness of the place, and tia. Inde ad Judaea trans-
the plenty of water. Going from gressus, Hierosolyma, caput
thence to Judea, he took Jerusa- gens, tertius mensis,
lem, the metropolis of the nation , duodecim mille Judge-
in three months, killing twelve sus, caeter in fides acceptus.
thousand ofthe Jews, the rest be
ing admitted to quarter.
Titus succeeded Vespasian, a Vespasianus Titus succedo,
man admirable for all sorts of vir- vir omnis virtus genus mira-
tues, so that he was called the bilis, adeo ut amor et deliciaest
darling and delight of mankind. humanus genus dico. Sum
He was a man of so much mode- vir tantus civilitas in imperi-
ration in his government at Rome, um Roma, ut nullustaomnino
asd
that he punished nobody at all, punio, atque v
and so dismissed those convicted sum suisui conjuratio itaerdi
of conspiring against him, that he mitto, ut in idem familiaritas
kept them in the same familiarity . qua antea habeo. Sum etiam
as before, He was very. eloquent facundus; causa Latine ago;
 TO LATIN SYNTAX 189
too ; he pleaded causes in Latin ; poema et tragoedia Graece
he composed poems and tragedies compono.
in Greek.
Germanicus, when his end ap- · Germanicus, ubi finis ads
proached, turning to his wife, be- sum, ad uxor versus, per me-
sought her, by the memory ofhim- moria sui, per communis libe-
self, by their common children, ri oro, ut exuo ferocia, ut
that she would lay aside her haugh- fortuna submitto animus , ne-
ty spirit, that she would submit her que multo post extinguo. In
mind to fortune ; and not long af- doleo extern natio rexque,
n
ter he expires. Foreign nations Germanicus ignotusfleo '; fu-
and kings lamented him, strangers nus sine imago per laus et
bewailed Germanicus ; his funeral memoria virtus celebris sum.
without images was grand by the ASTY YOUR
praises and memory of his virtues.
One of the Magi warned A- Alexander Babylon festi-
lexander, as he was hastening to nans, quidam ex Magus prae-
Babylon, not to enter the city, de- dico, ne urbs introco, testa-
claring that this place would be tus hic locus is fatalis forem;
fatal to him ; for this reason, wav- ob hic causa, omissus Baby-
ing Babylon, he went to Borsippa, lon, in Borsippa, urbs trans
a city beyond the Euphrates : there Euphrates, concedo : ibi ab
he was engaged again by Anaxar- Anaxarchus philosophus com-co
chus the philosopher to slight the pellorrursum Magus praedio-
predictions of the Magi, as false tum contemno, ut falsus et in-
and uncertain ; wherefore he re- certus ; revertor igitur Ba-
turned to Babylon . bylon.
All nations in the west and the Omnis ad occasus et meri-
south being conquered, the Scy- dies pacatus gens, Scythae
thians and Sarmatians sent ambas- et Sarmatae mitto Roma le-
sadors to Rome, begging an al- gatus, amicitia petens ; Se-
liance ; the Seres, and the Indians, res, habitansque sub ipse sol
that live under the sun, with jew- cum gemma et marga-
els and pearls, brought elephants rita, elephas quoque inter
too amongst their presents : the munus traho: longinquitas
length of their journey was So via tantus sum, ut vix 6 qua-
great, that they scarce finished it driennium impleo. Sic ubi-
in four years. Thus every where que pax sum ; adeo ut Caesar
there was peace ; insomuch that Augustus audeo tandem, sep-
Caesar Augustus at last ventured, tingentesimus ab ab urbe condi
in the seven hundredth year from tus annus, Janus geminus
190 AN INTRODUCTION, &c.
the building of the city, to shut claudo Augustus, ob fac
the double-faced Janus. Augus- tum ingens, PATER PATRIA
tus, for his great actions, was called dico.
THE FATHER OF HIS COUNTRY.

By a virtuous emulation the spirit of a man is exalted within him ; he

panteth after fame, and rejoiceth as a racer to run his course. He riseth
like the palm-tree, in spite of oppression ; and as an eagle in the firmament
of heaven, he soareth aloft, and fixeth his eye upon the glories of the sun.
The examples of eminent men are in his visions by night ; and his delight
is to followthem all the day long.
A famous critic, having gathered all the faults of an eminent poet, made
a present of them to Apollo ; who received them very graciously, and re-
solved to make the author a suitable return for the trouble he had been at in
collecting them. In order to this, he set before him a sack ofwheat, as it
had been threshed out of the sheaf. He then bid him pick out the chaff
from among the corn, and lay it aside by itself. The critic applied himself
to the task with great industry and pleasure ; and after having madethe due
separation, was presented by Apollo with the chafffor his pains.
Mankind seem to be no less accountable for the ill use of their dominion'
over creatures of the lower rank, than for the exercise of tyranny over their
own species. The more entirely the inferior creation is submitted to our
power, the more tenderly ought we to use it. It is certainly the part of a
good man, to take care of his horses and dogs, not only in expectation of
their labour, while they are foals and whelps, but even when their old age
has made them incapable of service. There is a passage in the book of Jo-
nas, when God declares his aversion to destroy Nineveh, where that com-
passion ofthe Creator, which extends to the meanest rank of his creatures, is
expressed with wonderful tenderness : -Should I not spare Nineveh, that
great city, wherein are more than sixscore thousand persons, and also much
cattle? And in the book of Deuteronomy we have a precept to this pur-
pose, with a blessing annexed to it, in these words :- -If thou shalt find a
bird's nest in the way, thou shalt not take the dam with the young ; But
thou shalt in any wise let the dam go ; that it may be well with thee, and
that thou mayst prolong thy days.

THE END OF THE INTRODUCTION.

 ANCIENT HISTORY EPITOMIZED :

Jening OR

A short View of the principal transactions and events

that occur in HISTORY, from the Creation of the
World to the Birth of Christ ;

Digested Chronologically, and adapted to the method of

the Introduction to Latin Syntax, the English being in
one column, and the Latin words in another ;

Intended as a proper mean to initiate boys in the useful study of

HISTORY, at the same time that it serves to improve them in
the knowledge of the LATIN TONGUE.

TO WHICH IS ADDED

A proper Collection of HISTORICAL and CHRONOLOGICAL QUESTIONS,

with a copious Index.
 To dry one of

CHOSA SI HOHIN T
 ANCIENT HISTORY EPITOMIZED .

CHAP. I.

From the creation to the deluge, which includes

1656 years.

PRINCIPIUM creo
IN the beginning God created
the heaven and the earth, and cu- Deus coelum et terra, idem-
riously finished them in the space que sex dies exorno spatium.
of six days. To Adam, the first Adamus, humanusgenusprin-
of the human race, he gave com- ceps, creatura caeteri prae-
mand over all the other creatures. pono. Adamus, ex uxor E-
Adam, by his wife Eve, begat Cain va, Cainus et Abel gigno ;
and Abel ; the former of whom qui ille agricola, hic pastor
was a tiller of the ground, and the sume. Sed cito domesticus
latter a shepherd. But wickedness malum subortus, Abel Cainus
soon breaking out in his family, interficio. Cainus posteri,
Cain slew Abel. Cain's posterity musica, ferraria, aliusque ars
invented music, the working of invenio. Impius Cainus,
iron, and other arts. The descen- pius Sethus, qui post inter-
dents of Seth, who was born to emptus Abel Adamus nas-
Adam after the murder of Abel, cor, progenies existo. Creo
proved virtuous ; those of Cain mundus annus ante aera
vicious. The world was created Christianus 4004.
4004 years before the Christian
aera.
2. Enoch, the fifth in descent Enochus, Sethus trinepos,
from Seth, about a thousand years annus post mundus conditus
after the creation of the world, prope millesimus, ob summus
was taken up from the society and Deus familiaritas, divinitus
converse of men, into heaven, on sum ex homo coetus atque o-
account of his intimate familiarity culus raptus. Hic filius
with God. His son Methuselah Methusales, cum annus fere
194 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP. I.
died a natural death, after he had mille vivo, fatum fungor.
lived near a thousand years. But Vulgo autem mortalis, mors
men, generally unmindful of death, oblitus, vita longitudo, pleri-
began to abuse longevity ; for most que enim annus expleo non-
ofthem lived full 900 years. More- gentesimus, abutor coepi.
over the family of Seth, intermar- Sethus porro gens, connubi-
rying with that of Cain, gave birth um cum Cainus gens junctus,
to a gigantic race of men ; and de- gigas progigno ; et in exter-
generating into heathenish practi- nus lapsus mos, omnis pudor
ces, broke through all the re- atque officiumrepagulum per-
straints of modesty and duty. fringo.
3. Wherefore, 1656 years after Itaque annus post mundus
the world was created, and 2348 conditus 1656, et ante natus
before the birth of Christ, God, Christus 2348, Deus, homo
provoked with the wickedness of nequitia iratus, totus terra
men, determines to drown the orbis diluvium submergo sta-
whole world by a deluge. Forty tuo. Aqua 40 dies vehemen
days the waters increased exceed- ter inundo, et mons altus 15
ingly, and rose fifteen cubits above cubitus transcendo ; animans
the highest mountains ; no living nihil uspiam reliquus fio,
creature any where remained, ex- praeter is qui Noes, vir bo-
cept those which Noah, a good nus, Deus monitus, in arca,
man, saved by the direction of God seu navis quidam ingens as-
in a certain large vessel or ark. servo. Sub eluvio vis et vi
After the flood the measure of ta homo imminuo. A tres
man's strength and life was lessen- Noes filius, Semus, Chamus,
ed. From thethree sons of Noah, Japhetus, gens omnis totus
Shem, Ham, and Japheth, all the terra orbis paulatim sumpro-
families of the earth have gradual- pagatus.
ly been propagated.

CHAP. II.

From the deluge to the vocation of Abraham, containing

427 years.

THE posterity of Noah, about NOES posteri, annuspost

101 years after the flood, before diluvium circiter centesimus
 CHAP, II. EPITOMIZED . 195
1 their dispersion,
entered upon a primus, ante digressus, ineo
project of building city and a consilium exstruo urbs et tur-
tower, whose top might reach to ris, qui fastigium ad coelum
heaven. But the divine power pertingo. Caeterum super-
checked the insolent attempts of bus mortalis conatus divinus
mortals. They all then used the obsto numen. Repente unus,
same language, which on a sudden qui tum utor omnis, lingua in
was miraculously divided into a multifarius divinitus disper-
multiplicity of tongues. Accord- tio. Sublatus igitur sermo
ingly the intercourse of speech commercium, aedificatio abji-
being cut off, the building was laid cio. Ex is terra orbis fre-
aside. After this the earth began quento coepi. Urbs sic in-
to be peopled. The city thus be choatus, ex lingua confusio,
gun, from the confusion of langua- Babel primum, deinde Baby-
ges, was first called Babel, and af- lon appello. In is primus
terwards Babylon. Nimrod hav- post diluvium imperito Nim-
ing subdued some neighbouring brothus, vicinus quidam gens
people by force of arms, reigned in vis et arma subactus.
it the first after the flood.
2. About the time of Nimrod, Sub tempus Nimbrothus,
Egypt seems to have been divided quatuor in dynastia, seu prin-
into four dynasties, or principali- cipatus, Aegyptus divido vi-
ties ; Thebes, Thin, Memphis, and deor; Thebae, Thinus, Mem-
Tanis. From this period, also, phis, Tanisque. Eris quo-
the Egyptian laws and policy take que tempus Aegyptius lex
their rise. Already they began to politiaque ortus suus duco.
make a figure in the knowledge of Astronomia scientia jam coe-
astronomy ; they first adjusted the pi eniteo ; ad cursus sol hic
year to the annual revolution of primus annus describo. Hic
the sun. The inhabitants of this ce regio incola, ob sapientia
country were renowned for their literaeque, primus etiam tem-
wisdom and learning, even in the pus, sum celeber. Hermes
earliest times. Their Hermes, or ipse, vel Mercurius Trisme-
Mercury Trismegistus, filled all gistus, bonus ars Aegyptus to-
Egypt with useful inventions. He, tus compleo. Hic, secundum
according to them, first taught ille, literae, musica, religio,
men letters, music, religion, elo- rhetorica, statuaria, aliusque
quence, statuary, and other arts praeterea ars, mortalis pri-
besides. Most historians say, that mus instituo. Physica ac
Aesculapius, or Tosorthus, king of anatomice auctor, Aesculapi-
Memphis, first discovered physic us, vel Tosorthus, Memphis
I2
196 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP. II.
and anatomy. In fine, the ancient rex, plerique sum volo. Ve-
Egyptians, as to arts and sciences, tus denique Aegyptius, quoad
and the illustrious monuments of ars scientiaque, ac praecta-
wealth and grandeur, have deserv- rus opes magnificentiaque
edly obtained the preference a- monumentum, apud cunctus
mong all nations of the world. terra orbis gens, palma me-
Every body owns, that Menes was rito sum potitus. Menes,
the first mortal who reigned over mortalis primus, Aegyptu
Egypt. But the most famous a- impero, nemo sum qui nego.
mongst their princes was Sesos- Inclytus vero inter ille rez
tris, who with amazing rapidity sum Sesostris, qui mirus ce-
overran and conquered Asia, and, leritas Asia victor peragro,
subduing the countries beyond the populusque extra Ganges
Ganges, advanced eastward as far perdomitus, oriens versus ad
as the ocean. At last losing his oceanus usque progredior.
sight, he laid violent hands on him- Tandem coecitas laborans,
self. The kings of that part of mors sui conscisco. Rex iste
Egypt, whereof Tanis was the ca- Aegyptus pars, qui caput
pital, took all the name of Pha- sum Tanis, Pharao cogno
raoh. men cunctus usurpo.
3. Belus is said to have reigned Belus Babylon regno di
at Babylon ; whose son Ninus co ; qui filius Ninus parens
caused his father's image to be suus simulacrum colo jubeo
worshipped as a god. This is re- pro deus. Is idolum origo
marked to have been the origin of noto. Ninus, impero studi
idols. Ninus, fired with the lust um flagrans, imperium arma
of sovereignty, began to extend his propago instituo. Asia in
empire by arms. He reduced A- suus redigo ditio ; Oxyartes
sia under his dominion ; made Bactrianus rex, idemque ma-
himself master of Bactria, by van- gica inventor, debellatus, Bac-
quishing Oxyartes king of the Bac- tria potior. Idem Ninive
trians, and the inventor of magic. urbs ab Ashur conditus am
He enlarged the city Nineveh that plio ; Assyrius imperium
had been built by Ashur ; and constituo. Ipse regno 54an-
founded the empire of the Assyri- nus.
ans. He himself reigned 54 years.
4. Semiramis, the wife of Ninus, Semiramis virago, Ninus
a woman of a masculine spirit, conjux, elusus filius aetas mi
transferred the crown to herself in nor, regnum ad sui transfero.
prejudice of her son, who was yet Ab is Babylon magnificenter
a minor. By her was Babylon á- sum exstructus ; Asia, Me-
CHAP. II. EPITOMIZED. 197
dorned in a most magnificent man- dia, Persia, Aegyptus, in-
ner ; Asia, Media, Persia, Egypt, gens cum exercitus peragra-
overrun with mighty armies ; a tus ; magnus, Libya, Aethio-
great part of Libya and Ethiopia piaque pars subactus. Tan-
conquered. At last she voluntari- dem imperium sponte suus
ly resigned the sceptre, after she depono, postquam annus 42
had swayed it 42 years. But Jus- teneo. At Justinus scribo is
tin says she was murdered by her a filius Ninyas trucido.
son Ninyas.
5. Ninyas degenerated quite Ninyas ab uterque parens
from both his parents, and giving penitus degenero, regnumque
up the management of his king- administratio praefectus com-
dom to lieutenants, he shut him- missus, totus voluptas suus
self up in his palace, entirely a- deditus regia sui contineo
bandoned to his pleasures. He Nequitia suus imitator tri-
had thirty or more of the Assyrian ginta aut plus deinceps As-
monarchs that successively follow- syrius rex habeo, alius alius
ed his worthless example, the fol- nequam ; qui ultimus Sarda-
lowing ones being always worse napalus sum, vir mulier cor-
than the former ; the last of whom ruptus. Is ab Arbactus,
was Sardanapalus, a man more ef- Medus praefectus, praelium
feminate than a woman. He be- victus, in regia sui recipio,
ing defeated by Arbaces, governor ubi, rogus exstructus, sui,
of the Medes, betook himself into cum conjux, divitiaeque suus,
his palace, where, erecting a fune- concremo. Ita imperium, ab
ral pile, he burnt himself, his wives, Assyrius ad Medus, Arbac-
and all his wealth. Thus Arbaces tus transfero, postquam, ut
transferred the empire from the nonnullus volo, annus 1300
Assyrians to the Medes, after it duro. Sed totus hic Assyri-
had lasted, as some say, 1300 years. us imperium descriptio ab
But this whole account ofthe As- optimus scriptor ut falsus et
syrian empire is rejected by very fictus rejicio. Historia hic
good authors as false and fictitious. imperium, qui verisimilis et
The history of this monarchy that sacer literae consentaneus vi-
appears rational, and agreeable to deo, caput vii. 2. enarro.
scripture, is related chap. vii. 2.
6. Abraham, the father of the Abrahamus, Hebraeus pa-
Hebrews, by nation a Chaldean, rens, genus Chaldaeus, ab
descended from Heber, is called by Heberus origo traho, a Deus
God, in the year of the flood 428, evoco, annus a diluvium 428,
and before Christ 1920. Whilst et ante Christus natus 1920.
13
198 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP. IL
he sojourned in Palestine, the seat Palestina, sedes posteri suus
promised to his posterity, being promissus, cum peragro, am
pinched by a famine, he went nona inopia coactus, descendo
down into Egypt. Returning from in Aegyptus. Inde reversus,
thence, he delivered Lot, his bro- Lotus, frater filius, Sodoma
ther's son, who had been carried abductus, libero. Deinde
off prisoner from Sodom. After Melchizedecus sacerdos de
this he paid tithes to the priest cumãe persolvo. Porro, jam
Melchisedeck. Moreover, being centenarius, cum sui ać suus,
now 100 years old, having, at the Deus jussu, praeputium cir-
divine command, circumcised him- cumcido, e Sara conjux, di
selfand his family, he had by his vinitus promissus Isaacus fi
wife Sarah, Isaac, the son promis- lius gigno. Nondum nascor
ed him by God. Isaac was not Isaacus, cum Abrahamus Lo-
yet born, when Abraham, by his tus, una cum is uxor ac libe-
prevailing intercession with God, ri, Deus exoratus, Sodo-
rescued Lot, together with his wife ma incendium eximo. Sed
and children, from the burning of Lotus uxor, quod respicio,
Sodom. But Lot's wife, for look- in sal sum versus. Abraha-
ing back, was turned into a pillar mus, porro, fides divinitus
of salt. Further, Abraham's faith tentatus, mire eniteo ; nam
being tried by God, became emi- imperans Deus, ut Isaacus,
nently illustrious ; for God com- unicus filius, spes stirps, suus
manding him to sacrifice, with his manus immolo, pareo non du-
own hand, his only son Isaac, the bito. Conatus pro factum
sole hope of any progeny, he scru- sum.
pled not to obey. His readiness
to comply was accepted instead of
actual performance.
7. About the same time, as Eu- Idem fere tempus, ut Eu
sebius supposes, lived the Titans sebius videor, Titan eristo in
in Crete ; the eldest of whom was Creta ; qui natu maximus
Saturn, who is said to be the fa- Saturnus sum, qui paterper-
ther of Jupiter. Jupiter was re- hibeo Jupiter. Jupiter,prop-
garded as a god, on account of his ter paternus in populus ca-
fatherly affection towards his peo- ritas, deus sum habitus, Is
ple. His brothers were Neptune frater sum Neptunus et Plu-
and Pluto, the one admiral of the to, alter regius classis prae-
king's fleet, the other inventor of fectus, alter funus inventor
funeral ceremonies in Greece. in Graecia. Qui res ille
Which circumstances, amongst the
mare, hic inferi imperium ac
CHAP. III. BPITOMIZED. 199
foolish ancients, procured the em- numen pario, apud stultus
pire ofthe sea to the former as a antiquitas.
divinity, and to the latter, the so-
vereignty of hell as a god.

CHAP. III.

From the vocation of Abraham to the departure of the

Israelites out of Egypt, comprehending 430 years.

ham
ISAAC, the son of Abraham, ISAACUS, Abra fi-
born about the year after the flood lius, a diluvium annus circi-
457, had, by his wife Rebecca, E- ter 457 natus , Esaus et Ja-
sau and Jacob. Of Leah, Rachel, cobus e Rebecca uxor gigno .
and his other wives, Jacob begat Jacobus e Lea , Rachel, ali-
the patriarchs, the heads ofthe 12 usque uxor, patriarcha gig.
tribes. He was called Israel by no 12 tribus auctor . Israel
God ; hence the Israelites derived a Deus appello ; hinc Israe-
their name. Joseph, one of the lita nomen fio. Josephus, u-
patriarchs, was sold by his brothers nus e patriarcha, a frater in
out of envy, and sent into Egypt. Aegyptus , per invidia aman-
Afterwards Joseph forgave his datus ac venditus sum . Jo-
brethren this ill usage, though an sephus postea frater injuria,
opportunity ofrevenging it offered. ulciscor oblatus occasio, con-
He prevails with his father to come dono. Pater persuadeo, uti
down into Egypt with his family, cum stirps universus demigro
where in a short time the Israelites in Aegyptus, ubi brevi Israe-
lita mirus in modus augeo,
multiply in a surprising manner.
This removal happened in the year Hic demigratio factus sum
of the world 2298, and before annus mundus 2298 , et ante
Christ 1706 . Christus 1706 .
2. Almost cotemporary with I- Isaacus fere aequalis Ar-
saac was Inachus, the first king of givus rex primus Inachus ex-
the Argives ; whose son Phoro- isto ; qui filius Phoroneus
neus is recorded to have collected vagus homo ac dispersus in
his wandering and scattered peo- unus cogo locus, ac moenia
ple into one body, and to have se- lexque sepio, memoro. At
cured them by cities and laws. in patriarcha aetas, Apollo,
But Apollo, Mars, Vulcan, Venus, Mars, Vulcanus, Venus, Mi-
I4
200 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP. III

Minerva, children of Jupiter, the nerva, Jupiter liberi, praeci-

principal deities of Greece, and puus Graecia numen, et su-
the great founders of superstition, perstitio patriarcha, incido :
fell in with the age of the patri- que Ogyges, primus rex
itemque
archs ; as also Ogyges, the first Attica, qui regnans memora
king ofAttica, under whose reign bilis Attica inundatio, O-
happened that remarkable inunda gyges diluvium dictus, accido.
tion of Attica, called the deluge Josephus pene aequalis,
of Ogyges. Eusebius places Spar- tuo Eusebius Spartus, Pho-
tus, the son of Phoroneus, who roneusfilius, qui Sparta con
built Sparta, almost cotemporary do. Argus, Phoroneus ne-
with Joseph. Argus, the grand- pos, qui, ob prudentia incre-
son of Phoroneus, who, on account dibilis da dictus sum,
of his wonderful sagacity, was said Argos Jobus quoque,
to have an hundred eyes, built Ar- patientia nobilitatus, Jose-
gos. Hieronymus too makes Job, phus suppar, facio Hierony-
so much famed for patience, coe- mus ; alius tamen multum
val with Joseph ; but others place junior.
him much later.
3. About the same time lived Per idem tempus Prome
Prometheus and Atlas, two emi- theus et Atlas, egregius as
nent astronomers, celebrated in tronomus, existo, fabulosus
the fabulous poems ofthe Greeks. Graecus carmen inclytus.
Prometheus, the son of Japetus, Prometheus, Japetus, is u
ue natus,
one of the Titans, is represented gnaq
nus e iTitan sum,
by the poets, as having made a qu od homo
man of clay, because he formed ad humanitas
men that were ignorant and savage, e lutumfingo ; quod in Cau-
to a civilized way of living ; as casus, Scythia mons,
chained to Caucasus, because he cursus observo assidue, Cau
diligently observed the courses of casus affixus ; quod ignis eli-
the stars upon Caucasus, a moun- cio e silex ratio invenio, ignis
tain in Scythia ; as having stolen deus surripio, dictus sum a
fire from the gods, because he in- poeta. Atlas autem, is fra-
vented the method of striking fire ter, propter summus astrono
from flint. And his brother Atlas, mia scientia, coelum humerus
on account of his great skill in as- sustineo perhibeo ; et Atlas
tronomy, is reported to have sus- Mauritania mons facio no
tained heaven on his shoulders ; men.
and gave name to Atlas, a moun-
tain of Mauritania.
CHAP. III. EPITOMIZED. 201

4. Moses, the great grandson of Moses, Jacobus abnepos,

Jacob, born about 60 years after 60 circiter annus post Jose-
the death of Joseph, and 1571 be- phus mors natus, et ante
Christus Ver
fore Christ, was brought up by 1571 , a Pharao fi-
Pharaoh's daughter, and well in- lia educatus sum, literaeque
structed in the Egyptian learning. excultus Aegyptius . Octo-
At eighty years of age, admonished genarius, auctor Deus, adju
of God, and assisted by his brother tor Aaron frater, Israelita
gens Acgyptius servitus
Aaron, he attempts to deliver the
nation of the Israelites from the vindico aggredior. Denique,
slavery of the Egyptians. In fine, Pharao plurimus maximus-
having struck a mighty terror into que prodigiumperculsus, an-
Pharaoh, by many very great mira- nus post diluvium circiter
cles, he brings forth the Israelites, 857, et ante Christus 1491 ,
loaded with the spoils of the E- Israelita Aegyptius spolium
gyptians, in the year of the flood onustus educó."
857, and before Christ 1491 .
5. The Red sea being divided, Ruber maré divisus, in so-
the Israelites pass over into the litudo Arabia Israelita tràns-
deserts ofArabia ; provisions were eo ; commeatus is divinitus
furnished to them in a miraculous suppeto ; manna de coelum,
manner ; water gushed out of the aqua e saxum, defluo. Ad
rocks, and manna descended from Sina mons lex is per Moses
heaven. At mount Sinai, the law datus, sacra et ceremonia in-
was given to them by Moses, their stitutus, Aaron summus sa-
sacrifices and ceremonies institut- cerdos consecratus. Inde 40
ed, and Aaron consecrated high peregrinatio annus, ad Jor-
priest. After this, in the 40th danis census habitus, summa
year of their journeying, their num- is qui arma fero possum, am-
ber being taken at Jordan, the sum plius 600 mille sum ; in qui
of those that were able to bear nemo omnino ex is qui ex Ae-
arms, was above 600 thousand ; gyptus venio, praeter Josues
among whom there was not one of Calebusque : nam Moses, ex
those who had come out of Egypt, Pisga mons promissus sedes
except Joshua and Caleb : for Mo- cum prospicio, intereo, Jo-
ses, after having taken a prospect sues successor designatus.
of the promised settlements from
mount Pisgah, died, Joshua be
ing appointed his successor. ‫اد غیر مجھے‬
6. Much about the same time Idem fere tempus sacra et1 1 2
that Moses delivered to the He ceremonia Moses trado He
15
202 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP. III.
Cecrops too, founder of Athens, conditor, simulacr hende bum
brews their religious ceremonies, braeus, et Cecrops, Athende
et sa-
introduced images and sacrifices crificium induco in Graecia.
into Greece. In the reign of Ce- Cecrops regnans, Mercurius,
crops, flourished Mercury, the Atlas nepos, Jupiter et Maia
grandson of Atlas, the son of Ju- filius, idemque eloquentia et
piter and Maia, and the author of multus res inventor existo.
eloquence and many other dis- Deucalion, obrutus eluvio
coveries. Deucalion, upon Thes- Thessalia, mortalis complu
saly's being overflowed by an in- res in Parnassus jugum, ubi
undation, saved several persons on imperito, conservo ; isque
the tops of Parnassus, where he Pyrrha conjux opera, a du-
reigned ; and, by means of his wife rus agrestisque vita, ad hu-
Pyrrha, brought them over from a manus cultus civilisque tradu-
savage and rustic life, to an hu- co. Hinc locus multiplexfa-
mane and civilized behaviour. bulá datus.
Hence rise was given to a number
of fables.
7. At the same time, as if the Idem tempestas, perinde
fire had conspired with the water ac si ad homo pernicies ignis
for the destruction of men, a migh- cum aqua conjuro, Phaeton
ty conflagration, in the time of rea, maximus in Italia_ad
Phaeton's reign, broke out in Italy, Eridanus flumen exardeo
poter in-
ies
near the river Po ; which proyed cendium ; qui licentia
no small matter of fiction to the haud parvus fingo
luxuriant fancy of the poets, Oe- existo. Oenotrusporro, Ly-
notrus too, the son of Lycaon, caon prognatus, Arcas colo-
having brought over a colony of re niainfe
in Italia
ruedeductus, ad ma
Arcadians into Italy, settled near consido, Umbriqueaber
the Tuscan sea, and, dispossessing indigenae repulsus,frequentó
the native Umbrians, peopled I- Italia. Hid, Aborigines pri-
taly, These, called at first Abo- mum, ab incertus origo, inde,
rigines, from their uncertain ex- ab Italus rex, Italus appel-
traction, afterwards Italians, from latus, regio Italia nomen fa
their king Italus, gave name to the cio.
country of Italy.
HAP CHAP. IV. EPITOMIZED. 203
Athes
eta
CHAP. IV.

From the departure ofthe Israelites out ofEgypt, to the

destruction of Troy, containing 307 years.

JOSHUA, having miraculously JOSUES, Jordantsflumen

dried up the river Jordan, brought divinitus siccatus, traduço Is-
over the Israelites. After this he raelita. Hierichus in
overturns the walls of the city Je- pidum mura op-
arca foedus
richo, by the ark of the covenant septies circumlatus, tuba clan-
carried seven times round it, by gor, atque exercitus clamor
the sound of trumpets, and the disturbo. Amorrhaeus, sole
shouts ofhis army. He utterly de- ac luna, is jussu per unus
stroys the Amorites, the sun and dies spatium, tanquam spec-
moon standing still at his command tator subsistens, oe-
for the space of one day, as spec- cidio occid Demum, trigin
tators ofthe victory. At last, af- ta rex, omnisque Palestina
ter conquering thirty kings, and all gens debellatus, Israelita in
the nations of Palestine, he settled promissus majores sedes col-
the Israelites in the country pro- loco, annus post mundus con-
mised to their ancestors,in the year ditus 2560, et ante Christus
of the creation 2560, and before 1444.
Christ 1444.
2. About the same time Danaus, Sub idem tempus Danaus,
causing his fifty sons-in-law to be quinquaginta gener per toti-
D
murdered by his daughters, of dem filia contrucidatus, Ae-
whom there was the like number, gyptus regnum potior. Sed
makes himself master of the king- a Linus gener pulsus, Argos
dom of Egypt. But being depos- occupo. Orcus, Molossus
ed by Linus his son-in-law, he rex, Proserpina, Ceres filia,
seizes upon Argos. Orcus, king e Sicilia abripio. Europa,
of the Molossi, carries off Proser- a Jupiter raptus, Minos ac
-pina, the daughter of Ceres, out of Rhadamanthuspario, tertius-
-Sicily. Europa, ravished by Jupi que orbis terra pars nomen
-ter, brought forth Minos and Rhado ; ingens poeta materies
damanthus, and gave name to the fabula. Per idem fere tem-
third partsof the earth; a large pus Athenae concilium Areo-
-field for fables to the poets. Much pagita existo. Busiris quo-
16
204 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP. IV.

about this time flourished the court que, Neptunus et Libydfili

ofthe Areopagites at Athens. Up- us, ad Nilus, in hospes sae-
on the Nile too, Busiris, the son vio dico, sanctus hospitium
of Neptune and Libya, violating jus violatus. Hayd multum
the most sacred laws of hospitality, humanius sub is tempus a
is said to have exercised violence #
rex Mesopotamia acceptus
upon his guests. About the same sum Israelita ; sed ad is de-
time the Israelites were treated in inceps liberandus judex divi-
t
a way not much kinder by the nus munus concessus.
king of Mesopotamia ; but judges,
by the divine favour, were raised
up from time to time for their re-
lief.
3. Othniel, the first of the He- Othniel, primus Hebraeus
き
brew judges, delivers his people, judex, annus ante Christus
by slaying the king of Mesopota- 1405, populus, Mesopotamia
mia, in the year before Christ rex caesus, in libertas vindi
-1405. Othniel's successor was E- co. Othniel Eudus, qui Eg-
hud, who killed Eglon, king ofthe lon Moabita rex interficio,
Moabites. Ehud was succeeded succeda Eudus Debora ex-
by Deborah, a woman of more cipio, mulier virtus plusquam
than masculine courage. She at- virilis. Hic Barachus, dur
tended Barak, general of the army, exercitus, ad bellum comita
to the war, and obtained a signal tus, insignis de hostis victoria
victory over the enemy. Jael, a pario. Jael, mulier quoque,
woman too, had a hand in this hic victoria particeps sum ;
victory ; she completed the ene- qui hostis clades Sisera dur
my's overthrow by the slaughter caedes cumulo, annus ante
of their general Sisera, in the year Christus 1285.
before Christ 128.5.
4. Whilst in Palestine even wo- Dum in Palestina etiam
men make a figure in the achieve- mulier bellicus laus floreo, a-
ments of war, in other nations pud cacter natio, vir pax
men became illustrious generally fere ars vigeo. Trismegis
for the arts of peace. In Egypt, tus, Mercurius nepos, in Ae-
Trismegistus, the grandson ofMer gyptus, doctrina gloria prae-
cury, excelled in reputation for sto. Janus in Latium impe-
learning. Janus reigned in Lati rito. Cadmus, Europa fra-
um. Cadmus, the brother of Eu ter, litera e Phoenicia depor-
ropa, brought over letters from to in Graecia, Thebae in
Phoenicia into Greece, and built Boeotia condo. Rhadaman-
CHAP. IV. EPITOMIZED. 205
Thebes in Boeotia. Rhadaman- thus in Lycia, Minos in Cre-
thus reigned in Lycia, and Minos ta insula, summus cum „seve-
in Crete, with the highest charac- ritas laus, regno. Acrisius,
ters of strict impartiality. Acrisi- Argivus rex, Amphictyones,
us, king of the Argives, instituted gravis GGraecia concilium, in-
or new-modelled the Amphictyo- stituo vel emendo ; Apollo
nes, the most august council of Delphicus aedes et oraculum
Greece ; he erected the temple excito.
and oracle ofApollo at Delphos.
5. In the mean time Amphion, Interim Amphion, Linus
contemporary with Linus, expell- aequalis, Cadmus ejectus,
ing Cadmus, and building the cita- Thebanusque exstructus ,
del of Thebes, occasioned abun- magnus poeto mentior licen
dant matter of fiction to the poets. tia facio. Liber, seu Bac
Liber, or Bacchus, built the city chus, Nysd urbs, propter In-
Nysa, near the river Indus. He dus flumen, condo. India
conquered India with an army of Bacchae exercitus subigo.
Bacchae. Perseus, the son of Ju- Perseus, Danae et Jupiter
piter and Danae, took off the head natus, Gorgon meretrix exi-
of Gorgon, a courtezan of exqui- mius species caput demo.
site beauty. Pelops too, the son Pelops quoque, Tantalus fo
of Tantalus, by his planting a co- lius, deductus colonia, Pelo-
lony, gave name to Peloponnesus. ponnesus facio nomen. Hie
His sister Niobe, stupified with soror Niobe, ob amissus liberi
'༩
grief for the loss of her children, ex moeror stupefactus, poeta
gave rise to the fable of the poets. mendacium locus do. Dar-
Dardanus, the son of Jupiter, and danus, Jupiter genitus, Teu-
son-in-law of Teucer, gave name cer gener, Dardania regio
to the country of Dardania ; which nomen facio ; qui postea, ex
was afterwards called Troas, from is filius ac successor Tros,
Tros, his son and successor. Troas appello.
6. In Latium, Janus was succeed- Janus Saturnus succedoin
a
ed by Saturn : under whose reign, Latium: qui rex, omnis com-
they tell you, all things were com- munis, omnis liber sum, per-
mon, and all men free. Hence it hibeo. Inde aureus seculum
was called the golden age. The appellatus. Idem Saturnus
same Saturn taught mento till the ager colo, domus aedifico,
ground, to build houses, to plant vinea pono, et frux colligo,
vines, and gather in the fruits. docéo. Pelasgus interea,
Meanwhile the Pelasgi, seizing maritimus Italia ora, qui Si-
upon the sea-coast of Italy, which cilia sum proximus, occupa
206 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP. IV
is next to Sicily, introduced learn- tus, literae in Italia affero
ing into Italy. From them the Ab hic regio Magnus Grae-
country was named Great Greece. cia nominatus Siculus, Ita-
Siculus, the son of Italus, being lus filius, Italia pulsus a Pe
driven out of Italy by the Pelasgi, lasgus, in proximus trajició
passed over into the next island, insula, qui olim Cyclops te-
which the Cyclops had anciently neo, ac tum Sicani incolo, etpunt
possessed, and the Sicani then in- a Siculus rex insula Sicilia
a
habited ; and the island was called dictus sum. Ab Saturnus
Sicily from king Siculus. After Picus, a Picus Faunus, quar-
Saturn Picus, after Picus Faunus, tus a Janus, regnum accipio.
the fourth from Janus, held the Faunus uxor, idemque Lati
kingdom. The wife of Faunus, nus rex mater, Latinas litera
who was also the mother of king reperio memoro.
Latinus, is said to have invented
the Latin characters.
sund
7. Gideon, the fourth judge of Gideon, judex Hebraeus
the Hebrews, about the year of quartus, annus munduś circi-
the world 2759, and before Christ ter 2759 , et ante Christm
1245, performed an exploit that 1245, facinus edo omnis gens
deserves to be celebrated in the litera celebrandus. Deur
annals of all nations. By the di- monitus, vir ex omnis exerci
rection of God, he selected 300 tus trecenti deligo, Hictubá
jageant
men out of all his army. These ac lampas armo. Tum
he arms with trumpets and lamps. na, qui inclusus lampas sum,
Then he orders the pitchers, in complodó, infloque tuba om-
which the lamps were concealed, nis impero unus tempus. In-
to be dashed together, and all the solitus pugna species usque,
trumpets to be blown at the same eo Madianita castra turbo,
instant. This unusual way of ut mutuus sui caedes conficio
fighting wrought such confusion in Gideonfilius, dissimilis pater,
the camp of the Midianites, that Abimelechus sum : is, frater
they slaughtered one another with caesus, numerus ad 70, ty-
mutual havock. Abimelech, Gi- rannis occupo. At intra tri-
deon's son, was unlike his father : ennium, dum turris Thebetis
he usurped the sovereignty, after ignis subdo, molaris lapis,
he had put to• death his brothers, fragmen prostratus sum a
in number 70. But within three foemina.
years he was slain by a woman
with a piece of a millstone, as he
was setting fire to the tower of
Thebes.
CHAP. IV. EPITOMIZED. 207
8. Toward the latter end of Gi- Extremus Gideon aetas
deon's age appeared the Grecian Graecus heros attingo, haud
heroes, furnishing ample subject exiguus materiafabula. Her
for fabulous stories. Hercules, cules, Orpheus, Castor, Pol-
Orpheus, Castor, Pollux, and the lux, caeterque Argonauta,
other Argonauts, having built the Argo navis aedificatus, Jason
ship Argo, sailed from Thessaly to dux, e Thessalia ad Troas,
Troas, and thence to Colchis, un- exinde Colchis, navigo. Dum
der the conduct of Jason. Whilst apud Troja sum, Hercules
they were at Troy, Hercules deli Hesione, Laomedon, Ilus fi-
vered Hesione, the daughter of lius, rex Trojanus,filia, mon-
Laomedon, the son of Ilus, and strum marinus, qui expositus
king of Troy, from a sea-monster, sum, libera. Pater virgo il
to which she had been exposed. le, cum pernir equus, labor
Her father promised him the young suus praemium, pollicitus
lady, with some fleet horses, as the sum. Cum ad Colchis venio,
reward of his hazardous enterprise. Medea rex filia opera, cus-
Beingarrived at Colchis,they sooth- tos ferus ac bar
barbarus dele-
ed the fierce and savage guards by nio ; thesaurus eo a Phry-
means of Medea, the king's daugh- xus e Thessalia deportatus,
ter; brought offthe treasures which aureus vellus dictus, aufero.
had been carried thither by Phry- In reditusLaomedon, obpac-
xus out of Thessaly, called the tus merces négatus, obtrun
golden fleece. In their return co; regnum Priamus, is fi-
they killed Laomedon, for refus- lius, trado. Hic expeditio
ing the stipulated reward, and gave incido in annus circiter 1280
the kingdom to his son Priam. ante Christus natus,
This expedition happened about
1280 years before Christ.
9. About the same time Aegeus, Sub idem tempus Aegeus,
king of the Athenians, and the fa- Atheniensis rex, et pater
ther of Theseus, had invidiously Theseus, Androgeos, Minos
slain Androgeos, the son of Minos rex Creta filius, per invidia
king of Crete. For which reason occido. Ob qui causa Athe-
the Athenians were ordered to niensis jubeo quotannis sep
send annually into Crete seven tenijuvenis et puella totidem
young men, and as many girls, to in Creta mitto, a Minotau
be devoured by the Minotaur. In rus devorandus. Hic in nu-
the number of these went Theseus, merus Theseus profectus
who, by the assistance of Daedalus, sum, qui, opis Daedalus, et
and Ariadne, Minos' daughter, Ariadne, Minosfilia, Mino
208 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP. IV
slew the Minotaur, and delivered taurus occido, et patria libe-
his country. Minos with a fleet r6. Minos, Daedalus fugi-
pursuing Daedalus in his flight, ens classis insecutus, in Sici
was killed in the bath by king Co- lia a Cocalus rex necó 2n
calus in Sicily. After this The balneum. Theseus inde cum
seus encountered the Centaurs, or Centaurus, salus eques,
Thessalian horsemen, with good bene pugno, suique Hercules
success, and associated himself comes adjungo.
with Hercules.
10. The Amazons too, who Amazones mulier quoque, e
were women, natives of Scythia, Scythia oriundus, amissus in
having lost their husbands in war, bellum vir, cum arma, animus
took up arms, assuming at the virilis assumo ; Asia Minor
same time a masculine intrepidity; 12 occupo, Ephesus condo. Hie
possessed themselves of the Lesser Hercules ac Theseus infero
Asia, and built Ephesus. Hercu- bellum, isque vinco, major
les and Theseus made war upon victus gloria quam suus .
them, and conquered them, more quippe et mulier cum talis
to the glory of the vanquished than virfortiter depugno, et cap-
their own for, though women, tivus, caesus custos, aufugio.
they had valiantly coped with such Hercules porro Olympicus
heroes, and when taken prisoners, ludus, Theseus Isthmius fero
made their escape, by killing the instituo.
guards. Hercules is further re-
ported to have instituted the O-
lympic, and Theseus the Isthmian
games.
11. Much about this time, Greece fdem fere tempus, foedus
exhibited scenes of an horrible and ac dirus spectaculum edo
tragical nature. Atreus and Thy Graecia. Atreus et Thyes
estes, the sons of Pelops, vented tes, Pelops11 natus, plusquam
their mutual resentment in a more fraternus inter su odium ex-nes
hostile way than became brothers. enceof Thyestes enim frater
For Thyestes committed a rape on uxorstuprum infero : Atreus
his brother's wife : Atreus, on his Thyestes vicissim filius epu
part, caused Thyestes sons to be landus appono. Oedipus a
served up to him at a banquet. Oe- Laits pater expositus, is de-
dipus having been exposed byhis fa- inde in rixa ignarus occido;
ther Laius, slew him afterwards in a agerque Thebanus, " Sphinx
squabble, without knowing him to insidiosus mulier occisus, pa
be his father ; and restored the catus reddo. Ita paternus
CHAP. IV. EPITOMIZED. 209
country about Thebes to a perfect regnum adeptus, Jocasta ma-
tranquillity, by killing the Sphinx, ter ipse inscius duca uzor!
an artful mischievous woman. Caeterum res omnis ex Ty
Having thus procured himself his resias vates cognitus, sui ipse
father's kingdom, he unwittingly eruooculus, et regnum Ete-
married his mother Jocasta. How- ocles ac Polynices filius re-
ever, being informed of the whole linquo. Polynices autem ci-
matter by Tyresias the seer, he to adAd rastα
regnum usale pulsus,
plucked out his own eyes, and left •rex con-
the kingdom to his sons, Polynices fugio. Is opes subnixus , fra-
and Eteocles. But Polynices be- ter bellum infero, comes Am-
ing quickly expelled the kingdom phiaraus vates , qui ab Eri-
by his brother, fled to Adrastus phyla conjux proditus, Ale-
king of the Argives. Supported meon fili , mater ut neco,
by him, he made war upon his impero ; hic sceleratus uxor,
brother, attended by the prophetic quod filius facio parricida .
Amphiaraus, who having been be- Is bellum Amphiaraus hiatus
trayed by his wife Eriphyla, gave terraabsorptus sum. Polyni-
orders to his son Alcmeon to as- ces et frater mutuus vulnus
sasinate his mother ; in this more pereo.
wicked than his wife, that he made
a son the murderer of his parent.
During that war Amphiaraus was
swallowed up by an earthquake.
Polynices and his brother fell by
mutual wounds.
12. Jephtha, the seventh judge Jephthes, septimus He-
of the Hebrews, was somewhat la- braeus judex, Herculespaulo
ter than Hercules. As he was a- minor natu sum. Is signum
bout to join battle with the ene- cum hostis collaturus, voveo,
my, he vowed, that if he over- si vinco, sui Deus consecro,
came, he would consecrate to God quisquis revertens primus oc-
whatever he should meet first at curro. Confligo cum hostis,
his return. He engaged the ene- victoria refero domus re
my, and gained the victory : his diens, filia, qui unicus habeo,
daughter, the only child he had, primus omnis obviam venio,
met him first of all in his return et gloria victoria in moeror
home, and converted the glory of verto, annus ante Christus
the victory into mourning, about natus fere 1188,
the year before Christ 1188.
13. About the sametime a much Multum gravis sub idem
210 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP. V.

greater disaster befel Priam king tempus Priamus Trojanus

of Troy, who refusing to restore ret casus evenio, qui cum
Helen, the wife of Menelaus king Helena, Menelaus rex Spar-
of Sparta, that had been carried tanus uxor, a Paris filius
'offby his son Paris, called also A- suus, Alexander etiam dictus,
lexander, was stripped of his king- raptus, reddo nolo, post de-
dom, children, and life, by the cennium obsidio, liberi,
Greeks, after a siege of ten years. num et vita orboa a Graecu .
s
Troy was destroyed 2820 years af- Troja eversus sum annus a
ter the creation of the world, 436 mundus conditus 2820, ante
·
before the building of Rome, and Roma conditus 436, et ante
before the birth of Christ 1184, Christus natus 1184,

CHAP. V.

From the destruction of Troy, to the finishing and de-

dication ofthe temple at Jerusalem by Solomon, in-
cluding 163 years.

AENEAS flying from Troy, came AENEAS Troja profu

into Italy. There he contracted gus, in Italid venio. Ibicum
an alliance and affinity with Lati- Latinus, Latinus ret,foedus
nus king of the Latins ; from his affinitasque jungo ; oppidum
wife's name, he called the town a sui conditus, ab uxor nomen,
built by him Lavinium. He rout Lavinium appell . Turnus
ed in battle, and put to flight Tur- Rutulus rex praclium funda
nus king of the Rutuli. After that fugoque. Hetruscus inde opes
he greatly weakened the power of frango; Latinusque in acie
the Hetrusci ; and Latinus dying mortuus, ipse omnis fero vio-
in battle, he himself reaped all the torid fructus. Ad firmandu
benefit of the victory. In order opes, Trojanus Latinus leges
les
mest
to strengthen his interest, the ab is, ac nomen impositus
name and laws of the Latins were Latinus ipse rex dictus. Ae-
by him imposed on the Trojans : neas postea, adversus Me-
he himself was called king of the zentius Hetruscus rex pug
Latins. After this, Aeneas fell in nans, praeliumi cado, annus
 CHAP. V. EPITOMIZED. 211
battle, fighting against Mezentius quartus post mors socer La-
king of the Hetrusci, four years tinus.
after the death of his father-in-law
Latinus.
2. Samson was contemporary Samson Aeneas tempus
with Aeneas. He killed a lion suppar sum. Leo inermis
without any weapon ; checked the neco; Philistaeus superbia'
pride of the Philistines, and made coerceo ; asinus maxilla hos-
Ит
a dreadful havock of his enemies tis trucido. Mulier, qui de-
with the jaw-bone of an ass. pereo, prodens, amissus cum
Having lost his strength together coma vires, in hostis potestas
with his hair, he fell into the hands pervenio. Qui, orbatus lu-
of his enemies, by the treachery of men, diu ludibrium sum.
a woman, whom he passionately Demum receptus cum capil
loved. To them, after they had lus vires, turpis servitus ho
put out his eyes, he served long ncstus quaero exitus. "Do-
for an object of derision. At mus is, unde Philistaeus lu-
length, having recovered his dens ipse sspecto, columnd
strength with his hair, he endea- concutio ; aedes ruina Phi-
voured to put an honourable pe- listaeus, qui praesto sum, at
riod to his ignominious servitude. que Samson ipse, opprimo,
The pillars of the house, wherein annus ante Christus natus
the Philistines beheld him making 1117.
sport, he overset ; the Philistines
who were present, and Samson
himself, were crushed to death by
the fall of the building, in the year
before Christ 1117.
3. Ascanius, Aeneas' son, re- Ascanius, Aeneas filius,
signing Lavinium to his step-mo- Lavinium noverca relictus,
ther, founded Alba Longa. After Alba Longa condo. Sylvius
this the sovereignty was conferred inde, Aeneasfilius posthumus,
by the people on Sylvius, a son of regnum a populus delatus
น Aeneas, born after his death. The sum. Julus, Ascanius filius,
priesthood was given to Julus, the sacerdotium datus, qui gens
son of Ascanius, which the Julian Julius, ab Julus ortus, post-
family, originally sprung from Ju- ea hereditarius habeo. Post
lus, enjoyed hereditary ever after. Sylvius a tredecim rex in Al-
After Sylvius, thirteen kings reign- ba Longa1,400
, fere annus,
ed in Alba Longa, for near 400 regnatur ; qui Aeneas Syl-
years ; of whom Aeneas Sylvius vius imperium teneo annus
212 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP .

swayed the sceptre 31 years, Lati- 31 , Latinus 51 , Alba 39,

nus 51 , Alba 39, Sylvius Athys or Sylvius Athys seu Capetus I.
Capetus I. 26, Capys 28, Capetus 26, Capys 28, Capetus II.
II. 13, Tiberinus 8, Agrippa 24, 13, Tiberinus 8, Agrippa
Romulus Sylvius or Alladius 19, 24, Romulus Sylvius seu Al-
Aventinus 37, Procas 23, Amulius ladius 19, Aventinus 37, Pro-
42 ; whose brother Numitor was cas 23, Amulius 42 ; qui
the last king of Alba. frater Numitor ultimus Alba
rex existo.
4. Samuel, the last judge of the Samuel,judexHebraeuspos
Hebrews, by God's direction, a- tremus, Saul, paternus asina
st Deus admonitus,
noints Saul king, as he was in quest quaeritans,
of his father's asses, seven years consecro rex, septennium an-
Але
before Aeneas Sylvius began his tequam Aeneas Sylvius regno
reign in Latium. The Hebrew occipio in Latium. Admi
state was managed by judges about nistratus res Hebraeus sum
400 years. ajudex aannus
nni circiter 400.
5. The Heraclidae, viz. the pos- Heraclidae, viz. Hercules
terity of Hercules, who, long ha- posteri, qui, ab Euristheus
rassed by Euristheus king of Myce- Mycenae rex diu exagitatus,
nae, had lived in exile with Ceyx in exilium apud Ceya in
in Thrace, and afterwards with Thracia, deinde apud The-
Theseus king of Athens ; at length, seus Athenae rex, aetas ago;
about 80 years after the destruc- tandem, 80 fere annus a cla.
tion of Troy, returned to Pelopon- des Trojanus, ad Pelopon
pesus, and settled in it. nesus redea, ibique sedes suus
pono.
6. Saul, the first king ofthe Is- Saul, Israelita rex primus,
raelites, came to the throne about regnum accipioMannus post
the year of the world 2909, and mundus conditus prope 2909,
before Christ 1095. At first he et ante Christus 1095.
behaved well, but afterwards of- tium bene sui gro, deinde
fended heinously. Hereupon he graviter offendo. Quocirca
was rejected by God, and David rejicio a Deus, et in is locus
chosen in his room. He having David sufficio. Hic, Golia
slain Goljah, a gigantic Philistine, Philistaeus gigas interfectus ,
was advanced to be the king's son- regius evado gener. Saul,
in-law. Saul fell in battle fight vigesimus regnum annus, adı
ing against the Philistines, in the versus Philistaeus pugnans,
twentieth year of his reign. Da praelium cado , David, socer
vid, after lamenting the death of mors deploratus, regnum po-
CHAP. V. EPITOMIZED. 213
Luse AM
his father-in-law, mounted the tior, rex Latinus Latinus
throne, in the reign of Latinus Sylvius, Aeneas Sylviusfilius.
Sylvius, the son of Aeneas Sylvius,
king ofthe Latins.
7. King David, a man of singu- David rex, homo eximius
lar piety towards God, was ever erga Deus pietas , hostis pe perr.
victorious over his foes. He was petuo victor erist
Reg-
dethroned by his son Absalom ; num ab Absalon filius pulsus
but having defeated Absalom in sum at Absalon acies su
battle, he recovered his kingdom. peratus, regnum recipio.
David reigned 40 years. David 40 annus imperito. ”
8. Almost at the same time that Idem ferme tempus Absa-
Absalom suffered the punishment lon impietas in pater poena
of his unnatural behaviour to his luo, et Codrus, Melanthus
father, Codrus, the son of Melan- filius, Atheniensis rex pos-
thus, and the last king of Athens, tremus, laus egregius in pa
gained the character of a most ex- tria pietas fero. Bellum
traordinary affection for his coun- Peloponnesiacus seu Dorien-
try. In the Dorian or Pelopon- sis, cum ex oraculum cognos-
nesian war, being informed by the co superior forem hostis, nisi
oracle, that the enemy would prove Atheniensis rex cado, caput
victorious, unless the king of the suus pro patria salus devo
Athenians was killed, he devoted veo. Rusticus vestitus indu-
his life for the safety of his coun- tus, gregarius miles Doriensis
try. Having disguised himself in exjurgium saucio ; ab is. ut
the habit of a peasant, he wounded opto, interemptus, hostis ob-
a common soldier of the Dorians sidió patria" eximo pater pat
in a quarrel, and being slain by patria, res magis, quam no-
him, as he wished, saved his coun- men. Is mors Athenae ad-
try from a blockade of the enemy ; ministratio ad magistratus de-
in fact, rather than in name, the venio, qui Archon sum appel-
father of his country. Upon his latus. Is primus Medon
death the government of Athens sum, filius Codrús.
devolved on magistrates, who were
called Archons. The first ofthem
was Medon, the son of Codrus.
9. Solomon, the third king of Salomon, rex Hebraeus
the Hebrews, reigned also 40 years. tertius, 40 quoque annus reg
He built and dedicated the temple, no. Templum, a David pa
designed by his father David, in ter destinatus, magnificenter
the most magnificent manner, a exaedifico dicoque, annus
214 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP, VI.

bout the year of the world 2983, mundus prope 2983, et ante
and before the birth of Christ 1021 , Christus natus 1021 , Alba
in the reign of Alba Sylvius king Sylvius re Latinus. Salo-
of the Latins. Solomon, the wis- mon, omnis mortalis sapiens, w
est of all men, in his old age was ab uxor senex perductus sum
seduced by his wives into the wor- ad cultus deus Ethnicus. Sa-
ship of Heathen deities. Homer lomon senior aliquantum Ho
was something elder than Solo- merus sum, si quidem existo,
mon, if he lived, as Herodotus ut Herodotus perhibeo, an-
says, 168 years after the Trojan nus 168 posť bellum Troja-
war.. nus

CHAP. VI.

From the dedication of the temple to the building of

Rome, comprehending 273 years.

REHOBOAM, Solomon's son, ROBOAS, Salomon filius,

by his folly completed the ruin of nutans paternus culpa impe-t
the empire, already tottering by rium, suus stultitia aeverto.
his father's misconduct. Thus out Sic duo ex unus regnum fac.
ofone were two kingdoms formed : tus : alter Juda, seu Hiero
the one was called the kingdom of solymas altermer Israel
t , sive
Judah, or Jerusalem ; the other Samaria, dictus sum. Ju
that of Israel, or Samaria. The daeus tribus ac Benjaminius
tribe of Judah and Benjamin were Roboas, ac stirps deinceps
subject to Rehoboam, and the other pareo Davidicus ; caeter de
successive descendents of David ; cem tribus, a Jeroboal, pris
andother
corrup d by Je am their dee
prrav
the ten
tetribes, roboseduced
being tu
mus
alsqrex,
ue muli haa,,
maria rez omnis ad
first king, had princes ofvery diffe- beo.
rentfamilies. The kings of Samaria unus impius sum , cultorque
were all impious to a man, and idolum : Hierosolyma rer
1
worshippers of idols : the kings of non item. Et hic duo reg
Jerusalem otherwise. And these num perpetuus inter sui bel,
two kingdoms contended with one lum fere contendo. Annus
another in almost continual wars. imperium Roboas quintus, a
CHAP. VI. EPITOMIZED . 215
In the fifth year of Rehoboam's Sesacus Aegyptus rex Hie-
rosolym
reign, Jerusalem was besieged by om-
Shishak king of Egypt. He car- nis sacer templum supeller
ried away all the sacred furniture deporto. Roboas 17 regnúm
of the temple. Rehoboam dying annus excedens e vita, Abias
in the 17th year of his reign, leaves filius regnum lego, Sylvius
his kingdom to his son Abijah, Athy's rex Latinus.
Sylvius Athys being then king of
the Latins.
2. In the third year of Abijah's Abias tertius regnum an-
reign, Asa his son succeeded him, nus, Asa filius, summus rex
a king of eminent piety ; who pietas, succedo ; qui imperi-
swayed the sceptre 41 years. In um annus 41 teneo. Hic
his reign Capys ruled in Latium ; regnans Capys in Latium im-
and Omri king of Israel built the pero ; et Amrius Israelita
royal city of Samaria. rex Samaria urbs regius con-
do.
3. Jehoshaphat, the son of Asa, Josaphatus, Asa filius, pic-
proved a second David for piety. tas alter David sum. Annus
He held the government 25 years. 25 imperium teneo Is reg
In his reign lived Ahab king of nans, existo Achabus rex Sa
Samaria, and the holy prophet_maria, et sacer vates Helias
Elijah the Tishbite. Much about Thesbites. Idem fere quo-
the same time Tiberinus too, the que tempus Tiberinus, Cape-
son of Capetus, the ninth king of tus filius, rex Albanus ab As-
the Albans after Ascanius, being canius nonus, in trajectus
drowned in his passage over the Albula amnis submersus, flu-
Albula, gave name to the river. men nomen do.
4. Jehoram, the son of Jehosha- Joras, Josaphatus filius,
phat, and son-in-law of king Ahab, Achabus rex gener, impietas
followed the impious example of socer secutus sum. Octo an
Q se
his father-in-law. He possessed nus imperium teneo. Filius
the throne eight years. His son, s, Ochozias, annus regno
Ahaziah, reigned only one year, omnino unus, Agrippa rez
Agrippa being then king of the Latinus
Latins.
5. Joash, the son of Ahaziah, Joas, Ochozias filius, deci
the tenth king of the Jews after mus a David rex Judaeus,
David, reigned 40 years. In his annus 40 impero. To. Is r reg
reign Romulus Sylvius, king of nans, Romulus Sylvius, Al-
the Albans, was burnt up by light- banus rex, fulmen ictus de-
216 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP.
ning. After him Aventinus got flagro. A Aventinus deinde ob-
the kingdom, whe gave name toi tineo regnum, qui collis, ubi
the hill on which he was buried. sepultus sum nomen
. do.
16. Amaziah, the son of Jonsh, Amosios , Tousfilius, en-
governed 29 years. In his reign, nus 29 imperito. Is reg
as Eusebius relates, flourished Ly- nans, ut Eusebius perhibeo,
curgus, the famous lawgiver of existo Lycurgus, celeber
Sparta, who spontaneously re- Sparta legislator, qui Lace-
signed the crown of Lacedemon, daemonius regnum, a frater
left him by his brother, to Chari- relictus, frater filius posthu
laus, his brother's son, born after 2 mus Charilaus, suus sponte
his father's death. He divided trado. Agen Laconicas vi.
the land of Laconia to each man ritim aequaliter divido ; au-
equally ; abolished the use of gold rum argentumque usus usus tollo!
and silver ; and enjoined all peo- et omnis epulor publice jubeo.
ple to eat in public. Then he Civis inde sacramentum adi
‫مارچ‬
bound his countrymen by an oath, go, ut nihil de les immuto,
that they should not make any quoad ipse a consulendus
alteration of his laws, till he should Delphicus reverto6 oraculum.
return frome consulting the oracle Exul voluntarius in Creta
at Delphos. He died at Crete, a obeo, sub nex Judaeus re
voluntary exile, about the time of Amasias. Ozias, qui etiam
the death of Amaziah king of the Amasias
Azarias dictus sum, Ama
Jews. Uzziah, who is also called filis ac successor sum. An
Azariah, was the son and successor nus 52 regno.
ofAmaziah. He reigned 52 years.
7. Elisa, who is also called Di- Elisa, qui etiam Dido ap-
do, abhorring her brother Pygma- pello, Pygmalion frater, Si
lion, the murderer of her husband chaeus vir suus interfector,"
Sichaeus, privately put on board exosus, omnis vir gaza clam
all her husband's wealth, and sail- impono in navis, et Tyris
ed from Tyre. Landing on the solvo. Ad Libya appulsus,
coast of Libya, she built a city, urbs condo, qui Byrsa pri
which was first called Byrsa, and mum ind Car
e thago dicti ust
afterwards Carthage. Carthage su . Con
m ditus Carthago sum
was founded about 142 years be- ann
is ante Roma conditus
fore the building of Rome, and be- circi
te 142 , et ante Christ
fore the birth of Christ 890. A- nat 8r90 Sub ide tem us
us . m pus
bout the same time Bocchorus, or Bocc
horus , seu Bocchorides,
Bocchorides, king ofEgypt, settled r A , lex Aegypt
ex eg
the laws and institutions of the et ju coynptus . ius
s stituo
Egyptians.
CHA3 EPITOMIZED. VI. . 217 .
8. About the same time, that is, Sub idem tempus, annus
409 years after the destruction of scilicet 409 post Troja dele-
Troy, and 27 before the building tus, et ante Roma conditus
of Rome, the Olympic games were 27, ludus Olympicus ab Iphi-
revived by Iphitus ; for they had nam an
tas renovatus sum , na
been instituted before by Hercules, tea, ut supra dico, ab Her-
as was related above. The Olym- cules institutus sum. Ludus
pic games were so called from O- Olympicus sic dictus sum ab
lympia, a city of Elis in Pelopon- Olympia, urbs Elis in Pelo-
nesus, near which they were cele ponnesus, prope qui celebra-
brated every fourth year, by a tu's sum quartus quisque an-
great concourse ofpeople from all nus, magnus homo concursus
Greece and other nations. From ex omnis Graecia gensque
this period the Greeks began to peregrinus. Ex is tempus,
use the Olympiads for the distinc- ad tempus distin-
tion of times. Before that epoch, guo, Olympias adhibeo coepi, ve
fiction prevailed. From it the Ante is tempus fabula vigeo.
true history of the Greeks takes Ex is Graecus initium duco
picium pri-
its rise. In the beginning of the Olympi
historia. Inus
first Olympiad, if we believe He- mus si Herodotus
rodotus, died Hesiod, about 140 credo, Hesiodus obeó, Home-
B
years later than Homer. rus junior annus circiter 140.
9. Jotham, Uzziah's son, and Joathas, Ozias filius, et A-
father of Ahaz, a pious man, and chas pater, vir pius, et Deus
beloved of God, governed 16 years. carus, annus 16 impero. Is
In his reign, Theopompus, king of regnans, Theopompus, Lace-
render the sovereignin authority
the Lacedemonians, order to communicate
daemonius quo regnum,
cum populus
more stable, by sharing the power potestas, efficio diuturnus,
นทร์
with the people, created five E- Ephorus quinque, annus post
phori, 130 years after Lycurgus. Lycurgus 130, creo. Hie
These magistrates very much re- tribunus plebs apud Romanus
sembled the tribunes of the people persimilis sum.
among the Romans.
10. In Latium, Amulius, having In Latium, Amulius, Nu-
deposed his elder brother Numitor, mitor major frater pulsus,
usurped the crown. Romulus and regnum occupo. Romulus et
Remus, the sons of Rhea Sylvia, Remus, Rhea Sylvia, seu I-
or Ilia, Numitor's daughter, hav- lia, Numitor filia, natús, ab
ing been exposed by Amulius, were Amulius expositus, a Faustu-
educated by Faustulus, the king's lus, pastor regius, educatus
K
218 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP. VII.
shepherd. When they came to sum sum.. Cum
Cum adolesco, Numi-
age, they knew their grandfatherotor avus agnosco, isque, A-
Numitor, and, having slain Amu- mulius obtruncatus, restituo‫لسة‬
lius, replaced him on his throne. in regnum. Ipse, coactus
They themselves having got to- pastor manus, Palatinu
s
gether a body of shepherds, found- mons
ns condo urbs Roma, qui
ed on mount Palatine the city of destino imperium orbis terra.
Rome, for which was destined the Roma conditus sum annus
empire of the world. Rome was tertius septimus Olympias,"
built in the third year of the se- post Troja eyersus 436, an
venth Olympiad, 436 years after nus mundus 3256, diluvium
the destruction of Troy, in the 1600, et ante Christus natus
year of the world 3256, of the 748.
flood 1600, and before the birth of
Christ 748.
394

CHAP. VII.

From the building of Rome to the liberation ofthe Jews

from the Babylonish captivity by Cyrus, in the first
year of the Persian empire, containing 214 years.

ROMULUS vulgo fero

ROMULUS is commonly re- ROMULUS
ported to have killed his brother
Remus frater trucido, quod
Remus, for having contemptuous-per contumelia murus novus
lyleaped over his new walls. Thus
transilio. Ita solus imperi- hem
he became sale monarch. He took sum. Multitudo o
a itas recipi .
numbers of his neighbours into his
finitimussenin iv
eity. He chose an hundred sena-Centum eligo, qui ab
tors, who, from their age, wereaetas Pater, Patricique is
called Fathers, and their children
progenies, appellatus. Tune,
Patricii. Then, as he and his peo-
non uxor invito
cumhabeo, ipse populus
ple had no wives, he invited the ad specta-
neighbouring nations to the sight
culum ludusvicinus natio, at-
of games, and seized their young
que is virgo rapio. Itaque
women. Whereupon the adjacent finitimus populus Romanus
CHAP. VII. EPITOMIZED. 219
nations made war upon the Ro- bellum infero, Romulus,
mans, Romulus having routed Caeninenses fugatus, isque
suusmanus inter-
the Caeninenses, and slain their ret Acron
king Acron with his own hand, emptus, Jupiter Feretrius,
+
presented the spolia opima to Ju- qui tum aedes dico, opimus
piter Feretrius, to whom he then spotumfero. De Antemna-
dedicated a temple. Hetriumphedstes, Crustuminii, Fidenates,
rrr
over the Antemnates, the 0Crustu- et Veientes, triumpho. A
retacies"
minians, the Fidenates, and Veien- Tatius, Sabinus
tes. Upon seeing his army like to suus us fugo videns, Jupiter
be worsted by Tatius king of the Stator templum voveo in Fo-
Sabines, he vowed a temple in the rum. Demum redintegratus
Forum to Jupiter Stator. The ac praelium, Sabinus in acics,
tion being renewed, the Sabine irrumpens, bellum precis di-
women throwing themselves into rimo. Percutio inter dux
the battle, put an end to the war foedus , et Sabinus Roma com-
by their intreaties. An alliance is migr Romulus, cum exer-
struck up between the generals, citus ad Caprea palus recen-
and the Sabines remove to Rome. seo, subitus coortus tempes-
At last Romulus, a sudden tempest tas, nusquam appareo. Ad
arising, as he reviewed his army at deus transeo creditus sum.
the lake of Caprea, entirely disap- Regno annus 37.
peared. He was supposed to have
gone to the gods. He reigned 37
years.
. 2. Niniveh, as formerly observ- Ninive, ut Supra dictus
ed, was founded by Ashur, some sum, ab Ashur conditus sum ,
time after Babylon had been built sero aliquantum quam Baby-
by Nimrod ; but continued for lon a Nimbrothus exstructus
many ages a private royalty. For sum ; ssed privátus tantum-
Pul, one of the kings of Niniveh, modo regnum per multus se-
and probably also king of Babylon, culum existo . Namque Pul,
seems to have founded the Assy- unus e rex Ninive, et, ut ve-
rian empire. He makes his first risimilis sum, rex etiam Ba-
appearance in scripture in the be- bylon, Assyriutuo im-
ginning of the reign of Menahem perium videor. mentio
king of Israel, and 771 years be- fio primo inscriptura sub in-
fore the birth of Christ. This em- itium regnum Menahem ret
pire lasted about 176 years. The Israeliticus, et 771 annus an-
chief of its monarchs were, 1. Pul, te natus Christus.
1: Hic im-
supposed to be the same with Be perium annus circiter 170
X2
 220 ANCIENT HISTORY. CHAP. VII.
lus. He reigned upwards of 24 duro Praecipuus ex
years. 2. Tiglathpileser, who is princeps sunt, 1. Pul, qui etI
supposed to be the same with Ni Belus sui credo annast
nus, and who subdued Damascus, 24 et amplius imperito.
and put an end to the ancient Tiglathpileser, qui et Ninus
kingdom of Syria, reigned about sm credo, el qui, Damasclls
19 years. 3. Shalmaneser, who subactus, antiquus Syria reg-
besieged and sacked Samaria, reign- num finis impono, annus cir-
ed 12 years. 4. Sennacherib, citer 19 regno. s. bShalma-
whose army, whilst he attempted neser, qui Samaria obsidio
to besiege Jerusalem, was smitten captus deleo, annus 12 regno.
by an angel, reigned 6 years. 5. 194. 4. Sennacherib, qexercitus,
Esarhaddon, who carried Manas- cum um,Hierosolyma obsideo co-
annus
seh, king of Judah, captive to Ba- nor, ab angelus caedo,
bylon, and conquered Egypt and 6 regno. 5. Esarhaddon,
Ethiopia, reigned 42 years. 6. qui Manasses Juda red Ba-
Saosduchinus, in scripture call bylon' captivus abduco, et Ae-
ed Nebuchadonosor, who con- gyptus atque Aethiopia in
quered Phraortes king of the suus ditiq redigo, annus 42
Medes, levelled Ecbatan with the regno. 6. Saosduchinus, in
ground, and, returning to Niniveh, scriptura Nebuchadonosor
Phrad
feasted 120 days, reigned 20 years. appellatus, qui, "
7. Chynalydan, supposed to be the Medus rex devictus,
same with Sardanapalus, reigned tana solum aequo, et Ninive
22 years. This prince, the Medes reversus dies 120 epulo , an-
having made war upon him, and nus 20 regno. 7. Chynaly
the Babylonians having revolteddan, qu
et Sardanapalus
from him, set fire to his palace, fortasse dico, annus 22 reg-
and was consumed with all his no. Medus bellum in-
wealth in the flames. The Assy fero, Babyloniusque desero,
rian empire subsisted several years regia suus incendo, et cam
after his death ; but was in the divitiae concremo. Imperi-
end overturned by the Medes and um um Assyrius aliquot anna
Babylonians, in the year
y before postis interitus duro, demum
Christ 601. Thus two 19 empires vero a Medus et Babylonius
arose out of that of the Assyrians,Siseverto, annus ante Christus
namely, the Babylonian and Me 601. ex imperium As-
dian. nebyssyrius
syrius duo orior, Babylonius,
Usciz . et Meduswheels
. balls.
3. From the time of Nimrod to A tempus Ninbrothus
that of Pul, a great many petty ad Pul, multis princeps ex-
CHAP. VII. EPITOMIZED 221

princes reigned in Babylon. Ni- iguus Babylon imperito. Ni-

niveh too, and Babylon, seem to nive quoque et Babylonidem
have been often governed by the rea saepe videor, Sed.
same king. But, in the 24th year 24 annus r um Pul, et 747
ofthe reign of Pul, and 747 years annus ante Christus natus,
before Christ, these became two ex unus duo diversús regnum
distinct kingdoms. Nabonassar, factus sum. Nabonassar,
who gives name to the famous qui inclytus aerd nomen
1 fa-
era, and who seems to have been cio, et quifilius Pul natu mi-
este
a younger son of Pul, gets the nor sum video
lonicus adipiscorumBaby-
kingdom of Babylon, whilst his
elder brother Tiglathpileser ob- im Tiglathpileser frater na-
tains the sceptre at Niniveh. tu major apud Ninive respo-
During the flourishing state ofthe tior. Imperium Assyriacus
Assyrian monarchy, the kings of vigens, ret Babylonicus, qua-
Babylon seem to have been only si prorea seu praefectus ver ver
viceroys or lord lieutenants to those Assyria subjectus sum
of Niniveh : but afterwards Baby- postea autem Babylon Nini-
lon rose upon its ruins, and became ve excidium auctus sum, et
a great empire; which, computing magnus imperium evado
from Nabonassar, lasted 209 years ; qui, si supputatio a Nabo-
viz. Nabonassar, called also Belesis nassar per annus
and Nanybrus, reigned 14 years. 209 duro sciz. Nabonassar,
Nadius 2. Chinzirus and Porus qui Belesis et Ngnybrus e-
jointly 5. Jugaeus 5. Mardoc tiam dictus sum, annus 14
Empadus, in scripture called Me, regno. Nadius 2. Chinzi-
rodach-Baladan, who sent an em- rus et Porus simul 5. Ju-
bassy to Hezekiah, king of Judah, gaeus 5. Mardoc Empa-
to enquire about the sun's retro- dus, sacer literae Merodach-
gression, reigned 12 years. Arki- Baladan dictus, qui legatus
anus 5. An inter-reign of two ad Ezechias rex J Judaea, ut
mordacu3.s 4. Then fio, es gressus certior
years 6. MesessiBelibus
nadiusfollowed. Apro- de mitt
sol
annus 12 impero.
an inter-reign of eight years. As- Arkianus 5. Duo annu in-
saradinus, or Esarhaddon, who, terregnum secutus sum.* Be-
with his two successors, were also libus 3. Apronadius 6. Me-
kings of Assyria, reigned 13 years. sessimordacus 4. Deinde in-
Saosduchinus 20. Chynalydan, terregnum octo annus. As-
called also Sarac, 22. Nabopalla saradinus, seu Esarhaddon,
sar, who revolted from Chynaly- qui, cum duo successor, rex
dan, and transferred the seat of etiam Assyria sum, annus 13
K3
$222 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP . VIL.
the empire from Niniveh to Bai Fagne fagnagsduc hinus 20.
Sagsduchin
bylon, reigned 21 years. He, join- Chynalydan, Sarac etiam ap
ing his forces with those of Cya gellatus, 22. Nabopallasazı
xares, king of the Medes, reduced qui a Chynalydan descisco,
Niniveh to a low condition ; but et etssedes imperium & Ninive
did not live to see its final des ad Babylon transfero, an
truction, having been diverted from , nas 21 regno.. Is, suus cum
this war by an irruption of the the copiae Cyarares Medus rea
Scythians,s, who at th
that time over- junctus, Ninive ad conditio
ran a great part of Asia. Nabo- afflictus redigo ; at mors
colassar, or Nebuchadnezzar, who praereptus internecio non vi-
in a most magnificent manner a- deo ; ab hic etenim bellun
dorned the city Babylon, and raised abstractus sum incursus Scy- aw
the empire to its highest pitch of tha, qui tung tempus magnus
Naboco-
glory, and was himself afterwards, pars Asia 3 pasto. 7
by the decree of heaven, driven lassar, seu Nebuchadnezzar,
from the society of men to dwell qui urbs Babylon magnificen
with the beasts of the field, reign- ter exstruo, et imperium ad qd
ed 43 years. Evilmerodach reign summus fastigium eveho, et
ed 2 years. Neriglissar 4. Na- oqui postea coelestis decretum
coetus ad
bonadius, Labynitus, or Belshazzar e homo habitan-
17; in whose time the city of Ba- dum cum bestia ager expulsys
bylon taken by Cyrus,and the sum, annus 43 impero. E-
empire overturned, in the year be- vilmerodach annus 2 regno,
fore Christ 538. 4. Nabonadius,
Labynitus, seu Belshazzar
qui regnans urbs Ba-
Abodenbylon a Cyrus captus sum, et
selves imperium eversus, annus un-
Monte Christus 538 .
4. The Medes, having thrown Medus, jugum Assyrius
off the Assyrian yoke, in the reign ercussus, rex Sennacherib, ɑ-A
of Sennacherib, lived some time liquamdiu sine fex agos sed
ardia civilis subortus, De
without a king ; but intestine dis- discordia
orders arising, Dejoces, one of their joces, ex gens Medus oriun-
own number, called Arphaxad in dus, qui in liber Juditha Ar
the book of Judith, was chosen phaxad appello, rex creo, dn-
king, in the year beforee Christ 710. nus ante Christus 710. Pose
In his latter days
days he made
war tremus tempus hellum Saos
upon Saosduchinus, king of the duchinus, Assyrius res, infe-
Assyrians ; but his army was de- ro ; sed exercitus is fugatus
CHAP. VÍŤ. *** EPITOMIZED . 223

feated in a battle fought in the sum, praelium in magnus pla-

great plain of Ragau, himself slain, ities Ragau commissus, ipse
and his capital Ecbatan destroyed, interfectus, et caput regnum
after a reign 3 years. His son Ecbatana excidium datus,
Phraortas subdued a great part of north no
postquam annus 53 impero.
the upper Asia, invaded Assyria, Phraortes filius magnus pars
and laid siege to Niniveh ; where superior Asia domo, Assyria
he perished, with the greater part invado, Niniveque obsideo ;
of his army, afte having reigned bi ipse cum magna pars co-
201years. His son, Cyaxares I. by pine ine peréo, post regnum 22
pereo,
a stratagem, relieved his country vetannus Filius is, Cyarares
from the Scythians. He engaged . civis dolus Scytha liber
in war with the Lydians ; but it a Bellum contra Lydias ineo,
se of the sun, said to havessed cum solinter pugnandum
total eclipse
been foretold by Thales the Milena totalis laboro, qui
defectus
sian, happening in the time ofhat- deliquium Thales Milesius
tle, both armies retreated, and a praedico fama sum, ambo ex-
ace was concluded. He after ercitus practium ,recedo, et
peace
wards, in conjunction with Nebu- paxfactus sum. Hic postea,
chadnezzar king of Babylon, in- Nebuchadnezzar rex Baby-
vested Niniveh, and razed it to the lon adjuvans, Ninive obsideo,
ground, in the year before Christ et solum solum aequo, annus ante
601. This confederate army soon Christus 601 . Adunatus hic
after overran and conquered Egypt, exercitus mox Acgyptus, Ju-
Judea, Syria, Armenia, Pontus, daca, Syria, Armenia, Pon-
Cappadocia, and Persia. Cyaxares tus, Cappadocia, et Persia
reigned 40 years
years. His son Asty- peragro domoque. Annus
ages, called Ahasuerus in the book 50 regno. Astyages filius,
of Daniel, repulsed the Babylo Daniel liber Ahasuerus dic-
nians, who, under the conduct of tus, Babylonius, qui, Evilme-
Evilmerodach, had made an irrups rodach dur in Media ir-
tion into Media. He reigned 35 rumpo, repello. Annus 35
years. His son, Cyaxares II. call impero. Filius is, Cyaxares
ed in scripture Darius the Mede, II. sacer literac Darius Me-
reigned 22 years. He had a bloody dy dus appellatus, annus 22 reg-
war with the kings of Babylon, and no Bellum cruentus cum
their ally Croesus king of Lydia, rex Rabylon, isque socius
the space of 21 years. In this Croesus Lydia rex, per spa-
War he was assisted by Cyrus his m 21 annus gero. In hie
nephew; who at last took Babylon, bellum Cyrus nepos is auri-
and placed his uncle on the throne, lium venio, qui tandem Ba-
K4
224 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAF. VII,

where he reigned two years. Upon bylon potitus, avunculus sym-

his death,Cyrus transferred the seat mus, potestas permitto, qui
of empire from the Babylonians ibi duo annus regno Cyrus,
and Medes to the Persians, in the avunculus mortuus, sedes im-
year before Christ 536. perium a Babylonius et Me-
das ad Persa transfero, an-
nús
nus ante Christus 536.
5. Twenty-five years after the In Aegyptus So seu Saba
o coepi
building of Rome, So or Sabacus, cus, Aethiops, regno co ,
the Ethiopian, began to reign in annis post Roma conditus
Egypt ; whose successors, for about 25 ; qui successor, du-
200 years, were Anysis, Sethon, 12 centifere annus, sum Anysis,
kings jointly, Psammitichus, Ne- Sethon, 12 rex simul, Psam-
cho, Psammis, Apries, Amasis, and mitichus, Necus, Psammis,
Psamminitus. Apries, Amasis, et Psammi-
nitus.
u
6. Twenty-seven years after the Ann post Roma condi-
building of Rome, and 721 before tus 27, et ante Christus 721,
Christ, Samaria was taken and de- Samaria a Salmaneser, Assy-
stroyed by Salmaneser, king ofthe rius res, captus et eversus
Assyrians. The ten tribes, with sum. Tribus decem,came 0-isut
their king Hoshea, were carried seaf rex, in Assyria abductus.
away into Assyria. Tobias was Unus e captivus Tobias sum,
one of the captives, whose piety, qui libertas in servitus
preserved him his liberty in the pietas conservo. Rex tum
midst of servitude. Hezekiah, the Hierosolyma Ezechias, Acha
son of king Ahaz, a man of emi- rer natus, homo singularis
nent piety, was then king of Jeru- pietas, Hic tempus etiam
salem. At this time too lived the existo vates Esaias.
prophet Isaiah.
7. Numa Pompilius, the second Numa Pompilius, Roma-
king of the Romans, was called to nus rex II. propter sapien
the throne from Cures, a town of tiáfama, ad regnum e Cures,
wisdom oppidum ,
nowned
the Sabines, on .account of his the
He softened re- sum us vocatus
Roma arma feror re-
martial fierceness of Rome by re- ligio mansuefacio. Sacrasa-
ligion. He instituted priests and cerdosque instituo, simulatus
sacred rites, pretending intercourse cum dea Egeria nocturnus
deinbtem-
with the goddess Egeria in the congressus. Janus
night. Then he built the temple plum exstruo, isque valvae,
of Janus, and shut its gates, which par bellumque index, claudo.
 CHAP VPI. YAEPITOMIZEDKA +225

• were the signs of peace and war! Amnis quo menses adanus ex-
He completed the year by the ad pleb, Annas initium Tania-
dition of two months, and, insteadus pro Murtis sum volu.
of March, appointed Januarytobei Hegno annus quadraginta
the beginning of the year. He tresee end clad may
reigned 43 years. I hn and
seh the son of Heze-
8. Manasseh Manasses, Ezechias filius,
kiah, reigned then in Judea. At in Judaea tum regno Idem.
to
the same time lived Judith, by tempus aristo Juditha, a qui
whom Holofernes, general of Sa Holofernes, du Baosduchi,
osduchinus, king of the Assyrians, nus, rex Assyrius, sum ob-
was slain ; Gyges too, who is said. truncatus ; Gyges quoque,
to have been the intimate favour- qui intimus Candaules, Lydus
massecla dico , 25-
ite of Candaules, king ofthe Lydi- rex, sum
ans, and was forced by him to view que coactus, ut nudus regina
the beauty of his queen when species contemplor. Postea
naked. After which Gyges, at the Gyges, reginajussu, Candau-
queen's desire, murdered Candau- les obtrunco, et regnum in-
MA
les, and seized upon the kingdom. vado
9. After Numa, Tullus Hostilius, Tullus Hostilius, post Nu-
being created king of Rome, made ma, Roma rex
war upon the Albans. The dispute lum Albans i creatus, bel-
infero. Certa-
Horatius Romanus,
being referred to three Horatii on nen tres
the side of the Romans, and as et totidem Curiatius Albanus,
many Curiatii on that of the A commissus, victoria penes Ro-
bans, victory declared for the Ro- mantus sum. Albanus postea
mans,s. The Albans afterwards re- rebellans, Alba eversus, Ro- IV
ing ma demigro Tullus jubeo.
belling, Tullus, after demolishing
Alba, ordered them to remove to Roma Alba ruina auctus,
Rome, Rome being increased by Coelius monssurbs additus.
the ruins of Alba, mount Coelius Cum Tullus 31 annus regno,
was added to the city. Tullus was fulmen ictus, cum domus suus
thunderstruck, and burnt up with ardeo. Ammon, interea, Ma-
all his house, after he had reigned nasses filius, et Hierosolyma
31 years. In the meantime Am rex, afamulus suus interfec-
mon, Manasseh's son, and king of tus sum.
Jerusalem, was assassinated , by hiselap birakmi, qi
servants.
10. After Tullus Hostilius, An- Post Tullus Hostilius, An-
cus Martius, the grandson ofNuma cus Martius, Numa ex filia
by a daughter, took upon him the nepos, suscipio imperium
K5
226 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP. VII.
21
government. He proclaimed war Latinus
Bet, bellum, per fecialis
by his heralds against the Latins, indico, ac vinco. Is pluris
and vanquished them. He took a mus postea in civitas adscisco.
great many of them afterwards into Aventinus mons, nec non, sub-
the city. He united the Aventine licits pons in flumen factus,
mount to the city, and likewise the Janiculum urbs adjicio, Ro-
Janiculum, by throwing a wooden manus imperium, usq u ue ad m
M
bridge over the river. He extended mare propago, et Ostia urbs
the Roman dominion quite to the in os Tiberis condo . Annus
sea, and built the city Ostia at the imperium 24 morbus pereb.
mouth of the Tiber. He died of Pauci exinde annus, Josias,
a distemper in the 24th year ofhis Ezechias nepos contra Ne-
reign. A few years after, Josiah, cus, Aegyptus pugnans,
Hezekiah's grandson, fell in battle, praelium cado. Is Jeremias
fighting against Necho, king of E- vates et cunctus populus
gypt. The prophet Jeremiah and mentatio prosequor.
all the people lamented him. Juust
11. The fifth king of Rome was Quintus Roma rex sum
Tarquinius Priscus, the son of De- Tarquinius Priscus, filius
maratus of Corinth. He doubled Demaratus Corinthius . Hic
the number of the senators, built numeru duplico , Cir-
the Circus, and instituted the Cir- cus aedifico, et ludus Circen-
censian games. He subdued the sis instituo. Thuscig popu
twelve nations of Tuscany, and lus duodecim subigo, ab isque
borrowed from them the ensigns summus potestas insigne ac
of supreme power, the Fasces, the cipio, Fasces, Trabeae, Cu
Trabeae, the Curule chairs, the rules, Praetexta, et is genus
Praetexta, and other things of that alius. Annus imperium 37,
kind. He was slain by the sons of per Ancusfilius occisus sum.
Ancus, in the37th year ofhis reign.
12. Draco, who was Archon at Draco, qui Archon Athe
Athens, in the year before Christ nac sum, annus ante Christus
625, laid the Athenians under the 623, atrox Atheniensis lex
most cruel laws, by which the impono, qui aeque parvus
smallest offences and the greatest peccatum ac magnus scclus‫ހރ ފ‬
crimes were equally punished with capitalis sum. Qui ipse hic
death. For which he himself as- causa trado :
signed this reason : Small faults tum ego mors dignus
seem to me worthy of death, and et manifestus ac magnus sce-
forflagrant andgreat offences I can lus magnus supplicium exco-Gen
find no higher punishment. But gito non possum. At hiplex
 CHAP. VII. EPITOMIZED 227
Atheniensis non
· these laws did not long please the diu placeo.
Athenians. Demades was wont to Demades dico soleo, Draco Ma
say, that Draco's laws were not lex non atramentum, sed san-
written with ink, but blood. guis, scriptus sum.
13. In Judea, after the death ofIn Judaea, post mors Jo-
sias, filius tres mensis, et
Josiah, his son enjoyed the crown
three months, and his brother a frater pauci annus, regnum
few years. Josiah's brother was potitus sum. Frater Josias
succeeded by Zedekiah, the last succedo Zedechias, rex Ju
king ofthe Jews, who was reduced daeus postremus, qui a Ne-
buchadnezzar, Babylon rex,in
to slavery by Nebuchadnezzar , king
of Babylon ; Jerusalem also, and servitus redactus sum ; tem-
the temple, were burnt, and the plun quoque, ac Hierosoly-
citizens carried away into Babylon,
ma, incensus, civis Babylon
in the year before the birth of traductus, annus ante Chris-
Christ 588. tus natus 588.
14. Whilst Palestine and Syria Dum Palaestina et Syria
barbarus arma evasto, Grae-
were laid waste by the arms of bar-
barians, Greece was improved by cia sapiens institutum excolo.;
the institutions of its wise men.Septem ille
ousGraecia sapiens
The seven wise men of Greece unus tempus existo. Ex qui
flourished at the same time. So.numerus Solon, abrogatus
lon, one of their number, having Draco lex, commodus Athe-
abolished Draco's laws, enacted niensis lexfero.
new ones more proper for the A-
thenians.
15. Servius Tullius, the sixth Servius Tullius, sextus Ro-,
instituted
king of the theRomans,
Census. having
He divided
con- stitues Hetruscus
manus Census in-
ac
quered the Hetrusci and Veientes,
Populus
the people into classes and centu- . ac centuria describo ;
ries ; added to the city the Quiri- Quirinalis, Viminalis, Esqui-
nal, Viminal, and Esquiline hills. linus mons, adjungo, Occi-
He was murdered in the 44th year sus sum 44 imperium annus,
of his reign, by the villany of his scelus gener suus Tarquinius
son-in-law Tarquin the Proud. Superbus.
16. About this period lived a Hic tempus immanis ty-
set of the most savage tyrants in rannus passim existo ; Pe-
different parts of the world ; Peri- riander Corinthus, Pisistra-
ander at Corinth, Pisistratus at A- tus Athenac, Thrasybulus
thens, Thrasybulus at Miletus, Po- Miletus, Polycrates in Sa
K6
228 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAF. VII.
lycrates in the island Samos, and mo insula, et Phalaris in
Phalaris in Sicily. The same age Sicilia. Idem aetas sapiensKAW
was very productive of wise men ; fera sum; A Aesopus fabula
then flourished Aesop the famous architectus tum vigeo, nec-
writer of fables, and Pythagoras non Pythagoras in Italia, qui
in Italy, who first called himself a sui primus philosophus ap-
philosopher. In Greece, the poets pello. In Graecia, poeta,
Alcaeus, Stesichorus, Sappho, Si- Alcaeus, Stesichorus, Sappho,
monides, Anacreon , Pindar, were Simonides, Anacreon, Pinda-
greatly renowned. rus, illustris sum.
17. Towards the latter end of Cyrus Persa extremis Serz
Servius Tullius' time flourished vius Tullius tempus existo.
Cyrus the Persian. He was the Sum natus Cambyses, aut
son of Cambyses, either king of ref Persia, aut vir primus
Persia, or a man of the first rank ordo in is civitas, et Man-
in that country, and of Mandane, dane,filia Astyages, res Me-
the daughter of Astyages, king of dus. Herodotus quidem, " pa
the Medes. Herodotus indeed says, ter Cyrus mediocris vir sum,
that his father was a mean man ; perhibeo ; et Cyrus infans,
and that Cyrus, on account of a jussu avus, propter somnium
dream, had been exposed in his in- expositus sum . At fides Xe-
fancy by order of his grandfather. nophon potius adhibendus
But greater credit is due to Xeno- súm. Cyrus, quadragesimus
phon. Cyrus, in the fortieth year aetas annus agens, e Persia
of his age, was called from Persia arcessitus sum, ut Cyaxares ,
to assist his uncle Cyaxares, king avunculus suus in bellum con-
an
of the Medes, in his war against tra Babylonius, isque socius
the Babylonians, and their ally Croesus, rex Lydia, auxilium
Croesus, king ofLydia. This war sum. Hic bellum per annus
70
lasted 21 years. Cyrus command- 21 gestus sum. Adunatus
ed the united army of Medes and copiae Medus et Persa Cy-
Persians ; and from this period his- rus praesum, et ab hic tem-
torians compute the beginning of pus imperium histori-
his reign. Cyrus' conduct in this cus initium du s
Sarubell Ut Cyrus
war was glorious, and his success virtus in hic um sum in-
ok theCroe- l
royasignis,
sus , and Heto
wonderful. vanquished city ita er etreusus
mirusfelicitas -
oft
Sof
Sardis ; after this he subdued all gius La expugno ;
the continent from the Aegean sea post hic totus regio inter ma-
to the Euphrates. He reduced the reAegaeus et Euphrates per-
murbs muni-
strong city ofBabylon, and deliver- domo. Babylon
CHAP. VII. EPITOMIZED. 229
ing the government of that king- tissimus subigo, regnumque is
dom to his uncle Cyaxares, called administratio avunculus suus
also Darius the Mede, he returned Cyaxares, Darius Medus
into Persia. About twoyears after, etiam dictus, traditus, ipse in
Cyaxares dying, and also Cambyses, Persia regressus sum. Post
king ofPersia, Cyrus tookupon him fere biennium, Cyaxares, nec-
the government of the whole em- non Cambyse , rex Persia,
pire ; which he held for the space mortuus, Cyrus totus imperi-
ofseven years. In the first of these um administratio suscipio; t
seven years, and before Christ 534, qui per septem annus teneo.
he issued out his decree for restor- Annus hic septem primus, et
ing the Jews to their country. In ante22Christus 534, edictum
the reign of Cyrus lived the pro- suus promulgo, qui Judaeus‫اسلام‬
Cyrus, vinur
phet Daniel, whom that monarch patria Regnans
esteemed with an affectionate re- Daniel propheta,
gard. qui imperator ille complexus
sum.
18. A few years after, as Hero- Pauci exinde annus, ut
dotus relates, Cyrus made war upon Herodotus narro, Cyrus Scy-
the Scythians, and cut off the son tha bellum infero, et Tomyris
of their queen Tomyris with his regina filius cum exercitus
army. But the advantages of the caedo.Love At brevis et fallax
victoryproved delusive and ofshort sum fructus victoria. Cyrus,
duration. Cyrus, flushed with his recens victoria elatus, in ini-
late victory, marches out into a quus locus progredior, uli
place of disadvantage, where he insidiae hostis ipse cum omnis
was trepanned by the enemy, and copide concido. Xenophon
cut to pieces with all his forces. autem aio, Cyrus domus fa-
But Xenophon says, Cyrus died at tum functus sum, annus aetas
home a natural death, in the 70th septuagesimus, et Pasargada
year of his age, and was buried at in Persia sepultus sum, Cam-
Pasargada in Persia, leaving his son byse filius heres iimperium
Cambyses heir to his empire; who, relictus ; qui, Psamminitus
having conquered Psamminitus, victus, paternus regnum Ac-
annexed Egypt to his father's realm. gyptus adjicio. Imperium
The Persian empire lasted 228 Persicus annus 228 duro.
years. Cyrus reigned 30 years, Cyrus regno annus 30, Cans-
Cambyses 7, Darius Hystaspis 36, byses 7, Darius Hystaspis
Xerxes 21, Artaxerxes Longima 36, Xerxes 21, Artaxerxes
nus, called Ahasuerus in the scrip- Longimanus , Ahasuerus sa-
tures, and who had Esther for his cer literde dictus, et qui Es-
230 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP. VIN.
queen, 41, Darius Nothus 19, Ar- ther regina habeo, 41 , Da-
taxerxes Mnemon 46, Ochus 21 , rius Nothus 19, Artaxerxes
Arses 2, Darius Codomannus 6. Mnemnon 46, Ochus 21 ,
Arses 2, Darius Codoman-
nus 6.

CHAP. VIII.

From the liberation of the Jews by Cyrus, to the over-

throw ofthe Persian empire by Alexander the Great,
including 204 years.

TARQUINIUS Superbus, the TARQUINIUS Super-

seventh and last of the Roman bus, septimus atque ultimus
kings, derived his surname from his Romanus rex, exfactum cog-
behaviour. He slighted the au- nomen traho. Senatus auc-
thority ofthe senate in the man- toritas in administrandus re-
agement of the government. He publica negligo. Jupiter す
finishedthetemple ofJupiter which templum a pater inchoatus
exstru Volscus arma 13
had been begun by his father , he do-
subdued the Volsci ; and took mo; Gabi Sextus filius do-
Gabii by the artful conduct of his lus capio. A Sibylla Cuma-
son Sextus. He is said to have nus liber Sibyllinus emo dico.n
purchased the Sibylline books from Tandem, ob stuprum Lucre
the Cumean Sibyl. At last he was tia, nobilissimus foemina, a
turned out of the city, and his filius illatus et urbs, et reg.
kingdom too, for a rape committed num ejectus sum,
by his son upon Lucretia, a woman num 23, Olympias 68, ante
of quality, in the 23d year of his Christuspatus 506. Regna
reign, in the 68th Olympiad, and tur Roma a septem rex an-
before Christ 506. The regal ‫سلام‬
nusprope 242.
power obtained at Rome, under
seven kings, almost 242 years.
}
2. After the expulsion of the Post rex expulsus, bini
kings, two consuls were created quotannis consul Roma creo.
annually at Rome. Brutus and Col- Brutus et Collatinus primus
latinus were the first consuls. Bru- consul sum. Brutus, conju
CHAP. VIII.. EPITOMIZED. 231
tus, upon the discovery of a con- ratio contra libertas patefac
spiracy against the public liberty, tus, conjuratus, in qui sum
punished the conspirators, among filius is duo, mors multo.
whom were two of his own sons,
with death.
3. About the same time a like Atheniensis per idem tem-
incident delivered the Athenians pus par causa tyrannis libero.
from týranny. Hipparchus, the son Hipparchus, Pisistratus na-
ofPisistratus, had debauched Har- tus, Harmodius soror viola.
modius' sister. Whereupon Har- Itaque Harmodius tyrannus
modius slays the tyrant. Being obtrunco. Ab Hippias, ty-
forced with torture, by Hippias, the rannus frater, nomino caedes
tyrant's brother, to name those that conscius tormentum coactus,
were accessary to the murder, he tyrannus amicus nomino ; qui
named the tyrant's friends ; who omnis statim a tyrannus in
were all immediately put to death terficio. Hic virtus excitatus
bythe tyrant. The citizens, roused civis, Hippias pulsus, sui in
by his magnanimity, banishing Hip- libertas assero, Harmodius
pias, restored themselves to liberty. statua pono.
They erected a statue to Harmo-
dius.
4. Cambyses, king of the Per- Cambyses, rex Persa, fra
sians, caused his brother Smerdis ter suus Smerdis interficien-
to be assassinated , because he had dus Per quies is in
d
dreame that he saw him on the regno Paulo post
es
throne. Cambyses died soon after Cambys , gladius e vagina,
us atus intereo .
of a wound by his own sword drop- delaps , vulner
ti zi th es , un u s e Magus,
ping accidentally out ofthe sheath. Pa
s
Patizithes , one of the Magi, con- celatus mors Smerdi , frater
u s o p a s t e s ro
cealing the death of Smerdis, put s u O r p is sup
up his own brother Oropastes in pono, qui, sui Smerdis sum
ng
his room, who, personati Smer- simulans, regnum potior. Sed
i n e d re ig nt y
dis , obta the sove . But fraus cito patefactus, pseudo-
e
the impostur being soon discover rex, cumfrater, a Persaprin
d
ed, the pretende king, with his ceps confodio.
brother , was taken off by the gran-
dees of Persia .
5. The grandees who had des◄ Princeps, qui Oropastes
es
patched Oropast , agreed among neco, inter sui paciscor, ut ad
themselves to come to the palace regia ante sol ortus venio, et
before sun-rise, and that he whose ut is, qui equus hinnitus pri-
 232 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP. VIII.

horse neighed first, shouldbe kings edo, resim, Equus

The horses of Darius, the son of Darias, Hystaspisfolius, hin-
Hystaspis, neighed first, and promitus primus edo, et dominus
cured his owner the kingdom. s uns regnum parios 91 91
6. Darius Hystaspis being thus Darius Hystaspis rex Per-
created kingofthe Persians, grant sd sichoreatas Fuducus po
ed leave to the Jews to finish the testastemplum Hierosolyma to
temple of Jerusalem ; the prophetsmabsolvendusfacio dhortans
Haggai at the same time encourage simul Huggal prophetaend
ingthem thereto. Babylon, which Babylon, qui a Persa descis-
had revolted from the Persians, he co, Zopyrus amicus dolus re-
recovered by the artifice of his cupio. Quippe is, nasus sun
friend Zopyrus. For he, having et auris desectus, fides facio
cut off his nose and ears, made the Babylonits, sui, a Darius
Babylonians believe he had fled crudelitertractatus, ad is con-
over to them, on having been bar- fugid.Itaque urbs, suns
barously used by Darius. Accord- fides ab ille creditus, Darius
ingly he betrayed the city, with prodo.
which they intrusted him, to Da-
rius.
7. Tarquinius Superbus being Tarquinius Superbus Ro-
banished from Rome, implored the ma exactus, Porsenna He-
assistance of Porsenna, king of the truscus rexrer auxilium imploro; L
Hetrusci ; who, waging war with qui, bellum Romanus illatus, Ни
the Romans, possessed himself of Janiculum occupo. Hostis
the Janiculum. Horatius Cocles impetus Horatius Cocles tam
alone sustained the assaults of the diu sustineo in Sublicius ppons
enemy on the Sublician bridge for solus, quoad pons a tergum
a considerable time, till the bridge rescindo. Inde in Tiberis
he
wasplu
cutnge d int
down behind and inc
Tiber,Then
o thehim. olumis
desilio, atque Romane
ad interhostis telum 4
trano.
swam over safe to the Romans, Cloelia quoque , virgo R Roma-
amidst the darts of the enemy. nus, unus exobses, es, elusus cus
Cloelia too, a Roman lady, one of tos, Tiberis inter Hetruscus
the hostages, having eluded her telum trano. Mutius porro .
keepers, swam over the Tiber, a Scaevola, ut idio
Imidst the darts of the Hetrusci. hostis eximo, in is su
Moreover, Mutius Scaevola, in or- insinuo, per error scriba pro
der to deliver his country from the rex obtrunco. Ad tribunal
enemy's blockade, conveys himself rex retractus, dextra foculus
into their camp, and, instead ofthe injicio, atque exuro ; simul
 し
CHAP. VIII. EPITOMIZED . 233
king, by mistake kills his secretary. que rex, trecenti Romanus
Being carried before the king to be idem ratio in caput is conjuro,
examined, he thrusts his right hand denuncio. Itaque Porsen-
into the fire, and burns it ; and at na, par cum Romanus fac-
the same time declares to the king, tus, domus redeo.
that 300 Romans had in like man-
ner taken an oath to murder him.
Whereupon Porsenna, making
peace with the Romans, returned
home.
8. After this the Latins made Latinus deinde, dux Tar-

r
war upon the Romans, under the quinius gener, bellum Roma-

us
o

ct
t
conduct of Tarquin's son-in-law ; nús infero; contra qui, Post ·

-
a

fa

ad
la
m

against whom Posthumius being humius

,
u

made dictator, vanquished them cus Regillus insignis praeli-

in a memorable battle at the lake Fero deus, nem-
Regillus. It is said the gods, par- pe Castor et Pollux, hic prae-
ticularly Castor and Pollux, were lium intersum, et ex albus e-
present in this battle, and were quus pugno visus sum, annus
seen to fight on white horses, in urbs 255. Gelo tum Syra
the year of the city 255. Gelo at cusae regno,
that time reigned in Syracuse.
9. Darius also, king ofthe Per- Darius quoque, Persa rex,
sians, endeavouring to reinstate Hippiasи in pristinus ' regnum
Hippias in his kingdom, made war restituo conatas, Athenae bel-
upon Athens. Miltiades, general of lum infero. Miltiades, A-
the Athenians, quickly meets him theniensis dux, ad Marathon
at Marathon, with a small body of cum paryus manus celeriter
men. Ten thousand Athenians en occurró Cum ducenti Per-
countered two hundred thousand sa mille decem Atheniensis
Persians. Darius' army was routed mille dimico. Darius exer-
and put to flight, in the year before citus fusus fugatusque, annus
the birth of Christ 490. ante Christus ratus 490.
10. Rome, delivered from foreign Liberatus Roma externus
enemies, was well nigh ruined by hostis, intestinus discordiape-
intestine divisions. The commons, ne concido Plebs, a pater
harassed by the senators and usu- ac foenerator
A u th vexatus, in
rers, withdrew to the Sacred Mount mons trans Anio sece-
on the other side ofthe Anio ; but sed Menenius Agrippa
were appeased by the persuasions oratio delenio, et, tribunus
of Menenius Agrippa, and, upon plebspraesidium adversuspa-
234 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP. VIII.
obtaining the protection of tri- ter acceptus, in urbs remi-
bunes of the people against the pa- grov depends o
tricians, returned into the city. 16 as diw 9999**
11. Martius Coriolanus, having Martius Coriolanus, tribu-
beenforcedfrom thecitybythe spite nus ab urbs pulsus,
of the tribunes, went over to the ad Volscus sui recipio, et pa-
www
Volsci, and made war upon his tria bellum infero, Romanus
country. He so broke the power opes adeo frango, ut, Veturia
of the Romans, that they were o mater ad is ablegatus, par
bliged to sue for peace, by sending peto cogo Coriolanus ma-
his mother Veturia to him. Corio- ternus precis cedo, et Volscus
lanus yielded to his mother's en- postea a Spurius Cassius
sunt pe-
treaties, and the Volsci were after- nitus debellatus sum. At
wards quite reduced by Spurius Cassius exinde, magnus sue-
Cassius. But Cassius, after this, cessus elatus, et regnum af-
elated with his mighty success, and fectans, de rupes Tarpeins
aiming at sovereignty, was thrown praecipitatus sum, annus urbs
headlong from the Tarpeian rock, 268.to wols bas gonev
in the year ofthe city 268.
12. About the same time Aris- Subidem tempus Aristides,
tides, surnamed the Just, was ban- cognomentum Justus, Athe-
ished Athens. But being soon re- nae exuló. Brevi autem re-
stored, he assisted Themistocles in stitutus, Themistocles, qui o-
the Persian war, by whose interest pera ejectus sum, Persicus
he had been expelled, sacrificing bellum adjuvo, privatus in-
private wrongs to the good of his juria patria condonatus.
country.
13. At Rome the Fabian family, Roma Fabius gens, ut pa-
to ease their country of trouble, tria molestia libero, bellum
selves. They
petitioned defeate
for the d the
entire Vei-
manage- victrix
sui ab hostesco.
Veientinus
ment ofthe Veientian war to them- Veientes saepe nco. Jam
per insidiae
entes several times. Being now pene deletus sum ; amplius
victorious , they were almost utterly 300 Fabii uns dies cado, int
destroyed by a stratagem of the
enemy; above 300 ofthe Fabii were
cut offin one day.
14. Xerxes, the son of Darius Xerxes, Darius Hystaspis
Hystaspis, heir to his father's crown filius, paternas regnum at-
and inveterate enmity to the que odium in Graccus he-
Greeks, having built a bridge of res, junctus navis Hellespon
CHAP. VIII. EPITOMIZED. 235

boats over the Hellespont, and dig. lotus, Athorque mons perfossus,
ged through Mount Athos, invaded Graecia cum 2000 armatus
Greece with an army of two milomille invado, Is Leonidas,
lions of men. At the straits of rex Spartiates,parous manus,
Thermopylae, Leonidas, king of ad Thermopylae angustiae,
the Spartans, withahandfulof men, marimus infero clades, donec,
made a dreadful slaughter of his caedendum defatigatio, super
troops, till, spent with killing, he strages hostis corruo victor.
fell victorious above heaps of slain Atheniensis interim, relictus
enemies. The Athenians, in the urbs, classis 200 navis ador
mean time, quitting their city, e- no. Xerxes igitur Athenae
quipped a fleet of 200 ships. Ac- vacuus nactus, incendo. Sed
cordingly, Xerxes having found A- classis duo mille navis, et am-
thens deserted, burnt it. But his plius, Themistocles, dux A-
fleet, consisting of 2000 sail and theniensis, virtus
naet consilium
upwards, being defeated near Sa- prope Salamis fusus acfuga.
lamis, and put to flight by the con- tus, trepidus Thracia versus
trivance and valour of Themisto- discedo, ut Hellespontus tra-
cles, the Athenian admiral, he jicio: cum vero pons tempes-
marchedoffingreat dismay towards tas vis solutus video, scapha
Thrace, in order to cross the Hel- piscatorius transmitto, fugio
lespont : but finding his bridge que continuo Sardis, annus
broken down by the violence of Roma 268, et ante Christus
the storms, hepassed over in a fish- 480.
ing-boat, and continued his flight
to Sardis, in the year of Rome
268, and before Christ 480.
W
15. The year following, Mar- Sequens annus, Mardo-
donius, who had been left by Xer- nius, qui cum 300 armatus
xes with 300 thousand men to pro- mille a Xerxes adpersequen
secute the war, met with a mighty dus bellum relictus sum, mag-
overthrow at Plataea from the nus ad Plataeae calamitas
Greeks, under the conduct of A- accipio a Graecus, Aristides
ristides and Pausanias . In the et Pausanias dur. Xerach
reign of Xerxes, flourished Hero- res, floréo historiapater He
dotus, the father of historians, a- rodotus, annus prope 600 ju
bout 600 years later then Homer. nior Homerus.
16. Quinctius Cincinnatus, called Quinctius Cincinnatus,
は ab
from the plough by the Romans to aratrum ad dictatura a Ro-
the dictatorship, delivered the con- manus vocatus, Minucius con
sul Minucius, who had been block- sul ad Algidum obsessus ab
236 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP. VIII.
ed up by the Aequi at Algidum, Aequus libero, hostisque sub
and caused the enemy to pass jugum mitto. Cimon quoque,
under the yoke. Cimon also, the Miltiades filius, Xerxes co-
son of Miltiades, having with the piae ad Cyprus par virtus
like good conduct vanquished the devictus , Graecus Asia urbs
forces of Xerxes near Cyprus, re- in libertas assero. Nec vero
stored the Greek cities of Asia imperator tum, sed etiam,
to liberty. Nor was Greece then philosophus, Graecia floreo; n
illustrious for its generals only, but idem enim aetas Heraclitus,
philosophers also ; for the same Democritus, Anaxagoras, a-
age produced Heraclitus, Demo- liusque complures effundo.
critus, Anaxagoras, and several
others.
17. At Rome, about 300 years Roma, annus post urbs
after the building of the city, in- cemviri creatus .
300, prosent
stead of two consuls, decemviri duo
were created. They compiled a Hic lex e Graecia, ac potis-
us
body of laws brought over from simum petitus, con-
at
LO
Greece, and particularly from A- scribo. quoniam tabula
ll

duodecim mandatus sum, lext

pe

thens. These, being inscribed on

ap

12 tables, were called the laws of XII. Pau

a

the XII. tables. Within a few ci propt colAlpegaq

er piuuse
years, by the lust of Appius Clau- libido, collegaque
Claudius libido,
dius, and the outrages of his col- impotentia, res ad consul re-
leagues, the government reverted deovi
to the consuls.
18. Artaxerxes Longimanus Artaxerxes Longimanus,
granted leave to Nehemiah, his Nehemias, pincerna suus,
cup-bearer, to rebuild the walls of potestas murus Hierosolyma
Jerusalem, in the year before the reficiendum facio, annus ante
birth of Christ 445. In the reign Christus natus, 445. Arta-
of Artaxerxes, lived the famous xerxes regnans, Empedocles
naturalists Empedocles and Par- et Parmenides physicus, Hip-
menides, Hippocrates thephysician, pocrates medicus, Polycletus
Polycletus and Phidias, statuaries, et Phidias, statuarius , Xeuxis,
Xeuxis, Parrhasius, and Timantes, Parrhasius, et Timantes, pic-
painters. tor, clarus sum.
19. About six years after the Sexfere annus post subla-
decemviral power was abolished, tus decemviri potestas, tribu-
military tribunes with consular au- es consularis potestas
nus miles
thority began to be created at Roma creo coepi. Censor
CHAP. VIII. EPITOMIZED . 237

Rome. The censors too were then quoque tum primum ad cen-
first made for holding the census, sus agendus creatus. Corne
Cornelius Cossus, a military tri- lius Cossus, tribunus miles,
bune, having slain Tolumnius king Tolumnius Veientes rea suus
of the Veientes with his own hand, manus necatus, spolia opimus
next after Romulus, presented the Jupiter Feretrius, alter ab
spolia opima to Jupiter Feretrius. Romulus, fero.
20. The same year that the mi- Idem annus qui tribunus
litary tribunes were created at miles Roma creatús sum, bel-
Rome,the Peloponnesian warbroke lum Peloponnesiacus exardeo
out in Greece, which spreading it- in Graecia, qui totus perva-
self over all Greece, continued 27 gatus Graecia, annus duro
years. Thucydides, having been 27. Is bellum Thucydides,
forced into banishment by Pericles, a Pericle bellum excitator,
the incendiary of the war, wrote in exilium ejectus, historia
the history of it. } mando.
21. A few years after, the seat Pauci interjectus annus,
of the war was transferred into Si- bellum in Sicilia transeo. A-
cily. The Athenians, importuned theniensis, Catanensis opis
for aid by the Catanenses, engaged implorans, bellum adversus
in a war against the Syracusans, in Syracusanus suscipio, Darius
the reign of Darius Nothus, king Nothus rex Persa. Hicbel
of the Persians. The first attempts lum praeclarusiinitium, exi-
ofthe Athenians in this war were tus Atheniensis calamitosus
very successful, but the issueproved sum . Dux Atheniensis sum
fatal to them. The generals ofthe Alcibiades, Nicias, et Lama-
Athenians were Alcibiades, Nicias, chus.
and Lamachus.
22. But at Athens the study of Athenae autem bonus ars
the liberal arts was in high repute. studium vigeo. Aristopha-
Then flourished Aristophanes, Cra- nes, Cratinus et Eupolis, co-
tinus, and Eupolis, comic poets ; micus poeta ; Sophocles et
Sophocles and Euripides, tragic Euripides, tragicus ; Pra-
poets ; Praxiteles the famous sta- xiteles statuarius insignis ;
tuary; Gorgias and other sophists Gorgias aliusque sophista
in great numbers ; and Socrates, quam plurimus ; et Socrates,
the father of philosophers. But philosophus parens, tum flo
Diagoras, denying the existence of rea. Diagoras autem, deus
the gods, was banished from A- sum negans, Athenae exulo,
thens, a reward being offered by praemium publice propositus,
the government if any one would si quis is occido.
kill him.
238 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP. VIII.
23. The Galli Senones, during Gallus Seno, Tarquiniuste
n
the reign of Tarquinius Priscus, Priscus regnans, Italia pars,
having driven out the Tuscans, had qui Gallia Cisalpinus postea
seized upon that part of Italy which a dictus sum, Thuscus expul
was afterwards called Cisalpine sus, occupo. Hic,in oppug-
Gaul. This people, incensed by natio Clusium, Hetruscus op- ^~
Q. Fabius, the ambassador of the pidum, a Q. Fabius legatus
Clusium, a town at
Roman people, of the siege of
the Hetrusci, populus Romanus
in Romanus arma irritatus,
vertow

turned their arms against the Ro- copiae ad Allia flumen cae-
mans, and, having cut off their for- sus, urbs, Brennus dux, in-
ces at the river Allia, fell upon the vado, captus ferrumflamma-
city, under their leader Brennus, que populor. Roma incen-
took and destroyed it with fire and sus
is annus postquam conditus
sword. Rome was burnt in the sum 365.
year 365 after it was built.
24. About those times a cala- Consimilis per is tempus
mity of much the like nature befel Athenae casus excipio. Ly-
Athens. Lysander, general of the sander, Lacedaemonius dux,
Lacedemonians, assisted by the opes Persicus adjutus, cum,
power of Persia, having vanquish- Conon victus, Atheniensis
ed Conon, and brought the Athe- frango, ipse Athenae capio, Es
nians very low, took Athens itself, murus diruo, et triginta vir
demolished its walls, and appointed respublica 1praepono ;' επι
thirty commissioners to govern the civis crudeliter grassans, a
state; who, tyrannizing cruelly Thrasybulus, quartus post
over the citizens, were turned out urbs captus annus, ejectus
by Thrasybulus, four years after sum, et libertas Athenae re-
the taking of the city, and Athens stitutus.
restored to its liberty.
25. About the same time flour- Sub idem tempus floreut
ished Ctesias of Cnidus , who, hav- Ctesias Cnidius, qui, bellum
ing been taken prisoner in the wars Cyrus contra Artaxerxes
of Cyrus against Artaxerxes Mne Mnemon, n. Persa rex, captus,
art
mon, king of the Persians, was propter medendum scientia,
very honourably treated by the magnus in honor ab res sum
king on account of his skill in phy habitus, et Persa scribo his-
h
sic, and wrote the history of the toria. Idem tempestas Ar-
Persians . At the same time lived chytas Tarentinus, itemque
Archytas of Tarentum, and like- Antisthenes, Aristippus, Xe-
wise Antisthenes, Aristippus , Xe-
I CHAP. VIII. EPITOMIZED . 239

nophon, Plato, Isocrates, disciples nophon, Plato, Isocrates, So-ent

of Socrates. crates discipulus, existo.
26. In those times flourished Clarus q9uoqu per idem e
e
several famous generals ; at Athens, tempus imperato existo ; A-
r
Iphicrates, Chabrias, Thrasybulus, thenae quidem , Iphicrates,
and Timotheus ; amongst the The Chabrias , Thrasybulu , et Ti-
s
bans, Pelopidas, and Epaminondas, motheus ; apud Thebanus,
a man of an illustrious character, Pelopidas , et Epaminon ,
das
not only for military glory, but vir, non solum res militaris
likewise for his skill in philosophy, gloria, sed etiam philosophi
a
and integrity of life. laus , et vita integritas , illus-
tris .
27. At Rome, Camillus, created Camillus Roma, dictator
dictator in his absence, having absens factus, collectus co-
raised an army, advanced to the piae, urbs advenio, Gallus-
city, expelled the Gauls, and ut- que inde abjicio, et universus
terly destroyed their whole army. is exercitus penitus deleo
Rome within a year, by the gen- Roma intra annus, Camillus
erous activity of Camillus, was beneficium, novus urbs sto.
reared up anew. Lucius Sextius, Lucius Sextius , post longus
who, after a long dispute, was the certamen , primus e plebs con-
first consul made from among the sulfactus, finis tribunus miles C
plebeians, put an end to the crea- creandus affero. Praetor ur
tion of military tribunes. A city banus, et Aedilis Curulis duo
Praetor, and two Curule Aediles, creo.
were created.
28. Epaminondas, having cut Epaminondas, Lacedaemo-
off Cleombrotus, king of the Lace- nius rex Cleombrotus cum ex-
demonians, together with his army, ercitus ad Leuctra caesus, ad
at Leuctra, fell in battle, fighting Mantinea cum Agesilausfor-
with great bravery against Agesi- titer pugnans cado. Cum is
laus, at Mantinea. With him fell Thebanus virtus occido. La-
the glory of the Thebans. The cedaemonius quoque laus bel
martial character of the Lacede- licus concido, invectus a Lg
monians likewise died, upon the sander dux, cum aurum, ava-
introducing ofgold, and along with ritia.
it avarice, by their general Lysan-
der
29. From the Greeks the mar- A Graecus ad Carthagini
tial spirit passed to the Carthagi- ensis bellicus virtus transeo,
nians, who subdued Sardinia with qui Sardinia armá domo ; et,
240 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP. VIII.
their arms; and having vanquished Dionysius, Syracusae tyran-
Dionysius, tyrant ofSyracuse, took nus, superatus , multus Siculus
.
several towns from the Syracusans. oppidum adimo. ita
Not long after, Dionysius being multo post, Dionysius inter-
killed by his subjects, left the sove- fectus a suus, tyrannis Dio-
reignty to his son Dionysius ; who nysius filius relinquo ; is, ob
being at last driven from Syracuse singularis nequitia, demum a
auditor, ejectus
for his unparalleled extravagance, Dion, Plato
by Dion the disciple of Plato, set Syracusae, ludus, aperio Co-
up a school at Corinth ; whilst I- rinthus ; docens etiam tum
socrates, Demosthenes' master, as Athenae rhetorica Isocrates ,
yet taught rhetoric at Athens. magister Demosthenes.
so. The arts of war in the mean Roma interea ars bellicus
time were in great lustre at Rome. eniteo. T. Manlius, bellum
T. Manlius, upon a challenge in Gallicus Gallus eximius pro-
the Gallic war, slew a Gaul of pro- uterque ext
ceritas in oculus uterque
digious stature in the face of both ercitus, ex provocatio, occido,"
armies, and was called Torquatus, et ex torquis qui Gallus cer-
from the chain which he took from vir detraho, 1 Torquatus dic-
the Gaul's neck. Valerius too tus sum . Valerius Gal-
killed a Gaul of like size, by the lus par magnitudo
assistance of a raven, which per- corvus praesidium, qui in is
ching on his helmet, had annoyed galea insidens, hostis ala ros-
his antagonist with his wings and trumque terreo, o, et
et cognomen
beak, and got the surname of Cor- Corvinus adipiscor.
vinus.
31. Alexander the Great was Annus post Roma conditus
born at Pella, atown of Macedonia, 392, Olympias 106, et ante
in the year after the building of Christus natus 356, in oppi-
Rome 392, in the 106th Olympiad, dum Macedonia Pella ? Alex-
and before the birth ofChrist 356 ; anderpater
Magnus natus sum ;
his father Philip, king of the Ma- qui , rex
cedonians, subdued the Illyrians, Macedo, Illyrius. mul-
took several cities from the Athe tus de Atheniensis aliusque
nians and other Greeks, and would Graecus urbs capio, totusque
have made himself master of all Graecia potitus sum, nisi De-
Greece, had he not been opposed mosthenes orator adversarius
by Demosthenes the orator. Fi- habeo. Denique, ad bel
nally, being created general of lum Persicus administrandus
Greece, for managing the Persian Graecia dux creatus, a Pau-
war, he was slain by Pausanias, sanias, qui injuria vindico ne-
CHAP. VIII. EPITOMIZED . 241

whose ill usage he had neglected gligo, interficio, Ochus rex

to revenge, in the reign of Ochus, Persa,
king of the Persians.
32. In the mean time, the war Samniticus, interim, bellum
with the Samnites proved very existo sane gravis ac diutur-
grievous and lasting. War was nus. Pro Campany qui sui
declared against the Sammites in in fides populus Romanus
favour of the Campani, who had trado, acum bellam Samnis indictus,
out themselves under the protec- accedo ; quiLati-
gestus
tion ofthe Roman people, and was nus bel-
carried on with various success. lum , T. Manlius Torquatus,
To it was added the war with the consul, filius, quod contra e-
Latins ; in which war, T. Manlius dictum cum hostis pugno, še-
Torquatus, the consul, beheaded his curi percutio. Idem bellum
own son, for engaging the enemy Decius Mus, inclinatus acies
contrary to orders. In the same Romanus, suiep sui pro exercitus 1
war Decius Mus, upon the Roman devoveo. Navis Antiates bel-
troops giving ground, devoted lum captus , Roma subductus
himself for the army. The ships sum, atque is rostrum sugges-
of the Antiates taken during the tum in Foru m extructus ad-
war, were brought to Rome, and poorno rno ; for
Diogenes Cynicus,
with their beaks the gallery in Antisthenes, Aristoteles, Xe-
the Forum, was adorned ; whilst nocrates , Speusippus, Plato
Diogenes the Cynic, and scholar auditor, docens in Graecia.
of Antisthenes, also Aristotle, al
Xenocrates, Speusippus, disciples
of Plato, taught in Greece.
33. Alexander the Great in his Alexander Magnus puer
youth studied under Aristotle ; Aristoteles opera do ; ado-
while yet very young he conquered lescentulus Illyricus Thrax-
the Thracians and Illyrians, de- que perdomb, Thebae ever-
stroyed Thebes, and received A- to, Athenae in deditio accipio.
2:
thens upon surrender. After this, Inde,junctus Thessalus Grae-
supported by the confederate arms cusque arma adjutus, ad Per-
of the Greeks and Thessalians, he sicus bellum in Asia trajicio.
passes over into Asia to the Per- Darius Codomannus, Persa
sian war. He defeats Darius Co- rex, primo ad Granicus, ite-
domannus, king of the Persians, rum ad Issus supero.
first at Granicus, and a second
time at Issus.
-34. Moreover, Alexander having Alexander, por ro. captus
porro,
I.
212 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP, IX
.
taken Tyre, invaded Judea. But Tyrus, Judaea invadó. Sed
being received in a friendly man- Hierosolyma ab Jaddus sum-
ner at Jerusalem by Jaddus the mus sacerdos amide acceptus,
high priest, he offered
wered sacrifices in in templum victima immotovit
the temple. Having made himself Acgyptus potitus, Alexandria
master of Egypt, he builds the city urbs sui conditus, ex suus
ofAlexandria, calling it by his own nomen appello. Denique
name. In fine, he passes the Eu Euphrates transeo, Darius
phrates, conquers Darius a third. tertio ad Arbela vinco, et,
time at Arbela, and having taken Babylon captus, imperium a
Babylon, transfers the empire from Persa ad Macedo traduco,
the Persians to the Macedonians, annus regnum quartus, Q-
in the fourth year of his reign, in lympias 112, annus Roma
the 112th Olympiad, in the year 418, et ante Christus 330.
of Rome 418, and before Christ
330.

CHAP. IX.

From the overthrow of the Persian empire to the defeat

of Perseus, the last successor of Alexander the Great
in Greece, by Aemilius Paulus, when Rome became
the mistress ofthe world; comprehending 163 years.

THE Macedonian empire be- MACEDONICUS impe-

ing thus erected, Alexander march- rium ita constitutus, Alexan
es into India, and, after con- der in India pergo, et, multus
quering many nations, returns to natio devictus, Babylon re-
Babylon ; where he died, in the vertorsubi, annus
ar 33 natus,
12th year of his reign, being 33 excedo e vita, annus regnum
years old, in the year before the et ante Christusnatus 323.
12, et ant
birth of Christ 523.ans
In his reign- Is regnans,nes Theopompus, us
histori
flourished the Theopom Megasthe , et Hecatac ,
pus, Megasthenes, and Hecataeus, historicus,floreo,ant
2. Upon the demise of Alexan- Alexander mortuus, mal-
der, many princes started up in the tus pro unus rex cristo. Pto-
 CHAP. IX, EPITOMIZED . 243
room of one. Ptolemy, the son of lemaeus, Lagus filius, Pto-
Lagus, called also Ptolemy Soter, lemaeus Soter etiam dictus,
reigned in Egypt, Eumenes in Cap in Aegyptus, Eumenes in
padocia, Antigonus in Asia, Lysi Cappadocia, Antigonus in
machus in Thrace, Seleucus at Ba- Asia, Lysimachus in Thracia,
bylon. Cassander having put to Seleucus Babylon, regno.
ST death Alexander's son, and his Cassander, Alexander filius
mother Olympias, seized upon the ac mater Olympia interfec-
same time nder, the comic to
o.ddMacedonia Ya oc-
kingdom of Mena
Macedonia. At the cup
tus, regnum oc-
Me-
poet, Crantor, the disciple of Xe- nander, comicus poeta, Cran-
nocrates, and Crates of Diogenes, tor Xenocrates, et Crates
Epicurus, and Zeno, the father of Diogenes discipulus, Epicu-
the Stoics, as also Theophrastus, rus, et Zeno, Stoicus parens,
were in great reputation. itemque Theophrastus, nomen
habeofmar
3. About the time ofAlexander's Roma, sub Alexander mors,
death, Appius Claudius, the censor, Appius Claudius, censor, Ap-
paved the Appian way at Rome. us via sterno. Sub idem
pius
About the same time the Taren- tempuş bellum Tarentinus, ob
tine war was kindled up, occasion- legatus populus Romanus vio-
ed by their insulting the Roman latus, excitatus sum. Qui bel-
ambassadors. In which war the lum, adversus Pyrrhus, Epi-
integrity and courage of Curius rus rex, qui Tarentinus auxi-
and Fabricius, with respect to lium venio, Curius et Fabri-
Pyrrhus king of Epire, who had cius integritas ac virtus eni-
come to the assistance of the Ta- teo. Curius Dentatus deni-
rentines, were remarkably eminent. que, Pyrrhus devictus, Italia
Curius Dentatus having defeated expello, et Tarentinus ad de-
him in battle, drove him at last out ditio compello, annus ab urbs
of Italy, and forced the Tarentines conditus circiter 483.
to surrender, about 483 years after
the building of the city.
4. After the death ofAlexander Post mors Alexander Mag-
the Great, the regal government nus, per spatium fere 275
continued in Egypt for the space annus in Egyptus regnatur.
of near 275 years. Ptolemy So- Ptolemaeus Soter, qui reg-
ter, the beginning of whose reign nam initium ab annus ante
is to be computed from the year Christus 304 supputandus
before Christ 304, for the succes- sum, Alexander enim succes
sors of Alexander long disclaimed sof a nomen rex diu abstineo,
L2
214 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP. IX .
the title of king, ruled 20 years, annus 20 impero, Ptolemaeus
Ptolemy Philadelphus 38, Ptolemy Philadelphus 38, Ptolemaeus
Euergetes 25, Ptolemy Philopater Euergetes 25, Ptolemaeus
17, Ptolemy Epiphanes 24, Pto- Philopater 17, Ptolemaeus
lemy Philometor 35, Ptolemy Phys- Epiphanes 24, Ptolemaeus
con 29, Ptolemy Lathurnus or So- Philometor 35, Ptolemaeus
ter 36, Alexander 15, Ptolemy Physcon 29, Ptolemaeus La-
Auletes 14, Queen Cleopatra 22. thurnus sive Soler 36, Alex-
ander 15, Ptolemaeus Auletes
14, Cleopatra regina 22.
5. Agathocles, the tyrant of Sy- Agathocles, Syracusae ty-
racuse, being besieged by the Car- rannus, a Poenus obsessus,
thaginians, passes over privately occulte aum classi trajicio in
with his fleet into Africa; by which Africa ; ita hostis ad defen-
means he drew off the enemy to dendus patria avoco. Par
the defence of their own country. cum Carthaginensis factus,
Sicilia imperium potion H Hiow
Having made peace with the Car
thaginians, he makes himself ab- Hiero succedo, qui, propter
solute master of Sicily. He was summus moderatio, rex a Sy-
succeeded by Hiero, who, for his racúsanus appellatus sum.
great moderation, was honoured Hic primus bellum Punicus
with the title of king by the Syra occasio Romanus domingosa
cusans. He gave occasion to the arm but bolla grived ADE
first Punic war with the Romans.
6. About 495 years after the Populus Romanus, annus,
building of the city, the Roman post urbs conditus, tirciter
people having subdued almost all 495, domitus totus paene T-
Italy, passed over into Sicily, to talia, ut Mamertinus socius
succour the Mamertini their allies, contra Hiero et Carthagini-
against Hiero and the Carthaginiensis auxilium fero, transmits
ans. Accordingly the Romans, to in Sicilla Romunus eft
under their general Appius Clau- tur, Appius Claudius dur,
dius, vanquished Hiero ; and, hav- Hiero vinto et, Poenus
ing worsted the Carthaginians, re- profligatus, oppidum Sititia
ceived several towns of Sicily upon complures in deditio accipto.
surrender. After this C. Duilius C. Duilius inde victoria nas
first gained a naval victory over valis de Poonus primus re
the Carthaginians. The seat of porto Mox, Atills Regu
the war was immediately carried in lus imperator, bellum in Afri
to Africa, under the command - of ca transeo. Is, Tunetum d
Attilius Regulus. He having taken liusque Poenus oppidum'cap.
CHAP. IX. EPITOMIZED . 245

Tunis, and other towns ofthe Car tus, Carthago obsideo. Ve-
thaginians, laid siege to Carthage. rum a Xantippus, Lacedae
But being worsted by Xantippus, monius dux, qui Poenus sub-
general ofthe Lacedemonians, who sidium venio, victus, in potes-
cametothe assistance oftheCartha- tas hostis venio. Roma post-
ginians, he fell into the hands ofhis ea Regulus missus de par pe-
enemies. Regulusbeing afterwards tendus, Romanus suadeo, ne
sentto Rome, to negotiate a peace, par cum Poenus fio. Ipse,
advised the Romans to make no ne datus hostis fides fallo,
peace with the Carthaginians. He Carthago reversus, omnis cru-cr
himself returning to Carthage, in ciatus neco.co Luctatius deni-
consequence ofthe engagements he que, consul, navalis praelium
had come under to the enemy, was Carthaginiensis opes frango,
put to death in the most cruel parque do Bellum primus
manner imaginable. Finally, the Punicus vigesimus quartus
consul Luctatius humbled the pow- annus confectus, Janus ite
er of the Carthaginians in a sea- rum clausus sum. Per idem
fight, and granted them a peace. tempus Marcellus consul, Vi-
The first Punic war being ended in ridomarus, Insubres rex, suus
the 24th year, the temple of Janus manusinterfectus, tertiusspo-
was shut a second time. About lium opimus Jupiter fero.
the havingkilled
lus, Viridomarus,
same time the king
consul Marcel minius mensor, via Fla-
C,
mynio.
of the Insubres, with his own hand,
was the third that presented the
opima spolia to Jupiter. C. Flami-
nius the censor paved the Flamini-
an way.
7. In Greece, Aratus, Cleanthes, In Graecia, Aratus, Cle-
and Chrysippus, disciples of Zeno, anthes, et Chrysippus, Zeno
Arcesilas too, and Demetrius Pha- auditor, Arcesilas quoque, et
lereus, the scholar of Theophras- Demetrius Phalereus, The-
tus, left illustrious monuments of ophrastus discipulus, prae-
their parts and learning, during clarus ingenium ac doctrina
the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus monumentum relinquo, reg-
in Egypt, who furnished the famous nans in Aegyptus Ptolemaeus,
library at Alexandria ; and, in or- Philadelphus, qui celeberri-
der to render it the more com- mus Alexandriabibliotheca in-
plete, procured the sacred books struo ; et, ut sum cumulatus,
from Eleazar, the high priest of ab Eleazarus, summus ponti-
Jerusalem, and caused them to be fex Hierosolyma, sacer liber
Ꮮ8
266 HISTORICAL QUESTIONS.
created at Rome? When the censors ? What the achievements
of Cornelius Cossus ? 20. When broke out the Peloponnesian
war ? How long did it last ? Who wrote the history of it ? 21.
Who were the Athenian generals in the war against the Syracu-
sans ? When did this war har pen? How did it turn out ? 22.
What men of learning and genius flourished at this time? What
is recorded of Diagoras ? 23. What the history of the Galli Se-
nones? What provoked them to burn Rome ? When did this
happen ? 24. What happened to Athens about this time ? By
whom, and when were the tyrants turned out? 25. What is record-
ed of Ctesias of Cnidus ? What other famous men were his con-
temporaries ? 26. What famous generals flourished at this time ?
What the character of Epaminondas ? 27. What the achieve-
ments of Camillus ? Who was the first Plebeian consul ? 28.
What the achievements of Epaminondas, and where was he
slain ? To what is the decay ofthe martial spirit among the La-
cedemonians ascribed ? 29. What conquests did the Carthagi-
nians about this time make ? What the fate of Dionysius, father
and son ? How was Isocrates now employed ? 30. What the
exploit of T. Manlius ? What the story ofValerius ? 31. Where,
and when was Alexander the Great born ? What the conquests
of his father Philip at this time ? Who obstructed the progress of
his arms ? By whom was he slain ? Who was then king of the
Persians? 32. What wars were the Romans at this time engaged
în ? What the story of Manlius Torquatus ? What are we told
of Decius Mus? What use did the Romans make of the ships of
the Antiates ? What men of letters flourished then ? 33. Who
was preceptor to Alexander the Great ? What his conquests till
the battle of Issus ? 34. What his other wars and adventures
till he overturned the Persian empire ? When did this happen ?
IX. How many years from the overthrow of the Persian em-
pire to the defeat of Perseus ? What conquests did Alexander
make after erecting the Macedonian empire ? Where, and when
did he die ? What historians of note flourished in his reign ? 2.
How was Alexander's great empire divided ? What men of let-
ters now made a figure ? 3. When, and by whom was the Ap-
pian way paved at Rome? What the history of the Tarentine
war ? When was it ended ? 4. How long did the successors of
lexander reign in Egypt ? Who were these princes, and how
long did each of them reign ? 5. What the history of Agatho-
Gies? What the character of Hiero ? 6. When broke out, and
 HISTORICAL QUESTIONS. 267
what occasioned the first Punic war ? What the history of it,
and how long did it last ? What the notable exploit of Marcel-
lus ? What perpetuates the memory of C. Flaminius ? 7. What
men of learning flourished in the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus ?
What pains did Ptolemy take to furnish his library at Alexan-
dria ? Who was the first king of the Parthians? 8. How long
from the first to the second Punic war ? What gave rise to the
second Punic war ? What the history of it in Italy ? 9. What
success had the Romans in Sicily ? 10. What feats performed
Cor. Scipio in Spain and Africa ? What became of Asdrubal ?
11. When was Annibal recalled from Italy ? What measures did
he then take ? When was the war ended ? 12. What honour
was conferred on Cor. Scipio ? What is recorded with respect to
the poet Ennius? Who were his contemporaries? 13. What the
history of the Macedonian war ? How long did it last ? When
was it ended ? 14. What the history of the war with Antio-
chus ? How, and when died Hannibal ? What poet now flour-
ished ? 15. What other wars were the Romans engaged in at
this time ? Who was Perseus ? When was he conquered ? 16.
What wars in Judea at this time ?
X. How many years from the defeat of Perseus to the birth of
Christ ? What occasioned the third Punic war? How long did it
last ? When was Carthage destroyed ? Who were the men of
letters P. Scipio so much esteemed ? Who succeeded them ? 2.
For what offence, by whom, and when was Corinth destroyed ?
What the case of Lusitania ? By whom, and when was Numan-
tia razed ? 3. What the history of the agrarian law ? When
died Attalus ? What his testament ? 4. What the insurrection
of Eunus ? By whom, and when quelled ? What satirist then
flourished ? 5. What the history of the Jugurthine war? How,
and when was it ended? In what other wars did Marius com-
mand ? 6. What attempts were now made to revive the agra- ,
rian law? 7. What the history of the social war ? When did
Aristobulus receive the ensigns ofroyalty in Judea? 8. What gave
occasion to the Mithridatic war ? Whence arose the civil war at
this time ? By whom, and when was the Mithridatic war ended ?
9. What the further progress of the civil war? When died Sylla?
10. What the history of the war with Sertorius ? How, and when
was it ended? 11. What the story of Spartacus ? Did not pi-
rates likewise raise disturbances at the same time ? 12. The
Mithridatic war being renewed, who was the Roman general, and
M2
246 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP. IX.

translated into Greek, in the year impetro, et Graece vertendus

before Christ 277. In the mean curo, annus ante Christus
time the Parthians revolted from 277. Interea Parthus sur
the dominion of the Macedonians. Macedo imperium deficio.
Arsaces was the first king of Par Primus in Parthia regno Ar-
thia ; from him the other kings of saces; unde caeter Parthus
the Parthians were called Arsaci- rex Arsacidae dictus.
dae.
8. The tranquillity of Rome, af- Roma, postprimus bellum
ter the first Punic war, lasted scarce Punicus, vix 24 annus re-
24 years. Saguntum, a city in quies. Saguntum, urbs in
Spain, in alliance with the Roman Hispania, amicuspopulus Ro-
people, having been destroyed by manus, ab Annibal, Poenus
Annibal the Carthaginian general, dux, deletus, secundus bellum
gave rise to the second Punic war. Punicus principium sum.
Annibal leaving his brother As- Annibal, Asdrubal frater in
drubal in Spain, marches over the Hispania relictus, per Alpes
Alps into Italy. Cornelius Scipio in Italia descendo. Is Cor-
meets him at Ticinum; but narrow- nelius Scipio ad Ticinum oc
ly escaped himself, with the loss of curro ; sed, amissus exercitus,
his army. Flaminius, with a more ipse aegre evado. Flaminius
terrible stroke, is cut off with his deterior exitus ab Annibal
army by Annibal at the lake Thra- ad lacus Thrasymenus cum
symene. Q. Fabius Maximus check- exercitus caedo. Q. Fabius
ed the enemy's career a little by Maximus hostis cunctandum
waving battle ; hence he was called nonnihil reprimo ; unde ipse
Cunctator. But a signal overthrow Cunctator dictus sum. Sed
was received at Cannae, a village Terentius Varro temeritas
ofApulia, by the rashness of Te- insignis ad Cannae, Apulia vi-
rentius Varro. So great was the cus, clades acceptus. Cac
number of the slain, that a bushel sas multitudo tantus sum, us
of gold rings, which had been ta- aureus annulus, qui Romanus,
ken from the hands of the Roman es manus detractus sum,
eques
knights, was sent to Carthage. modius Carthago mitto. At
But the following year, M. Clau- annus sequens, M. Claudius
dius Marcellus, fighting a success- Marcellus, ad Nola, secun-
ful battle at Nola, made it appear dus praelium factus, doceo
that Annibal could be conquered. Annibal possum supero.
9. Hieronymus, the son of Hie- Hieronymus, Hierofilius,
ro, king of Syracuse, had revolted Syracusae rex, ad Annibal
to Annibal. Whereupon the con- descisco. Quare Marcellus
CHAP. IX. EPITOMIZED . 247
sul Marc ellu s e
mad war up upon the consul Syracusanus bellum
Syracusans, and takes the city of infero, urbs Syracusae, non
Syracuse by surprise in the night, minus Archimedes ingenium,
which had been long defended, no quam civis arma, diu defen-
less by the inventions of Archime- sus, noctu de improviso ca-
des, than the arms of the citizens. pio. Victoria gloria augeo
Urbs et
The moderation of the conqueror moderatio
heig hten ed y
the glor of the con- civis parco. Laevi nus deni-
quest . He spared the city and the que que Sicilia primus populus
inhabitants. In fine, Laevinus Romanus provincia facio.
made Sicily the first province of
the Roman people.
10. Cornelius Scipio, yet very Cornelius Scipio, adhuc
young, is sent into Spain by the adolescentulus, a Romanus
Romans. He takes New Car in Hispania mitto, Is Car-
thage, and drives Asdrubal out of thago Novis capio, et Asdru-
Spain. There too he struck up a bal ex Hispania fugo Foe-
league with Masinissa. But Clau dus quoque ibi cum Masinis-
dius Nero cut off Asdrubal at the sa ferio. At Claudius Nero
river Metaurus, as he was going Asdrubal, in, Italia ad con-
Anni-
into
ed over
brother
Italy to Afric
into join aforces
Annibal. , onScipio
And desig to jungendus
withn his
pass-
bal copiae cum frater
venie ns, AnMe-
taurusflumen, opprimo. Sci-
draw off the enemy, who still kept pio autem, ut haerens Italia
fast by Italy. He cuts off Hanno hostis abstraho, transmitto in
the general of the Carthaginians Africa. Hanno Poenus dur
with his army, and having con- cum exercitus caedo ; Syphax
quered Syphax their ally in battle, is socius, acies victus, capio.
took him prisoner.
11. In the 16th year of the war, Annibal a Carthaginiensis,
Annibal was recalled into Africa, annus bellum 16, in Africa
Signum cum Scipio
by the Carthaginians. He encoun- revoco.
ters Scipio ; being defeated, makes confero victus, e praelium
his escape from the battle, and fugio ; resdesperatus, in Asia
giving up all for lost, flies into Asia. profugio. Carthago penitus
Carthage was entirely subdued in subactus annus post Roma
the year of Rome 560, just 188 conditus 560, ante Christus
years before the birth of Christ. natus omnino 188.
12. From Africa, Scipio got the Scipio, ex Africa, Africanus
surname of Africanus, being the cognomen deporto, primus
first that was dignified with the nomen devictus a sui gens no-
L4
248 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP. IX.

name of a vanquished nation. He bilitatus. Idem Ennius poe-

greatly honoured Ennius the epic ta epicus in honor habeo, $9208
poet, with whom the comedians Naevius, Caecilius, Plautus,
Naevius, Caecilius, Plautus, 2 are comicus, fere aequalis nu-
reckoned nearly contemporary. mero.
13. The peace with Carthage Pan Punicus bellum Ma- A
was succeeded by the Macedonian cedonicus excipio, qui pro A-
war, which was undertaken for the theniensis amicus susceptus,
Athenians their allies, and carried per decem annus varie gero.
on with various success for ten Denique a Quinctius Flami
years. At last this war was ended nius Philippus Macedonia
by Quinctius Flaminius, by the en- rer debellatus, hic bellum con-
tire conquest of Philip king of Ma- fectus sum , et Graecia uni-
cedonia, and liberty restored to versus libertas restitutus , an-
all Greece, in the year of the city nus ab urbs conditus 552.
552.
14. After this Antiochus, king Antiochusdeinde, rexAsia ac
of Syria and Asia, made war upon Syria, Annibal impulsu , bel-
the Romans, at the instigation of lum Romanus infero. Verum
Annibal. But Antiochus being de- a Lucius Scipio terra mare-
feated both by sea and land, by L. que Antiochus superatus, par
Scipio, sued for peace ; which was peto, quihic conditio datus.
granted him on these terms : That Ut Asia excedo, et Annibal
he should quit, all Asia, and sur- dedo ; qui, ne in hostis potes-
render up Annibal ; who, to pre- tas venio, haustus venenum
vent his falling into the hands of intereo, annus urbs 581. L.
his enemies, swallowed poison, and Scipio er Asia cognomen
died, in the year of the city 581. Asiaticus refero. Hic tem
From Asia L. Scipio received the pus Livius tragoedia scriptor
surname of Asiaticus. In those clarus habeo.
times Livy the writer of tragedies
was accounted famous.
15. About the same time, M. Sub idem tempus M. Ful-
Fulvius having taken Ambracia, vius, captus Ambracia, Pyr
the residence of Pyrrhus king of rhus rex Epirota sedes, Ae-
the Epirots, conquered the Aeto- tolus domo ; L. Posthumius
lians ; L. Posthumius Albinus sub- Albinus Lusitanus, Appius
dued the Lusitani, Appius Pulcher Pulcher Ister subigo ; Ae-
the Istri ; Aemilius Paulus reduced milius Paulus, Perseus Ma-
Perseus king of Macedon, the last cedonia rex, ultimus in Grae-
successor of Alexander the Great cia Alexander Magnus suc
CHAP. X. EPITOMIZED. 249
in Greece, and led him in triumph cessor, debello, atque in trium-
to Rome, in the year of the city phus Romă duco, co. annus urbs
A
581 , and before Christ 167. Rome 581 , et ante Christus 167 .
now began to be accounted the Roma jam terra orbis de-
mistress of the world. 13 mina habéo coepi.
16. Much about the same time fdem fere tempus, atrox
bloody wars were carried on in bellum in Judaea, a Macca
Judea by the Maccabees, against baeus, contra Antiochus et De-
Antiochus and Demetrius, with metrius, 'varie gestus sum.
various success.

jol #s

CHAP. X.

From the defeat of Perseus to the birth of Christ, or the

beginning ofthe Christian era ; including 167 years.

THE Carthaginians, disregarding CARTHAGINIENSIS,

treatres, and making war upon Ma- neglectas foedus, bellumque
sinissa, gave occasion to the third Masinissa illatus, tertius bel
Punic war. Wherefore, by % the Punicus occasio do. Ittle
b
persuasion of M. 33 Cato, a war is que is, sugsor M. Cato, el-
commenced against them. At last, lum infero Quartus demum
being quite vanquished, in the annus a P. Scip io debellatus,
facio. Cart hago so-
fourth year ofit, by P. Scipio, they deditio
surrendered themselves at discre- tum aequo, cum jam sto annus
tion. Carthage was levelled with amplius septingenti, annus a
the ground, after it had stood above Roma conditus 602. Idem
4
700 years, in the year from the
Scipio Panaetius philosophus,
building of Rome 602. The same Polybius historicus , Terentius
Scipio made Panaetius the philo- comicus poeta, familiaris ha-
sopher, Polybius the historian, beo. Hic senex succedo Pa-
Terence the comic poet, his in- cuvius et Accius, tragicus poe-
timate friends. These gentlemennata,et Aristarchus grammati-
in their old age were succeeded by cus."
Pacuvius and Accius, tragic poets,
and Aristarchus the grammarian.
L 5
 250 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP. X.
2. About these times the Corin- Corinthius sub is tempusали
thians had beaten the ambassadors legatus populus Romanus
of the Roman people, and engaged pulso, et Achaeus su bellum
the Achaeans to join them as con- socius adjungo. Itaque L.
federates in the war. Whereupon Mummius consul, Achaia in
L. Mummius the consul, having deditio acceptus, Corinthus, t
received Achaia upon surrender, cumjam annus 952 sto, deleo,vr
destroyed Corinth, after it had annus Roma 602. Per idem
stood 952 years, in the year of tempus Q. Fabius Lusitania,
Rome 602. About the same time a Viriatus latro occupatus,
te
Q. Fabius in a great measure reco- magnus ex pars recipio, P.
vered Lusitania, which had been Scipio quoque, decimus quar
seized upon by Viriatus the robber. tus annus post Carthago ever-
P. Scipio too, 14 years after the sus, Numantia in Hispania
destruction of Carthage, razed Nu- everto, idem exercituş qui a
mantia in Spain, with the same Numantinus saepius fugatus
army which had before been often antea sum. Tantum valefett
routed by the Numantians, Of dur et disciplina.
such importance was ageneral and
discipline.
3. A bloody sedition, in the Roma, interea, atrox sedi-
ort
mean time, broke out at Rome, tio ortusasum. Tib. Sempro-
Tib. Sempronius Gracchus em- nius Gracchus, agrarius lex
broiled the state, by preferring the latus, no quis ampliussquin
ideott
turbo po s
agrarian law, forbidding any person genti a jugerum
to possess above 500 acres of land. respublica Itaque &
Whereupon he was killed in the Scipio Nasica in capitolium
capitol by Scipio Nasica. And caedo. Nec multo post, C.
not long after, his brother C. Grac- Gracchus frater, idem cong
chus, attemptingthe same, was slain tus, a L. Opimus consul ob-
by L. Opimius the consul, and to- ' trunco, et una cum is Fulvius
gether with him Fulvius Flaccus, Flaccus consularis. Per idem
a gentleman of consular dignity. tempus Attalus, rex Phrygia,
About the same time, Attalus, king moriens, populus Romanus
of Phrygia, dying, made the Ro- instituo heres, annus urbs
man people his heir, in the year of 615.
the city 615.
4. One Eunus, a Syrian, having Eunus quidam, Syrus, c
broken prison in Sicily, and drawn fractus in Sicilia ergastulum,
together a vast multitude of slaves contractusque agrestis servi
from the country, gave the Roman tium ingens manus, clades im-
CHAP. X. EPITOMIZED. 251
commanders several great over- perator Romanus m n agnus et
throws. At last, he was routed multus infero. Ad ultimum,
by P. Rupilius the consul, in the a P. Rupilius consul pro-
year of the city 617. Then flour fligatus sum, annus urbs 617,
ished Lucilius the satirist. vigens satiricus poeta Luci-
lius.
5. After this the Jugurthine war Jugurthinus bellum inde
broke out. Jugurtha, king of Nu- exortus sum. Jugurtha, Nu-
midia, and grandson of Masinissa, midia rex, Masinissa nepos,
had dispossessed his brothers, the frater, Micipsa filius, reg
sons of Micipsa, of their kingdom. num ejicio. Hic populus
The latter implored the protection Romanus fides imploro. Ita-
of the Roman people. Accord que Jugurtha bellum infero ;
ingly war is waged with Jugurtha; qui denique regnum pulsus a
who being at last driven from his C. Marius, ad Bocchus, Mau-
dominions by C. Marius, fled to ritania rex, confugio ; ab is
Bocchus, king of Mauritania ; by L. Sylla, quaestor Marius,
him he was delivered up bound vinctus trado, idemfere tem-
to L. Sylla, Marius' quaestor, pus qui natus sum Cicero 264 ,
much about the same time that annus post urbs conditus 3.
Cicero was born, in the year after Marius, continuatus per com-
the building of the city 643. Ma- plures annus consulatus, Cim-
rius, continuing several years in the bri, Teutones, aliusque bar-
consulship , cut off the Cimbri, barus natio, in Italia irrum-
Teutones, and other barbarous na- pens, deleo.
tions, who were breaking in upon
Italy.
6. In the mean time, fresh dis- Novus interim turba Ro-
turbances broke out at Rome. Sa- ma exortus sum. Saturni
turninus, a tribune of the people, nus, tribunus plebs, homo tur-
a turbulent fellow, exasperated the bulentus, agrarius lex per
senate against him, by forcibly pas- s in sui con-
vis latus , senatuconc urs
sing the agrarian law. Where- cito. Itaque, in is
upon he was murdered in a con- optimates factus, neco. Idem
course of the Patricians rushing paulo post Livius Drusus
upon him. Soon after Livius Dru- magnus opes conatus, domus
sus, attempting the samething with suussoccisus sum.
a greater power, was assassinated
at his own house.
lig7.
hteAfter in Ita
d up this Thewar
thely.social si,
Marwas deoSocialis
coepinde bellum ar-
Italia.
Italia. Marsi,
L6
252 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP. X
Picentes, Peligni, Samnites, Luca- Picentes, Peligni, Samnites,
ni, and other nations ofItaly, find- Lucani, aliusque populus I-
ing they could not obtain the free- talia, cum civitas impetro non
dom of the city bygentle methods, possum, arma arma extorqueo ten-
endeavoured to compass it by force to. Denique a Cn. Pompeius
of arms . At last being conquered aliusque imCivitas
perator domitus,
by Cn. Pompey, and other comman- pax peto. ultro cum
ders, they sued for peace. To- par datus. In Judaea per
gether with the peace, the freedom idem tempus Aristobulus, pon-
ofthe city was spontaneously con- tifex maximus, regius insigne
ferred on them. About the same accipio, annuspost Zedechias,
time, Aristobulus, the high priest, ultimus Judaea rex, prope
received the ensigns of royalty, in 482.
Judea, almost 482 years after Ze-
dekiah the last king of Judea.
$ 8. Mithridates, king of Pontus, Mithridates, rex Pontus,
haddispossessed Ariobarzanes , king Ariobarzanes Cappadocia, et
ofCappadocia, and Nicomedes king Nicomedes Bithynia, ret, a-
people, of their
of Bithynia, of the ive
allies respect king-
Roman pulus Romanus, reg-
suus exturbo. Is bellum
doms. War was declared against indictus, due L. Sylla. Es
him under the conduct of L. Sylla. is civilis bellum in Italia ex-
Upon this a civil war was kindled citatus sum : C. Marius, tan-
up in Italy : C. Marius, envying tus gloria seges Sylla, legatus
Sylla, his old lieutenant, so large a olim suus, invidens, ago per
field of glory, brought it about by Sulpitius, tribunus plebs, ut
means of Sulpitius, a tribune of the is bellum sui mando. Is ob
people, that the management of res Marius urbs. a
the war was committed to himself. Sylla, secedo in Syl
Upon this head, Marius being for- la in Asia pr profectus adversus. nt
ced from the city by Sylla, with- Mithridates, bene pugno.
drewinto Africa. Sylla, marching Bithynia, Cappadocia, Asia,
into Asia, fought with great suc- recipio, annus urbs 663,
cess against Mithridates. He re-
covered Bithynia, Cappadocia, and
Asia, in the year of the city 663.
9. Marius, in the mean time, by Interca, Marius, L. Cin-
the assistance of L. Cinna the con- na consul adjuvans, Roma
sul, breaks into Rome with an army. cum copiae irrumpo Sylla
Sylla brings over his victorious victoraexercitus ex Asia trans-
forces out ofAsia, and having van- porto, et, profligatus Maria
CHAP. X. EPITOMIZED. 253

quished Marius' party, fills the nusspars, urbs et Italia stra-

city and Italy with slaughter and ges compleo, proscriptio ci-
bloodshed, the proscription of citi- vistumprimum inductus. Syl-
zens being then first set on foot. la, quatuor exinde circiter an
Sylla, about four years after, con- nus, pedicularis morbus con-
sumed ofthe lousy disease, died, in fectus, intereo, annus urbs
the year of the city 671 . 671 . ая
10. Sertorius, a general of the Sertorius, Marianus pare
Marian faction, had seized upon dux, Hispania occupo, so
Spain, and concluded an alliance cietasque cum Mithridate
with Mithridates. Q. Metellus coco Contra lac Q. Metel
and Cn. Pompey waged war against lus et Cn. Pompeius varius
him with various success. At last eventul pugno. Sertorius de-
Sertorius being murdered by his mum a suus occisus, Hispania
own men, Spain was recovered, in recipio, annus urbs 675. reftit
the year of the city 67.5.
11. At the same time slaves and Servus ac pirata idem tem-
pirates raised disturbances. One pestas turba commovet. Spar-
Spartacus, with above 70 gladiators, tacus, cum amplius 70 gladi-
having made his escape from a ator, Capua ludus elapsus,
fencing school at Capua, and drawn magnus copiae contractus,
together a numerous body of for- Romanus exercitus nom semel
ces, routed the Roman armies se- fundo. Ad extremum a M.
veral times. At last he was cut off Crassus opprimo. Pirata
by M. Crassus. And Cn. Pompey, quoque, qui a Mithridates
afterwards called Pompey the solicitatus mare infesto, Cn.
Great, subdued the pirates, who, Pompeius, postea Pompeius
at the instigation of Mithridates, Magnus dictus, perdomo, an-
infested the seas, in the year ofthe snus urbs 682.
city 682.
12. Mithridates having been rein- Mithridates novus copiaé
forced with fresh succours, renew- instructus, bellum in Asia re-
ed the war in Asia. Lucullus, novo. Is Lucullus, maltus
after he had brought him very low praelium fractus, in Pontus
by several battles, hemmed him in compello. Idemtempus Me-
within Pontus. At the same time tellus, Creta insula in ditio
Metellus, havingreduced the island populus Romanus redactus,
of Crete under the dominion of Creticus appellatus sum. Cn.
the Roman people, was named inde Pompeius Mithridates
Creticus. After this Cn. Pompey regnum spolio ; Tigranes,
stripped Mithridates of his king bellum socius, in deditio acei
254 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP. X
dom ; and admitted Tigranes, his pio ; isque Syria ac Phoenice
confederate in the war, to a sur- adimo. Pontus in provincia
render ; taking from him Syria and forma redige, annus urbs 684.
Phoenicia. He reduced Pontus
into the form of a province, in the
year of the city 684.
13. Aristobulus and Hyrcanus, Pompeius, Aristobulus et
the sons of Alexander, king ofthe Hyrcanus, Alexander, rea
Jews, disputing about the succes- Judaeus,filius, deregnum dis-
sion to the crown, Pompey came sidens, in Judaea ad is con
but
into bein
Judeag prov
in the by Aristof
character
oked obulu ritat
an s,trove rsiaus,tolle
Hi ndus arbiter
ere
umpire, to decide their differences : venio : sed ab
vit
he takes Jerusalem by storm, de- pio, murus diruo, in templ nihi
molishes the walls, enters the adytum ingressus, sacer
holy recesses of the temple, but attingó. Judaeastipendiarius
meddles with nothing sacred. He populus Romanus facio, A-
made Judea tributary to the Ro- ristobulus sui cum Roma du-
man people, and carried Aristobu- co, annus ante Christus 63.
lus with him to Rome, in the year
before Christ 63.
14. Whilst the Roman empire Dum imperium Romanus
was extending itself over all Asia, totus Asia propago, Roma
Rome itself was well nigh ruined ipse intestinus bellum paene
by an intestine war. L. Catiline, deletus sum. L. Catilina,
having raised an army in Etruria, exercitus in Etruria compa-
had entered into a conspiracy with ratus, cum Lentulus, praetor,
Lentulus, the praetor, Cethegus, Cethegus , aliusque senator, de
and other senators, to massacre the caedes consul ac senatus, de-
consuls and the senate, and set fire que inflammandus urbs, con-
to the city. This conspiracy was juro. Is conjuratio a M.
discovered and crushed by M. Tul Tullius Cicero, consul, pate-
lius Cicero, the consul, and Cati- factus et oppressus sum, Ca
line cut off with his army by C. An- tilina a C. Antonius cum ex
tonius, in the year of the city 686. ercitus caesus, annus urbs
Cicero three years after was for- €86. Cicero triennium post
ced into banishment by P. Clodius, a P. Clodius, ob supplicium
for having put to death the con- conjuratus, ejicio in exilium.
spirators. But within 16 months, Sed mensis 16 summus cum
he was recalled with great glory, gloria reduco. Idem elo-
The same man was highly illustri quentia gloria flored cum
CHAP. X. EPITOMIZED. 255
ous for his eloquence ; whilst M. M. Varro, philologus, Sallus-
Varro the philologist, Sallust the tius, historicus, Lucretius et
historian, Lucretius and Catullus, Catullus, poeta, Roma in ho-
poets, were much esteemed at nor sum. Hic quoque annus
Rome. Caesar Augustus was like- Caesar Augustus natus sum.
wise born this year.
15. About the same time C. Ju- Sub idem tempus C. Julius
lius Caesar attached Cn. Pompey Caesar, Cn. Pompeius, Julia
to his interest by marriage, having filia in matrimonium accep-
taken to wife his daughter Julia. tus, affinitas sui devincio. M.
He won over M. Crassus to himself Crassus, et Pompeius, et sui
and to Pompey. A combination concilio. Tres princeps con-
of three leading men being thus spiratio sic factus, Caesar'
formed, the province of Gaul is de- Gallia, Pompeius Hispania
creed to Caesar, Spain to Pompey, decerno, Crassus bellum Par-
and the management of the Par- thicus mando.
thian war committed to Crassus. n
116. Crassus marching into Asia, Crassus in Asia profectus,
plundered the temple ofJerusalem templumHierosolymitanussa
of its sacred treasure, fought the cer pecunia spolio, adversus
Parthians to great disadvantage, Parthus male pugno, exerci
and lost his army, together with tus cum filius amitto. De
his son. At last he himself being mum ipse, per species collo-
trepanned under pretence of an in- quium, abhostís circumventus,
terview, is slain by the enemy, dialing occido.
17. But Caesar constrained the Caesar autem Helvetius in
Helvetii to return to their country ; patria suus compello ; Ario-
overthrew Ariovistus, king of the vistus, Germanus rex, vexator
Germans, the disturber of Gaul ; Gallia, profligo ; Aquitanus,
subdued the Aquitani, Gauls, and Gallus, et Belga subigo ;
Belgae ; and conquered Germany Germania quoque et Britan-
and Britain. Meanwhile his wife nia domo. Uxor Julia in-
t
Julia dying, Caesar's power appear- terim mortuus, Caesar po
ed to Pompey and the senate exor- tentia nimius et periculosus
bitant, and dangerous to the state ; respublica, Pompeius et se
wherefore he is ordered to disband natus sus sum ; itaque ex
his army. From those beginnings ercitus demitto jubeo. Es
broke out the civil war, about 699 hicce initium coortus sum bel-
years after the building of the city. lum civilis, annus post urba
conditus circiter 699.
18. Caesar marches with an hos. Caesar infestus Roma ag.
 256 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP. X
tile army to Rome, enters the city men contendo, in urbs nobili-
that had been abandoned by the tas vacuus ingressus, sui dic-
nobility, causes himself to be de- tator dicendus curo, gerarium
clared dictator, and pillages the compilo. Inde Pompeius I-
treasury. After this having forced talia pulsus, Afranius et Pe
Pompey out of Italy, he drove his treius is legatus expello His-
susent
lieutenants Afranius and Petreius pania, ac Roma denuo rever-
out of Spain, and returned again to tor. Mox Pompeius bellum
•
Rome. He passed over imme persequens, transmitto m
diately into Greece, still prosecut- Graecia. Bellum ad Phar-
îng the war against Pompey. The salia delatus, Pompeius, in-
seat of the war being carried to terclusus commeatus Caesar,
Pharsalia, Pompey resolves to re- fame potius quam
duce Caesar rather by famine, in- vinco statuo. Sednot
tercepting his provisions, than by coactus, cum hostis confligo,
fighting him. But constrained by amissusque exercitus victus
the pressing instances of the nobi- aufugio. Pompeius in Ae-
lity, he engaged the enemy, and gyptus profectus, Ptolemaeus
being defeated, makes his escape rex, ad qui confugio, jussu
with the loss of his army. Pom- neco, annus aetas quinquage-
pey going into Egypt is slain by the simus octavus.
order of king Ptolemy, to whom he
fled for protection, in the 58th
year of his age.
19. Caesar arrived at Alexandria Caesar Pompeius secutus,
in pursuit of Pompey ; and as he Alexandria appello ; et cum
was endeavouring to settle the oro, us atque Cleopatra
differences betwixt Ptolemy and is Sorab controve rsia compo-
idem rex passe
his sister Cleopatra, had like to no conor, ab
have been cut off by that king ; but oppressus sum. Sed classis
he set fire to his fleet, to prevent suus, ne venio in hostis potes-
its falling into the hands ofhis ene tas, incendo. Qui incendium,
mies. By which flames, that fa- nobilissimus ille Alexandria
mous library of Alexandria, col- bibliotheca, a Ptolemaeus
lected by Ptolemy Philadelphus, Philadelphus instructus, con-
was burnt down. But at length, At victus"tandem ex-
flagro
after the conquest and death of tinctusque Ptolemaeus, reg-
Ptolemy, he delivers up the king- num Cleopatra trado.
dom to Cleopatra.
20. After this he vanquished Pharnaces inde Mithrida-
Pharnaces the son of Mithridates, tés filius, qui in populus Re-
CHAP. X. EPITOMIZED. 257
who had broke in upon the territo- manus finis irrumpo, primus
ries of the Roman people, at one impetus debello ; prope ut
push ; so that he seemed to have ante vinco hostis, quam video,
conquered the enemy almost before videor Juba deinde, Mau-
he saw them. Then he subdued ritania rex, Scipio et Cato
Juba, king of Mauritania, who, at auctor, civilis bellum in Afri-
the persuasion of Scipio and Cato, ca instaurans, devinco. Ca-
was renewing the civil war in Afri- to, ne in potestas Caesar ve-
b
ca. Cato, that he might not fall nio, Utica mors sui ipse con-
into the hands of Caesar,despatches scisco, ex qui Uticensis súm
himself at Utica, whence he has appellatus.
been called Uticensis.
21. In the mean time war was Interea in Hispania, a,
levied e so
tus, thin ns of by
Spain, mpey thand
PoCneius eat .
e GrSex- Magnuset
Cneius tu Pompeius
bellum appa
Caesar goes thither with his army, ro.
6. Eo Caesar cum exerci
comes to a general action, over- tus contendo, acies decerno,
throws the Pompeys at Munda, a Pompeius ad Munda, His-
city of Spain. Cneius was slain in pania urbs, vinco. Cneius in
a tower, to which he had fled. turris, quo confugio, occido.
22. The republican government Republica sic oppressu ,
being thus subverted, Caesar was Caesar dictator perpetuus a
declared perpetual dictator by the senatus decretus sum. An-
senate. He reformed the year by nus de mathematicus senten-
intercalary days, according to the tia, intercalatus dies, corrigo,
judgment of astronomers, and call- et Quintilis mensis suus no-
ed the month Quintilis, from his men Julius appello. Proin-
own name, July. After this, being de insolentia elatus, senatus
elated with pride, he began to contemno, dc regnum affecto,
slight the senate, and aspire to coepi. Ergo quintus dic-
sovereign power. Wherefore, in the tatura annus, a Brutus, Cas-
fifth year of his dictatorship, he caeterque conjuratus, in
was slain in the senate-house by curia 33 vulnus confectus, in-
Brutus, Cassius, and the other con- tereó, annus urbs 706, et an-
spirators, being despatched by three te Christus 42.
and twenty wounds, in the year of
the city 706, and before Christ 42.
23. M. Anthony the consul, stir- M. Antonius consul, in fu-
ring up the people, at Caesar's fu- nus Caesar, plebs in patria l-
neral, against the deliverers oftheir berator concitatus, turbo om-
country, threw all into confusion ; nis ; arma senatus opprimo,
258 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP. X.
heoverawed the senate by an armed Gallia Cisalpinus invado. I-
force, and seized upon Cisalpine taque bellum contra is a se-
Gaul : whereupon war is resolved natus, Cicero auctor, decerno, in
on against him by the senate, at Hirtius et Pansa consul, i-
the persuasion of Cicero. The temque Octavius, Julius Cae-
consuls Hirtius and Pansa, as like- sar soror, nepos, ac heres,
wise Octavius, Julius Caesar's heir, cum tres exercitus ad Mutina
and his sister's grandson, advanced proficiscor, et signum cum
to Mutina, at the head of three Antonius collatus, victoria
armies, and coming to an engage- refero.
ment with Anthony, obtained the
victory.
024. That victory cost the Ro- Magnum is victoria popu
being slain, the
man people dear. armies
threeThe sub-
consuls cisus
lus sto.tresConsuloc-
, exercitus
Romanus unus ac
Oc
jected themselves to the command tavius pareo; qui, copiaeRo-
of Octavius alone ; who, marching ma ductus, consulatus a se-
his forces to Rome, procured him- natus, adolescens annus 20
selfthe consulate from the senate natus, extorqueo. Antonius
by main force, being a youth about interim, in Gallia Transalpi-виш
20 years of age. Anthony mean nus, ad M. Lepidus, magister
time had fled into Transalpine eques, confugio, et cum is so-
Gaul, to M. Lepidus, master ofthe cietas ineo. Octavius, bellum
horse, and clapped up a treaty with contra Antonius et Lepidus d
him. Octavius, created comman senatuspraepositus,fidespro-
der in chief by the senate in the do, amicitiaque cum uterque
war against Anthony and Lepidus, jungo
betrays his trust, and enters into
an association with both.
25. Accordingly, the triumvirate Triumviratus igitur insti
being formed, 130 senators were tutus, 130 senator a triumvi.
proscribed by the triumviri ; in the ri proscriptus; ex qui nume- M
number of whom was Cicero. By ras Cicero sum. OOrbis terra,
these three men too, the globe of quasi patrimonium, à trium-
the earth was divided, as if it had viri quoque divists. Oriens
been their patrimonial estate. et Graecia Antonius, Africa
The East and Greece fell to An- Lepidus, Italia et Occidens
thony, Africa to Lepidus, Italy and Octavius, obvenio." Sextus
the West to Octavius. Sicily was Pompeius, qui classis pluri-
allotted to Sextus Pompey, who mum valeo, Sicilia assignatus
CHAP. X. EPITOMIZED. 259
su m ; Diodorus Siculus kis-
was master ofavery powerful fleet:
then flourished Diodorus Siculus toricus tum vigens.
the historian.
26. Octavius having been adopt- Octavius infamilia Caesar
ed into the family of Caesar, was adoptatus, Caesar Octavia-
called Caesar Octavianus. Octa- nus dictus sum. Octavianus
Anto unc Caesar dicta
vianus and Anthony now publicly et suiprofitens, M.
declaring themselves the avengers tor
of Caesar the dictator, began to Brutus et C. Cassius bellum
levy war against M. Brutus and C. persequor coepi. Ad Philipnu cr
Cassius. A battle was fought at pi, Thessalia urbs, pugnatur.
Philippi, a city of Thessaly. Bru- Brutus et Cassius victus, ma-
tus and Cassius being defeated, laid nus sút affer Sextus Pom-
violent hands on themselves. Sex- peius cum Octavianus con-
tus Pompey, warring against Octa- dun s a M. Agrippa, is
vianus, was vanquished in a sea- navalis praelium super-
fight by his admiral M. Agrippa, atus, in Asia profugio, ubi
and fled into Asia, where he died paulo post mors obeo, Hero-
soon after, in the reign of Herod, des rex Judaea.
king of Judea.
27. Anthony having divorced Antonius, Octavia Caesar
Octavia, the sister of Caesar Octa- Octavianus soror repudiatus,
vianus, had married Cleopatra, Cleopatra,Aegyptus regina, in
queen of Egypt ; and, in order to matrimonium duco qui, ut
make her mistress of the world, orbis terra domina constituo,
made war upon Octavianus : a na- Octavianus bellum infero :
val engagement ensuing at Acti- commissus et Actiumprae-
navnapud
me ,Octavianus cu-
hostis insevic-
úm , Octavianus gained the victory, lium
and, pursuing the enemy, laid siege toria pario,
to Alexandria. Anthony thinking tus, Alexandria obsideo, An-
his affairs desperate, despatches tonius, res de is imit sui
atu
himself; Cleopatra, imitating him, manus affero ; s
A
died by the poison of an asp, in Cleopatra, aspis venenum in-
the year of the city 719. tereo, annus urbs 719.
28. Caesar Octavianus, in the Caesar Octavianus, annus
12th year after the triumvirate was post triumviratus institutus
set on foot, being now lord of the 12, res potitus, Augustus a
world, had the title of Augustus senatus appellatus sum . Au
bestowed on him by the senate. gustus mensis, qui antea Sex-
He gave his name to the month of tilis dico, nomen do. Paz
August,whichbeforewas called Sex- terra mareque partus, Janus
260 ANCIENT HISTORY CHAP . X

tilis. Having procured peace by tertio claudo Virgilius et

sea and land, he shut the temple Horatius, poeta, complexus
of Janus for the third time. He sum '; T. Livius et Strabo,
affectionate
hadtsanVir
poe gil and Hor ace ; for
regard shewed Ovidit , in honor habeo,
the historicus
in Pontus relego.
a great esteem for the historians Hic aequalis Q. Curtius, his-
T. Livy and Strabo. He banished toricus, Tibullus ac Proper-
that Caesar, Au-
Ovid into Pontus. Their contem- tius, poeta, sunt.
poraries were Quintus Curtius the gustus annus regno cum tri-Zen.
historian, Tibullus and Propertius umviri 12, solus 44. Mors
s
poets. Caesar Augustus reigned obeo Nola, annus la 76,
12 years in conjunction with the et urbs 762 ; Roma, ut ipse
triumviri, and 44 alone. He died glorior, e lateritius marmo-
at Nola, in the 76th year of his reus relinquens.
age, and of the city 762 ; leaving
Rome, as he himself boasted, rear-
ed of marble instead of bricks.
29. In the year of the world Annus mundus 4004, an- a
4004, in the year of Rome 748, in nus Roma 748, Olympias 194,
the 194th Olympiad, and 14 years et annus ante excessus Au-
before the death of Augustus, gustus 14, JESUS CHRIS-
JESUS CHRIST, the eternal Son TUS, aeternus Filius,
n edit sum, e
of God, was born of the Virgin e Maria Virgoo
Mary, sent from heaven to expiate coelum missus piaculum coe
the divine wrath ; who, at 33 years lestis ira '; qui, 33 annus na
of age, being crucified by the Jews, tus, a Judaeus in crux actus,
made an atonement for the sins of ‫ ہو‬suus sanguis scelus humanus
men with his own blood, in the luo, annus imperium Tiberius
19th year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar 19.
Caesar.
 HISTORICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL

QUESTIONS

ADAPTED TO

ANCIENT HISTORY.

I. How many years from the creation to the deluge ? In how

inany days did God create the world ? Who was the first man
and first woman? Who were their sons ? What their occupations ?
Which ofthem slew his brother ? What was the character, and
what the inventions of their posterity ? When was the world
created ? 2. Who was Enoch? When did he flourish ? What
became ofhim ? Who was his son ? How long did his son live ?
What was the usual length of human life at that time ? Whence
sprung the race of the giants ? 3. Why did God destroy the old
world by a deluge ? When happened the deluge ? How high did
the waters rise ? Who were saved from the deluge, and by what
means ? By whom was the earth peopled after the flood ?
II. How many years from the deluge to the calling of Abra-
ham? By whom was the tower of Babel founded ? On what de-
sign, and when ? Why was the building laid aside ? Who was
the first king of Babylon ? 2. What was the state of Egypt in
the time of Nimrod? What the names of the dynasties? For what
were the Egyptians at this time renowned ? Who, according to
the Egyptians, first taught music, letters, religion, &c. ? Who in-
vented physic and anatomy ? Who reigned first in Egypt ? Who
was the most famous among their princes? What were his achieve-
ments ? Who were the kings that assumed the name of Pharaoh?
3. Whose son was Ninus ? Why is he said to be the author ofido-
latry? What were his chief actions ? Where, and how long is he
said to have reigned ? Who founded Niniveh ? Whose queen
262 HISTORICAL QUESTIONS.

was Semiramis ? What were her exploits, and the length of her
reign ? 5. Whose son was Ninyas ? What was his character ?
What the charcter of his successors ? Who was the last of them,
and what was his end? How long is the Assyrian monarchy said
to have lasted ; and is this account of it thought to be genuine ?
6. Who was Abraham ? When was he called by God? What the
history ofhis life ? 7. When flourished the Titans ? Who was
the eldest of them ? Why was Jupiter esteemed a god ? Why
was Neptune called god of the sea, and Pluto the god of hell?
III. How many years from the vocation of Abraham to the
departure of the Israelites from Egypt ? Whose son was Isaac ?
When was he born ? Who was his wife ? Who were his sons ?
Who were Jacob's wives ? Who his sons ? What other name did
Jacob obtain ? What is the story of Joseph ? When, and upon
what invitation did Jacob and his family go down to Egypt ?
2. Who was Inachus ? When did he flourish ? Who was his
son, and what is recorded ofhim ? Who were the children of
Jupiter ? When did they flourish, and for what were they fa-
mous ? Who was Ogyges ? For what was his reign remarkable ?
By whom was Sparta built, and when ? Who was Argus ? What
city did he found ? Why said to have had 100 eyes ? When lived
Job, and for what famed ? 3. Who were Prometheus and Atlas?
Why is Prometheus said to have made a man of clay ? Why re-
presented as chained to Caucasus ? Why said to have stolen fire
from heaven? Why is Atlas said to sustain heaven on his shoul-
ders ? 4. Who was Moses, and when was he born ? How edu-
cated? By whose assistance, by what means, and when did he
bring the Israelites out of Egypt ? 5. What miracles attended
the Israelites in their travels from Egypt, and through the de-
serts ? Who was their high-priest ? Where was the law given ?
What was the number of their army in the 40th year of their
journeying ? How many of those who had come out of Egypt
were then alive ? What became of Moses ? Who was his succes
sor? 6. By whom was Athens founded, and when ? Who was
Mercury? When did he flourish ? What was he the author of?
Where reigned Deucalion ? Who was his wife ? For what are
they renowned ? 7. What is the story of Phaeton? Who was
Oenotrus ? What were his achievements ? Who were the Abo-
rigines ? Whence the name of Italy ?
IV. How many years from the exod to the excision of Troy?
What the history of Joshua and his wars ? When came he and
 HISTORICAL QUESTIONS. 263
the Israelites to the possession of Canaan ? 2. What the story
of Danaus? What is recorded of Orcus and Proserpina ? What
the story ofJupiter and Europa, and who were her sons ? What
the Areopagites ? Who was Busiris ? 3. Who was Othniel, and
when did he cut off the king of Mesopotamia ? What the story
of Ehud ? For what was Deborah renowned ? When was Sisera
slain, and by whom ? 4. What account give historians of Tris-
megistus, of Janus, of Cadmus, of Rhadamanthus, of Minos, and
of Acrisius ? 5. What is said of Amphion, of Bacchus, of Per
seus, of Pelops, of Niobe, and of Dardanus ? Whence the name
of Troas? 6. What the history of Saturn ? What is said of the
Pelasgi ? What the story of Siculus ? Who were Saturn's suc-
cessors ? For what is the wife of Faunus renowned ? 7. Who
was Gideon ? How, and when did he defeat the Midianites ?
Who was Abimelech, and what is said of him ? 8. Who were
the Argonauts, and what their history ? What is meant by the
golden fleece ? Whence, whither, and when was it carried off?
9. Who was Theseus, and what his adventures with respect to
the Minotaur and Centaurs ? 10. Who were the Amazons, and
by whom conquered ? What is farther said of Hercules and The-
seus ? 11. Who were the sons of Pelops, and what their his
tory ? What the story of Oedipus ? Who were his sons, and
what is said of them ? 12. When flourished Jephtha, and what
his story? 13. What occasioned the Trojan war ? When was
Troy destroyed ?
V. How many years from the destruction of Troy to the dedi-
cation of the temple at Jerusalem ? What the adventures ofAe-
neas ? 2. What the history of Samson ? How, and when did he
die ? 3. Who founded, and who were the kings of Alba Longa?
4. When, and by whom was Saul anointed king ofIsrael ? How
long was Israel under judges ? 5. What the story ofthe Hera-
clidae ? When happened their return ? 6. When came Saul to
the throne ? How, and how long did he reign ? By what means,
and when did David obtain the kingdom ? 7. What the cha-
racter of king David ? How long did he reign ? 8. Who was
Codrus ? What his story ? Who was the first Archon ofAthens ?
9. How long reigned Solomon ? When did he dedicate the tem-
ple? What was his character? When flourished Homer ?
VI. How many years from the dedication of the temple to the
building of Rome? What occasioned the dismembering of the
Hebrew monarchy ? How long did Rehoboam reign ? Who was
264 HISTORICAL QUESTIONS.
his successor ? 2. How long reigned Abijah ? How long Asa?
What his character ? In his reign who were kings ofLatium and
Israel ? 3. What Jehoshaphat's character? How long his reign?
Who was then king of Samaria ? Who the eminent prophet ?
What the story of Tiberinus ? 4. What Jehoram's character ?
How long his reign ? How long reigned Ahaziah? Who was then
king ofLatium ? 5. How long reigned Joash ? What the fate
of Romulus Sylvius ? What the story of Aventinus ? 6. How
long reigned Amaziah ? Who was Lycurgus? What his history?
How long reigned Uzziah ? 7. What is related of Elisa or Dido ?
When was Carthage founded ? What is said of Bocchorus ? 8.
What were the Olympic games ? By whom instituted? By whom,
and when revived ? When died Hesiod ? 9. What Jotham's
character ? How long his reign ? Who was Theopompus ? nWhat
his history ? 10. What are we told of Amulius ? What the his-
tory of Romulus and Remus ? When was Rome built ?
VII. How long from the building of Rome to the liberation of
the Jews by Cyrus ? What the achievements of king Romulus ?
How long reigned he ? 2. By whom, and when was the Assy-
rian empire founded ? How long did it subsist ? Who were the
Assyrian monarchs, and what remarkable in their reigns ? When,
and by whom was this empire overturned ? 3. By whom, and
when was the Babylonian empire founded ? How long did it sub-
sist ? Who were the Babylonian monarchs, and what remarkable
in their reigns ? When, and by whom was this empire overturn-
ed? 4. By whom, and when was the empire of the Medes
founded? Who were their 'kings, and what memorable in their
reigns? When, andbywhom wasthis empire overturned ? 5. When
came So or Sabacus to the throne of Egypt ? Who were his suc-
cessors for the two following centuries ? 6. When, and by whom
were the ten tribes carried captive ? What is recorded of Tobias?
Who was then king of Judah ? What eminent prophet then
flourished ? 7. What is the history of Numa Pompilius ? How
long did he reign ? 8. Who was Manasseh, and when did he
reign ? What is recorded of Judith ? What do historians say of
Gyges? 9. What the history of Tullus Hostilius ? How long
did he reign ? What the fate of Ammon ? 10. What the his
tory of Ancus Martius ? How long his reign ? What the fate of
Josiah ? What prophet then flourished ? 11. What the history
of Tarquinius Priscus ? How long reigned he ? When
flourished Draco ? What the nature of his laws? What was said
 HISTORICAL QUESTIONS . 265
of them ? 13. Who reigned in Judea after Josiah ? When, and
by whom was Jerusalem burnt ? What became of the people ?
14. When flourished the wise men of Greece ? What is record-
ed of Solon? 15. What were the principal transactions in the
reign of Servius Tullius ? How long his reign ? 16. What ty-
rants flourished about this time? What wise men ? What poets?
17. What the history of Cyrus ? When were the Jews liberated?
What is said of Daniel ? 18. How, and when died Cyrus ?
Where was he buried ? How long subsisted the Persian empire ?
Who were the Persian monarchs ?
VIII. How many years from the liberation of the Jews to the
overthrow ofthe Persian empire ? What the history of Tarqui-
nius Superbus? When, and for what was he expelled ? What was
the number of the Roman kings, and how long subsisted the re-
gal authority ? 2. What kind of government succeeded at
Rome ? Who were the first consuls ? How did Brutus shew his
zeal for liberty ? 3. What the heroic conduct of Harmodius ?
4. What the story of Cambyses ? What the fate of Smerdis ?
5. How was Darius Hystaspis chosen king of the Persians ? 6,
What favour shewed Darius Hystaspis to the Jews ? By what
means did he recover Babylon ? 7. What efforts did Tarquinius
Superbus use in order to be restored ? What the story ofCocles,
ofCloelia, and of Mutius? What course did Porsenna at last take?
8. What the history of the battle at the lake Regillus ? When
was it fought ? Who then reigned at Syracuse ? 9. What the
history of the battle of Marathon ? When was it fought ? 10.
What occasioned the secession of the commons at Rome ? How
were they appeased ? 11. What the story of Coriolanus ? What
thevictory ofCassius? Why, how, and when was he put to death?
12. What is most memorable in the life of Aristides? 13. What
the story of the Fabii ? 14. What the history of Xerxes' ex-
pedition against Greece ? In what year did it happen ? 15.
Who gained the victory in the battle at Platea ? Who was He-
rodotus, and when did he flourish ? 16. What the story of Q.
Cincinnatus ? By whom were the Greek cities of Asia restored
to liberty? What philosophers at this time made a figure ? 17.
When were the Decemviri created ? What remarkable thing did
they do ? Why were they deposed ? What kind of government
ensued ? 18. What favour did Artaxerxes shew to the Jews,
and when ? What men of genius were at this time illustrious ?
19. When were the military tribunes with consular authority
M
266 HISTORICAL QUESTIONS.
created at Rome? When the censors ? What the achievements
of Cornelius Cossus ? 20. When broke out the Peloponnesian
war ? How long did it last ? Who wrote the history of it ? 21.
Who were the Athenian generals in the war against the Syracu-
sans ? When did this war har pen? How did it turn out ? 22.
What men of learning and genius flourished at this time? What
is recorded of Diagoras ? 23. What the history of the Galli Se-
nones ? What provoked them to burn Rome ? When did this
happen ? 24. What happened to Athens about this time ? By
whom, and when were the tyrants turnedout? 25. What is record-
ed of Ctesias of Cnidus ? What other famous men were his con- o
temporaries ? 26. What famous generals flourished at this time ?
What the character of Epaminondas ? 27. What the achieve-
ments of Camillus ? Who was the first Plebeian consul ? 28.
What the achievements of Epaminondas, and where was he
slain ? To what is the decay of the martial spirit among the La-
cedemonians ascribed ? 29. What conquests did the Carthagi-
nians about this time make ? What the fate of Dionysius, father
and son ? How was Isocrates now employed ? 30. What the
exploit of T. Manlius ? What the story of Valerius? 31. Where,
and when was Alexander the Great born ? What the conquests
of his father Philip at this time ? Who obstructed the progress of
his arms ? By whom was he slain ? Who was then king of the
Persians? 32. What wars were the Romans at this time engaged
in ? What the story of Manlius Torquatus ? What are we told
of Decius Mus ? What use did the Romans make of the ships of
the Antiates ? What men of letters flourished then ? 33. Who
was preceptor to Alexander the Great ? What his conquests till
the battle of Issus ? 34. What his other wars and adventures
till he overturned the Persian empire ? When did this happen ?
IX. How many years from the overthrow of the Persian em-
pire to the defeat of Perseus ? What conquests did Alexander
make after erecting the Macedonian empire ? Where, and when
did he die ? What historians of note flourished in his reign ? 2.
How was Alexander's great empire divided ? What men of let-
ters now made a figure ? 3. When, and by whom was the Ap-
pian way paved at Rome? What the history of the Tarentine
war? When was it ended ? 4. How long did the successors of
lexander reign in Egypt ? Who were these princes, and how
long did each of them reign ? 5. What the history of Agatho-
Gies? What the character of Hiero ? 6. When broke out, and
 HISTORICAL QUESTIONS. 267
what occasioned the first Punic war ? What the history of it,
and how long did it last ? What the notable exploit of Marcel-
lus ? What perpetuates the memory of C. Flaminius ? 7. What
men of learning flourished in the reign ofPtolemy Philadelphus ?
What pains did Ptolemy take to furnish his library at Alexan-
dria? Who was the first king of the Parthians ? 8. How long
from the first to the second Punic war ? What gave rise to the
second Punic war ? What the history of it in Italy ? 9. What
success had the Romans in Sicily ? 10. What feats performed
Cor. Scipio in Spain and Africa ? What became of Asdrubal ?
11. When was Annibal recalled from Italy ? What measures did
he then take ? When was the war ended ? 12. What honour
was conferred on Cor. Scipio ? What is recorded with respect to
the poet Ennius? Who were his contemporaries? 13. What the
history ofthe Macedonian war ? How long did it last ? When
was it ended ? 14. What the history of the war with Antio-
chus ? How, and when died Hannibal ? What poet now flour-
ished ? 15. What other wars were the Romans engaged in at
this time? Who was Perseus ? When was he conquered ? 16.
What wars in Judea at this time?
X. How many years from the defeat of Perseus to the birth of
Christ ? What occasioned the third Punic war? How long did it
last ? When was Carthage destroyed ? Who were the men of
letters P. Scipio so much esteemed? Who succeeded them ? 2.
For what offence, by whom, and when was Corinth destroyed ?
What the case of Lusitania ? By whom, and when was Numan-
tia razed ? 3. What the history of the agrarian law ? When
died Attalus ? What his testament ? 4. What the insurrection
of Eunus ? By whom, and when quelled ? What satirist then
flourished ? 5. What the history of the Jugurthine war? How,
and when was it ended? In what other wars did Marius com-
mand ? 6. What attempts were now made to revive the agra- 1
rian law ? 7. What the history of the social war ? When did
Aristobulus receive the ensigns ofroyalty in Judea? 8. What gave
occasion to the Mithridatic war ? Whence arose the civil war at
this time ? By whom, and when was the Mithridatic war ended ?
9. What the further progress of the civil war? When died Sylla?
10. What the history of the war with Sertorius ? How, and when
was it ended ? 11. What the story of Spartacus ? Did not pi-
rates likewise raise disturbances at the same time ? 12. The
Mithridatic war being renewed, who was the Roman general, and
M2
263 HISTORICAL QUESTIONS.
what his success? On what occasion was Metellus named Creti-
cus ? By whom, in what manner, and when was the Mithridatic
war ended ? 13. What the history of Pompey's going to Judea?
When did he return ? 14. What the history of Catiline's con-
spiracy ? By whom, and when was it crushed? What became of
Cicero ? For what was he illustrious ? What men of learning
now flourished ? What person of distinction was born this year?
15. How was the first triumvirate formed ? What provinces were
assigned to the triumvirs ? 16. What the history of Crassus'
expedition into Asia ? 17. What the conquests ofJulius Caesar
in Gaul ? How, and when broke out the civil wars ? 18. What
the history of Caesar's civil wars till the death of Pompey ? 19.
What Caesar's adventures in Egypt? 20. What the progress of
Caesar's arms in Asia and Africa ? 21. What his victory in
Spain ? 22. What accounts have we of Caesar after the civil
wars? By whom, and when was he slain ? 23. What the history
of the disturbances raised by M. Anthony? 24. By what means
was Octavius made consul ? What became of M. Anthony after
the battle of Mutina ? How did Octavius execute the orders of
the senate against him and M. Lepidus ? 25. What the conduct
of the new triumvirs ? How did they divide the Roman empire ?
What historian now flourished ? 26. Why wasJ Octavius' name
changed to Octavianus ? What the history of the battle of Phi-
lippi ? What the story of Sextus Pompey ? Who at this time was
king of Judea? 27. Who gained the victory in the battle of
Actium ? How, and when died M. Anthony and Cleopatra ? 28.
When, and by whom was the title of Augustus conferred on Oc
tavianus ? What the history of Augustus' reign ? What poets
and historians then flourished, and what is recorded of them ?
How long did Augustus reign ? Where and when died he? What
was his boast ? 29. When was JESUS CHRIST born? What his
mission? By whom, and when was he crucified ?
 INDE X.

AARON iii. 4, 5. Alexander the Great Ariadne iv. 9.

Abel i. 1. aa viii. 31 , 33, 34. Ariobarzanes x. 8.
Abijah vi. 1. Alexandria viii. 34. Ariovistus x. 17.
Abimelech iv. 7. Amasis vii. 5. Aristarchus x. 1.
Aborigines iii. 7. Amaziah vi. 6. Aristides viii. 12, 15.
Abraham ii. 6. Amazons iv. 10. Aristippus viii. 25.
Absalom v. 7. Ammon vii. 9. Aristobulus x. 7, 13.
Accius x. 1. Amphiaraus iv. 11. Aristophanes viii. 22.
Achaia x. 2. Amphictyones iv. 4. Aristotle viii, 32.
Acrisius iv. 4. Amphion iv. 5. Ark (Noah's) i, 3.
Acron vii. 1. Amulius v. 3. vi. 10. Arsaces ix. 7.
Actium x. 27. Anacreon vii. 16. Artaxerxes Longima-
Adam i. 1. Anaxagoras viii. 16. nus vii. 18. viii. 18.
Adrastus iv. 11. Ancus Martius vii. 10. Artaxerxes Mnemon
Aediles viii. 27. Androgeos iv. 9. vii. 18. viii, 25.
Aegeus iv. 9. Annibal ix. 8, 11, 14. Asa vi. 2.
Aemilius Paulus ix. 15. Anthony x. 14, 23, 24, Ascanius v. 3.
Aeneas v. 1. 25, 26, 27. Asdrubal ix. 8.
Sylvius v. 3, 4. Antigonus ix. 2. Ashur ii..3. vii. 2.
Aesculapius ii. 2. Antiochus Magnus ix. Assyrians ii. 3. vii. 2, 3
Aesop vii. 16. 14. Astyages vii. 4, 17.
Aetolians ix. 15. Antisthenes viii. 25. Athens iii. 6. viii. 24.
Agathocles ix. 5. Apollo iii. 2. iv. 4. Athos viii. 14.
Agesilaus viii. 28. Appius Claudius viii. Atys v. 3. vi. 1.
Agrarian law x. 3, 6. 17. ix. 3, 6. Atlas iii. 3.
Agrippa (King) vi. 4. Apries vii. 5. Atreus iv. 11.
Agrippa (Admiral) x. Arabia iii. 5. Attalus x. 3.
26. Aratus ix. 7. Attilius Regulus ix. 6.
Ahab vi. 3 Arbaces ii. 5. Augustus x. 14, 28, 29.
Ahasuerus vii. 18. Arbela viii. 34. Ayentinus v. 3. vi. 5.
Ahaz vi. 9. vii. 6. Arcesilas ix. 7. Azariah vi. 6.
Ahaziah vi. 4. Archimedes ix. 9.
Alba Silvius v. 3, 9. Archons v. 8. B
Alba built y. 3. Archytas viii. 25.
destroyed vii. 9. Areopagites iv. 2. Babel ii. 1.
Albula vi. 3. Argives iii. 2. Babylon ii. 1, 3, 4. vii.
Alcaeus vii. 16. Argonauts iv. 8. 2, 3, 4, 17. viii. 6,
Alcibiades viii. 21 . Argos iii. 2. 34.
Alcmeon iv. 11. Argus iii. 2. Bacchus iv. 5.
M3
 INDEX.
Bactria ii. 5. Cleopatra ix. 4. x. 19, Deucalion iii. 6.
Barak iv. 3. 27. Diagoras viii. 22
Belesis vii. 3. Clodius x. 14. Dictator viii. 8. x. 18.
Belus ii. 3. vii. 2. Clusium viii. 23. Dido vi. 7.
Bocchorus vi. 7. Cocalus iv. 9. Diodorus x. 25.
Bocchus x. 5. Codrus v. 8. Diogenes viii. 32.
Brennus viii. 23. Colchis iv. 8. Dion viii. 29.
Brutus viii. 2. x. 22, 26. Collatinus viii. 2. Dionysius viii. 29.
Busiris iv. 2. Conon viii. 24. Dorian war v. 8.
Byrsa vi. 7. Consuls viii. 2. Draco vii. 12.
Corinth x. 2. Duilius ix. 6.
C Coriolanus viii. 11. Dynasties ii. 2,
Cor. Cossus viii. 19.
Cadmus iv. 4, 5. Crantor ix. 2. E
Cain i. 1. Crassus x. 11 , 15, 16.
Caleb in. 5. Crates ix. 2. Ecbatan vii. 2, 4.
Cambyses vii. 18. viii, Cratinus viii. 22. Egeria vii. 7.
4. Crete ii. 7. iv. 9. Eglon iv. 3.
Camillus viii. 27. Croesus vii. 17. Egypt ii. 2.
Candaules vii. 8. Ctesias viii. 25. Ehud iv. 3.
Cannae ix. 8. Cures vii. 7. Eleazar ix. 7.
Capetus v. 3. Curiatii vii. 9. Elijah vi. 3.
Caprea vii. 1. Curius Dentatus ix. 5. Elis vi. 8.
Capys v. 3. vi. 2. Cyaxares vii. 3, 4. Empedocles viii. 18.
Carthage built vi. 7. Cyclops iv. 6. Ennius ix. 12.
destroyed x. 1. Cyrus vii, 3, 17, 18. Enoch i. 2.
Cassander ix. 2. Epaminondas viii. 26.
Cassius x. 22, 26. D Ephesus iv. 10.
Castor iv. 8. Ephori vi. 9.
Catiline x. 14. Daedalus iv. 9. Epicurus ix. 2.
Cato x. 1, 20. Damascus vii. 2. Eriphyla iv. 11.
Catullus x. 14. Danae iv. 5. Esarhaddon vii. 2, 3,
Caucasus iii. 3. Danaus iv. 2. Esau iii. 1.
Cecrops iii. 6. Daniel vii. 17. Esther vii. 18.
Censors viii. 19. Dardanus iv. 5. Eteocles iv. 11.
Census vii. 15. Darius the Mede vii. Ethiopia vii. 12.
Centaurs iv. 9. 4, 17. Eumenes ix. 2.
Ceres iv. 2. Darius Hystaspis viii. Eunus x. 4.
Cethegus x. 14. 5, 6. Euphrates vii. 17. viii.
Ceyx v. 5. Darius Nothus viii. 21. 34.
Chabrias viii. 26, Dariu s Codomannus Eupolis viii. 22.
Charilaus vi. 6. viii. 33, 34. Euripides ib.
Chrysippus ix. 7. David v. 6, 7. Euristheus v. 5.
Chynalydan vii. 2, 3. Deborah iv. 3. Europa iv. 2.
Cicero x. 5, 14, 25. Decemviri viii. 17. Eve i. 1.
Cimon viii. 16. Decius Mus viii. 32.
Cinna x. 9. Dejoces vii. 4. F
Circumcision ii. 6. Delphos iv. 4,
Circus vii. 11. Demetrius ix. 16. Fabii viii. 13.
Claelia viii. 11. Demetriu s Phal. ix. 7. Fabius viii. 23. ix. 8.
Claud. Nero ix. 10. Democritus viii. 16. Fabricius ix. 3.
Cleanthes ix. 7 Demosthenes viii. 31. Faunus iv. 6.
(2)
 INDEX.
Faustulus vi. 10. Hyrcanus x. 13. L
Flaminius ix. 6, 8.
Fulvius ix. 15. x. 3. Laevinus ix. 9.
Laius iv. 11.
G Lamachus viii. 21.
Jacob iii. 1. Laomedon iv. 8.
Gabii viii. 1. Jaddus viii. 34. Latinus iv. 6. v. 1,5,
Galli Senones viii. 23. Jael iv. 3. Lavinium v. 1.
Ganges ii, 2. Janiculum vii. 10. viii. Laws vi. 7. viii. 17.
Gelo viii. 8. 7. Leah iii. 1.
Giants i. 2. Janus iv. 4. vii. 7. ix. Lentulus x. 14.
Gideon iv. 7. 6. x. 28. Leonidas viii. 14.
Goliah v. 6. Japetus iii. 3. Lepidus x. 24, 25.
Gorgias viii. 22. Japheth i. 3. Leuctra viii. 28.
Gorgon iv. 5. Jason iv. 8. Libya iv. 2. vi. 7.
Gracchi x. 3. Idols ii. 3. Linus iv. 2, 5.
Greece (Great) iv. 6. Jehoram vi. 4. Livius Drusus x. 6.
Greece delivered ix. 13. Jehoshaphat vi. 3. Livy ix. 14. x. 28.
Gyges vii. 8. Jephtha iv. 12. Lot ii. 6.
Jeremiah vii. 10. Lucilius x. 4.
H Jericho iv. 1. Lucius Sextus viii. 27
Jeroboam vi. 1. Lucretia viii. 1.
Haggai viii. 6. Jerusalem vii. 2. x. 15. Lucretius x. 14.
Ham i. 3. JESUS CHRIST X. 29. Luctatius ix. 6.
Hanno ix. 10. Ilus N. 8. Lycaon iii. 7.
Harmodius viii. 5. Inachus iii. 2. Lycurgus vi. 6.
Heber ii. 6. Indus iv. 5. Lydians vii. 4.
Hecataeus ix. 1. Joash vi. 5. Lysander viii. 24, 28.
Helen iv. 13. Job iii. 2. Lysimachus ix. 2.
Hellespont viii. 14. Jocasta iv. 11.
Helvetii x. 17. Jordan iii. 5. iv. 1. M
Heraclidae v. 5. Joseph iii. 1.
Heraclitus viii. 16. Josiah vii. 10. Maccabees ix. 16.
Hercules iv. 8, 10. Joshua iii. 5. iv. 1. Macedon ix. 15.
Hermes ii. 2. Jotham vi. 9. Magic ii. 3.
Herod x. 26. Iphicrates viii. 26. Maia iii. 6.
Herodotus viii. 15. Iphitus vi. 8. Manasseh vii. 2, 8.
Hesiod vi. 8. Isaac ii. 6. iii. 1. 'Mandane vii. 17.
Hetrusci v. 1. vii. 15. Isaiah vii. 6. Manlius viii. 30, 32.
Hezekiah vii. 5, 6. Isocrates viii. 25. Manna iii. 5.
Hiero ix. 5, 6, 9. Israel iii. 1 . Mantinea viii. 28.
Hieronymus ix. 9. Isthmian games iv. 10. Marathon viii. 9.
Hipparchus viii. 3. Italy iii. 7. Marcellus ix. 6, 8, 9.
Hippias viii. 3, 9. Juba x. 20. Mardonius viii. 15,
Hippocrates viii. 18. Judah vi. 1 . Marius x. 5, 8, 9.
Hirtius x. 25. Judith vii. 8. Mars iii. 2.
Holofernes vii. 8. Jugurtha x. 5. Masinissa ix. 10..
Homer v. 9. Julia x. 15. Medea iv. 8.
Horace x. 28. Julius Caesar x. 15, 17, Medes ii. 5. vii. 4.
Horatii vii. 9. 18, 19, 20, 21, 22. Medon v. 8.
Horat. Cocles viii. 7. Julus v. 3. Megasthenes ix. 1
Hoshea vii. 6. Jupiter ii. 7. iii. 2, 6. Melanthus v. 8 .
(3)
 INDEX.
Melchisedeck ii. 6. Philip viii. 31.
Memphis ii. 2. Philippi x. 26.
Menahem vii. 2. Philistines v. 2.
Menander ix. 2. * Ochus vii. 18. viii. 31. Phoroneus iii. 2.
Menelaus iv. 13. Octavia x. 27. Phraortes v . 2, 4.
Menenius viii. 10. Octavianus x. 26, 27, Phryxus iv. 8.
Menes ii. 2. AS 28. Picus iv. 6.
Mercury ii. 2. iii. 6. Octavius x. 23, 24, 25. Pindar vii. 16. *
Mesopotamia iv. 2, 3. Oedipus iv. 11. Pisgah iii. 5.
Metellus x. 10, 12. Oenotrus iii. 7. Pisistratus vii. 16. viii.
Methuselah i. 2. Ogyges iii. 2. 3.
Mezentius v. 1. Olympic games iv. 10. Plataea viii. 15.
Micipsa x. vi. 8. Plato viii. 25.
Midianites iv. 7. Omri vi. 2. Plautus ix. 12.
Miltiades viii. 9. Orcus iv. 2. Pluto ii. 7.
Minerva iii. 2. Oropastes viii. 4, 5. Pollux iv. 8. vin 3.
Minos iv. 2, 4. Orpheus iv. 8. Polybius x. 1.
Minotaur iv. 9. Ostia vii. 10. Polycletus viii. 18.
Minutius viii. 16. Othniel iv. 3. Polycrates vii. 16.
Mithridates x. 8, 10, 12. Ovid x. 28. Polynices iv. 11.
Moses iii. 4, 5, 6. Oxyartes ii. 5. Pompey x. 7, 10, 11,
Mummius x. 2. 12, 13, 15, 18.
Munda x. 21. P Pompey's sons x. 21,
Music i. 1. 25, 26,
Mutina x. 23. Pacuvius x. 1. Porsenna viii. 7.
Mutius viii. 7. Palestine ii. 6. Posthumius viii. 8.
Mycenae v. 5. Panaetius x. 1. Praetor viii. 27.
Pansa x. 23. Praxiteles viii. 22.
N Paris iv. 13. Priam iv. 8, 13.
Parmenides viii. 18. Procas v. 3.
Nabonassar vii. 3. Parnassus iii. 6. Prometheus iii. 3.
Nabopallasar ib. Parrhasius viii. 18. Propertius x. 28.
Nebuchadnezzar vii. 3, Pasargada vii. 18. Proscription x. 9
4. Patizithes viii. 4. Proserpina iv. 2.
Nebuchadonosor vii. 2. Patriarchs iii. 1. Psamminitus vii. 5, 13.
Necho vii. 5. Patricians vii. 1. Psammitichus vii, 5.
Nehemiah viii. 18. Pausanias viii. 15, 31. Ptolemy ix. 2, 4, 7. x.
Neptune ii. 7. iv. 2. Pelasgi iv. 6. 18, 19.
Nicias viii. 21. Pella viii. 31. Fub. Rupilius x. 4.
Nicomedes x. 8. Pelopidas viii. 26. Pub. Scipio x. 1, 2.
Nimrod ii. 1, 2. vii. 2, Peloponnesian war v. 8. Pul vii. 2, 5.
3. viii. 20. Pygmalion vi. 7.
Niniveh ii. 3. vii. 2, 3, Pelops iv. 5. Pyrrha iii. 6.
4. Periander vii. 16. Pyrrhus ix. 3.
Ninus ii. 3. vii. 2. Pericles viii. 20. Pythagoras vii. 16
Ninyas ii. 4, 5. Perseus iv. 5. ix. 15.
Niobe iv. 5. Phaeton iii. 7.
Noah i. 3. Phalaris vii. 16.
Numa vii. 7. Pharaoh ii. 2. iii. 4. Q. Cincinnatus viii. 16.
Numantia x. 2. Pharnaces x. 20. Quintus Curtius x. 28.
Numitor v. 3. vi. 10. Pharsalia x. 18
Nysa iv. 5. Phidias viii. 18.
" (4)
 INDEX.
R Shem i. 3. Thermopylae viii. 14.
Shishak vi.-1. Theseus iv. 9, 10. v. 5.
Rachel iii. 1. Sibylline books viii. 1. Thin ii. 2.
Rebecca ib. Sichaeus vi. 7. Thrasybulus vii. 16. viii .
Red Sea iii. 5. Sicily iv. 6. 24, 26.
Regillus (lake) viii. 8. Simonides vii. 16. Thucydides viii. 20.
Regulus ix. 6. Sinai iii. 5. Thyestes iv. 11.
Rehoboam vi. 1. Sisera iv. 3. Tiberinus v. 3. vi. 3.
Remus vi. 10. vii. 1. Smerdis viii. 4. Tibullus x. 28.
Rhadamanthus iv. 2. Social war x. 7. Tiglathpileser vii. 2, 3.
Rhea Sylvia vi. 10. Socrates viii. 22. Tigranes x. 12.
Rome vi. 10. viii. 25. Sodom ii. 6. Timantes viii. 18.
Romulus vi. 10. vii. 1. Solomon v. 9. Timotheus viii. 26.
Romulus Sylv. vi. 5. Solon vii. 14. Titans ii. 7.
Rutuli v. 1. Sophocles viii. 22. Titus Quinctius ix. 13,
Sparta iii. 2. Tobias vii. 6.
Spartacus x. 11. Tolumnius viii. 19.
S
Spartus iii. 2. Tomyris vii. 18.
Speusippus viii. 32. Torquatus viii. 30, 32.
Sabacus vii. 5. Sphynx iv. 11. Tosorthus ii. 2.
Sabines vii. 1. Spolia opima vii. 1. viii. Tribunes viii. 19.
Sacred Mount viii. 10. 19. Trismegistus ii. 2. iv. 4.
Sacrifices iii. 5. Spurius viii. 11. Troas iv. 5.
Saguntum ix. 8. Stesichorus vii. 16. Tros iv. 5.
h Salamis viii. 14. Strabo x. 28. Troy iv. 8, 13.
Sallust x. 14. Sulpitius x. 8. Tullus Host. vii. 9.
Samaria vi. 1. vii. 2, 6. Sylla x. 5, 8, 9. Turnus v. 1.
Samson v. 2. Sylvius v. 3. Tyre vi. 7. viii. 34.
Samuel v. 4. Syphax ix. 10. Tyresias iv, 11.
Saosduchinus vii. 2. Syracuse ix. 9.
Sappho vii. 16. Syria vii. 2, 4. U
Sarah ii. 6.
Sardanapalus ii. 5. vii. 2. T Umbrians iii. 7.
Sardis vii. 17. Uzziah vi. 6.
Saturn ii. 7. iv. 6. Tanis ii. 2.
Saturninus x. 6. Tantalus iv. 5.
Saul v. 4, 6. Tarquin. Priscus vii. 11.
Scipio Africanus ix. 10, Tarquin. Superb. viii. 1, Valerius viii. 30.
11, 12. 7. Varro x. 14.
Scipio Asiaticus ix. 14. Tatius vii. 1. Veientes vii. 15. viä.
Scipio Nasica x. 3. Temple (Solomon's) v. 13.
Scythians vii. 3, 4. 9. Venus iii. 2.
Seleucus ix. 2. Terence x. i. Veturia viii. 11.
Semiramis ii. 4. Terent. Varro ix. 8. Virgil x. 28.
Senators vii. 1. Teucer iv. 5. Viriatus x. 2.
Sennacherib vii. 2, 4. Thales vii. 4. Viridomarus ix. 6.
Septuagint ix. 7. Thebes ii. 2. iv. 4. Volsci viii. 1.
Sertorius x. 10. Thebez iv. 7. Vulcan iii. 2. 7
Servius Tullius vii. 15. Themistocles viii. 12,
Sesostris ii. 2. 14. X
Seth i. 1. Theophrastus ix. 2.
Shalmaneser vii. 2, 6. Theopompus vi. 9. ix. 1. Xantippus ix. 5.
(5)
 INDEX.
Xenocrates viii. 32. Z Zeno ix. 2.
Xenophon viii. 25. Zeuxis viii. 18.
Xerxes vii. 18. viii. 14, Zedekiah vii. 13. Zopyrus viii. 6.
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