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Creating Electrical Schematics

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Course No.:
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Publication Source:

US Dept. of Energy
“Fundamentals Handbook, Module 3 , Electrical Schematics”
Pub. # DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
Release Date:
Jan. 1993

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ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS,
AND DRAWINGS
Module 3
Electrical Diagrams and Schematics
Electrical Diagrams and Schematics DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF C ONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Symbology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Fuses and Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Relays, Contacts, Connectors, Lines, Resistors,
and Miscellaneous Electrical Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6
Large Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7
Types of Electrical Diagrams or Schematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9
Reading Electrical Diagrams and Schematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

ELECTRICAL WIRING AND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

READING EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

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LIST OF FIGURES DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Electrical Diagrams and Schematics

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Basic Transformer Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Figure 2 Transformer Polarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Figure 3 Switches and Switch Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Figure 4 Switch and Switch Status Symbology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Figure 5 Fuse and Circuit Breaker Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Figure 6 3-phase and Removable Breaker Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Figure 7 Common Electrical Component Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Figure 8 Large Common Electrical Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Figure 9 Comparison of an Electrical Schematic and a Pictorial Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Figure 10 Comparison of an Electrical Schematic and a Wiring Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Figure 11 Wiring Diagram of a Car's Electrical Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Figure 12 Schematic of a Car's Electrical Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Figure 13 Example Electrical Single Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Figure 14 Examples of Relays and Relay Contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Figure 15 Ganged Switch Symbology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Figure 16 Three-Phase Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Figure 17 Example 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Figure 18 Example 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

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Electrical Diagrams and Schematics DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Comparison Between Wiring and Schematic Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

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REFERENCES DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Electrical Diagrams and Schematics

REFERENCES

ANSI Y14.5M - 1982, Dimensioning and Tolerancing, American National Standards Institute.

ANSI Y32.2 - 1975, Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronic Diagrams, American
National Standards Institute.

Gasperini, Richard E., Digital Troubleshooting, Movonics Company; Los Altos,

California, 1976.

Jensen - Helsel, Engineering Drawing and Design, Second Ed., McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York, 1979.

Lenk, John D., Handbook of Logic Circuits, Reston Publishing Company, Reston,
Virginia, 1972.

Wickes, William E., Logic Design with Integrated Circuits, John Wiley & Sons, Inc,
1968.

Naval Auxiliary Machinery, United States Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland, 1951.

TPC Training Systems, Reading Schematics and Symbols, Technical Publishing Company,
Barrington, Illinois, 1974.

Arnell, Alvin, Standard Graphical Symbols, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963.

George Mashe, Systems Summary of a Westinghouse Pressurized Water Reactor,

Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1971.

Zappe, R.W., Valve Selection Handbook, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas,
1968.

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Electrical Diagrams and Schematics DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 OBJECTIVES

TERMINAL OBJECTIVE

1.0 Given an electrical print, READ and INTERPRET facility electrical diagrams and
schematics.

ENABLING OBJECTIVE S

1.1 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering electrical drawings for the following
components:

a. Single-phase circuit breaker m. Electric motor

(open/closed) n. Meters
b. Three-phase circuit breaker o. Junctions
(open/closed) p. In-line fuses
c. Thermal overload q. Single switch
d. "a" contact r. Multiple-position switch
e. "b" contact s. Pushbutton switch
f. Time-delay contacts t. Limit switches
g. Relay u. Turbine-driven generator
h. Potential transformer v. Motor-generator set
i. Current transformer w. Generator (wye or delta)
j. Single-phase transformer x. Diesel-driven generator
k. Delta-wound transformer y. Battery
l. Wye-wound transformer

1.2 Given an electrical drawing of a circuit containing a transformer, DETERMINE the

direction of current flow, as shown by the transformer's symbol.

1.3 IDENTIFY the symbols and/or codes used on engineering electrical drawings to depict
the relationship between the following components:

a. Relay and its contacts

b. Switch and its contacts
c. Interlocking device and its interlocked equipment

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OBJECTIVES DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Electrical Diagrams and Schematics

ENABLING OBJECTIVES (Cont.)

1.4 STATE the condition in which all electrical devices are shown, unless otherwise noted
on the diagram or schematic.

1.5 Given a simple electrical schematic and initial conditions, DETERMINE the condition of
the specified component (i.e., energized/de-energized, open/closed).

1.6 Given a simple electrical schematic and initial conditions, IDENTIFY the power sources
and/or loads and their status (i.e., energized or de-energized).

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Electrical Diagrams and Schematics ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS

ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS

To read and interpret electrical diagrams and schematics, the basic symbols and
conventions used in the drawing must be understood. This chapter concentrates
on how electrical components are represented on diagrams and schematics. The
function of the individual electrical components and the theory behind their
operation is covered in more detail in the Electrical Science Handbook.

EO 1.1 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering electrical drawings for

the following components:

a. Single-phase circuit breaker m. Electric motor

(open/closed) n. Meters
b. Three-phase circuit breaker o. Junctions
(open/closed) p. In-line fuses
c. Therm al overload q. Single switch
d. "a" contact r. Multiple-position switch
e. "b" contact s. Pushbutton switch
f. Tim e-delay contacts t. Limit switches
g. Relay u. Turbine-driven generator
h. Potential transformer v. Motor-generator set
i. Current transformer w. Generator (wye or delta)
j. Single-phase transformer x. Diesel-driven generator
k. Delta-wound transform er y. Battery
l. W ye-wound transform er

EO 1.2 Given an electrical drawing of a circuit containing a transform er,

DETERM INE the direction of current flow, as shown by the
transform er's symbol.

EO 1.3 IDENTIFY the symbols and/or codes used on engineering electrical

drawings to depict the relationship between the following components:

a. Relay and its contacts

b. Switch and its contacts
c. Interlocking device and its interlocked equipment

EO 1.4 STATE the condition in which all electrical devices are shown, unless
otherwise noted on the diagram or schematic.

EO 1.5 Given a sim ple electrical schematic and initial conditions, DETERM INE
the condition of the specified component (i.e., energized/de-energized,
open/closed).

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 DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS Electrical Diagrams and Schematics

Symbology

To read and interpret electrical

diagrams and schematics, the
reader must first be well
versed in what the many
symbols represent. This
chapter discusses the common
symbols used to depict the
many components in electrical
systems. Once mastered, this
knowledge should enable the
r eader t o successf ul l y
understand most electrical
diagrams and schematics.

The information that follows

provides details on the basic
symbols used to represent
components in electrical
transmission, switching,
control, and protection
diagrams and schematics.

Transformers

The basic symbols for the Figure 1 Basic Transformer Symbols

various types of transformers
are shown in Figure 1 (A). Figure 1 (B) shows how the basic symbol for the transformer is
modified to represent specific types and transformer applications.

In addition to the transformer

symbol itself, polarity marks
are sometimes used to indicate
current flow in the circuit.
This information can be used
to determine the phase
relationship (polarity) between
the input and output terminals
of a transformer. The marks
usually appear as dots on a
transformer symbol, as shown Figure 2 Transformer Polarity
in Figure 2.

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 DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
Electrical Diagrams and Schematics ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS

On the primary side of the transformer the dot indicates current in; on the secondary side the dot
indicates current out.

If at a given instant the current is flowing into the transformer at the dotted end of the primary
coil, it will be flowing out of the transformer at the dotted end of the secondary coil. The current
flow for a transformer using the dot symbology is illustrated in Figure 2.

Switches

Figure 3 shows the most common types of switches and their symbols. The term "pole," as used
to describe the switches in Figure 3, refers to the number of points at which current can enter
a switch. Single pole and double pole switches are shown, but a switch may have as many poles
as it requires to perform its function. The term "throw" used in Figure 3 refers to the number
of circuits that each pole of a switch can complete or control.

Figure 3 Switches and Switch Symbols

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ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS Electrical Diagrams and Schematics

Figure 4 provides the common symbols that are used to denote automatic switches and explains
how the symbol indicates switch status or actuation.

Figure 4 Switch and Switch Status Symbology

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Electrical Diagrams and Schematics ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS

Fuses and Breakers

Figure 5 depicts basic fuse and circuit breaker symbols for single-phase applications. In addition
to the graphic symbol, most drawings will also provide the rating of the fuse next to the symbol.
The rating is usually in amps.

Figure 5 Fuse and Circuit Breaker Symbols

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ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS Electrical Diagrams and Schematics

When fuses, breakers, or switches are used in three-phase systems, the three-phase symbol
combines the single-phase symbol in triplicate as shown in Figure 6. Also shown is the symbol
for a removable breaker, which is a standard breaker symbol placed between a set of chevrons.
The chevrons represent the point at which the breaker disconnects from the circuit when
removed.

Figure 6 Three-phase and Removable Breaker Symbols

Relays, Contacts, Connectors, Lines, Resistors,

and Miscellaneous Electrical Components

Figure 7 shows the common symbols for relays, contacts, connectors, lines, resistors, and other
miscellaneous electrical components.

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 DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
Electrical Diagrams and Schematics ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS

Figure 7 Common Electrical Component Symbols

Large Components

The symbols in Figure 8 are used to identify the larger components that may be found in an
electrical diagram or schematic. The detail used for these symbols will vary when used in system
diagrams. Usually the amount of detail will reflect the relative importance of a component to
the particular diagram.

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ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS Electrical Diagrams and Schematics

Figure 8 Large Common Electrical Components

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Electrical Diagrams and Schematics ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS

Types of Electrical Diagra ms or Schematics

There are three ways to show electrical circuits. They are wiring, schematic, and pictorial
diagrams. The two most commonly used are the wiring diagram and the schematic diagram.
The uses of these two types of diagrams are compared in Table 1.

TAB LE 1
Comparison Between Wiring and Schematic Diagra ms
Wiring Diagrams Schematic Diagrams

1. Emphasize connections between 1. Emphasize "flow" of system

elements of a circuit or system
2. Use horizontal and vertical lines to
2. Use horizontal and vertical lines to show system flow
represent the wires
3. Use symbols that indicate function of
3. Use simplified pictorials that clearly equipment, but the symbols do not
resemble circuit/system components look like the actual equipment

4. Place equipment and wiring on 4. Drawing layout is done to show the

drawing to approximate actual "flow" of the system as it functions,
physical location in real circuit not the physical layout of the
equipment

The pictorial diagram is usually

not found in engineering
applications for the reasons shown
in the following example.
Figure 9 provides a simple
example of how a schematic
diagram compares to a pictorial
equivalent. As can be seen, the
pictorial version is not nearly as
useful as the schematic, especially
if you were trying to obtain
enough information to repair a
Figure 9 Comparison of an Electrical Schematic
circuit or determine how it and a Pictorial Diagram
operates.

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 DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS Electrical Diagrams and Schematics

Figure 10 provides an example of the relationship between a schematic diagram (Figure 10A) and
a wiring diagram (Figure 10B) for an air drying unit. A more complex example, the electrical
circuit of an automobile, is shown in wiring diagram format in Figure 11 and in schematic format
in Figure 12. Notice that the wiring diagram (Figure 11), uses both pictorial representations and
schematic symbols. The schematic (Figure 12) drops all pictorial representations and depicts the
electrical system only in symbols.

Figure 10 Comparison of an Electrical Schematic and a Wiring Diagram

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Electrical Diagrams and Schematics ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS

Figure 11 Wiring Diagram of a Car's Electrical Circuit

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ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS Electrical Diagrams and Schematics

Figure 12 Schematic of a Car's Electrical Circuit

When dealing with a large power distribution system, a special type of schematic diagram called
an electrical single line is used to show all or part of the system. This type of diagram depicts
the major power sources, breakers, loads, and protective devices, thereby providing a useful
overall view of the flow of power in a large electrical power distribution system.

On power distribution single lines, even if it is a 3-phase system, each load is commonly
represented by only a simple circle with a description of the load and its power rating (running
power consumption). Unless otherwise stated, the common units are kilowatts (kW). Figure 13
shows a portion of an electrical distribution system at a nuclear power plant.

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Electrical Diagrams and Schematics ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS

Figure 13 Example Electrical Single Line

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 DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93
ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS Electrical Diagrams and Schematics

Reading Electrical Diagra ms and Schematics

To read electrical system diagrams and schematics properly, the condition or state of each
component must first be understood. For electrical schematics that detail individual relays and
contacts, the components are always shown in the de-energized condition (also called the shelf-
state).

To associate the proper relay with the contact(s) that it operates, each relay is assigned a specific
number and/or letter combination. The number/letter code for each relay is carried by all
associated contacts. Figure 14 (A) shows a simple schematic containing a coil (M1) and its
contact. If space permits, the relationship may be emphasized by drawing a dashed line
(symbolizing a mechanical connection) between the relay and its contact(s) or a dashed box
around them as shown in Figure 14 (B). Figure 14 (C) illustrates a switch and a second set of
contacts that are operated by the switch.

Figure 14 Examples of Relays and Relay Contacts

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Electrical Diagrams and Schematics ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS

When a switch is used in a circuit, it may contain several sets of contacts or small switches
internal to it. The internal switches are shown individually on a schematic. In many cases, the
position of one internal switch will effect the position of another. Such switches are called
ganged switches and are symbolized by connecting them with a dashed line as shown in
Figure 15 (A). In that example, closing Switch 1 also closes Switch 2. The dashed line is also
used to indicate a mechanical interlock between two circuit components. Figure 15 (B) shows
two breakers with an interlock between them.

Figure 15 Ganged Switch Symbology

In system single line diagrams, transformers are often represented by the symbol for a single-
phase air core transformer; however, that does not necessarily mean that the transformer has an
air core or that it is single phase. Single line system diagrams are intended to convey only
general functional information, similar to the type of information presented on a P&ID for a
piping system. The reader must investigate further if more detail is required. In diagrams

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ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS Electrical Diagrams and Schematics

depicting three-phase systems, a small symbol may be placed to the side of the transformer
primary and secondary to indicate the type of transformer windings that are used.

Figure 16 (A) shows the most commonly used symbols to indicate how the phases are connected
in three-phase windings. Figure 16 (B) illustrates examples of how these symbols appear in a
three-phase single line diagram.

Figure 16 Three-Phase Symbols

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Electrical Diagrams and Schematics ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS

Summary

The important information in this chapter is summarized below.

Electrical Diagra ms and Schematics Summary

This chapter covered the common symbols used on electrical diagrams and
schematics to represent the basic electrical components.

Polarity on a transformer is defined by dots placed on the primary and secondary

windings. On the primary side, the dot indicates current in; on the secondary, the
dot indicates current out.

Switches, relays, and interlocked equipment commonly use dashed lines or boxes
to indicate the relationship between them and other components.

Electrical components, such as relays, are drawn in the de-energized state unless
otherwise noted on the diagram.

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ELECTRICAL WIRING DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Electrical Diagrams and Schematics
AND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM READING EXAMPLES

ELECTRICAL WIRING AND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

READING EXAMPLES

This chapter contains several examples that will help to build, through practice,
on the knowledge gained in reading electrical wiring and schematic diagrams.

1.6 Given a sim ple electrical schematic and initial conditions, IDENTIFY
the power sources and/or loads and their status (i.e., energized or de-
energized).

Exa mples

To aid in understanding the symbology and diagrams discussed in this module refer to Figure 17
and Figure 18. Then answer the questions asked about each. The answers for each example are
given on the page following the questions.

Referring to Figure 17:

1. What type of diagram is it?

2. What is the rating on the fuses protecting the motor controller circuit?

Refer to the number at the far left to locate the following lines.

3. What is the component labeled ITDR in line 13?

4. Which lines contain limit switches?

5. Which lines contain pushbutton switches?

6. How many contacts are operated from relay 8CR?

7. What component is represented by the symbol on the far right of line 4?

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AND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM READING EXAMPLES

Figure 17 Example 1

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AND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM READING EXAMPLES

Answers to questions on Figure 17.

1. Schematic

2. 10 amps

3. A time delay closing switch

4. Lines 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, and 15

5. Lines 3, 4, 5, 6, and 18

6. 4.

7. A green lamp

Figure 18 Example 2

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AND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM READING EXAMPLES

Referring to Figure 18.

1. What type of diagram is Figure 18?

2. How many current transformers are in the diagram?

3. What type of circuit breakers are shown?

4. What is the voltage on the main bus?

5. What is the voltage entering the transformer in the lower left corner?

6. Classify the transformer in the upper left corner.

7. What is the component in the lower left corner?

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ELECTRICAL WIRING DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Electrical Diagrams and Schematics
AND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM READING EXAMPLES

Answers to questions on Figure 18.

1. System diagram

2. 3. If you said 4, the one in the upper right is a potential transformer.

3. Drawout type.

4. 4.16 kV or 4160 V.

5. 480 V.

6. Delta primary, grounded wye secondary.

7. (Emergency) diesel generator

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AND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM READING EXAMPLES

Summary

The important information in this chapter is summarized below.

Electrical Wiring and Schematic Diagra m Reading Exa mple Summary

This chapter reviewed the material presented in this module through

the practice reading examples.

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