Chapter 9 Mechanical Properties of Fluids

Pressure:- The normal force(F) exerted by a fluid on Viscosity:- The internal frictional force that acts when
an area A is called pressure. Pressure, P = 𝐅 /𝐀 there is relative motion between layers of the liquid
−2
SI unit is Nm or pascal (Pa) Pressure is a Coefficient of viscosity( 𝛈):- The ratio of shearing stress
Dimensional formula [ML −1T −2] scalar quantity to the strain rate
Variation of Pressure with Depth:- η = = =
Consider a cylindrical element −1 −1
The dimension are [ML T ]
of fluid
In equilibrium, the resultant The SI unit of η is 𝟐 or Pa s
vertical forces should be balanced Or poiseiulle (Pl).
P2A = P1A+mg Stokes’ Law:- The viscous force F on a sphere of radius a
P2A - P1A =mg (m = ρhA) moving with velocity v through a fluid of η is, F = 6π η a v
(P2 - P1)A = ρhA g Terminal velocity:- The constant speed that a freely falling
P2 - P1 = ρ g h object eventually reaches when the sum of drag force and
At top of fluid P1 may be replaced by atmospheric buoyancy is equal to the downward gravity force
pressure (Pa) and we replace P2 by P Expression for Terminal velocity:-
Gauge pressure (excess of pressure), 𝐏 - 𝐏𝐚 = ρ gh Fupward = Fdownward = Fv + FB = FG
Absolute Pressure, 𝐏 = 𝐏𝐚 + ρ gh 𝟒 𝟒
6πηavt + πa3 ς g = πa3 ρ g
Hydrostatic paradox:-The liquid pressure is the same at all 𝟑 𝟑
𝟒 3
points at the same horizontal 6πηavt = 𝟑 πa (ρ −ς)g
level(same depth).The result is 𝟐 𝟐
appreciated through the example of hydrostatic paradox. then Vt =
𝛈
Atmospheric Pressure:- The pressure exerted by the
Bernoulli’s Principle:- The sum of pressure energy, KE
atmosphere at sea level. 1 atm = 1.013 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 Pa
and PE per unit volume of an incompressible, non-
Mercury barometer is used to measure Atmospheric 𝟐
Pressure: PA = PB viscous fluid is a constant. 𝟏
ρ g h = Pa 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 ΔV- 𝟐 ΔV = - ΔV
h -height of the mercury column 𝟏 𝟐 Δk + ΔU
ρ - density of mercury
At sea level h= 76 cm and is equivalent to 1 atm.
Open-tube manometer:- An open-tube manometer is
a used for measuring Guagepressure or pressure - ΔV= ½ m( - ) + mg( - (dividing by ΔV )
𝟐 𝟐
differences. : PA = PB 𝟏+ ½ ρ 𝟏 + 𝟏 = 𝟐 +½ ρ 𝟐 +ρg 𝟐 ( m/Δv )
𝟐
P = Pa + ρ gh
The gauge pressure is proportional to Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle:-
manometer height h. 1) Speed of Efflux: Torricelli’s Law:- speed of efflux of fluid
Pascal’s law :- Whenever external pressure is applied through a small hole at a depth h of an open tank is equal to
on any part of a continues fluid contained in a vessel, the speed of a freely falling body i.e, √
𝟐
it is transmitted undiminished and equally in all 𝟏+ ½ρ 𝟏 + 𝟏= 𝟐 +½ρ 𝟐 𝟐 +ρg 𝟐
directions. + ½ ρ 𝟐
+
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏= + ρg 𝟐 (P1=pa)
Applications of Pascal’s law:-
𝐅𝟐 𝐅𝟏 𝐯𝟏 = √ 𝟐 (P=pa) V2 √𝟐
1.Hydraulic lift:-
𝐀𝟐 𝐀𝟏
𝟐 2.Dynamic Lift:-
F2 = F1 The applied
𝟏 a) Ball with spin:Magnus Effect
𝟐
Force has been increased by a factor of and this b) Aerofoil or lift on aircraft wing
𝟏
factor is the mechanical advantage of the device. Surface Tension(S):- force per unit length S= SI unit N/m
2.Hydraulic brakes:- A small force on the pedal Surface Energy :- a liquid surface have some extra energy
produces a large retarding force on the wheel. Angle of Contact θ:- The angle between
Streamline Flow (Steady Flow):- at any given point, tangent to the liquid surface at the point
the velocity of each passing fluid of contact and solid surface inside the liquid
particle remains constant in time. Excess Pressure inside a spherical drop:-
Tangent gives the direction of the fluid velocity at that point. W = fxds =SΔA f=P𝐢A- PoA & ds= Δr)
Turbulent Flow:- Beyond a limiting value, (critical (𝐏𝐢 - 𝐏𝐨) x 4π𝐫𝟐Δr = S ΔA (ΔA= 𝟖𝛑𝐫𝚫𝐫)
speed), the flow of fluid loses (𝐏𝐢 - 𝐏𝐨) x 4π𝐫 x Δr = S 𝟖𝛑𝐫𝚫𝐫
𝟐

steadiness and becomes turbulent 𝐏𝐢 - 𝐏𝐨 = 𝟐S/r

Equation of Continuity:- A bubble has two free surfaces 𝐏𝐢 - 𝐏𝐨 = 4S/r
M1=m2 ie ρ1 A1 V1 Δt = ρ2 A2 V2 Δt Capillary Rise:- rises up in a tube in against gravity
Ρ1 = ρ2 then A1 V1 = A2 V2 𝐏𝐢 - 𝐏𝐨 = h ρg = 𝟐S/r (r = a/cos θ)
Av = constant it is a statement of conservation of mass 𝟐 𝐨
hρg = 𝟐S/r then h=

Physics Revision notes KHMHSS VALAKKULAM