i Chapter 21. Neural Control and Coordination ‘Myelin sheath is produced by (@) astrocytes and Schwann cells (©) oligodendrocytes and esteoelasts ‘ (6) osteoclasts and astrocytes (@) Schwann eells and oligodendrocytes (EET 2017) Receptor sites forncuroransmitters are present (@)_pre-synaptie membrane 1s (©) tips of axons (©) postsynaptie membrane (@) membranes of synaptic vesiles (EET 2017) | Good vision depends on adequate intake. af { . carotene rich food, Select the best option ftom the following Sate ments (1) Vitamin A derivatives arg f5@imedttom carotene. (2) The photopigments areiembedded in the | % membrane discs of the iimes segment. (@) Retinal isa derivative 6 vitamin A. (4) Retinal is aighabsorbing part of all the visual photopigimens, (@) CQ), Gham, (b) (1)and (@) (©) Qy@yand (4) (1)and (2) (NEET 2017) ‘Chooseattercorrect statement, (a), Nocieeptors respond to changes in pressure. (b) Meissner’s corpuscles are thermoreveptars (©) Photoreceptors in the human eye are depolarised during darkness and become hyperpolarised in response to the light stimulus. (@) Receptors donot produce graded potentials (NEET-I2016) Photosensitive compound in human eye is made up of a) opsin and retinol (b) tansducin and retinene 10. |. Which one of the folk (©). guanosine and retinol (@) opsin and retinal. (EET 2016) Destruction ofthe anteriorfianlls ofthe spinal cord would rest in loss of (@) commissural ® tigessinae (6). sensogzimpulses (4) voluaisry moto impulses. (2015) {In mammalian eye, the “fovea" is the center of the-wisual field, where ‘lyerdds are present more rods than cones are found igh density of cones occur, but has norods the optic nerve leaves the eye. (2015) ‘A gymnast is able to balance his body upside down even in the total darkness because of (a) tectorial membrane (b) organ of corti (©) cochlea (@) vestibular apparatus. (2015 Cancelled) Which of the following regions of the brain is incorrectly paired with its function? (a), Corpus callosum - communication between the left and right cerebral cortices (b) Cerebrum - calculation and contemplation (c) Medulla oblongata - homeostatic control (@) Cerebellum ~ language comprehension (2015 Cancelled) Injury localized tothe hypothalamus would most likely disrupt (a). short-term memory (b) co-ordination during locomotion (©) executive functions, such as decis making (@) regulation of body temperature, ory ig statements is not correct? (a) Retinal is the light absorbi visual photo pigments (b) In retina the rods have the photopigment rhodopsin while cones have three different photopigments portion of |‘Nouri Conta ard Coordination (6) Retinal isa derivative of vitamin C. (@) Rhodopsin is the purplish red protein ‘present in rods only. 2014) Parts A, B, Cand D of the human eyeare shown in the diagram, Select the option which gives ‘correct identification along with its functions! ‘characteristics 16. (0 C-Aqusous camiberReests the leh ons ot as tg he ae (©) B= Choise pa ms lisry bay (0, A Rtn - Conn phstorsepors ts nd cons (d) B~ Blind spot-Has only a few rods and | cones (seer 2013 | “The most abundant intracellular eatiomiis @ Ht () K | (©) New @ Ca (EET-2013) Acliggram showing axon sesminaland synapse is given. Identify correctly at [east two of 17+ A-D. 13. 14, 18, 19. (a) A Neurotransmitter, B = Synaptic cleft (b) C Neurotransmitter, D = Ca (©) A- Receptor, C - Synaptic vesicles (@) B- Synaptic connection, D - K’ (NET 2013) ‘The figure shows an axon terminal and synapse, Select the option giving correct identification of labels A-D. 251 “ ; (b) B-Neurotransmitter, D- Receptor capsules (c) C-Receptor, D-Synaptisvesicles: (d) A-Axon terminal, Be Serotonin complex A sagittal section ofiuman'Brain is shown here. dentify at least (wo labels from A-D. (®) C-Mid brain, D- (b) A-Cerebrum, C-Pons (c) B-Corpus callosum, D-Medulla (d) A-Cerebral hemispheres, B-Cerebellum (Karnataka NBET 2013) ‘The human hind brain comprises three parts, fone of which is (a) spinal cord (e) cerebellum (b) corpus callosum, (@) hypothalamus. 201) Which part of the buman ear plays no role in hearing as such but is otherwise very much required? (a), Eustachian tube (b) Organ of Cort (©). Vestibular apparatus (a) Ear ossictes (2012) When @ neuron is in resting state i.e., not conducting any impulse, the axonal membrane (@)_ comparatively more permeable to Na* ions and nearly impermeable to K* ions ‘equally permeable to both Na” and K* ions impermeable to both Na* and K° ions comparatively more permeable to K* ions and nearly impermeable to Na* ions. (oi) ) © @252 20. a, 2, 23, 24, 25, ‘The nerve centres which control the body ‘temperature and the urge for eating are contained (a) hypothalamus (©) cerebellum, (b) pons (@) thalamus. 010, Select the answer with correct matching ofthe structure, its location and function. ‘Structure Location — Function (a) Eustachian Anterior Equalizes ar tube part of pressure an either internal ear sides of tympanic ‘membrane (b) Cerebellum Mid brain Controls respiration and seasric secretions (©) Hypothal Fore brain Controls body ams Aeoperature, ‘urge for eating and drinking (@) Blind spot Near the Rods and cones place where are present but optic nerve inactive here leaves the | ee (Mains 2010), | Alzheimer’s disease in humans is assoctiied | with the deficiency of (@) glutamic acid () acetylehotine (©) gamma aminobutyric acid (ABA) (d) dopamine. 2009) Which part of human bails catered with the regulation of body t ure? (a) Cerebellum (b) Cerebrum (©) Hypothalamus (@) Madulla oblongata 2009) Comexianspignin humans is almost never ejecta This is Because (@) 118 composed of enucleated eels (©) itis a hon-iving layer (©) it calls are Teast penetrable by bacteria (@) it has no blood supply. 2008) During the propagation ofa nerve impulse, the action potential results from the movement of (@) K* ions from intracellular fluid to extracellular uid Na® ions from extracellular fluid to intracelluar fluid K* ions from extracellular fluid to extracellular fluid Na® ions from intracellular fluid to extracellular fluid, (2008) ) © @ 26. Given below is a diagrammatic cross section of a single loop of human cochlea, Which one of the toons correctly represents the names of rent parts? (a) D : Sensory hait Geils| A: Endolymph B: Tectorial membrane. (b) A Perilymph, B :Tectorial membrane, C Endolgmph (©) Bi ctor membrane, C:Peslymph, D: secretory eels (d) (@ > Bhdélymph, D : Sensory hair cells, A. Secam (2008) Which one of the following is the correct difference between rod cells and cone cells of Py four retina? Rod cells Cone cells (®) Overall Vision in Colour vision function Poor light and detailed vision in bright light (b) Distribution More Evenly ‘concentrated distributed in centre of all over (©) Visual High Low seuity (@) Visual Todopsion Rhodopsin pigment ‘contained (2008) 28. During the transmission of nerve impulse through a nerve fibre, the potential on the inner side of the plasma membrane has which type of electric change? (@) First positive, then negative and continue to be negative (b) First negative, then positive and continue to be positive (©) First positive, then negative and again back to positive (@) First negative, then positive and again back to negative, 007)‘Nouri Conta ard Coordination 29. 30. 3. 33. 34. 38 36. Bowman's glands are located in the (@) Anterior pituitary (b) Female reproductive system of cockroach (©) Olfactory epithelium of our nose (@) Proximal end of uriniferous tubules. 2007) Bowman's glands are found in (@) juxtamedullary nephrons (b) olfuetory epithelium (©) external auditory canal (@) cortical nephrons only. (2006) Which one of the following does not act as a neurotransmitter? (a) Cortisone (©) Epinephrine (b) Acetylcholine (@) Norepinephrine 2006) . Which one of the following is the example of the action ofthe autonomous nervous system? (a) Swallowing of food (b) Pupillary reflex (C) Perisalsis of the intestine (@) Knee-jerk response (2005) Ina man, abducens nerve is injured. Wich ‘one of the following functions will be affected? (@) Movement of the eyeball (b) Movement of the tongue (©) Swallowing (@) Movement of the neck 2005) Parkinson’s disease (characterize by tremors and progressive rigidity Sflintbs) is eaused by degeneration of brain neurofis that ae involved in movement @@atrol and make use of peurotransmimter. (a) acetylehoting ——(b) norepinephrine (€) dopamine @ GABA. 2005) In Ge festing state of the neural membrane, iffusibw due to concentration gradients, if allowed, would drive (a) K° into the cell (b) K° and Na* out of the cell (€)_Na* into the cell (@) Na* out of the cell, 2004) Injury to vagus nerve in humans is not likely to affect (a) tongue movements (b) gastrointestinal movements (6) pancreatic secretion (@) cardiac movements, (2004) 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 2. 4B. 44 253 What used to be described as Niss!’s granules in a nerve cell are now identified as (a) cell metabolites (b) fat granules (©) ribosomes (@) mitochondria. 2003) Which of the following statement is correct for node of Ranvier of nerve? (a) Neurilemma is discontinuous (b) Myelin sheath is discontinuous (e) Both neurifemma and myelin sheath are discontinuous (@) Covered by myelin sheath (2002) ‘When we migrate fon die to Light, we fail to sce for sometinié bubafter a time visibility becomes normal. It is example of (@) accomodation (6) adaptation (©) muattion (@) photoperiodism. 2001) ‘Whith Bf the following statements is the cliaracteristics of human comea? (@ Its secreted by conjuetiva and glandular layer (b) Its a lacrimal gland which secrete tears (©) Blood circulation is absent in cornea, (@) In old age it becomes the cause of cataract. (2001) Depolarization of axolema during nerve conduction takes place because of (a) equal amount of Na* and K* move out across axolema (b) Na’ moveinside and K* move more outside. (c) mote Na’ outside (@) none of these. e000) Which cranial nerve has the highest number of branches? (@)_ Vagus nerve (©) Facial nerve (b) Trigeminal nerve (@) None of these (1999) ‘Sympathetic nervous system induces (@) secretion of digestive juices (b) heart beat (©) scotetion of saliva (@) all of these. (1999) ‘The junction between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of the next is called (a) constant bridge (6) junetion point © ajoint (@) a synapse. (1999)254 45, 46, 47. 48, 49. si. 82, , a, a aL, si. Which ofthe lowing egarded os a unit | $3, Function ois isto of merous tissue? (6) tov lis Horvat Gl @ Newess (8) Myetin seth (rect ight rs, (c) Axons (d) Dendrites (©) bring about movements of eye lids (1999) (d) alter the size of pupil. ‘he Nis's granules of nerves ell are made 993) ap oF Iris is part of 3 DNA ( RNA St isis pa of (©) ribosome (d) protein, (1997) 0) chowsia Ricerca, ne | — eed are Iotesrasnive sbetanesb callek (@) sleidc 1993) (a) thodopsin (b) melanin 55. Afferent nerve fibres. ri Ises from eee GES oan | Atm mre Che mer ne ‘Tevagusneneisthecranialnervemumbering | (b) vectors to GNS @7 3 (©) ENS to rcepiom ©) 10 (d) 9% (1997) (d) CNS wmscles. (1992) By which nervous system and of what type, $6. Vagué nervesis sho Bleed emapplen iiowacee- eine! |G) A 0 {@) Both SNS and PNS, involuntary to an Vv 99 1 emai ne eet? et, il veil of ini aso known as (@) Sympathetic nervous system, voluntary ()imetacoel (®) thinocoel (1906), (©) paracoel @) diacoel, a) Ivan Pao permet expeinets om | (a) simple reflexes '58. One fimetion of parasympathetic nervous system G sontidene rates ° (c) cardiac reflexes (a) contraction of hair muscles @ aunorie (stimulation of et glands (99) ofthe bt Light rays entering fhe Se We¥ontrolted by @ ae ea, 99) (@) pupil 1) bris 89. Which of the following cranial nerves can © eomea (0) les, 1993) regulate heartbeat? ‘, (a) X (b) IX tna is madi 3 vm (M38) (b) paciphery 660, Sensitive pigmented layer of eye is (c) macula lites (a) comea (b) retina (@) fog cent, (993) seroic ®t 1989) Cama @2 O2% bh 4 © & @ 6 Wr | & @) % (dd) 10. (d) () 12. (e) 13. (b) 1 (e) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (ce) 18% (ce) 19% (d) 20. (a) © 2 O32 © AM @ 2% O) 2% WM @ B® WB OH 0) OROROM OBO WOM OR OBO HO 2H AHH OA & HOA OH OM | HO fa) 52. (d) 53. (d) 54. (d) 55. (b) 56. (a) 57, (d) 58. (d) 59 (a) 60. (b)‘Nouri Conta ard Coordination 255 IMI 0 11! EXPLANATIONS |i 1. (@): Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes form ‘myelin sheath around the axon, Myelin sheath serves as an insulating layer, preventing loss of energy of the nerve impulse during its passage along the fibre, 2. (@) : Neurotransmitter is a chemical substance responsible for transmission of nerve impulse across ‘synapse. It is released by synaptic vesicle into the synaptic ele, Neurotransmitter binds with protein receptor molecule present on postsynaptic membrane ‘causing its depolarisation and generation of action potential. 3) 4. (©) + Photoreceptors in human eye are unique because they are only type of sensory cells that are relatively depolarised (about ~35mV) when itis at rest (ie, in the dark), and hyperpotarised (to about — 7OmV) in response to adequate light stimulus. Nociceptors respond to potentially damaging stimuli ‘that result in pain, Meissner’s corpuscles are a type of meshanoreepor, responsible for tuch sensi | Receptors generally produce graded potentilscaa receptor potentials i nt ak instar called the rhodopsin. Rhodopsin i and retinene. The opsin is @ proteit-and is called scotopsin in shodopsin. The rtinenss an aldchyde of vitamin A and is called retinal, 6 (d): The anterior hons® oP pin cord con cells with fibres that form the, aitferior (motor) root fend and are essential for tig"voluntary and reflex activity of musclesthy iinervate. [fthe anterior horn motores are destroyed the nerves camo regenerate and musclesmresteverusefil again, 7. (6) 7A small oval, yellowish area of the retina lying exactig vpposite the centre ofthe cornea is named the macula lutea or yellow spot which has at its middle a shallow depression, the fovea centralis, “The fovea centrals has cone clls only Tt is devoid ‘of rods and blood vessels, The fovea eentralis isthe place of most distinct vision 8 (@): Vestibular apparatus is apart of inner ear whic located above the cochlea, I consist of tree semicircular canals, which deteet movements of the head, and the uriculus and saceulus which detect the position oFhead. It does not play any role in hearing, but is responsible for maintaining the balance ofthe body and posture 9. (d) Language comprehension i a fnetion of cerebrum. Cerebellum coordinates and controls rapid muscular activities such as running, typing ete Although it does not initiate such voluntary movements, but it is an important centre for coordinating movements and fr controlling peste and balance. Cerebellum's exclusively motor but it isa forms oflearing 10, (d): Hypothalamy thalamus. Iprovides a the nervous and endocrinesgptms by its relationship to the pituitary gland, Hypothalamus. is thermoregillatory eentfe. Hence, it is called “thermostat” 6fthe"tody. It keeps body temperature at roughly 37° By means of a complex thermostat system. Ain Jocalised injury to hypothalamus will, enoeadisupt regulation of hoy temperature 4} ii. (1: Retinal pigment is an aldchyde of vitamin } a | 12, (6) + In the given figure, Ais retina which i the innermost layer, containing phovoreveptors rods and cones. Bis blind spot. Optic nerves pierce through retina. at blind spo. Ithas no visual eels. Cis aqueous humor It nourishes comea and lens both of which are avascular. D is sclera. Itis the outermost covering and maintains shape of eyeball. It also proteets inner layers ofthe eye. 13, (b): K° ions predominate in the intracellular fluid whereas Na’ fons predominate in extracellular uid 4. © 15, (6) + A~ Action potential 1B - Neurotransmitter C= Receptor D- Synaptic vesicles 16. (0): A~ Cerebral hemisphere B- Thalamus Pons vali D-Cerebellum 17, (6) + Brain is the anterior most part of central nervous system. Human brain can be divided into three parts: forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain, Human hindbrain comprises pons, cercbelham nd medulla (also called the medulla oblongata).258 18. (©) + Vestibular apparatus is a part of inner ear which is located above the cochlea. It consists of three semicircular canals, which detect movements of the hhead, and the utriculus and sacculus which detec the position of head. It does not play any roe in hearing but is responsible for maintaining the balance of the body and posture, thus necessary. 19, (@): When a neuron is not conducting any impulse, ic., resting, the axonal membrane is comparatively more permeable to potassium ions (K") and nearly impermeable to sodium ions (Na) 20. (a) : Hypothalamus isthe region ofthe forebrain in the floor of the third ventrele, linked with the thalamus above and the pituitary gland below. It contains several important centres controlling boxy {temperature thirst, hunger, and eating, water balance, and sexval fiction. It is also closely connected with ‘emotional tivity and sleep and funetions asa centre for the integration of hormonal and autonomic nervous activity through its contol of the pituitary secretions 21, (€) : Refer to answer 20 | 22, (b): Alzheimer’s disease isa neurological disease! | characterized by progressive loss of intelleetia | ability, The disease, which is named after German. physician Alois Alzheimer (1864-1915), isassoctated with general shrinkage of the brain Aissues with {deposits of-amyloid protein and abnotialTaients composed of ta protein in the brain, and ebtinges in the neurotransmitter systems the brain that include a loss in the activity sbcliolinergic neurons (ncurons releasing acetyleholing), Some inherited forms are associated AMM g genetic Locus on chromosome 21 23, (¢): Hypottialimuss the thermoregulatory center of the body. Tikeeps body temperature at 37°C by means ‘thermostat system, 24, (@) : Caan is transparent portion that forms the anterior éne-sixth of the eye ball. The comea admits and helps to focus light waves as they enter the eye. The comea is avascular (i.e, has no blood supply). This part of eye absorbs oxygen from the air. ‘The cornea was one of the first organs to be successfully transplanted because it lacks blood vessels. 28, (b) : Action potential isthe change in electrical potential that oceurs across a plasma membrane luring the passage ofa nerve impulse. As an impulse travels in a wavelike manner along the axon of @ nerve, it causes a localized and transient switch in fod cell, In the dark, rhodopsin is x@synthesizcd from scotopsin and retinene, This proeess is galled “dark adaptation.” It makes The wa Slaton cakes sme tine fo ‘hodopsin fab stormed. This is why on entering a dark soom at daytime or on coming out of « well Tightedtooriat night, we fee! blind for a while. When 4 Wwe go sfom darkness into bright light, we foe] | ditiizeny in seeing properly for a moment till 2} | shodopsin is bleached and cones become funetionsl | 40. (© : Cornea forms the anterior one-sixth of the fibrous coat. tis transparent, circular and fully visible from infront. It is composed of a peculiar variety of connective tissue covered externally by stratified non- keratinized squamous epithelium and internally by simple squamous epithelium. It lacks blood vessels {tis nourished by lymph trom adjacent area, 41. (b) : Depolarization of a nerve cell membrane ‘curs during the passage ofan action potential along the axon where the nerve is transmitting an impulse. During depolarization, the activation gates of Na channels open, and the K° channels remain closed Na* rush into the axon. Entry of sodium ions leads to depolarization (reversal of polarity) of the nerve ‘membrane, so that the nerve fibre contents become electropositive wit respect to the extracel fui 42. (b): Trigeminal nerve isthe largest * cranial nerve. Ithas 3 branches ()_Ophthatamic, a sensory branch from skin ofthe nose, eyelids, forehead and sealp, and from the conjunctiva and lacrimal glands. Gi) Maxillary, also sensory branch from skin and ‘mucous membrane of cheeks and upper lip, and from lower eyelids, (ii) Mandibular, a mixed branch innervating the lower jaw, lower lip, pinna and tongue258 Vagus nerve isthe 10” cranial nerve and innervates Tarynx, trachea, esophagus, stomach, lungs, heartand intestines, Facial neve isthe 7* cranial nerve and innervates muscles of fice ad back, taste buds and salivary glands 43. (b): Sympatheticnervous system isa component ‘of autonomic nervous system consisting of a pair of sympathetic trunks, preganglioni sympathetic fibres, postaanglionic sympathetic fibres and collateral szangia. Iequickens rate and force of heat beat while it inhibits secretion of sativa and gastric juice. 44. (@): Synapse isthe close proximity of the axon fof one neuron and the dendrite or eyton of another ‘neuron witha gap ofjust about 200 A in between. A nerve impulse is transmitted acress the synapse by the release from the presynaptic membrane of neuroiransmite, which difuses across the synaptic cleft tothe postsynaptic membrane. This triggers the propagation of the impulse from the dendkite along the Tength of the postsynaptic neuron. 48. (a): Neurons or nerve cells are ie structural and functional unit of nervous system. These have a special structure but vary greatly in size and shape. Eachneuron has a cll body whieh encloses cytoplasm: | and has a nucleus. A numberof processes aris fom the cell body. There is usually a single axon und | ‘variable number of dendrites. The medullared nerve fibresis composed ofa shining, white fatty.substarce called myelin, 46. (6): Refer to answer 37 47. (a): Photosensitive méanssensitvGto light. The rod cells of retina contain apurplish pigment called thodopsin. They function in dim light and at night. Rhodopsin consists dat paséin component, opsin, linked to @ nonpmafein’ebromophore, retinal (or retinene), a desvanive of vitamin A. Light falling on the rod is absosbed by the retinal, which changes its form and'separates ffom the opsin component. This initiates the tansmission of a nerve impulse to the train 48. (& + Vagus nerve is the tenth cranial nerve. I arises from the side of medulla oblongata. Tt innervates the larynx, trachea, oesophagus, stom. Jungs, heart and intestines. It is a mixed nerve, It controls the visceral sensations and visceral movements, i. heart bea, respiratory movements, peristalsis, sound produetion, et. 49. (a) + The blood is supplied into visceral ongans bby both SNS (sympathetic nervous system) and PNS (parasympathetic nervous system) involuntarily. The sympathetic fibres inerease the rate and force ofheat beat, constriet most blood vessels and raise the arterial blood pressure. The parasympathetic fibres decrease the rate and force of heart beat, dilate many blood vessels and lower the arterial blood pressure. 50. (b) : By training, a particular response can be ‘obtained to a stimulus other than the one which normally evokes that response, Such a reflexis known 4s the conditioned reflex. ‘The conditioned reflexes were frst demonstrated in 1920's by the Russian physiologist LP. Pavlov. He found that the sight and smell of food reflexly eause flow of saliva in hungry animals, Heng. a bell every time he offered food toa dog; Thelbélbdid not induce salivation by itself in the ro the experiment Gradually, the dog fearmt fo associate the bell with Hed, noma mere Mian il widet presenting f iced salivation in the dog. Thus, ringing of bell camsubstitute sight of food to cause salivation, W called sound of the bell as condition Siflus, salivation in response to bella conditinsd r€sponsc, food itself as unconditioned stitoalus, and salivation in response to food an ‘unconditioned response. A conditioned reflex is eit@blished when a new sensory clue (the bell) ‘biomes associated with an inbor reflex (salvation) 51. (a) : Pupil is the opening which controls the amount of light entering in eye. When light intensity is high, itdeerease in size and when light intensity is low it dilates to allow more light inthe eye to make «eye enable to see the object. 52. (@) : Asmall area ofthe optical part ofthe retina lying exactly opposite to the centre of the cornea is called the macula lutea, or yellow spot which has a yellow pigment (xanthophyll) The macula lutea has tits middle a shallow depression, the fovea centralis, ‘The fovea has cone cells only, and is the place of most distinet vision, Away form the fovea, the rod and cone cells occur in equal mumbers, and at the periphery of the retina, the rods are more numerous than the cones. This is why we see better in dimlight by looking out of the comer of the eye, The point on the retina from where the optic nerve starts i called the blind spot, or opti dise, as it lacks the receptor calls and is insensitive to light 53. (d): Atthe junction ofthe sclera and the comea, the vascular coat sharply bends into the eavity of the eyeball to form a thin, coloured partition. This partition is alled iris, Its perforated at the middle by an aperture called pupil. The iris contains two sets ‘of smooth muscles: sphincters and dilators, These muscles regulate the amount of light entering. the‘Nouri Conta ard Coordination ‘eyeball by varying the size ofthe pupil. The sphincter smscles ae aranged in rings. Their contraction makes the pupil smaller in bright light so that less light eters the exe. The dilator muscles are arranged in a radial manner. Their contraction widens the pupil in dim Tight to let in more light. Iris, by regulating the size ‘of the pupil, allows light to pass only through the ‘centre ofthe lens, which is optically the most fletive part 54. (@) Refer to answer 53 45. (b) + Aiferent nerve fibres carry impulses from the receptors to the central nervous system. ferent nerve fibres conduct nerve impulses fom the central nervous system tothe effector organs such as muscles and glands, 56. (a): Referto answer 48. 457. (@): The ventricles consist of fou hollow, uid filled spaces inside the brain. The third ventricle is ‘also known as diacoel. The third ventricle consists of sa narrow channel betwen the hemispheres trough thearea fie thalamus. tis connected bythe cerebral, 259 ‘aqueduct oraqueduet of Sylvius oriterin the midbrain portion ofthe brainstem to the fourth ventricle in the pons and medulla, Metacoc! is the IV ventricle, thinocoel is the I ventricle and paracoel is the I ventricles, 58. (€) : The action ofthe parasympathetic nervous system is opposite to that ofthe sympathetic nervous system. Ithe sympathetie nervous system accelerates an action, the parasympathetic nervous system slows it. However, neither system is exclusively extatory orinhibitory. The parasympatheticfibres constrict the pupil, docrease the rate and forse obteast beat, dilate ‘many blood vessels, lower thncteriatblood pressure, quicken the peristaltic mavememts, and contract the urinary bladder. 59. (a) : Referamanswer #8, 60, (b) : Theretia eons ofboth pigmented layer and the seasoeylayer. The pigment eels teinforce the light absorbing property of choroid in reducing the scatteting flight in the eye. The sensory layer carifistsvof rods and cones required for vision