beco developcd hy Ao"gdornatornl Standad

havgg Specife actorntgy Go perform.

) A the 7 layer Loogk collabogatfvefy Gotxcndmit th

so- osT model is aen lsyr AxckBe

rehte cture,
gyos (o) leveksi
( Apic aftoo layer

Selsion- syer
FsoMportsyer
Ateeli)

) he (omplete teferece of S- Relesenco mdel

HOsT A

(preseotoatfon ]<-- 96esentatrao Protool-’|preleotetfon

Sessfon<--.. Seio Protcol Selsils

sopot Prtal:
CTsan$por

dedany -Datehek k-DeeDK

(phialk fealkhsicl
 loyer of
model

AKanshmed Go gct

o another Oode OVer a

Sodvidal bts
one node
* psotocolsir liR, Ruetoofth, thecoet
physeal medun
8)Data GnK loyerrione yer of aT Yelerenron
) he data( l Ghe dote wil be Lo
kames CsansfKmed o neet next lgyer
) 4 s Yesponsbie fos
fos ahe keloble scnfer bf
feon one node qo another
dada konoa
oonected hy Physical loyer
X Potocolk ?- PPP, ATM, etherne.

foso of
neet yer (Gonsport
dervesy of Gnvdel deta pacKet
the

Ro Source Go ceskinetor thagh apprapriete ahe

Padeisng and ounS
t protocols -IP, ARP, GCnp,aRJec

) q GscNpovt lqyer a
Cagrmet' kansfsmed ooto neet
pf Gne eite
deteves
Cou&to bost
psotocol r Acp, uDP.
o selerence mode!
Sppy"
(Sess.on Drtool data unt). Gkonforméd Go Ghe
neet' laer Callod presentato leyer
 Sosw.co (Ae dialgf Contol (ynchronizetion)
paotcod! ppaP., wet BT0

(preltefor
of DPDu
Ghe ata ol be in ahe fo
)sonssmed io noet (yer Called
DxotCo l data uot
AppCatso n (ayer
sentted
)4t mnontoys ytoe ond seake of and The
toformaton thgh sonslafon, Cornpsesioo
TLS
eocopKon ’pxotocol<- SSL,
ergpfon

seforece model
ahe fosmof APulppiceo
Ghe deta col be Go
psotocol data unt )
-(evel ApgS of he ees
oechagt9)
+) psotocolsir HTTP FPSVd SNnp
Demerits of sSoloence model
t can dishoguishbServes ) model coae devlse befsse
Goter faces an d potcole inveoto of pvoto Co L

hing of Qrotoco s S
) protcoL of osT Modd c r e t
todiou cas
veg

new protoCS a te cholof Tetereee model.

Chayes

&. Eeplan he qcp /Ip model

ood Soternet
A Gcp |4p :) sonSKS)oS Control psotocol
i he network odel esed io Casreot
DKatCal
oter et
re Set of sule
archite cture. pots Col ore
deta bl
he Drotocol del Críbel The monent of
ymentg isdata
(o) Kngmulk-Te asSuch huocto )
paoth. Sgie Coy poth. paselel
tsarsrovttoo
o0Shoul
be d data decdes
yarhe? ionspogt CA
OKdr Seot
hesecíeved
io Qre ackes Ghe osder: )
destncos.
cndenty
So savel packets
4o ahe heps t )
tecture cohole yor
Ghe hold Ghe is ft )
lqyer Snternet
Gotemnetwork
layer conneckon
leS onhaued
Cohích
is network Soithif kefs pac Selecton
of
lyer Jorternet
NetoÖrh, ood host fohost -Ron Vorie9
sent be Can
hast,
Co ahe Connect
Gio o sed potocols
is )
loyo All layyer
of lowest oyeir Network qo
Hosq-
8ensg) pnNgect relearch
latr (Defence pARPA ALAn Koo lecterNelosk),
nce Gfen prjet ReAetr
(h (AdranCed CARAA eny ch
Seor
department
of hy develo
pe )kpISe
e
scA Rad cket SATNET
Po ARPANET lqyer Aceis N2JorL
NC
layer Iernet
TCP
GKonsport
er
JuDP)
DN
|CMTP) |FTP TELNET layer ppKcatio
to). deito and Source
 Cine Applicafo Cao sead oxe. Go
ansport (qyer aeg header iofisnaton Go the data
Asansport ayer breaKg ShQ meigye (data) Ento Smal
toS. So Ghat Ghe netuwrh layer bandie theo ore
e Rceny
Gronsport layer arsance Ghe pactals oobe Sert, tn
Gsans Ss(o ) oatsol psotbcolk, 4er datsram potcoL:
Gcp'r t selicbe onnectson - Oseotea protocol hich
byte - Strecmfor Sourca o destnettoo wthat
naodie2 yte
Cohtrol
eS56 and o no
psoto ol ht do
Loart Geps, Seguencn and fo
Servíce.
Contkol kr oneshot
8equest Kind of
Applcaon oyer r he ep (4p Specifcation deACKÍLO a lot
MAplcafon hat were a ahe tp of ptocoL tacK.
TELNET, FTP, DNS , SMTP
is aC ype of netoorh of Go-osy Commuicats
TELNET- t i3
psotcoL ohich allass Conneeto o a semate machine

FTPr (Fe Gsonsfer

Compter wSer Conoe ctea gVeranetoxh
Gsanskr am
tesetua acakess fs tto Co90e cted Over c 0etoork.

des tsntSoo, doe cted ) A rode

operctes indep ondenty

(lfet Sesver archítecture.

number of xo'ytsneEefRcieh t.
Dernerier
doernot &uorteo
Dackets
ofho,

(3) Gplon sodels acansgssoo

msson of dde
wiselels 4so
).
Gscnsssoo becauj Q of Gre
Boundares

Connect a hacd Set 0us Phoe and ae devsce ot

CommnCchton osh eoch ohes ie

) Ghese ore threo wiseles GrcngsssDO meda in

1) Iofrc red ronsmisSion

Rado Tonsmission aves
(M:Co oaves

ofo red Toonsro ssion Rlos) Sofiaral tod aao

ag
is c poct of electro -retc sadaton hese
Dare a wwavalegpth grecter fhon VisbIe lRht , makng
thorn iviSiblo Go Ghe buman lfe. we Cannt Sep Ihe
Eoftcred ligm 'bt eel ha kays
hot fiasuengy ang
and ioficred
be cale t emit% viibe lfht
 Godhared lk tumertt S Suchcs nnt VISo
okond Cameca Con Copture. infkorea aht
Cor 4v Contol lemote . hen we Psess a buttoo on The
semote Ghe channel Chates ,Volume increael. AU

hanpend Secase ot an i0ared teht antkoe díode is

exbeded ito GV semote and GR detechor s nertec

aAefix
pcocelsor ohch enerates a coiqe binay
each Spectie buton
Butto io a 4 Kemtte O0d hes Coatol.

Lyo
Stort
Stop
Volue up Davsce Addres
e hero is Some obect b us Kamote ar . The

Ghe semte a here say annot peoetrade nsoy objecs

of ioicrad , mobile
ontsol une KacKo oaves toskqd
apps, voice CooOl ete.
Advantges of AR
Aqpkcodíong of Rr
logge Bandoith
laptop Go Peiter
QDoveopmeht of high Speed
R. qhe best mediu fr Shet-afe
Cassless micsophones, head Commu cafo
Sess. Secure Gsargnisso.
(aser Cynnmusícato. Srses of Gatercepfon and
modaso obot contsa Sten) 1nterference are los
Power usee is efRcieht.
ete.
Cicogvantes of gRr

Akansmft he dcta
xange Comncathon s Suppocted
oo Short Obta clel (ike
hrosh
3) gtt Can't propgete ojecks
clle,

receieg mht bespond o tter tsan

Sore
qhe
breakg
odofaronce,
infrared Sourcal
other Cae
Past of electromnet
Radio oavel' Kadio cay he logert Cvelen
Kadiatonthare cave bave. Spectsuon. Akoa
wreless tocholeo
thand of
Qne of Ge Coonmuncafo

) A sado
Satelrte Commun ca huuetuot
i RADAR,
C-
hegdsos,v

Comnuncth0horo wll Le a
lslo in ofared
Ra do ave fsangntter & recever

AofuanuSne cares ’ adbuavel Atena

Receven Deskofb

Potena’ eaiocDaves > sinewares

 Suklar

mcKoWavesi
CHpes of míCUar
txansossíon

Sat elle moJevo

Geses tral miCro
wave tKagrso
OaVO (sonlo 9 a techoolo
Genses to0
tx'al
tsansns he toculeA Beam of a ato SEDal
that ongio antenna
ADund -baed mcoLave ts
harn
’ mcoaves ase electsomgenetse wavel
Asequery sonse
aos dsectonl.

of tesreltrol
) fsegyyeny Konger
o 2 -23
Banddth Suppost bandth.

mbps
Sort dstoncer

Sht drstance.
sesue higheyr tocer
 Sataltom y e Communcaton

axound aho eorth at a Kooon heeht.

meda

oulded uguíded
medTa

fbsopttcs usstas eacoutve3 nfcove knfero

uoshsahShie lde(
Bsoshand
tsorgmsuion tsanmis he eiectromenes
k Ao uoad
Waves is e meda
al eneey Cen fo eaa
ynete
LoNch tna decha
Coste Shor o
puided 4aNmsoo medka
Chet dzct od Cappy dta
Ccbl2 Cos) fbses
thole
from one dovce
(abies sde data

Coayeral Cablk

3) opkel Rber
J. fuorsted Pais Cable'
Asuctue Sroa ine oo wtes tuosted around each
fher If ke a doubl hetx hje are usuely wed
Copper,
4orstf helps kaduce intecforehee fsbn otho
eloctoncdevicel mueh (Ko.
DremGclet Gorsed patr
Barore

Gosted pair

Shielded Tstd par!

a) Coaxial cabe
dda
dla Sfnellshe he tibo
neoi8e Carssel tne înterfaseoo.qha
block out
asoundt Cmetal heet)
here anothor odec lgyor
acket shek filetr Cents onducor.

Ghe
tsansmrssion It is defned a
i) Soseband
Process of Aransofssi
Speed
transmsso Sgod of
mwkpeSen
Psacals of
Sioultaneusy
3) optcal Rber
Sauture Snstead of usn dectrícay
dectrícy ophcal f,,
ingne
throyph qhe Cose here
(pht travell
tuhe ahad gt
,even shen he fbre bond
Ahe

mode fiborr Ahis type of ber i lasor beo

Sle tube. Ht
Shootyf Sisegt hrogh he
dtancal wtmot
deta over vey osf
Straggn.
t inde Le tube,
Shortes dotan(e

Dekre Delqy Epiai Ges o4 Dalgy ?

5)
X a deso ,9hd porforenre of
Netoorh delay netDrH t
telecoNNUoCafs s
Charaterstsc of a
latersy for a bt t&avel.acsos qle
Specikes Ge
Cornnícaon.eodpo
Dtoork foo one
anothe.
11 qianssSfo Delayr Ghe tsirne taken Go tsanmit
pacKet kor).qo hast
Culled Cisansmr ubo

tost

bandcth an d L bit then

 GKonimi(s'on matiunm, hag 'to hoyh the mer
KOn ch Gho dotnato Hence, qhQ. Gne taken hy
A last bt of Ghe pa cvot o Keach le .dotho
iS Calle d poopagafon delgy
Host

velociy
DtonQ- Gt take moxe fre Go keach he degtinato
d istance 6f medíum i lonrer
packet wil be
velocty-a Spæd of Snal is bgher, the
xe ceiveo falter.

velocít

Quaeng Dagy: lat ahe packet is receved by

3 bo ot pocesed hy he cestnator
Che packet coll
destsnato
grnmeiatgybullor. , he. amovot of
Gme t at in
Called a
be fore be procesed is Called quesp aelay.
2ueue
tormula . elçy depehde on
* Gt doesnt have any
foloong fActors
the wl be
Srae of gueueis layge
qhere will be less os no delay
hige
les the no of Serves gseder Che Saep

the pacKet coill se talken

deloyi No,
p- pro ceihg (alled dely
whic
To Dro (ejl Ghe daTaed pachet by
Cine taken by internedate
 where G forGrd
upeate GIL, Pesfor headr, Chece Sm
* G alao doesnt have any tormute
upto Cihe speed of proelsor oand Speed 0f proce
Calculatg
it don

Voros fo Compter 9o (ompter

qtotal
Dscuss o detail about abot netdorh topolgeseo
And' opolgßy defnes Ghe Stsucture.of The
of ho all Ghe Conponeht qre
Netork
ioter Connete
Go a Ch other
Ghere are fve pes of topolost .
1. Mesh topolo&
3. Star topol8
Bus topolo8

S Hybríd topol6g
point- to -point opolagyr

Point - Go -point
1. Mes h netwoh topolo8
dedicted poi -Go -Pont lnk Connece
2a ch devrce on ie netwoK o aootner devíce
on e
ong cary data betueen
Gwo devíces.

9. Star netoorh topoloRY ahe most Common

CoooeCt each devíce
oork topolo&g Star topo losg
Go Ghe netoorlk to a Central hub Device Can
Communtcote oith each ofher. indircty hrog
Central hub
Ghe Central

3. Bus netcoork topolo8HT Also Kooon as backbone

Topolofy, ths Confuraton Connectt all
nekwor k
devces fo a min Cqb Va dop lnes his Very

Br installatos.

o King netoorh Hopolsy Guo deodicated pot- 10

pojnt iog a Connect a device To the tuwo
 devced (ocated on eher C'dQ f it, meete
of devios thoyM cch data i forwarded
epcatos rtl t kea(hes the tarfet devico

5. Hybíd netuoorK tops Poy Conbinao o DA

toplogies is ybríd topology

6 Asee netdork topol&gr

his topolasy ConISH ot c pasent chid
mercrchy
are
io whfch Sbar netory
ioter conne cted a buy wet
worh
Nodes bsanch Out
heary frory one
Soot nodey and Gjw
Coonected
ong Chare
Conse ct0.
 ) cplon abot Voxíou typot of Cormputor etworlg9
A. (ompder netcooxK iS a Soup ot Conpter
Go Cach orher that erab)es compder to
Conmun(catte coith Onother Compte and Share theK
es ourcel, data R appicofong. hey ore

ypes of computer NetuorlK

LAN MAN |WAN PAN

1) LAN- local Area NetusorKr

x t is a Rroup of Corptes Cornnected.to
Coch ofbes in Sall qrea Such a bí die

in ekpene haddcre Such as hubs.

Cables Qte.
ctherned
* Data S tranntted at eetremy fotter rete
Have high cecuty
MAN me tropo Litao Area etrIhr
&)
(PAN PAN)
Coves (orker 8eo &raphiC area
a drfferent AN t
Goter Connet (mAN)
betok,

* hovernmeht cenctes we MAN to (PAN

(oonect o cit en Gnd prrate induthie.
o MAN, LAN are onnecte ea Ch teiephae ex chae line
WAN - Orde frea Netorhr
t eetend over a Cage &eoaphiclavea Seon
Sucn asSadey of Countriel WAN
qute bi&ATY than AN
iolesnen, one of b6est wAN
word
 mabile
headphoney

laptop

ocvíces of pesool de G Called y PAN.

CoveK an area of 30 feet.

(tafong
b) ste diPerence betudeen Compter etorke
distribted

Corpter NetdorH Dstrbuted Sytemg

Desiined perfor) Comple x
1. psimary purpase is o
enabe Communrcatbo and ta3kg by dstbute
8esourCe Shesing amg oskload. acosS mulkple
devic y nodes.
2.hpy often have Certotzd operate.ofh dcentral
dovces Br Cortol, If Ke -ed Cortol spreacingfunchog
Xoutes or Seyves aCoss Varou nodey.

3. les Coropee, focusigg 9. moe omplex,

magnt
0ot Sast Communcats0. but
mamy
and CommunicoNo).
tap 2ngyis nt primay makif distribtes ature of
Conceroin CN, Ys msy 5e
he proxes s invSible to ser.
ausare of underyH netoory
hgy are inharenty Scalabl
deskned to eadisy ads me
hard e ooth. Cháges
6| CN C40 be Vulnerabe Hshly fault tolorqot,o tten
ponts of faílure aned ht des60e to Continueop: retu
entsre netoogk iociucl faílures.

Reiource Sharig k inted seurce Sharp includes

to band wídth, dot Srocecasi poser cnd Softare
and poripherl devíceg optimí2f
 sQ Short ntes oo fhket SwitChor ond Cicurt
Sxtchgg
A ac ket Suitchhg etbrki- So ths ahe melste
ivlded to packets
eaçh pocket Corains a
hader ohich iocdudel he Sourco Pddess , dethnaton.
tCs& otol Aatioo

packet ssHChed Netsock

x No ded:cted poth is Yeatea bls Yo pomts ony tho
Vxtual Ciscult eeists.
fach node may Store inComins pockets and fosoard
he after se

ne soute folloused packets is mq

dfferet

Call setup is not reçuited.

Congeston evesy PocKef
Other Pac kets tro an unrelated Source
uttKbie uoused bandwldth.
Sntesnet dasafram nd trelic hie Straar Servce bluo
Conutos

Detaqrom Ccuit cpprocch

Vxtuel Crcuit Gpproacn
CKcut SNChne Network Gt is one of ,
method
ho
Smplest deda CommunicahN
estabshed
deoic ated Path is estobl:shed blo Che
devicQ. gn his phyicel ne Coon
via Sustches.

CKcuit Suoftchd Netwoylh

A dedicted path Cseated blo two
Suotchey. the
No Concept of Store Eforard txansmssfoo
k the (inkg thet make a path in Cveust. Sustche
netosk are dedíctec and Cannot be sed for ohher
onnectong.

Che Yocto fllowed y packes is

he Somme.
Beqsied

Gione Dvrson Suofthi

Space ovisieo Sochd
id hsfhly teliable.