Psc201 Assignment 1 FALL 2023

Question 1 Answer:
The balance of power between India and Pakistan is a complex and dynamic issue that has
significant implications for peace and stability in the South Asian region. Several key actors and
factors contribute to shaping this balance:
1. Military Capabilities:
India's Military Strength: India has a larger and more technologically advanced military
compared to Pakistan. Its conventional forces, including a sizable army, air force, and navy, give
it a significant edge in terms of sheer capabilities.
Nuclear Deterrence: Both India and Pakistan possess nuclear weapons, which has added a layer
of complexity to their strategic dynamics. The nuclear factor acts as a deterrent, preventing large-
scale conventional conflicts but also raising concerns about the potential for a nuclear escalation
in the event of a crisis.
2. Economic Power:
Indian Economic Dominance: India has a much larger and more diversified economy compared
to Pakistan. The economic strength of a nation is crucial in sustaining long-term military
capabilities and influencing global perceptions and alliances.
Economic Challenges in Pakistan: Pakistan faces economic challenges, and its relatively smaller
economy affects its ability to match India's military spending and technological advancements.
3. Geopolitical Alliances:
India's Global Partnerships: India has developed strategic partnerships with various countries,
including the United States, Russia, and several nations in the European Union. These alliances
enhance India's diplomatic and military standing on the global stage.

China-Pakistan Friendship: Pakistan has historically had a close relationship with China,
which has provided military and economic assistance. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
(CPEC) is a significant example of their economic collaboration, contributing to Pakistan's
strategic significance.
4. Kashmir Issue:
Long-standing Dispute: The Kashmir issue has been a major source of tension between India and
Pakistan. The unresolved territorial dispute and differing perspectives on the region contribute to
the ongoing security challenges and occasional military confrontations.
5. Internal Security Concerns:
Insurgency and Terrorism: Both countries face internal security challenges, including
insurgencies and terrorist activities. The presence of non-state actors and extremist groups has at
times strained relations and led to military standoffs.

6. Diplomatic Initiatives:
Bilateral and Multilateral Dialogues: Diplomatic initiatives and dialogues between India and
Pakistan, as well as involving international actors, play a crucial role in managing tensions and
fostering regional stability. The success of such efforts depends on the willingness of both
countries to engage constructively.
7. Water Sharing and Resource management:
Indus Water Treaty: The Indus Water Treaty, which governs the sharing of river waters between
India and Pakistan, is an important factor in their relationship. Water scarcity and resource
management can impact regional stability and cooperation.
8. Public Opinion and Nationalism:
Public Sentiment: Public opinion in both countries, influenced by nationalism and historical
narratives, can impact the political and strategic decisions of their leaders. Managing public
sentiment is crucial for leaders in maintaining stability.

Question 2 Answer:
The concept of national interest plays a crucial role in shaping Pakistan's foreign policy,
influencing its diplomatic and strategic decisions on the international stage. The significance of
national interest in Pakistan's foreign policy can be understood through various dimensions:
1. Security and Defense:
Territorial Integrity: Protecting and maintaining the territorial integrity of Pakistan is a
paramount national interest. This includes addressing security concerns along its borders,
particularly with India, and ensuring a strong defense posture.
2. Strategic Alliances:
Alignment with Global Powers: Pakistan strategically aligns itself with major global powers to
secure support for its national interests. Historically, it has maintained a close relationship with
the United States, China, and, to some extent, the Middle Eastern countries.
3. Economic Development:
Trade and Economic Interests: Promoting economic development is a core aspect of Pakistan's
national interest. Building economic partnerships, attracting foreign investments, and
participating in international trade contribute to the country's economic growth.
4. Regional Stability:
Mitigating Regional Conflicts: Pakistan seeks to contribute to regional stability to protect its
interests. This involves efforts to address disputes, particularly in relation to Kashmir and
Afghanistan, and fostering positive relations with neighboring countries.
5. Counterterrorism and Internal Security:
Managing Extremism: Countering terrorism and managing internal security challenges are
crucial elements of Pakistan's national interest. Cooperation with the international community in
combating terrorism is often part of its foreign policy agenda.
6. Energy Security:
Ensuring Energy Supply: Given the importance of energy security, Pakistan engages in
diplomatic efforts to secure energy resources and build energy infrastructure. This includes
collaborations with countries in the Middle East and Central Asia.
7. Diplomatic Influence:
Global Standing: Enhancing Pakistan's global standing and diplomatic influence is a national
interest. This involves active participation in international forums, contributing to peacekeeping
missions, and advocating for its position on global issues.
8. Water Security:
Utilization of Water Resources: Given its agrarian economy, access to water resources is critical
for Pakistan. Diplomatic efforts, including adherence to the Indus Water Treaty, are geared
towards securing its water needs.
9. Nuclear Policy:
Maintaining Deterrence: Pakistan's nuclear policy is driven by the national interest of
maintaining a credible deterrent against potential adversaries. This shapes its stance on arms
control, non-proliferation, and disarmament.
10. Public Opinion and National Identity:
Domestic Support: Considering the impact of public opinion on foreign policy decisions,
Pakistan aims to align its international engagements with the sentiments and national identity of
its people.