Pakistan Affairs Glossary: Essential Jargon, Concepts, and

Keywords ----PAKISTAN AFFAIRS

NAME:LAIBA TEHREEM

ASSIGNMENT TOPIC: Pakistan Affairs Glossary: Essential Jargon, Concepts, and

Keywords

ASSIGNMENT NUMBER # 04
DATE: 2025-04-15
Land and People of Pakistan — Geography, Society, Natural Resources, Agriculture,
Industry, and Education (with reference to characteristics, trends, and problems)

1. Geostrategic Location – The significance of Pakistan’s geographical position in influencing regional

and global political dynamics.
2. Physiographic Divisions – Classification of Pakistan’s terrain into distinct regions like the Northern
Highlands, Indus Plains, and Plateau areas based on topography.
3. Demographic Dividend – The economic benefit that arises when a country has a large working-age
population relative to dependents.
4. Resource Curse – The paradox where countries rich in natural resources (like Pakistan) often
experience poor economic growth due to mismanagement and corruption.
5. Agro-Ecological Zones – Regions classified by climate and soil types to optimize crop selection and
agricultural policy planning.
6. Deindustrialization – The decline of industrial output and employment in the manufacturing sector,
often due to economic mismanagement or globalization.
7. Urban Sprawl – The unplanned expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural lands, causing
infrastructure and environmental challenges.
8. Educational Deficit – The gap between educational outcomes and the needs of a growing population,
including poor literacy, skills, and access.
9. Human Capital Development – The process of improving the knowledge, skills, and health of a
population to drive sustainable economic growth.
10. Environmental Degradation – The deterioration of natural resources due to overexploitation,
deforestation, and industrial pollution.

11. Socioeconomic Disparities – Uneven distribution of income, education, and health services among
different regions and social groups in Pakistan.
12. Climate Resilience – The capacity of communities and systems to adapt to climate-related shocks
like floods, droughts, and extreme temperatures.
13. Informal Economy – Economic activities that are not regulated or taxed by the state, yet employ a
large portion of Pakistan’s urban and rural workforce.
14. Food Insecurity – Limited or uncertain access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food due to poverty,
inflation, and agricultural inefficiencies.
15. Federal-Provincial Imbalance – The uneven sharing of resources and administrative powers
between the federal and provincial governments, often leading to inter-provincial tensions.

Pakistan and Changing Regional Apparatus

1. Geopolitical Reorientation – The strategic shift in a nation’s foreign policy to align with new global
or regional power dynamics, such as Pakistan’s pivot toward China and the changing relations with
the U.S. and India.
2. Indo-Pacific Strategy – The U.S.-led initiative aimed at countering China’s growing influence in the
Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia, which impacts Pakistan’s security policy and relations with
regional players.
3. China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) – A major infrastructural and economic project that
strengthens Pakistan's economic ties with China, involving trade routes and energy pipelines.

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4. Strategic Hedging – The practice of balancing relations with multiple powers (like the U.S. and
China) to safeguard national interests while avoiding overt alignment with any single power.
5. South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) – A regional intergovernmental
organization aimed at fostering economic and regional integration, but often constrained by tensions,
particularly between India and Pakistan.
6. Regional Security Complex – A framework in which the security of countries is heavily
interconnected, like Pakistan’s security being influenced by India, Afghanistan, and Iran in a shared
regional space.
7. Hybrid Warfare – The use of a combination of conventional and unconventional warfare tactics,
including cyberattacks and disinformation campaigns, often seen in Pakistan’s complex relations with
India and Afghanistan.
8. Strategic Depth – A military and political doctrine that emphasizes the importance of having a large
territorial buffer, historically significant in Pakistan’s defense strategy vis-à-vis India.
9. Multilateral Diplomacy – Diplomacy that involves multiple countries or organizations, often used
by Pakistan in platforms like the UN, SCO, and OIC to address regional issues like Kashmir,
Afghanistan, and counterterrorism.
10. Afghan Peace Process – The negotiations aimed at stabilizing Afghanistan, which directly affects
Pakistan’s security, economic stability, and diplomatic ties with both Afghanistan and the U.S.

11. Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) – A group of states that seek to avoid formal alignment with major
power blocs, influencing Pakistan’s foreign policy, especially in the context of its relations with the
U.S. and China.
12. Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) – A regional organization that facilitates economic
cooperation among countries bordering the Indian Ocean, a platform through which Pakistan engages
in maritime security and trade.
13. Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) – A regional security and political organization where
Pakistan, as a member, strengthens its ties with China, Russia, and Central Asia, shifting regional
security dynamics.
14. Cold Start Doctrine – An Indian military strategy that focuses on limited warfare and quick military
action against Pakistan, influencing Pakistan’s security strategy and regional defense posture.
15. Terrorism Financing – The practice of funding terrorism through illicit means, a concern for
Pakistan’s role in regional stability and relations with international partners like the U.S., Saudi
Arabia, and Afghanistan.

16. India-Pakistan Deterrence – The concept of nuclear deterrence, where both India and Pakistan
maintain nuclear arsenals to prevent the escalation of conflict into a full-scale war.
17. Nuclear Threshold – The point at which a country might resort to using nuclear weapons in response
to aggression, which shapes Pakistan's military strategy and regional security calculations.
18. Cross-Border Militancy – Armed insurgency or terrorism originating from one country and crossing
into another, a key issue in Pakistan-India and Pakistan-Afghanistan relations.
19. Economic Diplomacy – The use of economic tools and trade relationships to achieve diplomatic
objectives, important in Pakistan’s engagement with regional powers like China and the Middle East.
20. Energy Security – Ensuring a stable and uninterrupted supply of energy, a growing concern for
Pakistan as it navigates regional energy partnerships, especially through CPEC.

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Nuclear Program of Pakistan, its Safety and Security; International Concerns

1. Nuclear Deterrence
Definition: The strategy of preventing enemy aggression through the threat of nuclear retaliation.
Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal serves as a deterrent against potential threats, especially from India.
2. Minimum Credible Deterrence
Definition: Pakistan’s nuclear strategy based on maintaining a sufficient and reliable nuclear
capability to prevent nuclear or conventional attacks, without aiming for nuclear superiority.
3. Command and Control (C2) Systems
Definition: The structure and systems in place to manage and control Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal,
ensuring secure communication and decision-making in crisis situations.
4. Nuclear Safety
Definition: The protection of nuclear materials, facilities, and information from accidents,
unauthorized access, or theft. Pakistan’s nuclear program is safeguarded by stringent protocols to
ensure safety.
5. Nuclear Security
Definition: Measures taken to prevent nuclear weapons and materials from falling into the hands of
non-state actors, terrorists, or rogue states. Pakistan has focused on enhancing its nuclear security
since its nuclear tests.
6. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
Definition: An international treaty aimed at preventing the spread of nuclear weapons, which
Pakistan has not signed, arguing that the treaty discriminates against non-nuclear states.
7. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Definition: The UN agency responsible for promoting the peaceful use of nuclear energy and
ensuring nuclear safety and security. Pakistan cooperates with the IAEA for civil nuclear energy use,
but its military nuclear program is outside IAEA oversight.
8. Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty (FMCT)
Definition: An international treaty that seeks to ban the production of fissile materials for nuclear
weapons. Pakistan has expressed concerns about its implications on its nuclear deterrence.
9. Pakistan’s Nuclear Doctrine
Definition: The strategic framework outlining Pakistan’s approach to nuclear weapons use, including
a no-first-use policy and the emphasis on nuclear deterrence in the face of India’s conventional
superiority.
10. Strategic Stability
Definition: A situation in which no state has the incentive to use nuclear weapons, ensuring that the
deterrence effect holds. Pakistan’s nuclear program is central to the strategic stability of South Asia.
11. Nuclear Black Market
Definition: The illicit trade of nuclear materials and technology. Pakistan’s nuclear program has been
linked to concerns about potential proliferation through underground markets, notably the A.Q. Khan
network.
12. No First Use (NFU) Policy
Definition: A policy of refraining from using nuclear weapons unless first attacked by an adversary
using them. Pakistan has not adopted an NFU policy, citing the need for credible deterrence.
13. Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)
Definition: A treaty that bans all nuclear explosions for both civilian and military purposes. Pakistan
has not signed the CTBT, emphasizing its stance on maintaining nuclear deterrence against India.
14. Nuclear Confidence-Building Measures (CBMs)
Definition: Measures aimed at reducing the risk of nuclear conflict through communication,
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 transparency, and mutual understanding between nuclear-armed states. Pakistan and India have
initiated some CBMs, but tensions remain.
15. Global Nuclear Governance
Definition: The international frameworks and institutions (like the UN, IAEA, and NPT) that regulate
nuclear proliferation, security, and non-proliferation. Pakistan faces pressure from these bodies while
asserting its nuclear sovereignty and security concerns.

16. Nuclear Weaponization

Definition: The process of developing and deploying nuclear weapons as part of a country’s military
strategy. Pakistan’s nuclear program is a significant component of its defense and deterrence strategy
against regional threats.
17. Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD)
Definition: A system designed to detect and intercept incoming ballistic missiles. Pakistan has
developed its own missile defense systems, partly in response to India’s missile development
programs.
18. Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)
Definition: An international body that regulates the export of materials and technologies for nuclear
weapons and nuclear power. Pakistan is not a member, primarily due to its nuclear weapons status
outside the NPT framework.
19. Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone (NWFZ)
Definition: A region in which the use, deployment, and development of nuclear weapons are
prohibited. Pakistan supports the establishment of a NWFZ in South Asia, but India’s stance on this
issue remains a barrier.
20. Nuclear Proliferation
Definition: The spread of nuclear weapons and technology to states or non-state actors who do not
have them. Pakistan’s nuclear program has contributed to concerns over regional and global
proliferation risks, particularly through the A.Q. Khan network.

Regional Cooperation Organizations (SAARC, ECO, SCO) and the Role of Pakistan

1. SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation)

Definition: A regional intergovernmental organization aimed at promoting economic and regional
integration in South Asia, comprising Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal,
Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
2. ECO (Economic Cooperation Organization)
Definition: A regional organization formed by Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey, with the goal of promoting
economic, technical, and cultural cooperation in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and the Middle East.
3. SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization)
Definition: A political, economic, and security alliance of countries primarily in Central Asia, formed
by China, Russia, and several other regional powers, with Pakistan joining as a full member in 2017.
4. Regionalism
Definition: A political or economic policy where countries in a specific region come together to
promote mutual interests and strengthen cooperation, such as in SAARC, ECO, and SCO.
5. South Asian Economic Integration
Definition: The process of enhancing economic ties and cooperation between South Asian countries
through trade, investment, and infrastructure development, particularly under the SAARC framework.
6. Security Dilemma
Definition: A situation where the actions taken by one state to increase its security (such as military
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 buildup) are perceived as a threat by other states, leading to a cycle of arms races and instability. This
is a major challenge in SAARC due to India-Pakistan tensions.
7. Bilateral and Multilateral Relations
Definition: Bilateral relations refer to the cooperation between two countries, while multilateral
refers to cooperation involving more than two countries. Pakistan plays a key role in both within
SAARC, ECO, and SCO.
8. Trade Facilitation
Definition: Measures to simplify and encourage cross-border trade, a primary goal of ECO and
SAARC initiatives. Pakistan has been involved in trade facilitation measures within these
organizations.
9. Cultural Diplomacy
Definition: The use of cultural exchanges, education, and soft power to enhance relations between
countries. Pakistan utilizes this within SAARC and ECO to promote mutual understanding.
10. Conflict Resolution
Definition: The process of resolving disagreements and tensions peacefully. SAARC has often been
used as a platform for dialogue between India and Pakistan, although the success has been limited.
11. Cross-Border Connectivity
Definition: The creation of infrastructure (e.g., roads, railways, energy pipelines) to connect
neighboring countries for economic and logistical cooperation. Key projects under ECO and SAARC
involve Pakistan’s participation.
12. ECO Transit Trade Agreement (TTA)
Definition: A trade agreement aimed at facilitating transit trade between ECO member states, which
Pakistan is a part of, helping improve trade routes between Central Asia and the rest of the world.
13. SCO Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS)
Definition: A counter-terrorism body within the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) that
coordinates efforts among member states to combat terrorism and extremism, with Pakistan
contributing to the regional anti-terrorism efforts.
14. Regional Stability
Definition: The absence of conflict and the presence of cooperative political, economic, and security
arrangements between countries in a region. Pakistan’s role in SAARC and ECO aims to contribute to
South Asian stability.
15. Economic Corridor
Definition: A strategic infrastructure initiative aimed at enhancing regional connectivity. Pakistan’s
role in projects like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is crucial to the development of
regional cooperation in ECO and SCO.
16. India-Pakistan Rivalry
Definition: The long-standing political, military, and economic competition between India and
Pakistan that often hampers cooperation in regional organizations like SAARC, affecting Pakistan’s
ability to fully engage in these platforms.
17. Connectivity and Infrastructure Development
Definition: The development of transport, energy, and communications infrastructure to improve
regional ties. ECO and SCO emphasize infrastructure development, with Pakistan playing a central
role in such projects.
18. Geopolitical Realignment
Definition: The shifting of alliances and international alignments in response to changing political,
economic, or security dynamics. Pakistan’s role in SCO and ECO reflects its strategic shift toward
closer ties with China and Central Asia.
19. Energy Cooperation
Definition: Collaborative efforts to address energy needs and security, especially in regions like

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 Central Asia and South Asia. ECO, through initiatives like the TAPI pipeline, offers Pakistan an
opportunity to enhance regional energy collaboration.
20. Afghanistan’s Role in Regional Cooperation
Definition: Afghanistan plays a key role in both SAARC and ECO, especially in terms of its strategic
location connecting Central Asia with South Asia. Pakistan’s engagement with Afghanistan in these
organizations is vital for regional peace and trade facilitation.

Civil-Military Relations in Pakistan

1. Civil-Military Imbalance
Definition: The unequal distribution of power between civilian governments and the military, often
seen in Pakistan, where the military exerts substantial influence over national policy and governance.
2. Military Coup
Definition: An unconstitutional takeover of government by military forces, as seen in Pakistan in
1958, 1977, and 1999, where the military replaced elected governments with military rule.
3. Doctrine of Necessity
Definition: A judicial principle used to legitimize military rule by arguing it was necessary to
stabilize the country during times of crisis, notably used to justify General Zia’s and General
Musharraf’s coups.
4. Establishment
Definition: A term often used in Pakistan to describe the informal power network dominated by the
military, intelligence agencies, and sometimes bureaucrats, which influences key national decisions.
5. National Security Council (NSC)
Definition: A civil-military body designed to coordinate national security matters, but in Pakistan, it
has often been used to reinforce military control over civilian governments.
6. Praetorianism
Definition: A condition where the military plays an active and sometimes dominant role in politics,
often intervening in civilian governance, seen in Pakistan’s political history.
7. Military-Industrial Complex
Definition: A network of military, defense contractors, and bureaucratic interests that promotes
military priorities, and in Pakistan, the military’s economic and industrial interests are significant.
8. Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)
Definition: Pakistan’s primary intelligence agency, widely considered to have significant influence
over domestic and foreign policies, and a key player in civil-military relations.
9. Strategic Depth
Definition: A military doctrine emphasizing the importance of having large territorial buffers, which
has shaped Pakistan’s defense strategy, particularly in relation to India and Afghanistan.
10. Civilian Control of the Military
Definition: A fundamental principle in democratic governance, where elected civilian authorities
hold ultimate decision-making power over military matters. Pakistan has struggled with achieving this
balance.
11. Direct Military Rule
Definition: Periods when the military governs the country directly, typically after a coup. Pakistan
has experienced multiple such periods, the most notable being under Generals Ayub Khan, Zia-ul-
Haq, and Pervez Musharraf.
12. Independence of the Judiciary
Definition: The principle that the judiciary should be independent from political influence, including

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 military control. In Pakistan, the judiciary has often been influenced by the military during times of
military rule.
13. Military-Backed Governments
Definition: Governments formed with the military’s active support or influence, often during periods
of civilian instability or conflict. Pakistan has seen such governments under military leaders like
Ayub Khan and Zia-ul-Haq.
14. State within a State
Definition: A situation where a military or another entity operates independently of civilian
governance, making its own decisions, often seen in Pakistan where the military’s interests sometimes
supersede civilian government priorities.
15. Military as a Political Actor
Definition: The concept that the military in Pakistan plays a direct role in political decision-making,
beyond its traditional defense functions, shaping both domestic and foreign policies.
16. Interventionism
Definition: The tendency of the military to intervene in political processes, either directly or
indirectly, to influence or control the government. In Pakistan, this is a recurrent theme in civil-
military relations.
17. Hybrid Regimes
Definition: Governments that combine elements of both civilian rule and military control, with the
military holding significant influence over governance, as seen during the Musharraf era.
18. Martial Law
Definition: A temporary or permanent military control over the government, imposed during crises or
after a coup. Pakistan has witnessed martial law multiple times in its history, particularly under
Generals Ayub, Zia, and Musharraf.
19. Military Budget
Definition: The allocation of national resources to defense spending, often a contentious issue in
civil-military relations in Pakistan due to the large share of the national budget allocated to the
military.
20. Civil-Military Relations Model
Definition: The theoretical framework for understanding the balance of power between civilian and
military institutions, including models of military dominance, civilian control, or military
intervention, used to analyze Pakistan’s political structure.

Economic Challenges in Pakistan

1. Circular Debt
Definition: The situation where various state-owned entities (particularly in the energy sector)
owe payments to each other, leading to a cycle of financial instability. Pakistan’s energy sector is
plagued by circular debt, affecting its overall fiscal health.
2. Privatization
Definition: The process of transferring state-owned enterprises (SOEs) into private ownership.
Pakistan has undertaken privatization initiatives to reduce the burden of loss-making SOEs,
though these efforts have faced challenges.
3. Stock Market Volatility
Definition: The fluctuation in the stock market’s performance, often linked to political
uncertainty, economic instability, or global factors. Pakistan’s stock market has seen significant
volatility, which impacts investor confidence.
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4. Public Debt
Definition: The total amount of money that the government owes to external and domestic
creditors. Pakistan's public debt has been increasing, creating fiscal challenges and reliance on
external loans.
5. Human Capital Development
Definition: Investment in education, skills development, healthcare, and labor productivity.
Pakistan faces significant challenges in human capital development, affecting its long-term
economic growth.
6. Financial Inclusion
Definition: The ability of individuals to access basic financial services such as banking,
insurance, and credit. In Pakistan, a large portion of the population remains unbanked, limiting
economic opportunities.
7. Monetary Policy
Definition: The process by which Pakistan’s central bank (State Bank of Pakistan) controls the
money supply and interest rates to stabilize the economy, control inflation, and promote growth.
8. Industrial Productivity
Definition: The efficiency with which industries produce goods and services. Pakistan has faced
challenges in improving industrial productivity due to outdated technology, infrastructure gaps,
and insufficient investment.
9. Economic Liberalization
Definition: The process of reducing government intervention in the economy, promoting free-
market policies, trade liberalization, and deregulation. Pakistan has adopted economic
liberalization measures, though their impact has been mixed.
10. Capital Flight
Definition: The large-scale movement of capital out of the country, often due to political
instability, economic mismanagement, or lower returns on investments. Pakistan has witnessed
capital flight, especially during periods of instability.
11. Export Diversification
Definition: The process of expanding and diversifying the range of goods and services that a
country exports. Pakistan remains heavily dependent on textile exports, which makes its economy
vulnerable to global market fluctuations.
12. Social Safety Nets
Definition: Programs aimed at providing financial support to the poorest sections of society.
Pakistan has some social safety nets, but their coverage and effectiveness remain limited, leading
to high levels of poverty.
13. Remittance Dependence
Definition: The reliance on remittances from overseas Pakistanis as a major source of foreign
exchange. While remittances contribute significantly to Pakistan’s economy, over-dependence
poses risks to economic sustainability.
14. Microfinance
Definition: Small loans provided to individuals or small businesses who do not have access to
traditional banking services. Microfinance has been a key tool for poverty alleviation in Pakistan,
though challenges in outreach and effectiveness remain.
15. Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)
Definition: Collaborative ventures between the government and private sector to finance, build,
and operate infrastructure projects. Pakistan has increasingly turned to PPPs to address
infrastructure gaps but faces issues with implementation.
16. Water Scarcity
Definition: A critical challenge for Pakistan, as its water resources are limited and mismanaged,

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 affecting agriculture, industry, and daily life. Water scarcity threatens food security and economic
sustainability.
17. Value-added Products
Definition: Products that have been enhanced with additional features or processing before being
sold. Pakistan’s economy remains largely reliant on raw exports (e.g., cotton), and there is a push
for moving towards value-added exports.
18. Business Environment
Definition: The overall conditions in which businesses operate, including factors like ease of
doing business, regulatory environment, infrastructure, and economic stability. Pakistan struggles
with a challenging business environment that hinders growth.
19. Jobless Growth
Definition: An economic situation where GDP grows, but employment does not increase
significantly. Pakistan has experienced jobless growth, where economic expansions fail to
generate sufficient job opportunities.
20. China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)
Definition: A massive infrastructure and development project linking Gwadar Port in Pakistan
with China’s Xinjiang region. CPEC is expected to significantly impact Pakistan’s economic
development, though concerns regarding debt and economic benefits remain.
21. Fiscal Deficit
Definition: The shortfall between government expenditure and revenue, which in Pakistan has
often led to increased borrowing and debt accumulation, undermining fiscal health.
22. Inflation
Definition: The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services rises, eroding
purchasing power. Pakistan has faced persistent inflation, affecting the cost of living and
economic stability.
23. External Debt
Definition: The total amount of money borrowed by Pakistan from foreign countries and
international financial institutions. High external debt often leads to repayment difficulties and
puts pressure on foreign exchange reserves.
24. Trade Imbalance
Definition: The difference between a country’s exports and imports. Pakistan faces a large trade
deficit, importing more than it exports, which negatively impacts its balance of payments.
25. Unemployment
Definition: The state of being without a job despite actively seeking work. High unemployment,
especially among youth, remains a significant economic challenge for Pakistan, contributing to
social instability.
26. Poverty Rate
Definition: The percentage of the population living below the poverty line. Despite progress,
Pakistan has one of the highest poverty rates in South Asia, which hampers inclusive economic
development.
27. Agriculture Dependence
Definition: Pakistan’s economy is heavily reliant on agriculture, which is vulnerable to climate
change, water scarcity, and outdated farming practices. This sector faces productivity issues and
limited growth.
28. Energy Crisis
Definition: The chronic shortage of electricity and energy resources in Pakistan, leading to power
outages, which disrupt economic activities and hinder industrial growth.
29. Tax Revenue Collection
Definition: The government’s ability to collect taxes from individuals and businesses. Pakistan

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 has a low tax-to-GDP ratio, which limits its fiscal capacity and ability to invest in public
infrastructure and services.
30. Structural Reforms
Definition: The process of making changes to a country's economic structure to improve
efficiency and productivity. Pakistan has faced challenges in implementing necessary reforms in
sectors like agriculture, manufacturing, and services.
31. Currency Depreciation
Definition: The decline in the value of the Pakistani rupee relative to foreign currencies. Currency
depreciation increases the cost of imports, fuels inflation, and raises external debt servicing costs.
32. Industrialization Challenges
Definition: The slow pace of industrial development in Pakistan, hindered by factors such as
outdated technology, lack of infrastructure, and insufficient investment in key sectors like
manufacturing.
33. Corruption
Definition: The misuse of power for personal gain, which affects Pakistan’s economic efficiency
and development. Corruption hampers foreign direct investment (FDI) and the proper functioning
of institutions.
34. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
Definition: Investment by foreign entities in Pakistan’s businesses and industries. Low levels of
FDI contribute to a lack of technology transfer and growth in industrial capacity.
35. Economic Formalization
Definition: The process of bringing informal sectors (such as the informal labor market or
unregistered businesses) into the formal economy. Pakistan has a large informal economy, which
limits tax revenue and economic growth.
36. Income Inequality
Definition: The unequal distribution of wealth and income across the population. Pakistan faces
significant income inequality, contributing to social unrest and economic instability.
37. Human Development Index (HDI)
Definition: A composite index measuring a country’s average achievements in health, education,
and income. Pakistan ranks low on the HDI, reflecting challenges in improving public health,
education, and living standards.
38. Public Sector Enterprises (PSEs)
Definition: State-owned companies that operate in sectors like energy, transport, and
manufacturing. Many of Pakistan's PSEs are inefficient and loss-making, draining public
resources.
39. Remittances
Definition: Money sent home by Pakistanis working abroad. Remittances are a significant source
of foreign exchange for Pakistan but are not sufficient to offset the country’s external debt and
trade deficit.
40. Economic Growth Rate
Definition: The annual increase in the value of goods and services produced by an economy.
Pakistan’s economic growth has been inconsistent, with periods of stagnation and slow progress.

Non-Traditional Security Threats in Pakistan: Role of Non-State Actors

1. Khawarij: refers to extremist groups that follow a radical interpretation of Islam, rejecting
mainstream Muslim leaders and using violence to enforce their beliefs. These groups often oppose

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 political systems and leaders they consider un-Islamic. In the context of Pakistan, extremist groups often
referred to as modern-day Khawarij include:
• Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP)
• Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ)
• Jamaat-ul-Ahrar

2. Terrorism
Definition: The use of violence and intimidation, particularly against civilians, to achieve political or
ideological objectives. Non-state actors like militant groups have engaged in terrorism, posing
significant security threats to Pakistan.
3. Insurgency
Definition: A movement aimed at overthrowing an established government through armed rebellion.
Insurgencies led by non-state actors like Baloch separatist groups have threatened Pakistan's stability.
4. Extremism
Definition: The holding of radical views, often leading to violent actions, particularly in religious or
political spheres. Non-state actors in Pakistan promote extremist ideologies, threatening societal
cohesion.
5. Radicalization
Definition: The process by which individuals or groups adopt extreme political, social, or religious
ideologies. Non-state actors often radicalize youth, contributing to long-term security risks.
6. Cyber Security Threats
Definition: The risk of attacks on digital infrastructure, including government websites, private
companies, and military installations. Non-state actors have used cyberattacks to disrupt Pakistan’s
economy and security.
7. Drug Trafficking
Definition: The illegal production, distribution, and sale of narcotics, which poses a security threat as
non-state actors, particularly from the border areas, are involved in trafficking, leading to violence
and instability.
8. Human Trafficking
Definition: The illegal trade of people for forced labor or sexual exploitation. Non-state actors exploit
weak enforcement mechanisms in Pakistan to facilitate human trafficking.
9. Sectarian Violence
Definition: Conflict between different religious sects, often spurred by non-state actors, leading to
frequent violence between Sunni and Shia communities in Pakistan.
10. Organized Crime
Definition: Criminal networks involved in illegal activities, such as extortion, smuggling, and money
laundering. These groups have an economic impact on Pakistan’s security landscape.
11. Militant Networks
Definition: Transnational groups like Al-Qaeda and the Taliban, which operate in Pakistan's border
regions, destabilizing the security situation.
12. Radicalization – The process by which individuals adopt extreme political, religious, or ideological
beliefs, often leading to violent actions. It is a key factor in the emergence of terrorist groups and is
linked to personal, social, and political factors.
13. Islamic Extremism – A radical ideology within Islam that calls for a strict interpretation of Islamic
law and seeks to establish governance based on that law, often through violent means. This form of
extremism has led to the rise of terrorist groups like Al-Qaeda and ISIS.
14. Far-Left Extremism – An ideology that advocates for revolutionary socialism, anti-capitalism, and
often seeks to overthrow established political systems. Far-left extremist groups often use violence as
a means of achieving their ideological goals, challenging the state and capitalist systems.
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15. Far-Right Extremism – A political ideology that is strongly nationalist, anti-immigrant, and often
linked to authoritarian or fascist principles. It emphasizes the supremacy of a particular ethnic or
cultural group and often uses violence to enforce political and social changes.
16. Proxy Wars
Definition: Conflicts where external states support non-state actors to fight their opponents. Pakistan
has faced proxy war challenges in regions like Kashmir and Afghanistan.
17. Illegal Arms Trade
Definition: The illegal smuggling of weapons used by non-state actors to fuel conflicts and violence
in Pakistan, especially in tribal areas and major cities.
18. Environmental Security
Definition: The impact of environmental degradation (e.g., water scarcity, natural disasters) on
national security. Non-state actors exploit such situations for political gains or destabilization.
19. Private Military Contractors (PMCs)
Definition: Armed groups or companies hired by private entities or states to conduct military
operations, which sometimes operate in Pakistan under the guise of security forces.
20. Social Media and Radicalization
Definition: The use of social media platforms by non-state actors to spread radical ideologies, recruit
followers, and coordinate attacks.
21. Cross-Border Militancy
Definition: The infiltration of militants from neighboring countries (e.g., India, Afghanistan) into
Pakistan, causing violence and instability.
22. Islamic State in Khorasan Province (ISKP)
Definition: A branch of ISIS operating in Pakistan and Afghanistan. ISKP has engaged in terrorist
activities targeting civilians and security forces in Pakistan.
23. Non-State Militias
Definition: Armed groups or local militias that operate outside the formal state structures, often with
their own political or religious agendas. These groups contribute to instability in Pakistan.
24. Afghan Refugee Crisis
Definition: The influx of Afghan refugees into Pakistan due to conflict in Afghanistan. Non-state
actors have used the refugee population to infiltrate Pakistan and create instability.
25. Violence Against Women
Definition: Gender-based violence, often perpetuated by non-state actors. Issues like honor killings,
trafficking, and domestic abuse remain significant non-traditional security threats in Pakistan.
26. Terrorist Financing
Definition: The financial support provided to terrorist organizations, often through illegal activities
like smuggling, money laundering, and donations. This threat poses a significant challenge to
Pakistan's security.
27. Cross-Border Terrorism
Definition: The infiltration of militants from neighboring countries (particularly India and
Afghanistan) into Pakistan, especially in the Kashmir and Balochistan regions, contributing to
instability.
28. Militant Jihadism
Definition: The promotion of violent extremism and the use of armed struggle to achieve ideological
goals. Non-state actors in Pakistan, such as Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), are associated with
jihadist movements.
29. Afghan Taliban
Definition: A militant group that gained control of Afghanistan in the 1990s and has played a major
role in cross-border militancy impacting Pakistan’s security, particularly in tribal areas.

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30. State-Sponsored Terrorism
Definition: The use of non-state actors or proxy groups by a state to engage in terrorism against
another state. Pakistan has faced accusations of supporting non-state actors in conflicts, particularly in
Kashmir.
31. Baloch Nationalism
Definition: The movement within Balochistan advocating for greater autonomy or independence.
Non-state actors involved in this movement have resorted to insurgency, destabilizing Pakistan’s
southwestern region.
32. Safe Havens for Terrorists
Definition: Regions within Pakistan, especially tribal areas, where non-state actors can operate with
relative freedom. This has been a key security concern for Pakistan in its fight against terrorism.
33. Peacekeeping Operations
Definition: Multinational military operations aimed at maintaining or restoring peace in regions
affected by conflict. Pakistan has contributed to peacekeeping missions but also faces security threats
from non-state actors.
34. Internal Displacement
Definition: The forced movement of people within Pakistan due to terrorism, sectarian violence, or
military operations against non-state actors. This has led to humanitarian and security challenges.
35. Religious Extremism
Definition: The belief in and advocacy for extreme religious views, which often lead to violence.
Non-state actors in Pakistan, such as radical religious groups, have driven religious extremism and
sectarian violence.
36. Pakistani Taliban (TTP)
Definition: The Pakistani branch of the Taliban, responsible for many terrorist attacks within
Pakistan. It operates as a non-state actor seeking to impose its version of Sharia law.
37. Haqqani Network
Definition: A militant group operating from Pakistan’s tribal areas, closely linked to the Afghan
Taliban. It is responsible for numerous attacks in Afghanistan and has contributed to instability along
the Pakistan-Afghanistan border.
38. Jihadist Networks
Definition: Organized groups advocating for global jihad, often targeting Pakistan’s security forces
and civilians. These networks are a significant threat to Pakistan’s non-traditional security.
39. Transnational Criminal Networks
Definition: International criminal groups involved in drug trafficking, arms smuggling, and human
trafficking. These networks exploit weak borders and non-state actors to undermine security.
40. Narco-Terrorism
Definition: The link between drug cartels and terrorist organizations, where profits from narcotics
trafficking fund terrorist activities. Pakistan’s role as a transit country for narcotics exacerbates this
issue.
41. De-radicalization Programs
Definition: Government efforts to counteract radical ideologies and reintegrate former militants into
society. Pakistan has implemented de-radicalization strategies to tackle extremism.
42. Militant Islamism
Definition: The belief in using violent means to establish Islamic governance. Non-state actors in
Pakistan have adopted militant Islamist ideologies, challenging the state’s control over law and order.
43. Foreign Fighters
Definition: Non-Pakistani nationals who join insurgent groups, especially from the Middle East and
Central Asia. Their involvement in Pakistan’s security situation complicates counterterrorism efforts.

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 44. Pakistan’s Anti-Terrorism Legislation
Definition: The body of laws enacted to combat terrorism, including the Anti-Terrorism Act of 1997.
Pakistan’s legal framework addresses non-state actors involved in terrorist activities.
45. Madrasa Reforms
Definition: Government efforts to reform religious seminaries to prevent the spread of extremist
ideologies. Many non-state actors in Pakistan were initially radicalized in madrassas.

Pakistan’s Role in the Region

1. Strategic Location
Definition: Pakistan’s geographical position at the crossroads of South Asia, Central Asia, and the
Middle East, making it a key player in regional security and geopolitics.
2. Indo-Pakistani Relations
Definition: The bilateral relationship between Pakistan and India, marked by historical conflicts,
territorial disputes (especially over Kashmir), and nuclear rivalry.
3. Afghanistan-Pakistan Relations
Definition: The relationship between Pakistan and Afghanistan, shaped by security concerns, border
issues, and the role of Pakistan in Afghanistan’s stability.
4. China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)
Definition: A large-scale infrastructure project linking Gwadar Port to China’s Xinjiang region. It
strengthens Pakistan’s position in the region and boosts economic connectivity with China.
5. SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation)
Definition: A regional intergovernmental organization that includes Pakistan. SAARC aims to
promote regional cooperation in South Asia on economic, cultural, and social issues.
6. Strategic Alliances
Definition: Pakistan’s formation of key strategic partnerships with countries like China, the U.S., and
Gulf States, shaping its role in the regional power dynamics.
7. Kashmir Conflict
Definition: The longstanding territorial dispute between India and Pakistan over the Kashmir region,
which has defined much of Pakistan’s foreign policy and relations with India.
8. Trade Agreements
Definition: Economic agreements that enhance Pakistan’s trade relationships with regional
neighbors, such as India and Afghanistan, but also highlight challenges due to political tensions.
9. Nuclear Deterrence
Definition: Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal as a deterrent to potential aggression, especially from India.
Nuclear weapons are a central component of Pakistan's strategic posture in the region.
10. Regional Security Architecture
Definition: The framework of regional security arrangements in which Pakistan is involved,
including cooperation with regional organizations like SCO and the UN.
11. Economic Diplomacy
Definition: Pakistan’s use of diplomatic channels to promote economic interests in the region, such
as securing trade agreements and foreign investment.
12. Terrorism and Regional Stability
Definition: The threat of cross-border terrorism and its impact on regional stability, particularly in the
context of Pakistan’s relationship with neighboring countries like India and Afghanistan.
13. Middle East Relations
Definition: Pakistan’s strategic, political, and economic ties with Middle Eastern countries, including
Saudi Arabia and Iran, which influence its regional role.
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14. Regional Power Dynamics
Definition: Pakistan's shifting position within the South Asian and broader regional power structure,
impacted by relations with China, India, and the United States.
15. Iran-Pakistan Relations
Definition: The diplomatic, economic, and security relations between Pakistan and Iran, which play a
key role in regional dynamics, especially in relation to the Afghanistan and Gulf regions.
16. South Asian Nuclear Arms Race
Definition: The competition between India and Pakistan to expand and modernize nuclear arsenals,
significantly affecting the security environment of the region.
17. Role in the United Nations
Definition: Pakistan’s active involvement in regional and international forums such as the UN, where
it advocates for issues like Kashmir and regional peace.
18. Water Sharing Agreements
Definition: Agreements between Pakistan and neighboring countries (especially India) over the use
of shared water resources, critical to regional stability.
19. Military Alliances
Definition: Pakistan’s military alliances with global powers like the U.S., and regional powers like
China, which shape its military posture in the region.
20. Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
Definition: China’s global development strategy, which Pakistan is a central partner in, influencing
its role in the region in terms of infrastructure and economic cooperation.
21. India-Pakistan Relations
Definition: The complex bilateral relations between Pakistan and India, marked by tensions over
Kashmir, trade, and strategic rivalry. Pakistan's role in regional security is often shaped by this
relationship.
22. Regional Security Framework
Definition: The institutional and policy frameworks aimed at maintaining peace and stability in the
South Asian region. Pakistan plays a pivotal role in shaping regional security dialogues and
coalitions.
23. South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA)
Definition: A regional trade agreement between South Asian countries, including Pakistan, aimed at
promoting economic cooperation and reducing trade barriers.
24. Afghan Peace Process
Definition: Pakistan's involvement in facilitating talks between the Afghan government and the
Taliban, aimed at achieving a political settlement and ending the war in Afghanistan.
25. Strategic Depth
Definition: The concept where Pakistan seeks to maintain influence in Afghanistan to ensure security
against potential threats from India. It influences Pakistan’s foreign policy and regional actions.
26. Peacekeeping Role
Definition: Pakistan’s contribution to global peacekeeping missions, notably in Africa and the
Middle East, which enhances its standing in the region and the international community.
27. Regional Connectivity
Definition: The efforts to enhance connectivity between Pakistan and its neighbors through trade
routes, transport infrastructure, and energy pipelines to boost economic growth and regional
cooperation.
28. Iran-Pakistan Gas Pipeline
Definition: A proposed natural gas pipeline linking Iran’s energy resources to Pakistan, aimed at
addressing energy shortages in Pakistan and enhancing regional economic ties.

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 29. China-Pakistan Strategic Partnership
Definition: A close alliance between China and Pakistan, particularly focusing on defense, trade, and
economic cooperation, as seen through initiatives like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
(CPEC).
30. India-Pakistan Water Dispute
Definition: The ongoing conflict between India and Pakistan over the sharing of water from the Indus
River system. Water security is a key regional issue, with implications for both countries.
31. Regional Economic Cooperation (ECO)
Definition: Pakistan's involvement in the Economic Cooperation Organization, aimed at promoting
economic collaboration among countries in the region, including Central Asia, the Middle East, and
South Asia.
32. Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
Definition: A regional organization focused on political, economic, and security-related cooperation
in Central Asia. Pakistan became a full member in 2017, enhancing its role in regional security
dialogues.
33. Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
Definition: China's global infrastructure initiative, which includes Pakistan as a key partner through
the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), reshaping economic ties in the region.
34. Regional Trade and Investment
Definition: Pakistan’s efforts to improve trade and investment relations with its neighbors, including
India, Afghanistan, and China, despite political tensions and security concerns.
35. Pakistan’s Nuclear Deterrence
Definition: Pakistan’s nuclear capability, which plays a central role in its regional strategy,
particularly in relation to India, ensuring strategic stability and deterrence in South Asia.
36. Terrorism and Regional Stability
Definition: The role of cross-border terrorism in destabilizing the region. Pakistan’s role in
counterterrorism efforts has a significant impact on its relations with neighbors and regional security.
37. Kashmir Issue in Regional Diplomacy
Definition: The Kashmir conflict is a key issue in Pakistan’s foreign policy, shaping its regional and
international relations, especially with India and other South Asian countries.
38. Strategic Partnerships with Gulf Countries
Definition: Pakistan’s deep diplomatic and economic ties with Gulf countries like Saudi Arabia and
the UAE, which play a significant role in Pakistan’s regional influence and security.
39. Multilateral Forums
Definition: Pakistan’s active participation in regional and international forums such as the United
Nations, SAARC, ECO, and SCO, where it influences regional policies and security matters.
40. Peacebuilding Initiatives
Definition: Pakistan’s efforts to foster peace and stability in the region, particularly in relation to
Afghanistan, Kashmir, and its involvement in regional security dialogues

The Palestine Issue

1. Two-State Solution
Definition: The proposal to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by creating two separate states:
Israel and Palestine. Pakistan supports this solution, advocating for Palestinian statehood.

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2. Occupied Territories
Definition: Areas of Palestine, including East Jerusalem, the West Bank, and Gaza Strip, that are
under Israeli military occupation. Pakistan strongly opposes this occupation.
3. Israel-Palestine Conflict
Definition: The ongoing conflict between Israel and Palestinians, which has shaped geopolitical
dynamics in the Middle East. Pakistan has consistently supported Palestine's right to self-
determination.
4. United Nations Resolutions
Definition: UN resolutions such as 242 and 338, which call for Israel’s withdrawal from occupied
territories and a peaceful resolution to the Israel-Palestine conflict. Pakistan actively supports these
resolutions.
5. Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)
Definition: The political and military organization that represents the Palestinian people. Pakistan has
historically supported the PLO’s stance on Palestinian rights.
6. Intifada
Definition: The Palestinian uprisings against Israeli rule in the occupied territories. These uprisings
have been a central part of the Palestine issue, with Pakistan expressing solidarity with the Palestinian
cause.
7. Jerusalem as Capital
Definition: The status of Jerusalem, claimed as the capital by both Israel and Palestine. Pakistan
supports Palestinian claims to East Jerusalem as their capital.
8. Right of Return
Definition: The principle that Palestinian refugees should have the right to return to their ancestral
homes in Israel, a key issue in the Israel-Palestine conflict. Pakistan supports this right.
9. Hamas
Definition: An Islamist political and militant group in Gaza, regarded as a terrorist organization by
Israel and some other countries. Pakistan has voiced support for the Palestinian resistance, including
Hamas.
10. International Recognition of Palestine
Definition: The recognition of Palestine as an independent state by the international community.
Pakistan is a strong advocate for the recognition of Palestine as a sovereign state.
11. Gaza Strip Blockade
Definition: The Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip, restricting the movement of goods and people,
which has caused humanitarian crises. Pakistan has condemned the blockade and called for its
removal.
12. Humanitarian Crisis in Palestine
Definition: The severe humanitarian issues faced by Palestinians due to the conflict, including
displacement, lack of access to basic services, and violence. Pakistan provides humanitarian support
and advocates globally for Palestinian rights.
13. Arab-Israeli Conflict
Definition: The broader conflict between Israel and Arab nations, with Pakistan taking a strong
stance in support of Palestinian independence within the context of regional peace.
14. Recognition of Israel
Definition: The debate over whether Arab and Muslim-majority countries should recognize Israel as
a legitimate state. Pakistan has historically refused to recognize Israel until a just resolution to the
Palestinian issue.
15. UNRWA (United Nations Relief and Works Agency)
Definition: A UN agency that supports Palestinian refugees. Pakistan advocates for continued
support to the UNRWA to address the needs of Palestinian refugees.

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16. Peace Process
Definition: Efforts, often brokered by international powers, to reach a peaceful resolution to the
Israel-Palestine conflict. Pakistan supports any peaceful resolution based on justice for Palestinians.
17. Boycott of Israel
Definition: The campaign to economically and politically isolate Israel, supported by various
Muslim-majority countries, including Pakistan, as a protest against its occupation of Palestinian
lands.
18. Middle East Peace Initiative
Definition: Efforts by various global and regional actors to bring about peace between Israel and
Palestine. Pakistan supports peace initiatives that prioritize Palestinian rights.
19. Palestinian Authority
Definition: The interim self-government body of the Palestinian territories. Pakistan recognizes the
Palestinian Authority as the legitimate representative of the Palestinian people.
20. Global Solidarity with Palestine
Definition: International campaigns and actions to support Palestine’s quest for independence.
Pakistan participates in and supports global solidarity movements advocating for Palestinian rights.
21. UN Resolution 242
Definition: A UN Security Council resolution that calls for Israeli withdrawal from occupied
Palestinian territories and acknowledges the right of all states in the region to live in peace.
22. Zionism
Definition: A political ideology advocating for the establishment and support of a Jewish homeland
in Palestine. Pakistan’s stance on the Palestine issue is opposed to Zionism, as it supports Palestinian
self-determination.
23. Hamas-Fatah Rivalry
Definition: The political and military rivalry between the two main Palestinian factions, Hamas and
Fatah, which affects the Palestinian Authority's ability to represent a unified stance in negotiations.
24. Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS)
Definition: A global movement calling for economic, cultural, and academic boycotts of Israel to
pressure it to end its occupation of Palestine. Pakistan supports the BDS movement.
25. Israeli Settlements
Definition: The construction of Israeli communities in the occupied Palestinian territories,
particularly in the West Bank and East Jerusalem. Pakistan opposes these settlements as illegal under
international law.
26. Gaza Blockade
Definition: The Israeli blockade on Gaza, which restricts the movement of goods and people,
creating a humanitarian crisis. Pakistan has condemned this blockade in international forums.
27. Palestinian Authority (PA)
Definition: The governing body of the Palestinian territories, which represents the Palestinian people
in diplomatic and political arenas. Pakistan supports the PA’s bid for international recognition.
28. East Jerusalem as Palestinian Capital
Definition: The recognition of East Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine, which Pakistan strongly
supports in contrast to Israeli claims over the entire city of Jerusalem.
29. Intifada (First and Second)
Definition: The two major uprisings by Palestinians against Israeli occupation, which have shaped
the Palestinian struggle. Pakistan has expressed solidarity with the Palestinian people during these
uprisings.
30. Arab Peace Initiative
Definition: A proposal from the Arab League offering Israel normalization of relations in exchange

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 for a withdrawal from Palestinian territories and a fair solution to the refugee problem. Pakistan
supports this initiative.
31. International Criminal Court (ICC) and Palestine
Definition: The investigation by the ICC into alleged war crimes committed by Israel in Palestinian
territories. Pakistan advocates for accountability for Israeli actions under international law.
32. United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA)
Definition: A UN agency providing aid to Palestinian refugees. Pakistan supports UNRWA’s
operations and advocates for increased funding and assistance to Palestinian refugees.
33. Palestinian Refugees
Definition: The displaced persons who fled or were expelled from Palestine during the 1948 Arab-
Israeli war. Pakistan supports the right of return for Palestinian refugees to their ancestral homes.
34. Israeli Apartheid
Definition: The accusation that Israel's treatment of Palestinians in the occupied territories amounts
to apartheid, with discriminatory laws and policies. Pakistan aligns with the view that Israel's actions
resemble apartheid.
35. UN General Assembly Resolution 181
Definition: The 1947 UN resolution recommending the partition of Palestine into Jewish and Arab
states, a proposal rejected by the Palestinian Arabs. Pakistan has consistently opposed Israeli
occupation.
36. PLO Recognition
Definition: Pakistan’s recognition of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) as the legitimate
representative of the Palestinian people and its support for Palestinian sovereignty.
37. Two-State Solution
Definition: The proposed solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, advocating for the establishment
of an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel. Pakistan strongly supports the two-state solution.
38. Israeli Security Concerns
Definition: The security issues Israel claims regarding Palestinian territories, which Pakistan believes
should be addressed through peaceful negotiations rather than military occupation.
39. International Solidarity with Palestine
Definition: The global movement supporting Palestinian self-determination and an end to Israeli
occupation. Pakistan has been an active advocate for Palestine in international organizations.
40. Peace Negotiations
Definition: The efforts to mediate peace between Israel and Palestine, particularly through
international forums such as the UN. Pakistan has consistently supported negotiations based on the
two-state solution.

Changing Security Dynamics for Pakistan: Challenges to National Security of Pakistan

1. Hybrid Warfare
Definition: A combination of conventional, irregular, and cyber warfare, along with disinformation
campaigns. This is a growing challenge for Pakistan’s security in the context of regional instability.
2. Terrorism
Definition: The unlawful use of violence and intimidation, particularly against civilians, in the
pursuit of political aims. Pakistan faces significant terrorist threats, particularly from groups like TTP
and BLA.

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3. Cross-Border Militancy
Definition: The infiltration of militants from neighboring countries into Pakistan, especially from
Afghanistan and India, destabilizing Pakistan’s security.
4. Cybersecurity Threats
Definition: The risk of cyberattacks targeting Pakistan’s governmental, military, and economic
systems, posing a new dimension of threat to national security.
5. Kashmir Conflict
Definition: A long-standing territorial dispute between India and Pakistan, which remains a central
issue in Pakistan’s national security strategy and relations with its eastern neighbor.
6. Border Security
Definition: Protecting Pakistan’s extensive borders with Afghanistan, India, and Iran, especially the
porous and rugged border regions, which are vulnerable to infiltration by militants and smugglers.
7. Nuclear Deterrence
Definition: Pakistan’s use of nuclear weapons as a deterrent against aggression, particularly from
India. The balance of nuclear deterrence plays a key role in the changing security dynamics of the
region.
8. Non-Traditional Security Threats
Definition: Security challenges that are not related to military threats, such as climate change, food
and water security, and pandemics, which increasingly affect Pakistan’s stability.
9. Internal Insurgency
Definition: The armed resistance and uprisings within Pakistan, especially from Baloch separatists
and Pashtun insurgents, that challenge state authority and security.
10. Intelligence and Surveillance
Definition: The collection of data and intelligence to protect national security. In Pakistan,
intelligence agencies like ISI play a crucial role in combating internal and external threats.
11. Militant Jihadism
Definition: The rise of violent extremist groups that use jihadist ideologies to pursue their goals.
Pakistan has faced significant security challenges from jihadist movements within and outside its
borders.
12. Strategic Depth
Definition: The military strategy where Pakistan aims to ensure influence over Afghanistan to
safeguard against potential threats from India. This policy shapes Pakistan’s security calculus.
13. Balochistan Insurgency
Definition: The armed struggle in Balochistan, where separatist movements demand greater
autonomy or independence, contributing to instability in Pakistan’s southwest.
14. Counterterrorism Strategy
Definition: Pakistan’s efforts to combat terrorism through military operations, intelligence gathering,
and cooperation with international partners.
15. Pakistan’s Strategic Alliances
Definition: Partnerships with countries like China, the US, and Saudi Arabia to bolster national
security through military support, economic cooperation, and intelligence-sharing.
16. Afghanistan-Pakistan Relations
Definition: The complex and often strained relationship between Pakistan and Afghanistan,
influenced by issues of border security, militancy, and geopolitical competition.
17. Nuclear Arms Race in South Asia
Definition: The ongoing competition between India and Pakistan to maintain and enhance nuclear
arsenals, leading to security concerns in the region.

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 18. Military Modernization
Definition: The process by which Pakistan is upgrading its military capabilities to counter evolving
security threats, including modernizing defense equipment and training.
19. Climate Change and Security
Definition: The impact of climate change, including water shortages and natural disasters, on
Pakistan’s national security and its ability to handle both internal and external threats.
20. Terrorist Safe Havens
Definition: Regions in Pakistan, particularly tribal areas, where militant groups find refuge, making it
difficult for the state to maintain control and security.

Political Evolution Since 1971

1. 1973 Constitution
Definition: The constitution of Pakistan that laid the framework for the country’s political system,
including the balance of powers between the president, prime minister, and legislature.
2. East Pakistan Crisis (1971)
Definition: The civil war and subsequent secession of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) due to
political and ethnic tensions, marking a major turning point in Pakistan’s political history.
3. Military Rule (1977-1988)
Definition: The period of military dictatorship under General Zia-ul-Haq following the coup in 1977,
which significantly impacted Pakistan’s political landscape.
4. Benazir Bhutto's Era
Definition: The tenure of Benazir Bhutto as the first woman prime minister of Pakistan, marked by
political and economic reforms, but also marred by corruption allegations.
5. Nawaz Sharif’s Tenure
Definition: The political career of Nawaz Sharif, who served as prime minister in the 1990s and
again in the 2010s, overseeing economic reforms and facing multiple challenges from the military and
judiciary.
6. Judicial Activism
Definition: The increased role of the judiciary in Pakistan’s politics, particularly under the leadership
of Chief Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry, who played a critical role in holding the government accountable.
7. Democratic Transitions
Definition: The shift from military rule to civilian government through elections, including the
restoration of democracy after the 1999 coup and the return of democracy in 2008.
8. Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP)
Definition: A major political party in Pakistan, founded by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, that has played a
significant role in the country’s political evolution and governance.
9. Pakistan Muslim League (PML-N)
Definition: One of the leading political parties, headed by Nawaz Sharif, which has governed
Pakistan multiple times and has had significant influence in shaping the country’s politics.
10. General Pervez Musharraf
Definition: The military ruler of Pakistan from 1999 to 2008, whose tenure marked significant
political changes, including the 2001 war on terror and the controversial 2007 emergency.
11. Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI)
Definition: A political party led by Imran Khan, which rose to prominence in the 2010s and formed a
government in 2018, advocating for anti-corruption measures and social welfare reforms.
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 12. 18th Amendment (2010)
Definition: A constitutional amendment that restored the parliamentary form of government in
Pakistan, reducing the powers of the president and enhancing provincial autonomy.
13. Electoral Reforms
Definition: Reforms aimed at improving the transparency and fairness of elections in Pakistan, such
as the introduction of biometric voting systems and stronger electoral oversight.
14. Civil-Military Relations
Definition: The complex and often contentious relationship between Pakistan’s civilian governments
and its military, which has historically played a dominant role in national politics.
15. Political Parties’ Rivalries
Definition: The intense competition and political instability caused by rivalry between major political
parties like PPP, PML-N, and PTI, which often results in policy paralysis and conflict.
16. Economic Policy Shifts
Definition: The major shifts in Pakistan’s economic policies depending on the political party in
power, from liberalization under Benazir Bhutto to conservative economic approaches under Nawaz
Sharif.
17. Media and Political Influence
Definition: The increasing role of media in shaping public opinion and influencing political outcomes
in Pakistan, particularly through the rise of private news channels and social media.
18. Political Corruption
Definition: The widespread corruption in Pakistan’s political system, which has affected governance
and public trust, leading to scandals involving major political leaders.
19. Musharraf’s Emergency Rule (2007)
Definition: The period when General Musharraf imposed a state of emergency, suspended the
constitution, and removed judges from office, triggering a national crisis.
20. Political Polarization
Definition: The deepening divide between political parties and factions in Pakistan, often exacerbated
by media narratives, leading to political instability and challenges to governance.

Pakistan and US War on Terror

1. War on Terror (2001-Present)

Definition: A global initiative led by the United States to combat terrorism, especially after the 9/11
attacks. Pakistan became a frontline ally in this war, facing both military and political challenges.
2. FATA Operations
Definition: The military operations conducted in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)
against militants and Taliban forces that were operating from Pakistan’s border regions with
Afghanistan.
3. Drone Strikes
Definition: The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) by the US to target terrorist leaders and
militants in Pakistan’s tribal areas. These strikes have been controversial due to civilian casualties and
sovereignty concerns.
4. Afghanistan-Pakistan Border (Durand Line)
Definition: The border between Pakistan and Afghanistan, which has been a focal point of US-led
efforts to disrupt militant operations, often leading to tensions between Pakistan and the US over
cross-border insurgency.

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5. ISI and CIA Cooperation
Definition: The collaboration between Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) and the US Central
Intelligence Agency (CIA) in counterterrorism operations, despite periods of tension between the two
agencies.
6. Taliban and Pakistan’s Role
Definition: The US-led invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 aimed to oust the Taliban regime, and
Pakistan played a crucial role in supporting the US, despite ongoing accusations of harboring Taliban
militants.
7. Pakistan’s Strategic Dilemma
Definition: The delicate balancing act Pakistan faces between supporting the US war on terror and
managing its own national interests, particularly its relations with the Taliban and regional allies.
8. Pakistani Military and US Relations
Definition: The partnership between Pakistan’s military and the US during the war on terror, marked
by cooperation in counterinsurgency, intelligence sharing, and joint operations, but also strained by
mutual mistrust.
9. Pakistan's Public Opinion on US
Definition: The growing anti-American sentiment in Pakistan, fueled by drone strikes, military
operations, and perceived betrayal by the US, despite the strategic alliance in the war on terror.
10. Sanctions and Aid
Definition: US economic and military aid to Pakistan in exchange for cooperation in the war on
terror, as well as the periodic imposition of sanctions due to Pakistan’s perceived lack of commitment
to counterterrorism efforts.
11. Operation Zarb-e-Azb
Definition: A major military offensive launched by Pakistan’s armed forces in 2014 to eliminate
Taliban militants and other insurgent groups from North Waziristan, with US support.
12. Pakistani Civilian and Military Divergence
Definition: The differing views between Pakistan’s civilian government and military on how to
engage with the US and conduct counterterrorism operations, often creating policy discord.
13. Terrorist Networks
Definition: Groups such as the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), which
Pakistan has struggled to control during the war on terror, contributing to internal security challenges.
14. National Reconciliation
Definition: Efforts to reconcile Pakistan’s internal political and military factions to create a unified
approach to the US-led war on terror and its subsequent domestic consequences.
15. Counterinsurgency Strategy
Definition: The strategies and tactics used by Pakistan to combat insurgent and militant groups
operating within its borders, especially those linked to the war on terror.
16. US-Pakistan Tensions
Definition: Periods of tension in the US-Pakistan relationship, especially after high-profile incidents
like the raid that killed Osama bin Laden in Abbottabad in 2011, which led to accusations of Pakistan
harboring terrorists.
17. Border Control and Military Engagement
Definition: The US pressure on Pakistan to control its western border with Afghanistan to prevent
militants from crossing and undermining efforts to stabilize Afghanistan.
18. Osama bin Laden Raid
Definition: The 2011 raid by US Navy SEALs that killed al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden in
Abbottabad, which strained US-Pakistan relations and raised questions about Pakistan’s role in the
war on terror.

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 19. Pakistan’s Strategic Autonomy
Definition: Pakistan’s pursuit of independent policy-making, even while being a key US ally in the
war on terror, including maintaining relations with China and other regional powers.
20. Global Terrorist Financing
Definition: The international efforts to disrupt terrorist funding sources, including Pakistan’s
challenges in addressing the financing of terrorist organizations operating within and outside its
borders.

Foreign Policy of Pakistan Post 9/11

1. Strategic Partnership with the US

Definition: The alignment between Pakistan and the United States following 9/11, with Pakistan
becoming a key ally in the War on Terror, though often marked by disagreements on certain issues.
2. Pakistan-China Relations
Definition: The strengthening of ties between Pakistan and China, especially in the post-9/11 era,
with economic, military, and diplomatic cooperation increasing significantly through initiatives like
CPEC.
3. India-Pakistan Relations
Definition: The continued tension and conflict between Pakistan and India, especially regarding the
Kashmir dispute, nuclear competition, and the role of both nations in regional security.
4. Diplomatic Isolation
Definition: Pakistan’s perceived diplomatic isolation in the post-9/11 era, especially in the wake of
international pressure related to its role in the War on Terror and relations with the Taliban.
5. Nuclear Diplomacy
Definition: Pakistan’s foreign policy related to its nuclear arsenal, including managing relations with
India, the US, and other global powers regarding nuclear non-proliferation and arms control.
6. Regional Security Frameworks
Definition: Pakistan’s involvement in regional organizations like SAARC and SCO to bolster
security, strengthen economic ties, and reduce isolation in South Asia.
7. Counterterrorism Diplomacy
Definition: Pakistan’s efforts to position itself as a key player in regional and international
counterterrorism initiatives, while balancing its own internal security concerns.
8. US-Pakistan Military Aid
Definition: The continuation of military assistance from the US to Pakistan after 9/11, which was
pivotal in Pakistan’s role in the War on Terror, as well as a source of diplomatic leverage.
9. UN and International Relations
Definition: Pakistan’s diplomatic efforts at the United Nations to maintain its stance on issues like
Kashmir, while also engaging in the broader international community to address security concerns.
10. Afghanistan-Pakistan Relations
Definition: The strained and complex relationship between Pakistan and Afghanistan, especially in
the context of the US-led War on Terror and Pakistan’s support for the Afghan Taliban.
11. Economic Diplomacy
Definition: Pakistan’s efforts to improve its economic ties globally, focusing on trade, investment,
and financial support, particularly in the post-9/11 era to stabilize its economy.
12. Pakistan’s Role in Global Anti-Terrorism Initiatives
Definition: Pakistan’s participation in international anti-terrorism coalitions, including cooperation
with the US, NATO, and the UN, to fight global terrorism.

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 13. Regional Rivalries
Definition: Pakistan’s foreign policy is heavily influenced by regional rivalries, particularly with
India, and its attempts to manage these tensions while seeking alliances with China, Iran, and others.
14. Middle East Relations
Definition: Pakistan’s foreign policy toward the Middle East, including its relationship with Saudi
Arabia, Iran, and other Gulf states, especially in terms of economic, security, and religious factors.
15. CPEC (China-Pakistan Economic Corridor)
Definition: A major infrastructure project connecting Pakistan and China, enhancing Pakistan’s
foreign relations with China and providing significant economic benefits.
16. Terrorism and Diplomatic Relations
Definition: The role of terrorism in Pakistan’s diplomatic relations, especially with the US, India, and
Afghanistan, influencing its global reputation and diplomatic ties.
17. Kashmir Issue in Foreign Policy
Definition: The centrality of the Kashmir conflict in Pakistan’s foreign policy, particularly in relation
to India, and its focus on securing international support for its position on the dispute.
18. US Drone Strikes and Diplomatic Fallout
Definition: The diplomatic tensions arising from US drone strikes in Pakistan’s tribal areas, which
have led to public protests and strained bilateral relations.
19. Pakistan’s Soft Power
Definition: The use of cultural diplomacy, humanitarian aid, and regional cooperation to enhance
Pakistan’s influence and improve its image abroad.
20. Global Terrorist Financing Networks
Definition: Pakistan’s involvement in international efforts to combat terrorist financing, which has
been a critical issue in its post-9/11 foreign policy.

Evolution of Democratic System in Pakistan

1. 1973 Constitution
Definition: The foundation of Pakistan’s parliamentary system, which provided the framework for
the political structure, emphasizing democratic governance and the separation of powers.
2. Military Coups
Definition: The repeated intervention of the military in Pakistan’s politics, with coups in 1958, 1977,
and 1999, disrupting democratic processes and altering the country’s political trajectory.
3. Benazir Bhutto
Definition: The first woman prime minister of Pakistan, leading the country twice in the 1980s and
1990s. Her tenure marked significant democratic reforms but also highlighted challenges in
governance and corruption.
4. Nawaz Sharif
Definition: The leader of the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) and three-time prime minister, whose
policies of economic reforms were often interrupted by military interventions and judicial challenges.
5. Judicial Activism
Definition: The growing role of Pakistan’s judiciary in political matters, particularly under the
leadership of Chief Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry, who played a central role in the restoration of
democracy after military rule.
6. 18th Amendment
Definition: A constitutional reform passed in 2010 that restored parliamentary sovereignty, reduced
presidential powers, and enhanced provincial autonomy.
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 7. Democratic Transitions
Definition: The peaceful transition of power between political parties, such as the transition from
PPP to PML-N in 1997 and from PML-N to PTI in 2018, reflecting Pakistan’s evolving democratic
processes.
8. Election Reforms
Definition: Efforts to ensure transparent, free, and fair elections, including the introduction of
biometric voting and electoral oversight mechanisms.
9. Civil-Military Relations
Definition: The balance and tensions between civilian governments and the military, which has
played a significant role in Pakistan’s democratic evolution, often undermining democratic
institutions.
10. Parliamentary vs. Presidential System
Definition: The debate in Pakistan over the form of government, with the 1973 Constitution
establishing a parliamentary system but with frequent proposals to shift to a presidential model.
11. Democratic Challenges
Definition: The internal and external challenges to democracy in Pakistan, including political
corruption, military influence, ethnic tensions, and religious extremism.
12. Electoral Integrity
Definition: The credibility of Pakistan’s electoral system, which has been compromised by
allegations of fraud, voter manipulation, and rigging in several elections.
13. Political Dynasties
Definition: The dominance of political families, such as the Bhuttos, Sharifs, and others, in
Pakistan’s democratic evolution, often leading to concerns about dynastic politics and lack of political
innovation.
14. Imran Khan and PTI
Definition: The rise of Imran Khan’s Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) as a major political force
advocating for change in Pakistan’s democratic system and anti-corruption policies.
15. Media and Democracy
Definition: The role of the media in Pakistan’s democratic system, both as a tool for democratic
accountability and a source of political polarization.
16. Political Stability and Governance
Definition: The challenge of maintaining political stability and good governance in a country with
frequent changes in government, military interventions, and political party rivalries.
17. Human Rights and Democracy
Definition: The relationship between human rights and democratic governance in Pakistan, including
challenges related to freedom of speech, assembly, and minority rights.
18. Democratic Consolidation
Definition: The process of strengthening democratic institutions and practices in Pakistan, moving
towards a more stable and resilient democratic system.
19. Corruption and Accountability
Definition: The pervasive issue of political corruption, which undermines democratic governance and
creates public disillusionment with the political system.
20. Decentralization of Power
Definition: Efforts to decentralize political power in Pakistan, particularly after the 18th Amendment,
which gave more autonomy to provincial governments and reduced central control.

Ethnic Issues and National Integration

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1. Balochistan Conflict
Definition: The insurgency in Balochistan, where ethnic Baloch groups demand greater autonomy
and control over resources, challenging national integration.
2. Ethnic Federalism
Definition: The distribution of political power among various ethnic groups, particularly in
Pakistan’s federating provinces, aimed at fostering inclusivity but also leading to challenges in
integration.
3. Pashtunistan Movement
Definition: A political and ethnic movement advocating for the creation of a Pashtun-majority state,
incorporating parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan, challenging national unity.
4. Sindhi Nationalism
Definition: The movement within Sindh advocating for greater autonomy and the protection of
Sindhi culture and language, with tensions between Sindhi nationalist sentiments and federal control.
5. Language and Identity Issues
Definition: The role of language in ethnic identity, particularly in Pakistan’s multicultural context,
where Urdu, Punjabi, Pashto, and Sindhi are major languages and their status impacts national
integration.
6. Inter-Ethnic Relations
Definition: The complex dynamics between Pakistan’s various ethnic groups, including Punjabis,
Sindhis, Pashtuns, and Baloch, which often contribute to tensions and challenges in national
integration.
7. Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM)
Definition: A political party primarily representing the Muhajir (immigrant) community in Karachi,
which has been at the center of ethnic conflicts in urban Sindh.
8. Punjab-Sindh Divide
Definition: The political and cultural divide between Punjab and Sindh, which has been a source of
tension in Pakistan’s federal structure, particularly regarding resource allocation and political
representation.
9. Religious Minorities
Definition: The status and rights of religious minorities in Pakistan, including Hindus, Christians, and
others, who often face discrimination and challenges in terms of national integration.
10. Urban-Rural Divide
Definition: The socio-economic and political divide between urban centers like Karachi and Lahore
and rural areas, leading to uneven development and ethnic polarization.
11. Federalism and Autonomy
Definition: The balance of power between the federal government and ethnic provinces, particularly
in the context of demands for greater autonomy by ethnic groups like Baloch and Sindhi.
12. Regional Inequalities
Definition: Economic and developmental disparities between different regions of Pakistan, which
contribute to ethnic dissatisfaction and challenges to national integration.
13. Tribal Identity and Modern State
Definition: The role of tribal identity, especially in Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, in shaping
political loyalty and resistance to central state authority.
14. Migration and Urbanization
Definition: The demographic shifts in Pakistan, including rural to urban migration and the influx of
refugees, which have transformed ethnic dynamics in urban centers, especially Karachi.
15. Ethnic Violence
Definition: The recurring episodes of violence between ethnic groups, particularly in Karachi and
Balochistan, fueled by political, social, and economic factors.

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 16. National Integration Programs
Definition: Government initiatives aimed at promoting unity and national integration, such as the
creation of national educational curricula and affirmative action policies for minorities.
17. Inter-provincial Relations
Definition: Relations between Pakistan's provinces, including the balancing of resources and political
power to accommodate ethnic and linguistic diversity.
18. Ethnic Discrimination
Definition: Discrimination faced by ethnic minorities in Pakistan, leading to demands for greater
representation and fairness in governance.
19. Sectarianism
Definition: The division along sectarian lines, particularly between Sunni and Shia Muslims, which
adds another layer of complexity to ethnic integration and national unity.
20. Cultural Diversity
Definition: The rich ethnic and cultural diversity in Pakistan, which, while a strength, has also been a
source of challenges in building a cohesive national identity.

Hydro Politics: Water Issues in Domestic and Regional Context

1. Indus Water Treaty (IWT)

Definition: A water-sharing agreement signed between India and Pakistan in 1960, brokered by the
World Bank, which governs the distribution of the Indus River’s water.
2. Water Scarcity
Definition: The condition where the demand for water exceeds its availability, a growing issue in
Pakistan, exacerbated by population growth, climate change, and mismanagement of water resources.
3. Indus River Basin
Definition: A critical water source for Pakistan, this basin spans India and Pakistan and is essential
for agriculture, industry, and drinking water.
4. Indian Water Aggression
Definition: The concerns of Pakistan regarding India's construction of dams and water diversion
projects on the eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej), potentially violating the Indus Water Treaty.
5. Water Storage Capacity
Definition: Pakistan’s inadequate capacity to store water due to outdated infrastructure, particularly
in its dams and reservoirs, affecting water availability for agriculture and domestic use.
6. Mangla and Tarbela Dams
Definition: Major dams on the Indus River, critical for Pakistan’s water storage and irrigation needs.
However, their storage capacity is insufficient for current demand.
7. Climate Change and Water
Definition: The impact of climate change on Pakistan’s water resources, including melting glaciers in
the Himalayas and changing rainfall patterns, which intensify water shortages.
8. Transboundary Water Conflicts
Definition: Disputes between Pakistan and India over shared river systems, with potential for tension,
especially if water scarcity increases.
9. Water Disputes in Sindh
Definition: The internal water conflicts in Pakistan, particularly between provinces, such as Sindh,
Punjab, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, over the distribution of the Indus River’s water.
10. Water Management Policies
Definition: Government strategies to improve the use of water resources through efficient irrigation
practices, canal systems, and reducing wastage.
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 11. Thar Desert
Definition: A major arid region in Pakistan where water scarcity is a major concern. Efforts are
underway to provide water through alternative sources such as desalination.
12. Indus River Commission
Definition: A bilateral body formed under the Indus Water Treaty, aimed at resolving disputes
regarding water distribution between India and Pakistan.
13. Desalination Plants
Definition: Water treatment plants designed to convert seawater into freshwater, particularly
important for coastal regions like Karachi to address water shortages.
14. Water Conservation
Definition: Techniques and practices aimed at reducing water consumption and enhancing efficiency,
such as rainwater harvesting and using less water-intensive crops.
15. Wapda (Water and Power Development Authority)
Definition: The organization responsible for managing Pakistan’s water resources, including the
construction and operation of dams, canals, and power plants.
16. Bhasha Dam
Definition: A proposed dam in the Gilgit-Baltistan region, which could significantly increase
Pakistan’s water storage capacity, though it has faced delays.
17. Hydropower Potential
Definition: The potential of Pakistan to generate electricity from water through dams, especially on
the Indus River, which remains underutilized due to political, financial, and infrastructural
constraints.
18. Interlinking Rivers Project
Definition: A controversial plan by India to connect major rivers, which Pakistan fears could impact
its share of water from the Indus River system.
19. Water Crisis in Agriculture
Definition: Pakistan’s dependency on agriculture, particularly crops like wheat, rice, and cotton,
which require vast amounts of water, leading to a vulnerability to water shortages.
20. Water Diplomacy
Definition: Pakistan’s efforts to engage in international dialogues and treaties to manage and protect
its water resources, including advocacy on the global stage for transboundary water issues.

Pakistan’s National Interest

1. Sovereignty
Definition: The supreme authority of Pakistan over its territory and affairs, essential to maintaining
its national integrity and independence in the international system.
2. National Security
Definition: Protecting Pakistan’s territorial integrity, political sovereignty, and national interests,
particularly from external threats and internal instability.
3. Kashmir Dispute
Definition: The central issue in Pakistan's foreign policy and national interest, involving the
territorial dispute with India over the Kashmir region.
4. Strategic Depth
Definition: A concept in Pakistan’s defense policy, particularly concerning Afghanistan, which aims

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 to ensure that Pakistan can defend itself from external threats while maintaining a stable regional
position.
5. Economic Development
Definition: Ensuring Pakistan’s economic growth, stability, and self-sufficiency, which are key
components of its national interest, impacting social stability and security.
6. Geostrategic Position
Definition: Pakistan’s strategic location between Central Asia, the Middle East, and South Asia,
which gives it importance in global geopolitics, especially in relation to energy routes and regional
security.
7. China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)
Definition: A mega-project connecting China and Pakistan via infrastructure development, aimed at
promoting economic growth, strengthening ties with China, and ensuring energy security.
8. Nuclear Deterrence
Definition: The use of nuclear weapons as a deterrent against potential aggression, particularly from
India, which is a key element of Pakistan's national defense strategy.
9. Regional Stability
Definition: Pakistan's aim to maintain peace and stability in South Asia, involving active engagement
in regional organizations like SAARC and SCO to prevent conflicts.
10. Bilateral Relations with the US
Definition: A critical aspect of Pakistan’s foreign policy to secure military aid, economic assistance,
and diplomatic support, though often complicated by issues like the War on Terror.
11. Strategic Partnerships
Definition: Developing strong alliances with countries like China, Turkey, and Saudi Arabia to
bolster Pakistan’s security, economic interests, and international standing.
12. Economic Diplomacy
Definition: Using diplomacy to advance Pakistan’s economic goals, including trade, investment, and
foreign aid to ensure prosperity and reduce reliance on external powers.
13. Internal Stability
Definition: Ensuring political stability within Pakistan, addressing internal challenges like ethnic
strife, political corruption, and militancy to safeguard the national interest.
14. Counterterrorism
Definition: Protecting Pakistan from internal and external terrorist threats, particularly in the context
of the War on Terror, as part of its commitment to global security.
15. Energy Security
Definition: Securing sufficient energy resources for Pakistan’s economic growth, including natural
gas, oil, and electricity, especially through initiatives like CPEC and regional partnerships.
16. Cultural Diplomacy
Definition: Promoting Pakistan’s cultural identity and values abroad, strengthening soft power to
improve its global image and influence.
17. Humanitarian Efforts
Definition: Pakistan's engagement in international humanitarian missions, including disaster relief
and peacekeeping, which bolster its reputation and influence.
18. Climate Change and Sustainability
Definition: Addressing environmental challenges like water scarcity, desertification, and pollution as
part of Pakistan’s long-term national interest to protect natural resources and improve quality of life.
19. Ethnic Harmony
Definition: Ensuring internal cohesion among Pakistan's diverse ethnic groups (Punjabi, Sindhi,
Pashtun, Baloch) to maintain unity and political stability as part of its national interest.

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 20. Foreign Policy Independence
Definition: Maintaining an independent foreign policy, particularly in relation to major powers like
the US, China, and India, to protect Pakistan’s sovereignty and interests

Challenges to Sovereignty

1. Foreign Interference
Definition: External influences that undermine Pakistan’s decision-making autonomy, particularly in
military, economic, and political spheres.
2. Drone Strikes
Definition: US-led drone attacks in Pakistan’s tribal areas, which have sparked debates about
sovereignty, legality, and the country’s control over its own territory.
3. Territorial Disputes
Definition: Conflicts over territorial boundaries, such as the Kashmir dispute with India, the Durand
Line with Afghanistan, and internal territorial conflicts in Balochistan.
4. Terrorism and Extremism
Definition: The rise of terrorism and militant groups within Pakistan, often backed by external actors,
threatening national security and sovereignty.
5. Interference in Internal Politics
Definition: External actors' involvement in Pakistan’s domestic political processes, particularly
through the support of political parties, NGOs, or media campaigns that undermine national
governance.
6. Military Coups
Definition: The interruption of democratic rule by military interventions, which challenge Pakistan’s
sovereignty and political stability by undermining civilian governance.
7. Economic Dependence
Definition: Pakistan's reliance on foreign aid and loans, particularly from the IMF, World Bank, and
the US, which creates vulnerabilities to external influence over domestic policies.
8. Globalization and Sovereignty
Definition: The increasing interconnectedness of nations through trade, technology, and diplomacy,
which poses challenges to national sovereignty, particularly in terms of economic and cultural
identity.
9. Internal Separatist Movements
Definition: The demands for greater autonomy or independence by ethnic groups like Baloch
nationalists, who challenge Pakistan’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.
10. UN Peacekeeping Operations
Definition: Pakistan’s involvement in UN peacekeeping missions, which can sometimes lead to
debates about sovereignty, especially when foreign troops are stationed within the country.
11. Influence of International Organizations
Definition: The impact of international bodies like the UN, World Trade Organization (WTO), and
others that shape Pakistan’s policies and decisions, sometimes in ways perceived as compromising its
sovereignty.
12. Border Disputes with India and Afghanistan
Definition: The ongoing tensions with neighboring countries over disputed borders, like the Durand
Line with Afghanistan and Kashmir with India, which challenge Pakistan’s sovereignty.
13. Cyber Sovereignty
Definition: The protection of Pakistan’s national data and internet infrastructure against external
cyber-attacks, surveillance, and interference.
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 14. Strategic Alliances
Definition: Pakistan’s participation in military and political alliances like the US-led War on Terror
or the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), which may lead to compromises in national
sovereignty.
15. Ethnic and Sectarian Violence
Definition: The internal challenges posed by sectarian and ethnic conflicts, particularly in
Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, which can destabilize Pakistan’s sovereignty.
16. Smuggling and Illegal Immigration
Definition: Cross-border smuggling and illegal immigration, particularly from Afghanistan, which
challenge Pakistan’s control over its borders and internal security.
17. Influence of Multinational Corporations
Definition: The role of multinational companies in shaping Pakistan’s economic policies and natural
resource management, often seen as compromising national sovereignty.
18. Foreign Debt and Financial Independence
Definition: The increasing burden of foreign debt, which limits Pakistan’s economic autonomy and
forces it to make policy decisions influenced by creditors.
19. International Media Influence
Definition: The role of foreign media in shaping perceptions about Pakistan’s internal and external
issues, potentially undermining national sovereignty by promoting certain narratives.
20. Cultural Imperialism
Definition: The imposition of foreign cultural values through media, technology, and globalization,
which can erode Pakistan's cultural identity and sovereignty.

Pakistan’s Energy Problems and Their Effects

1. Energy Mix Diversification

Definition: The process of expanding the sources of energy generation to reduce dependency on any
single source, such as increasing the share of renewables in Pakistan's energy mix.
2. Hydroelectric Potential
Definition: The capacity of Pakistan’s rivers, primarily the Indus, to generate electricity through
dams and hydroelectric plants, although this potential remains underutilized.
3. Gas Exploration
Definition: The exploration and discovery of new natural gas reserves in Pakistan, which is critical
for securing the country’s energy needs, as gas is a major fuel source.
4. Electricity Subsidies
Definition: Government-provided financial assistance to the electricity sector to keep power prices
affordable, which is a major burden on Pakistan’s economy.
5. Smart Grids
Definition: Advanced electrical grid systems that use digital technology to monitor and manage the
distribution of electricity more efficiently, helping reduce transmission losses.
6. Coal-fired Power Plants
Definition: Power plants that burn coal to generate electricity, which is a major component of
Pakistan’s energy generation but comes with environmental concerns due to carbon emissions.
7. Pakistan’s Energy Vision 2025
Definition: The government's long-term strategy to increase energy production, improve efficiency,
and enhance sustainability in Pakistan’s energy sector.

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 8. Electricity Theft
Definition: The illegal tapping or use of electricity, which significantly contributes to power losses
and exacerbates Pakistan’s energy crisis.
9. Energy Import Bills
Definition: The high cost of importing energy resources, such as oil and liquefied natural gas (LNG),
which adds a significant burden to Pakistan’s trade balance.
10. Energy Security Policy
Definition: Pakistan’s national policy aimed at ensuring a reliable, affordable, and sustainable energy
supply, often involving diversification of energy sources and improved infrastructure.
11. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
Definition: Natural gas that has been cooled to liquid form for transportation, with Pakistan
increasingly importing LNG to meet its energy needs, particularly in the power sector.
12. Energy Efficiency Initiatives
Definition: Programs aimed at reducing the amount of energy required to produce goods and
services, contributing to sustainable energy use and cost savings.
13. Indigenous Energy Resources
Definition: Local resources, such as coal, natural gas, and renewable energy, that can be harnessed
within Pakistan to meet energy demands.
14. Energy Infrastructure Investment
Definition: The financial commitment required to upgrade and expand Pakistan’s energy
infrastructure, including power plants, transmission lines, and distribution systems.
15. Pakistan's Renewable Energy Potential
Definition: The untapped potential for generating energy from renewable sources, particularly solar
and wind, in Pakistan’s resource-rich regions.
16. Tariff Rationalization
Definition: Adjusting electricity prices to better reflect the cost of production, which can help
stabilize the power sector but often faces political resistance.
17. Desalination Plants
Definition: Facilities that remove salt and other impurities from seawater to make it potable,
providing an alternative water source for power plants and urban centers.
18. Geothermal Energy
Definition: Energy derived from the heat stored beneath the Earth's surface, which could be a
promising renewable energy source for Pakistan.
19. Energy Conservation Programs
Definition: Efforts to reduce energy consumption through better practices and technologies, such as
energy-efficient appliances and building designs.
20. Wind Power Generation
Definition: The process of generating electricity using wind turbines, an emerging source of
renewable energy in Pakistan, especially in coastal areas like Sindh.

Pakistan’s Relations with Neighbors Excluding India

1. Pakistan-Sri Lanka Relations

Definition: Diplomatic and trade relations between Pakistan and Sri Lanka, characterized by
cooperation in defense, trade, and cultural exchanges.

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2. TAPI Pipeline
Definition: The Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India gas pipeline project aimed at connecting
Central Asia’s energy resources to the region, bypassing Russia.
3. Pakistan-Bangladesh Relations
Definition: Bilateral relations between Pakistan and Bangladesh, marked by historical tensions post-
1971 but growing cooperation in trade and cultural exchanges.
4. Pakistan-Afghanistan Trade Corridor
Definition: An initiative to facilitate trade and economic exchanges between Pakistan and
Afghanistan, aimed at boosting bilateral relations and providing Afghanistan with access to ports.
5. Border Management
Definition: The challenges Pakistan faces in controlling and securing its extensive land borders with
Afghanistan and Iran, often complicated by cross-border militancy and smuggling.
6. Pakistan-Iran Economic Cooperation
Definition: Joint ventures and economic projects between Pakistan and Iran, particularly in the
energy and trade sectors, despite the challenges posed by international sanctions on Iran.
7. Gwadar Port
Definition: A deep-sea port in southern Pakistan, strategically located on the Arabian Sea, critical for
regional trade and energy transportation, including potential transit routes for Central Asia.
8. Afghan Refugee Crisis
Definition: The ongoing issue of Afghan refugees living in Pakistan, many of whom fled during the
Soviet-Afghan war and subsequent conflicts, creating socio-economic challenges.
9. Pakistan-China Border
Definition: The border between Pakistan and China, which is part of a broader regional relationship
that includes the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and strategic defense cooperation.
10. Karakoram Highway
Definition: A road connecting Pakistan and China, passing through difficult mountainous terrain,
facilitating trade and people-to-people contact between the two countries.
11. Pakistan-Turkmenistan Relations
Definition: Diplomatic and trade ties between Pakistan and Turkmenistan, particularly in energy and
infrastructure projects like the TAPI pipeline.
12. Pakistani Diaspora in Gulf States
Definition: The large Pakistani expatriate community in the Gulf countries, whose remittances play a
key role in Pakistan’s economy and influence diplomatic relations.
13. Regional Peacekeeping
Definition: Pakistan’s role in promoting regional stability and peace, including hosting peace talks
between Afghanistan and various insurgent factions.
14. Pakistan's Role in SCO
Definition: Pakistan’s membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), enhancing its
relations with regional powers, especially China and Central Asian states.
15. Pakistan and Central Asian Republics (CARs)
Definition: Efforts by Pakistan to improve economic and political ties with CARs, aiming to access
energy resources and develop trade routes through Afghanistan.
16. Iran-Pakistan Gas Pipeline
Definition: A proposed natural gas pipeline that would bring Iranian gas to Pakistan, which faces
challenges due to international sanctions on Iran.
17. Border Security Force (BSF)
Definition: Pakistan’s efforts to enhance border security, particularly along the Afghan and Iranian
borders, to control terrorism, drug trafficking, and cross-border militancy.

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 18. Economic Diplomacy in Central Asia
Definition: Pakistan’s outreach to Central Asia through trade agreements, infrastructure projects, and
regional connectivity efforts to foster economic cooperation.
19. Pakistan-Kuwait Relations
Definition: Relations between Pakistan and Kuwait, particularly in terms of labor migration,
remittances, and diplomatic support in international forums.
20. Pakistan-Qatar Relations
Definition: Strong bilateral ties with Qatar, particularly in energy exports, trade, and cooperation in
the international energy market.

Pakistan and India Relations Since 1947

1. Lahore Declaration (1999)

Definition: A bilateral agreement between Pakistan and India aimed at reducing tensions and
promoting peace, though it was overshadowed by the Kargil conflict later that year.
2. Kargil Conflict
Definition: The 1999 military confrontation between India and Pakistan in the Kargil region of
Kashmir, which escalated tensions and brought the countries to the brink of full-scale war.
3. Musharraf-India Peace Initiatives
Definition: Efforts by former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf to initiate peace talks with India,
including the 2004 Islamabad Summit and the Delhi-Lahore bus diplomacy.
4. Mumbai Attacks (2008)
Definition: A terrorist attack in Mumbai, India, attributed to Pakistan-based militant groups, leading
to a severe diplomatic breakdown between the two countries.
5. Composite Dialogue Process
Definition: A peace process initiated in 2004 between Pakistan and India covering multiple issues,
including Kashmir, terrorism, and trade relations, which made limited progress.
6. Srinagar-Muzaffarabad Bus Service
Definition: A cross-border bus service between Indian-administered Kashmir and Pakistan-
administered Kashmir, aimed at improving people-to-people contact and promoting peace.
7. Pakistan-India Cricket Diplomacy
Definition: The use of cricket matches as a diplomatic tool to ease tensions and foster goodwill
between India and Pakistan, symbolized by iconic series and tournaments.
8. Wagah Border Ceremony
Definition: A daily flag-lowering ceremony held at the Wagah border between India and Pakistan,
symbolizing national pride and offering a rare occasion for cooperation.
9. Gilgit-Baltistan
Definition: A region administered by Pakistan, located near the disputed Kashmir area, which has
been a point of contention between India and Pakistan due to its strategic importance.
10. Nuclear Risk Reduction Mechanism (NRRM)
Definition: A series of confidence-building measures between India and Pakistan to avoid nuclear
war, including the establishment of hotlines and communication protocols during crises.
11. Indus Water Treaty Disputes
Definition: Ongoing disputes over water sharing between India and Pakistan, especially with India’s
construction of dams and hydroelectric projects on rivers flowing into Pakistan.
12. Terrorist Sanctuaries in Pakistan
Definition: Indian accusations that Pakistan harbors and supports militant groups operating in Indian-
administered Kashmir, complicating bilateral relations.
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 13. Cross-Border Shelling
Definition: Frequent military exchanges between India and Pakistan along the Line of Control (LoC)
in Kashmir, which exacerbate tensions and lead to casualties.
14. Siachen Glacier Conflict
Definition: The military standoff between India and Pakistan in the Siachen Glacier region, the
highest battlefield in the world, which remains a major issue in bilateral relations.
15. Bilateral Trade
Definition: Economic exchanges between India and Pakistan, which have been hampered by political
issues and trade barriers, though both countries recognize the potential for greater cooperation.
16. Cross-Border Militancy
Definition: The issue of militants infiltrating from Pakistan into Indian-administered Kashmir, which
India claims is supported by Pakistan, leading to military confrontations.
17. Indian Ocean Security
Definition: Security concerns regarding the maritime domain in the Indian Ocean, where both India
and Pakistan have strategic interests, including naval power and trade routes.
18. Freedom of Navigation
Definition: A principle that both India and Pakistan adhere to in their maritime operations, with
tensions sometimes arising over the movement of vessels near disputed maritime boundaries.
19. Kashmir Valley Repression
Definition: India’s military presence in Kashmir and its efforts to control the insurgency, which
Pakistan condemns as human rights violations against Kashmiris.
20. Foreign Minister Talks
Definition: Diplomatic engagements between the foreign ministers of India and Pakistan to discuss
bilateral issues, including Kashmir, terrorism, and confidence-building measures.

The Kashmir Issue

1. Line of Control (LoC)

Definition: The de facto border between Indian-administered and Pakistan-administered Kashmir,
where frequent skirmishes occur.
2. UN Resolutions on Kashmir
Definition: United Nations Security Council resolutions calling for a plebiscite to determine the
future status of Kashmir, though not fully implemented.
3. Article 370
Definition: The provision of the Indian Constitution that granted special autonomous status to Jammu
and Kashmir, abrogated by India in 2019, leading to further tensions.
4. Kashmir Valley
Definition: The region in Indian-administered Kashmir known for its scenic beauty and cultural
significance, which is a focal point of the Kashmir conflict.
5. Azad Kashmir
Definition: The part of Kashmir administered by Pakistan, also known as Pakistan-administered
Kashmir, with its own governance and autonomy.
6. Plebiscite
Definition: A proposed public referendum to decide whether Kashmir should join India, Pakistan, or
become an independent state, as suggested in UN resolutions.
7. Insurgency in Kashmir
Definition: Armed resistance against Indian rule in Kashmir by local militants, supported by some
elements in Pakistan, contributing to the conflict.
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 8. Kashmiriyat
Definition: The unique cultural and political identity of the Kashmiri people, which is intertwined
with both Islamic and secular traditions, often emphasized as a call for regional unity.
9. Indus Water Treaty (1960)
Definition: A water-sharing agreement between India and Pakistan, which is also impacted by the
geopolitical tensions surrounding Kashmir, particularly related to river waters flowing from the
region.
10. Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF)
Definition: A pro-independence political and militant group that has advocated for the autonomy or
independence of Kashmir, with varying stances on Pakistan or India.
11. Militant Groups in Kashmir
Definition: Groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), Hizbul Mujahideen, and Jaish-e-Mohammed, which
are involved in the insurgency against Indian forces in Kashmir.
12. Self-Determination
Definition: The principle advocating for the people of Kashmir to have the right to determine their
political status, central to the conflict's resolution.
13. Bilateral Talks
Definition: Diplomatic dialogues between India and Pakistan to address the Kashmir issue, though
often stalled due to persistent mistrust and violence.
14. Human Rights Violations
Definition: Alleged abuses committed by Indian security forces in Kashmir, including extrajudicial
killings, mass arrests, and enforced disappearances, which Pakistan highlights in international forums.
15. Kashmir Solidarity Day
Definition: A day observed on February 5th in Pakistan to show support for the Kashmiri people's
right to self-determination and to protest Indian actions in the region.
16. UN Military Observers Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP)
Definition: A UN mission tasked with monitoring ceasefires and resolving disputes between India
and Pakistan over Kashmir, but with limited effectiveness.
17. Gilgit-Baltistan
Definition: A region administered by Pakistan, which is part of the broader Kashmir dispute, as it lies
in close proximity to the disputed Kashmir area.
18. Cross-border Firing
Definition: Regular skirmishes between Indian and Pakistani forces along the LoC, often escalating
tensions over Kashmir.
19. Kashmir Conflict Resolution
Definition: The ongoing process of seeking a peaceful resolution to the Kashmir issue through
dialogue, international mediation, or military means, though no final solution has been reached.
20. Internationalization of Kashmir Issue
Definition: Pakistan’s efforts to raise the Kashmir issue on international platforms like the UN,
framing it as a global peace and human rights concern.

The War in Afghanistan Since 1979 and Its Impact on, and Challenges to Pakistan in
the Post-2014 Era

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1. Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989)
Definition: The war in Afghanistan where the Soviet Union intervened in support of the communist
Afghan government, and Pakistan played a key role in supporting the Afghan mujahideen.
2. Mujahideen
Definition: Afghan resistance fighters, backed by Pakistan, the US, and Saudi Arabia, who fought
against Soviet forces during the 1980s.
3. Taliban
Definition: A fundamentalist political movement that emerged in Afghanistan in the 1990s and ruled
until 2001, and has since regained power post-2014.
4. Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations
Definition: The complex diplomatic and security relationship between Pakistan and Afghanistan,
shaped by historical ties, border issues, and mutual security concerns, especially post-9/11.
5. Durand Line
Definition: The contentious border between Pakistan and Afghanistan, established in 1893, which
remains a source of tension, particularly regarding Pashtun nationalism.
6. Pakistan's Role in War on Terror
Definition: Pakistan’s military and intelligence support for the US-led coalition against the Taliban
and Al-Qaeda, leading to both cooperation and internal challenges, especially with militancy.
7. Afghan Refugee Crisis
Definition: The influx of millions of Afghan refugees into Pakistan, particularly after the Soviet
invasion, creating socio-economic pressures and security concerns.
8. Drone Strikes
Definition: US-operated aerial strikes on suspected Taliban and Al-Qaeda targets in Pakistan’s tribal
areas, which have been a source of controversy and tension with Pakistan.
9. Haqqani Network
Definition: A militant group based in Pakistan’s tribal areas that has been accused of carrying out
attacks in Afghanistan, leading to strained relations between the US and Pakistan.
10. Operation Zarb-e-Azb
Definition: A Pakistani military operation launched in 2014 to eliminate militants from North
Waziristan, aimed at combating both Taliban and Al-Qaeda elements.
11. Pakistani Military in Afghanistan
Definition: The involvement of Pakistan’s military in both direct operations and support for Afghan
forces, particularly during the NATO withdrawal process.
12. Afghan Peace Process
Definition: Diplomatic efforts, including negotiations with the Taliban, to find a peaceful resolution
to the conflict in Afghanistan, with Pakistan playing a significant mediation role.
13. Post-2014 Afghanistan
Definition: The period after the NATO withdrawal from Afghanistan, marked by the resurgence of
the Taliban and ongoing instability in the region, presenting challenges to Pakistan’s security.
14. Islamic State (ISIS) in Afghanistan
Definition: The rise of ISIS in Afghanistan after 2014, which presents a new threat to both
Afghanistan and Pakistan, especially with regards to cross-border militancy.
15. Afghan National Army
Definition: The military forces of Afghanistan, which faced significant challenges in terms of
training, logistics, and morale, particularly after the NATO withdrawal.
16. Pakistani Taliban (TTP)
Definition: A militant group operating primarily from the tribal areas of Pakistan, which has
connections with the Afghan Taliban and has been a major source of insurgency in Pakistan.

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 17. China-Pakistan-Afghanistan Cooperation
Definition: A trilateral partnership that focuses on regional stability, economic development, and
tackling terrorism, particularly in the post-2014 era.
18. Cross-border Militancy
Definition: The issue of militants crossing the porous Pakistan-Afghanistan border, impacting
Pakistan’s internal security and complicating the war on terror.
19. NATO Supply Routes
Definition: The vital logistics supply routes running through Pakistan to NATO forces in
Afghanistan, which have often been disrupted due to political and security concerns.
20. Peace and Stability in Afghanistan
Definition: Pakistan’s long-term goal of fostering a stable and peaceful Afghanistan to mitigate the
risk of extremism spilling over into Pakistan’s territory.

Proxy Wars: Role of External Elements

1. Proxy Warfare
Definition: A form of indirect warfare where states or non-state actors use third parties or surrogate
forces to achieve their objectives, as seen in various conflicts in the region.
2. Afghan Jihad (1979-1989)
Definition: A proxy war between the Soviet Union and Afghan mujahideen, where the US and
Pakistan supported the rebels, contributing to the region’s instability.
3. Kashmir Militancy
Definition: The involvement of external actors, such as Pakistan, in supporting insurgents in Indian-
administered Kashmir, turning the region into a proxy battleground between India and Pakistan.
4. Iran-Saudi Proxy Rivalry
Definition: The strategic rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia, where both countries have supported
proxy forces in regional conflicts, including in Yemen and Syria, with implications for Pakistan.
5. Al-Qaeda and the Taliban
Definition: Non-state actors involved in proxy wars in Afghanistan, with Pakistan accused of
supporting the Taliban while the US and NATO fought against them.
6. Iranian Influence in Pakistan
Definition: Iran’s support for various Shia militant groups in Pakistan, which is viewed as part of
broader regional proxy dynamics between Iran and Sunni-dominated states like Saudi Arabia.
7. Baloch Insurgency
Definition: The Baloch separatist movement in Pakistan, which is sometimes perceived as influenced
by external powers, including India and Afghanistan, seeking to weaken Pakistan.
8. US and NATO in Afghanistan
Definition: The role of the US and NATO as external actors in Afghanistan’s proxy wars, often
engaging local militias and political factions to serve their strategic interests.
9. Terrorist Financing
Definition: The role of external actors in funding militant groups for proxy wars, including networks
in the Middle East, which often operate through illicit channels.
10. Saudi Arabia and Pakistan’s Military Ties
Definition: The close relationship between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, where both nations cooperate
militarily in proxy conflicts, particularly in Yemen.

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 11. Indian Support to Baloch Separatists
Definition: Allegations that India has supported Baloch separatists in Pakistan, including through
covert operations aimed at destabilizing the region.
12. Pakistan and Iran Proxy Influence
Definition: The ways in which Pakistan and Iran have historically supported each other’s proxy
efforts in regional conflicts, including supporting Shia and Sunni factions respectively.
13. Syrian Civil War
Definition: A conflict in which external powers, including the US, Russia, Iran, and Saudi Arabia,
engaged in proxy warfare through local forces, affecting Pakistan’s strategic calculus.
14. Houthi Rebels in Yemen
Definition: The Houthi group in Yemen, supported by Iran, in a proxy conflict against Saudi-led
forces, which has implications for Pakistan’s role in the Middle East.
15. Pakistan’s Proxy Strategy in Kashmir
Definition: Pakistan’s use of proxy militants in Kashmir to challenge Indian control, part of the
broader regional conflict.
16. Mossad-CIA Operations
Definition: Alleged covert operations by external intelligence agencies like the CIA and Mossad in
Pakistan, involved in regional proxy dynamics and the broader war on terror.
17. Cold War Proxy Conflicts
Definition: During the Cold War, external powers like the US and the USSR used proxy wars in the
region, including in Afghanistan and Pakistan, to advance their ideological interests.
18. Non-State Actors in Proxy Wars
Definition: The involvement of non-state actors like Lashkar-e-Taiba, Hezbollah, and others as
proxies in regional conflicts, often with state sponsorship.
19. Geopolitical Gamesmanship
Definition: The strategic manipulation of regional conflicts by external powers for broader
geopolitical objectives, including in Pakistan’s immediate neighborhood.
20. Proxy War in Yemen
Definition: The conflict between the Saudi-led coalition and Houthi rebels in Yemen, with direct and
indirect involvement of Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Iran.

Economic Conditions of Pakistan, the Most Recent Economic Survey, the Previous and
Current Budgets, and the Problems and Performance of Major Sectors of Economy

1. GDP Growth Rate

Definition: Annual percentage increase in the value of all goods and services produced in Pakistan.
➡ A key indicator of economic health tracked in Economic Surveys.
2. Current Account Deficit
Definition: When a country imports more goods, services, and capital than it exports.
➡ A recurring challenge for Pakistan’s external sector.
3. Public Sector Development Program (PSDP)
Definition: Government-funded projects aimed at infrastructure, health, education, etc.
➡ PSDP allocations are a major part of the federal budget.
4. Remittances
Definition: Money sent home by overseas Pakistani workers.
➡ A significant source of foreign exchange and economic stability.

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5. Tax-to-GDP Ratio
Definition: A measure of the government’s tax revenue as a proportion of GDP.
➡ Pakistan's low ratio signals weak revenue generation capacity.
6. Federal Board of Revenue (FBR)
Definition: Pakistan’s primary tax collection agency.
➡ Plays a crucial role in budget implementation and reform.
7. Fiscal Deficit
Definition: The gap between government expenditure and revenue.
➡ Budgetary focus often lies in reducing this deficit.
8. Monetary Policy
Definition: Policies set by the State Bank to control inflation and stabilize currency.
➡ Used to influence inflation, interest rates, and investment.
9. Privatization
Definition: The transfer of public sector enterprises to private ownership.
➡ Proposed as a solution for loss-making state-owned enterprises.
10. Inflation (CPI/WPI)
Definition: General rise in prices of goods and services over time.
➡ Core issue in Pakistan's cost-of-living crisis.
11. Agricultural Sector Performance
Definition: Output and trends in major crops and livestock.
➡ A major sector employing ~38% of the labor force.
12. Industrial Growth
Definition: Performance of manufacturing, mining, and construction.
➡ Key to employment and exports, particularly textiles.
13. Balance of Payments (BoP)
Definition: A summary of a country’s economic transactions with the rest of the world.
➡ Pakistan faces persistent deficits in BoP.
14. Energy Crisis
Definition: Shortage of electricity and gas affecting industries and households.
➡ Major constraint on economic performance.
15. Circular Debt
Definition: The unpaid government dues to power producers and fuel suppliers.
➡ A chronic issue in Pakistan’s energy sector.
16. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
Definition: Investment from foreign entities in Pakistan’s industries and services.
➡ CPEC and Special Economic Zones (SEZs) aim to boost FDI.
17. Ease of Doing Business Index
Definition: World Bank’s measure of how conducive a country is to business operations.
➡ Pakistan has improved in recent years, but challenges remain.
18. Public Debt-to-GDP Ratio
Definition: Total government debt as a percentage of GDP.
➡ Pakistan’s high ratio limits fiscal flexibility.
19. IMF Bailout Programs
Definition: Loans provided by the International Monetary Fund with strict reform conditions.
➡ Often sought during balance-of-payment crises.

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 20. Budget Deficit Financing
Definition: How the government covers its budget gap (e.g., borrowing, printing money).
➡ Can lead to inflation and currency depreciation.

Recent Constitutional and Legal Debates, Amendments, Legislations, Legal Cases &
Role of Higher Courts

1. 18th Amendment
Definition: A landmark constitutional amendment that devolved powers to provinces.
➡ Central to federalism and provincial autonomy debates.
2. Judicial Activism
Definition: When courts assertively intervene in policy and administrative matters.
➡ Notable under Chief Justices like Iftikhar Chaudhry and Saqib Nisar.
3. Article 184(3)
Definition: Empowers the Supreme Court to take suo motu notice on matters of public interest.
➡ Frequently used in high-profile legal cases.
4. Basic Structure Doctrine
Definition: Concept that certain constitutional features cannot be altered.
➡ Applied in key constitutional debates in South Asia.
5. Parliamentary Supremacy
Definition: The principle that parliament is the supreme legislative body.
➡ Tested by judicial overreach and political confrontations.
6. Supreme Court Practice and Procedure Act, 2023
Definition: Law aiming to regulate suo motu powers and bench formation.
➡ Sparked intense debate over judicial independence.
7. ECP's Role in Electoral Reforms
Definition: Election Commission of Pakistan’s mandate to conduct free and fair elections.
➡ Central to recent debates on electoral integrity.
8. Accountability Courts
Definition: Special courts that try corruption cases under NAB laws.
➡ Criticized for political victimization.
9. National Accountability Bureau (NAB)
Definition: Anti-corruption watchdog in Pakistan.
➡ Under fire for alleged political engineering.
10. Judicial Reforms
Definition: Proposed changes to make courts more efficient and impartial.
➡ Includes speedy justice and reduction of case backlog.
11. Legal Empowerment of Women
Definition: Laws aimed at improving women’s legal rights and protection.
➡ Includes anti-harassment and inheritance rights laws.
12. Military Courts
Definition: Special courts for trying terrorism-related offenses.
➡ Constitutionally sanctioned via temporary amendments.

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 13. Constitutional Crisis
Definition: A breakdown in the functioning of constitutional institutions.
➡ E.g., disputes over caretaker setups or presidential powers.
14. Islamabad High Court (IHC) Verdicts
Definition: Influential legal decisions shaping governance and constitutional debates.
15. Elections Act, 2017
Definition: Comprehensive law unifying electoral legal framework.
➡ Played a role in recent election-related challenges.
16. Article 63-A Interpretation Case
Definition: SC ruling on defection and party loyalty in legislative voting.
➡ Affected Punjab and National Assembly no-confidence outcomes.
17. Contempt of Court Law
Definition: Protects judiciary from public criticism that undermines its authority.
➡ Controversial when used against politicians.
18. Presidential Ordinance Power
Definition: President’s authority to promulgate temporary laws.
➡ Often misused to bypass Parliament.
19. Chief Justice Appointment Debate
Definition: Calls for reform in the process of appointing superior court judges.
➡ Part of broader judicial independence concerns.
20. Lawfare
Definition: The strategic use of legal systems to achieve political objectives.
➡ Observed in Pakistan’s legal battles post-2018 elections.

Prevailing Social Problems of Pakistan and Strategies to Deal with Them (Poverty,
Education, Health, Sanitation)

1. Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

Definition: A global measure that captures deprivations in education, health, and living standards.
➡ Shows regional and rural-urban disparities in Pakistan.
2. Out-of-School Children
Definition: Children of school-going age not enrolled in educational institutions.
➡ Estimated at over 20 million in Pakistan.
3. Stunting and Malnutrition
Definition: Chronic undernutrition resulting in low height for age.
➡ Affects 38% of children under 5 in Pakistan (UNICEF).
4. Basic Health Units (BHUs)
Definition: First-level government health facilities in rural areas.
➡ Often underfunded and understaffed.
5. Lady Health Workers (LHWs)
Definition: Female health workers delivering basic healthcare in communities.
➡ Crucial in vaccination and maternal health programs.

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6. Urban Slums
Definition: Densely populated, low-income urban areas with poor sanitation and infrastructure.
➡ Major issue in Karachi, Lahore, and Peshawar.
7. Waterborne Diseases
Definition: Illnesses like cholera and hepatitis A spread through unsafe drinking water.
➡ Linked to poor sanitation and clean water access.
8. Public vs Private School Divide
Definition: The inequality in quality, facilities, and outcomes between government and private
schools.
➡ Widens class-based education gaps.
9. Health Expenditure as % of GDP
Definition: Total public health spending in relation to GDP.
➡ Extremely low in Pakistan (~1.5%), compared to global standards.
10. Nutritional Deficiencies
Definition: Lack of essential nutrients in diets, leading to anemia and developmental issues.
➡ Common among women and children.
11. Population Explosion
Definition: Rapid population growth outpacing resource availability.
➡ Pakistan’s population exceeds 240 million.
12. Hygiene Awareness Campaigns
Definition: Public initiatives to improve personal and environmental hygiene.
➡ Includes hand-washing and waste management drives.
13. Ghost Schools
Definition: Schools that exist on paper but have no functioning staff or students.
➡ A form of educational corruption.
14. Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)
Definition: Deaths of women from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births.
➡ Still high in Pakistan, especially in rural areas.
15. WASH Programs (Water, Sanitation, Hygiene)
Definition: Integrated strategies for improving community health and sanitation.
➡ Supported by international donors like UNICEF and WHO.
16. Skills Gap
Definition: Mismatch between education/training and labor market demands.
➡ Limits youth employability.
17. Social Protection Programs (BISP/Ehsaas)
Definition: Government cash transfer initiatives targeting the poorest.
➡ Aim to reduce poverty and improve household consumption.
18. Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)
Definition: Chronic diseases like diabetes, heart disease, and hypertension.
➡ Rising due to poor diet, stress, and lack of healthcare access.
19. Polio Eradication Campaigns
Definition: Mass vaccination efforts to eliminate polio.
➡ Faces resistance in some tribal and rural areas.
20. Environmental Sanitation
Definition: Management of solid waste, drainage, and sewage.
➡ Poor sanitation linked to urban flooding and health risks.
• Income Deficit – The shortfall in income below the poverty line for a person or household.
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 • Income Surplus – The amount by which income exceeds the poverty line.
21. Working Poor – Individuals who are employed but still live below the poverty line.
22. Poverty Threshold – The minimum income level required to meet basic needs, defining who is
poor.

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