PES UNIVERSITY

100-ft Ring Road, BSK III Stage, Bangalore – 560 085

Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Session: AUG-DEC 2024
UE23MA242A: Mathematics for Computer Science Engineers
Classwork Problems

# UNIT_2 Questions Exercise

Number
1 Find the value of zα/2 to use in expression (5.1) to construct a confidence interval
with level:
a) 95% Section 5.1
b) 98% Q. No: 1
c) 99%
d) 80%
Ans:
a) 1.96
b) 2.33
c) 2.57 or 2.58
d) 1.28

2 Find the levels of the confidence intervals that have the following values of zα/2:
a) zα/2 = 1.96
b) zα/2 = 2.17 Section 5.1
c) zα/2 = 1.28 Q. No: 2
d) zα/2 = 3.28
Ans:
a) 95%
b) 97%
c) 80%
d) 99.9%
3 In a sample of 100 steel wires the average breaking strength is 50 kN, with a
standard deviation of 2 kN

a) Find a 95% confidence interval for the mean breaking strength of this type
of wire. Section 5.1
Q. No: 5
b) Find a 99% confidence interval for the mean breaking strength of this type
of wire.
c) An engineer claims that the mean breaking strength is between 49.7 kN and
50.3kN. With what level of confidence can this statement be made?
d) How many wires must be sampled so that a 95% confidence interval
specifies the mean breaking strength to within ±0.3 kN?
e) How many wires must be sampled so that a 99% confidence interval
specifies the mean breaking strength to within ±0.3 kN?
Ans:
(a) X = 50, s=2, n=100, Z0.025 =1.96.
The confidence interval is 50±1.96(2/√100), or (49.608,50.392).

(b) X =50, s=2, n=100, Z0.005 =2.58.

The confidence interval is 50±2.58(2/√100), or (49.484,50.516).

(c) X =50, s=2, n=100, so the upper confidence bound 50.3 satisfies
50.3= 50+zα/2(2/√100).
Solving for zα/2 yields zα/2 = 1.50.
The area to the right of z = 1.50 is 1−0.9332 = 0.0668, so α/2 = 0.0668.
The level is 1−α = 1−2(0.0668) = 0.8664, or 86.64%.

(d) z.025 = 1.96. 1.96(2/√n) = 0.3, so n = 171.

(e) z.005 = 2.58. 2.58(2/√n) = 0.3, so n = 296.

4 The article “Application of Surgical Navigation to Total Hip Arthroplasty” (T. Ecker
and S. Murphy, Journal of Engineering in Medicine, 2007:699–712) reports that in a
sample of 123 hip surgeries of a certain type, the average surgery time was 136.9
minutes with a standard deviation of 22.6 minutes.

a) Find a 95% confidence interval for the mean surgery time for this procedure. Section 5.1
Q. No: 6
b) Find a 99.5% confidence interval for the mean surgery time for this
procedure.
c) A surgeon claims that the mean surgery time is between 133.9 and 139.9
minutes. With what level of confidence can this statement be made?
d) Approximately how many surgeries must be sampled so that a 95%
confidence interval will specify the mean to within ±3 minutes?
e) Approximately how many surgeries must be sampled so that a 99%
confidence interval will specify the mean to within ±3 minutes?
Ans:
(a) X =136.9, s =22.6, n =123, Z0.025 = 1.96.
 The confidence interval is 136.9±1.96(22.6/√123), or (132.91,140.89).

(b) X =136.9, s =22.6, n =123, Z0.0025 = 2.81.

The confidence interval is 136.9±2.81(22.6/√123), or (131.17,142.63).

(c) X =136.9, s=22.6, n=123, so the upper confidence bound 139.9

satisfies 139.9=136.9+zα/2(22.6/√123).
Solving for zα/2 yields zα/2 = 1.47.
The area to the right of z = 1.47 is 1−0.9292=0.0708, so α/2 = 0.0708.
The level is 1−α = 1−2(0.0708) =0.8584, or 85.84%.

(d) z.025 = 1.96. 1.96(22.6/√n) = 3, so n = 219.

(e) z.005 = 2.58. 2.58(22.6/√n) = 3, so n = 378.

5 In a sample of 80 ten-penny nails, the average weight was 1.56 g and the standard
deviation was 0.1 g.

a) Find a 95% confidence interval for the mean weight of this type of nail. Section 5.1
b) Find a 98% confidence interval for the mean weight of this type of nail. Q. No: 9
c) What is the confidence level of the interval (1.54, 1.58)?
d) How many nails must be sampled so that a 95% confidence interval specifies
the mean to within ±0.01 g?
e) Approximately how many nails must be sampled so that a 98% confidence
interval will specify the mean to within ±0.01 g?
Ans:
(a) X =1.56, s =0.1, n =80, z.025 = 1.96.
The confidence interval is 1.56±1.96(0.1/√80), or (1.5381, 1.5819).
(b) X =1.56, s =0.1, n=80, z.01 =2.33.
The confidence interval is 1.56±2.33(0.1/√80), or (1.5339, 1.5861).

(c) X =1.56, s =0.1, n=80, so the upper confidence bound 1.58

satisfies 1.58 = 1.56+zα/2(0.1/√80).
Solving for zα/2 yields zα/2 = 1.79.
The area to the right of z = 1.79 is 1−0.9633=0.0367, so α/2 = 0.0367.
The level is 1−α = 1−2(0.0367) = 0.9266, or 92.66%.

(d) z.025 = 1.96. 1.96(0.1/√n) = 0.01, so n = 385.

(e) z.01 = 2.33. 2.33(0.1/√n) = 0.01, so n = 543.

6 In a simple random sample of 70 automobiles registered in a certain state, 28 of
them were found to have emission levels that exceed a state standard.

a) What proportion of the automobiles in the sample had emission levels that
exceed the standard?
Section 5.2
b) Find a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of automobiles in the
Q. No: 1
state whose emission levels exceed the standard.
c) Find a 98% confidence interval for the proportion of automobiles whose
emission levels exceed the standard.
d) How many automobiles must be sampled to specify the proportion that
exceed the standard to within ±0.10 with 95% confidence?
e) How many automobiles must be sampled to specify the proportion that
exceed the standard to within ±0.10 with 98% confidence?

Ans:
(a) 28/70= 0.4, or 40%.

~
(b) X =28, n=70,𝑝= (28+2)/(70+4) = 0.405405, Z0.025 = 1.96.
The confidence interval is 0.405405±1.96 √(0.405405(1−0.405405)/(70+4)), or
(0.294, 0.517).

~
(c) X =28, n=70, 𝑝 = (28+2)/(70+4) = 0.405405,Z0.01 =2.33.
The confidence interval is 0.405405±2.33 √(0.405405(1−0.405405)/(70+4)), or
(0.272, 0.538).

(d) Let n be the required sample size.

~ ~
Then n satisfies the equation 0.1 = 1.96 √(𝑝 (1− 𝑝)/(n+4)).
~
Replacing 𝑝 with 0.405405 and solving for n yields n = 89.

(e) Let n be the required sample size.

~ ~
Then n satisfies the equation 0.10 = 2.33 √(𝑝 (1− 𝑝)/(n+4)).
~
Replacing 𝑝 with 0.405405 and solving for n yields n = 127.
7 A soft-drink manufacturer purchases aluminium cans from an outside vendor. A
random sample of 70 cans is selected from a large shipment, and each is tested for
strength by applying an increasing load to the side of the can until it punctures. Of
the 70 cans, 52 meet the specification for puncture resistance.

a) Find a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of cans in the shipment
Section 5.2
that meet the specification.
Q. No: 3
b) Find a 90% confidence interval for the proportion of cans in the shipment
that meet the specification.
c) Find the sample size needed for a 95% confidence interval to specify the
proportion to within ±0.05.
d) Find the sample size needed for a 90% confidence interval to specify the
proportion to within ±0.05.
e) If a 90%confidence interval is computed each day for 300 days, what is the
probability that more than 280 of the confidence intervals cover the true
proportions?
Ans:
~
(a) X =52, n=70, 𝑝 = (52+2)/(70+4)=0.72973, Z0.025 =1.96.
The confidence interval is
0.72973±1.96 √( 0.72973(1−0.72973)/(70+4)), or (0.629, 0.831).

~
(b) X =52, n=70, 𝑝 = (52+2)/(70+4)=0.72973,z.05 =1.645.
The confidence interval is
0.72973±1.645 √(0.72973(1−0.72973)/(70+4)), or (0.645, 0.815).

(c) Let n be the required sample size.

~ ~ ~
Then n satisfies the equation 0.05 = 1.96 √(𝑝 (1− 𝑝)/(n+4)). Replacing 𝑝 with
0.72973 and solving for n yields n = 300.
(d) Let n be the required sample size.
~ ~
Then n satisfies the equation 0.05 = 1.645 √(𝑝 (1− 𝑝)/(n+4)).
Replacing ˜ p with 0.72973 and solving for n yields n = 210.

(e) Let X be the number of 90% confidence intervals that cover the true proportion.
Then X ∼ Bin(300,0.90), so X is approximately normal with mean µX = 300(0.90) =
270 and standard deviation √(300(0.90)(0.10))= 5.196152.
To find P(X >280),use the continuity correction and find the z-score of 280.5.
The z-score of 280.5 is (280.5−270)/5.196152= 2.02.
The area to the right of z = 2.02 is 1−0.9783=0.0217.
P(X >280)=0.0217.
8 The article “HIV-positive Smokers Considering Quit ting: Differences by
Race/Ethnicity” (E. Lloyd Richardson, C. Stanton, et al., Am J Health Behav,
2008:3–15) surveyed 444 HIV-positive smokers. Of these, 170 reported that they
had used a nicotine patch. Consider this to be a simple random sample.

a) Find a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of HIV-positive smokers

Section 5.2
who have used a nicotine patch.
Q. No: 4
b) Find a 99% confidence interval for the proportion of HIV-positive smokers
who have used a nicotine patch.
c) Someone claims that the proportion is less than 0.40. With what level of
confidence can this statement be made?
d) Find the sample size needed for a 95% confidence interval to specify the
proportion to within ±0.03.
e) Find the sample size needed for a 99% confidence interval to specify the
proportion to within ±0.03.
Ans:
~
(a) X =170, n=444, 𝑝 =(170+2)/(444+4)=0.38393,z.025 = 1.96.
The confidence interval is 0.38393±1.96 √(0.38393(1−0.38393)/(444+4)), or
(0.3839, 0.4290).

~
(b) X =170, n=444, 𝑝 =(170+2)/(444+4)=0.38393,z.005 =2.58.
The confidence interval is 0.38393±2.33 √(0.38393(1−0.38393)/(444+4)), or
(0.3246, 0.4432).

(c) The upper confidence bound 0.40 satisfies the equation 0.40=0.38393+zα
√(0.38393(1−0.38393)/(444+4))
Solving for zα yields zα = 0.70. The area to the left of z = 0.70 is 1−α= 0.7580.
The level is 0.7580, or 75.80%.

(d) Let n be the required sample size.

~ ~
Then n satisfies the equation 0.03 = 1.96 √(𝑝 (1− 𝑝)/(n+4)).
~
Replacing 𝑝 with 0.38393 and solving for n yields n = 1006.

(e) Let n be the required sample size.

~ ~
Then n satisfies the equation 0.03 = 2.58 √(𝑝 (1− 𝑝)/(n+4)).
~
Replacing 𝑝 with 0.38393 and solving for n yields n = 1746.
9 The article “The Functional Outcomes of Total Knee Arthroplasty” (R. Kane, K.
Saleh, et al., Journal of BoneandJointSurgery,2005:1719–1724) reports that out of
10,501 surgeries, 859 resulted in complications within six months of surgery.

a) Find a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of surgeries that result in Section 5.2
complications within six months. Q. No: 5
b) Find a 99% confidence interval for the proportion of surgeries that result in
complications within six months.
c) A surgeon claims that the rate of complications is less than 8.5%. With what
level of confidence can this claim be made?
Ans:
~
(a) X =859, n=10501, 𝑝 =(859+2)/(10501+4)=0.081961,z.025 = 1.96.
The confidence interval is 0.081961 ± 1.96 √(0.081961(1−0.081961)/(10501+4)), or
(0.0767, 0.0872).
~
(b) X =859, n=10501, 𝑝 =(859+2)/(10501+4)=0.081961,z.005 = 2.58.
The confidence interval is 0.081961 ± 2.58 √(0.081961(1−0.081961)/(10501+4)), or
(0.0751, 0.0889).

(c) The upper confidence bound 0.085 satisfies the equation 0.085=0.081961+zα
√(0.081961(1−0.081961)/(10501+4))
Solving for zα yields zα = 1.14. The area to the left of z = 1.14 is 1−α= 0.8729.
The level is 0.8729, or 87.29%.

10 A random sample of 400 electronic components manufactured by a certain process

are tested, and 30 are found to be defective.

a) Let p represent the proportion of components manufactured by this process

that are defective. Find a 95% confidence interval for p. Section 5.2
Q. No: 9
b) How many components must be sampled so that the 95% confidence
interval will specify the proportion defective to within ±0.02?
Ans:
~
(a) X =30, n=400, 𝑝 =(30+2)/(400+4)=0.079208, z.025 =1.96.
The confidence interval is 0.079208±1.96 √(0.079208(1−0.079208)/(400+4)), or
(0.0529, 0.1055).

(b) Let n be the required sample size.

~ ~
Then n satisfies the equation 0.02 = 1.96 √(𝑝 (1− 𝑝)/(n+4)).
~
Replacing 𝑝 with 0.079208 and solving for n yields n = 697.
11 Find the value of tn−1,α/2 needed to construct a two sided confidence interval of the
given level with the given sample size:
Section 5.3
a) Level 90%, sample size 12. Q. No: 1
b) Level 95%, sample size 7.
c) Level 99%, sample size 2.
d) Level 95%, sample size 29.
Ans:
(a) 1.796
(b) 2.447
(c) 63.657
(d) 2.048

12 Find the level of a two-sided confidence interval that is based on the given value of
tn−1,α/2 and the given sample size.

a) t = 2.776, sample size 5. Section 5.3

b) t = 2.718, sample size 12. Q. No: 3
c) t = 5.841, sample size 4.
d) t = 1.325, sample size 21.
e) e. t = 1.746, sample size 17.
Ans:
(a) 95%
(b) 98%
(c) 99%
(d) 80%
(e) 90%
13 True or false: The Student’s t distribution may be used to construct a confidence Section 5.3
interval for the mean of any population, so long as the sample size is small. Q. No: 4

Ans: False. The population must be approximately normal.

14 The article “Ozone for Removal of Acute Toxicity from Logyard Run-off” (M. Zenaitis
and S. Duff, Ozone Science and Engineering, 2002: 83–90) presents chemical
analyses of runoff water from sawmills in British Columbia. Included were Section 5.3
measurements of pH for six water specimens: 5.9, 5.0, 6.5, 5.6, 5.9, 6.5. Assuming Q. No: 5
these to be a random sample of water specimens from an approximately normal
population, find a 95% confidence interval for the mean pH.

Ans:
𝑥 =5.900, s=0.56921, n = 6, t6−1,.025 = 2.571.
The confidence interval is 5.9±2.571(0.56921/√6), or (5.303, 6.497).
15 A chemist made eight independent measurements of the melting point of tungsten.
She obtained a sample mean of 3410.14 degrees Celsius and a sample standard
deviation of 1.018 degrees.

a) Use the Student’s t distribution to find a 95%confidence interval for the Section 5.3
melting point of tungsten. Q. No: 8
b) Use the Student’s t distribution to find a 98% confidence interval for the
melting point of tungsten.
Ans:
(a) 𝑥 =3410.14, s =1.018, n =8, t8−1,.025 = 2.365.
The confidence interval is 3410.14±2.365(1.018/√8), or (3409.3, 3411.0).

(b) 𝑥 =3410.14, s =1.018, n =8, t8−1,.01 = 2.998.

The confidence interval is 3410.14±2.998(1.018/√8), or (3409.1, 3411.2).
16 To study the effect of curing temperature on shear strength of a certain rubber
compound, 80 specimens were cured at 150◦C and 95 were cured at 130◦C. The
specimens cured at 150◦C had an average shear strength of 620 psi, with a standard Section 5.4
deviation of 20 psi. Those cured at 130◦C had an average shear strength of 750 psi, Q. No: 1
with a standard deviation of 30 psi. Find a 95% confidence interval for the
difference between the mean shear strengths of specimens cured at the two
temperatures.

Ans:
𝑥 =620, sX =20, nX =80, Y =750, sY =30, nY =95, z.025 =1.96.
The confidence interval is 750−620±1.96 √(20^2/80+30^2/95), or (122.54,137.46).
17 The article “Inconsistent Health Perceptions for US Women and Men with Diabetes”
(M. McCollum, L. Hansen, et al., Journal of Women’s Health, 2007:1421–1428)
presents the results of a survey of adults with diabetes. The average body mass Section 5.4
index (BMI) in a sample of 1559 men was 30.4, with a standard deviation of 0.6. Q. No: 3
The average BMI in a sample of 1924 women was 31.1 with a standard deviation of
0.2. Find a 99% confidence interval for the difference in mean BMI between men
and women with diabetes.

Ans:
𝑥 =30.4, sX =0.6, nX =1559,Y =31.1,sY =0.2, nY =1924,z.005 =2.58.
The confidence interval is 31.1−30.4±2.58 √(0.62/1559+0.22/1924), or (0.6591,
0.7409).
18 The article “Vehicle-Arrival Characteristics at Urban Uncontrolled Intersections” (V.
Rengaraju and V. Rao, Journal of Transportation Engineering, 1995: 317–323)
presents data on traffic characteristics at 10 intersections in Madras, India. At one Section 5.4
particular intersection, the average speed for a sample of 39 cars was 26.50 km/h, Q. No: 5
with a standard deviation of 2.37 km/h. The average speed for a sample of 142
motorcycles was 37.14 km/h, with a standard deviation of 3.66 km/h. Find a 95%
confidence interval for the difference between the mean speeds of motorcycles and
cars.

Ans:
 𝑥=26.50, sX =2.37, nX =39,Y =37.14, sY =3.66, nY =142, z.025 =1.96.
The confidence interval is 37.14−26.50±1.96 √(2.372/39+3.662/142), or (9.683,
11.597).
19 The article “Simulation of the Hot Carbonate Process for Removal of CO2 and H2S Section 5.7
from Medium Btu Gas” (K. Park and T. Edgar, Energy Progress, Q. No: 1
1984:174–180) presents an equation used to estimate the equilibrium vapor
pressure of CO2 in a potassium carbonate solution. The actual equilibrium pressure
(in kPa) was measured in nine different reactions and compared with the value
estimated from the equation. The results are presented in the following table:

Find a 95% confidence interval for the mean difference between the estimated and
actual pressures.

Ans:
𝐷=6.736667, sD =6.045556, n =9,t9−1,.025 = 2.306.
The confidence interval is 6.736667±2.306(6.045556/√9), or (2.090, 11.384).
20 The article “Effect of Refrigeration on the Potassium Bitartrate Stability and
Composition of Italian Wines” (A. Versari, D. Barbanti, etal., Italian Journal ofFood
Science,2002:45–52) reports a study in which eight types of white wine had their
tartaric acid concentration (in g/L) measured both before and after a cold
stabilization process. The results are presented in the following table:

Section 5.7
Q. No: 2

Find a 95% confidence interval for the mean difference between the tartaric acid
concentrations before and after the cold stabilization process.

Ans:
𝐷=0.19375, sD =0.120230, n =8, t8−1,.025 = 2.365.
The confidence interval is 0.19375±2.365(0.120230/√8), or (0.0932, 0.2943).
21 In an experiment to measure the lifetimes of parts manufactured from a certain
aluminium alloy, 73 parts were loaded cyclically until failure. The mean number of
kilocycles to failure was 783, and the standard deviation was 120. Let μ represent
the mean number of kilocycles to failure for parts of this type.
A test is made of H0: μ ≤ 750 versus H1: μ>750. Section 6.1
Q. No: 1
a) Find the P-value.
b) Either the mean number of kilocycles to failure is greater than 750, or the
sample is in the most extreme__________ % of its distribution.
Ans:

(a) 𝑥 =783, s=120, n=73. The null and alternate hypotheses are
H0: µ≤ 750 versus H1: µ> 750.
z = (783−750)/(120/√73) = 2.35. Since the alternate hypothesis is of the form
µ > µ0, the P-value is the area to the right of z = 2.35.
Thus P=0.0094.

(b) The P-value is 0.0094, so if H0 is true then the sample is in the most extreme
0.94% of its distribution.
22 A simple random sample consists of 65 lengths of piano wire that were tested for
the amount of extension under a load of 30 N. The average extension for the 65
lines was 1.102mm and the standard deviation was 0.020 mm. Let μ represent the
mean extension for all specimens of this type of piano wire.
Section 6.1
a) Find the P-value for testing H0: μ ≤ 1.1 versus H1: μ>1.1. Q. No: 2
b) Either the mean extension for this type of wire is greater than 1.1 mm, or
the sample is in the most extreme__________ % of its distribution.
Ans:

(a) 𝑥 =1.102, s =0.02, n =65. The null and alternate hypotheses are
H0: µ ≤ 1.1 versus H1: µ> 1.1.
z = (1.102−1.1)/(0.02/√65) = 0.81. Since the alternate hypothesis is of the form
µ > µ0, the P-value is the area to the right of z = 0.81.
Thus P=0.2090.

(b) The P-value is 0.2090, so if H0 is true then the sample is in the most extreme
20.90% of its distribution.

23 The article “Evaluation of Mobile Mapping Systems for Roadway Data Collection”
(H. Karimi, A. Khattak, and J. Hummer, Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering,
2000:168–173) describes a system for remotely measuring roadway elements such
as the width of lanes and the heights of traffic signs. For a sample of 160 such
elements, the average error (in percent) in the measurements was 1.90, with a
standard deviation of 21.20. Let μ represent the mean error in this type of Section 6.1
measurement. Q. No: 3

a) Find the P-value for testing H0: μ = 0 versus H1: μ= 0.

b) Either the mean error for this type of measurement is nonzero, or the
sample is in the most extreme__________ % of its distribution.
Ans:

(a) 𝑥 =1.90, s =21.20, n =160. The null and alternate hypotheses are
H0: µ =0 versus H1: µ= 0.
z = (1.90−0)/(21.20/√160) = 1.13. Since the alternate hypothesis is of the form
µ= µ0, the P-value is the sum of the areas to the right of z = 1.13 and to the
left of z = −1.13.
Thus P=0.1292+0.1292=0.2584.

(b) The P-value is 0.2584, so if H0 is true then the sample is in the most extreme
25.84% of its distribution.
24 A certain type of stainless steel powder is supposed to have a mean particle
diameter of μ =15μm. A random sample of 87 particles had a mean diameter of
15.2 μm, with a standard deviation of 1.8 μm. A test is made of H0: μ = 15 versus
H1: μ= 15. Section 6.1
Q. No: 6
a) Find the P-value.
b) Do you believe it is plausible that the mean diameter is 15 μm, or are you
convinced that it differs from 15 μm? Explain your reasoning.
Ans:

(a)𝑥=15.2, s =1.8, n =87. The null and alternate hypotheses are

H0: µ = 15 versus H1: µ= 15.
z = (15.2−15)/(1.8/√87) = 1.04.Since the alternate hypothesis is of the form
µ= µ0, the P-value is the sum of the areas to the right of z = 1.04 and to the left of z
= −1.04.
Thus P=0.1492+0.1492=0.2984.

(b) If the mean particle diameter were 15 µm, the probability of observing a
sample mean as far from 15 as the value of 15.2 that was actually observed would
be 0.2984. Since 0.2984is not a small probability, it is plausible that the mean is 15
µm.
25 When it is operating properly, a chemical plant has a mean daily production of at
least 740 tons. The output is measured on a simple random sample of 60 days. The
sample had a mean of 715 tons/day and a standard deviation of 24 tons/day. Let μ
represent the mean daily output of the plant. An engineer tests H0: μ ≥ 740versus
H1: μ Section 6.1
Q. No: 7
a) Find the P-value
b) Do you believe it is plausible that the plant is operating properly or are you
convinced that the plant is not operating properly? Explain your reasoning.
Ans:

(a) 𝑥 =715, s=24, n=60. The null and alternate hypotheses are
H0: µ≥ 740 versus H1: µ< 740.
z = (715−740)/(24/√60)=−8.07. Since the alternate hypothesis is of the form
µ < µ0, the P-value is the area to the left of z = −8.07.
Thus P≈0.

(b) If the mean daily output were 740 tons or more, the probability of observing a
sample mean as small as the value of 715 that was actually observed would be
nearly 0. Therefore, we are convinced that the mean daily output is not 740 tons or
more, but is instead less than 740 tons.
26 For which P-value is the null hypothesis more plausible: P = 0.5 or P = 0.05? Section 6.2
Q. No: 1
Ans: P=0.5. The larger the P-value, the more plausible the null hypothesis.
27 True or false:
Section 6.2
a) If we reject H0, then we conclude that H0 is false. Q. No: 2
b) If we do not reject H0, then we conclude that H0 is true.
c) If we reject H0, then we conclude that H1 is true.
d) If we do not reject H0, then we conclude that H1 is false.
Ans:
(a) True.
(b) False. We conclude that H0 is plausible.
(c) True.
(d) False. We conclude that H0 is plausible, and therefore that H1 is plausible as
well.

28 If P = 0.01, which is the best conclusion?

i. H0 is definitely false.
ii. H0 is definitely true. Section 6.2
Q. No: 3
iii. There is a 1% probability that H0 is true.
iv. H0 might be true, but it’s unlikely.
v. H0 might be false, but it’s unlikely.
vi. H0 is plausible.
Ans:
(iv). A P-value of 0.01 means that if H0 is true, then the observed value of the test
statistic was in the most extreme 1% of its distribution. This is unlikely, but not
impossible.

29 If P = 0.50, which is the best conclusion?

i. H0 is definitely false.
ii. H0 is definitely true. Section 6.2
Q. No: 4
iii. There is a 50% probability that H0 is true.
iv. H0 is plausible, and H1 is false.
v. Both H0 and H1 are plausible.
Ans:
(v). A P-value of 0.50 means that if H0 is true, then the observed value of the test
statistic was in the most extreme 50% of its distribution. This is not at all unusual,
so H0 is plausible. We can never conclude that H1 is false, so therefore we conclude
that H1 is plausible as well.
30 True or false: If P = 0.02, then

a) The result is statistically significant at the 5% level.

b) The result is statistically significant at the 1% level. Section 6.2
Q. No: 5
c) The null hypothesis is rejected at the 5% level.
d) d. The null hypothesis is rejected at the 1% level.
Ans:
(a) True. The result is statistically significant at any level greater than or equal to2%.
(b) False. P > 0.01, so the result is not statistically significant at the 1% level.
(c) True. The null hypothesis is rejected at any level greater than or equal to 2%.
(d) False. P > 0.01, so the null hypothesis is not rejected at the 1% level.

31 George performed a hypothesis test. Luis checked George’s work by redoing the
calculations. Both George and Luis agree that the result was statistically significant
the 5% level, but they got different P-values. George got a P-value of 0.20 and Luis
got a P-value of 0.02. Section 6.2
a) Is it possible that George’s work is correct? Explain. Q. No: 6
b) b. Is it possible that Luis’s work is correct? Explain.
Ans:
(a) No. If the P-value is 0.20, then the result is not statistically significant at the 5%
level.
(b) Yes. If the P-value is 0.02, then the result is statistically significant at the 5%
level.

32 Let μ be the radiation level to which a radiation worker is exposed during the
course of a year. The Environmental Protection Agency has set the maximum safe
level of exposure at 5 rems per year. If a hypothesis test is to be performed to Section 6.2
determine whether a work place is safe, which is the most appropriate null Q. No: 8
hypothesis: H0: μ ≤ 5, H0: μ ≥ 5, or H0: μ = 5? Explain.

Ans:
H0: µ ≥ 5is the best. If H0 is rejected, we can be convinced that µ < 5, and that the
workplace is safe. If H0 is not rejected, then the workplace might not be safe.