DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JORHAT-785 007, ASSAM

Module 5: Power Transmission Elements

Drives:

There are two types of drives: Rigid and Flexible.

Drive

Rigid or non-flexible Flexible drive

drive e.g. belt, chain and rope
e.g. gear
In rigid drive, drive
there drive
is direct contact between the driving and driven shafts through the gears.
Here, rotary motion of driving shaft is directly converted into rotary motion of driven shaft by
means of pinion and gear.

In flexible drives, there is an intermediate link such as belt, rope or chain between the driving
and driven shafts. Due to the flexibility of these links, the drive is called flexible drive. Here,
the rotary motion of driving shaft is first converted into translatory motion of belt or chain and
then again converted into rotary motion of driven shaft. Thus, flexible element is superimposed
between driving and driven elements.

Belt drive:

Belts are used to transmit power between two shafts by means of friction. A belt drive consists
of three elements:

(i) Driving pulley,

(ii) Driven pulley and

(iii) An endless belt

Belt drives are mainly used in electric motors, automobiles, machine tools and conveyors.

Depending upon the shape of the cross-section, the belts are classified as:

1) Flat belt

2) V-belt

Flat belts have a narrow rectangular cross-section, while V-belts have a trapezoidal cross-
section.

Belt materials:

Belts are made of leather, canvas, rubber or rubberized fabric and synthetic materials.

The desirable properties of belt materials are:’

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JORHAT-785 007, ASSAM

(i) should have high coefficient of friction with the pulleys,

(ii) should have high tensile strength to withstand belt tensions,

(iii) should have high wear resistance,

(iv) should have high flexibility and low rigidity in bending in order to avoid bending stresses
while passing over the pulley.

There are two types of flat belts:

1) Leather belt and

2) Fabric rubber belt.

There are two types of belt construction:

(i) Open and

(ii) Crossed

Design of a Flat Belt:

(A) Velocity ratio (𝒊):

𝑡
𝑁1 𝜔1 𝐷 𝑅 𝐷 + 𝑡 𝑅 + 2
𝑖= = = = = =
𝑁2 𝜔2 𝑑 𝑟 𝑑 + 𝑡 𝑟 + 𝑡
2
Where,

𝑁1 , 𝜔1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 are rpm, angular speed and radius of smaller pulley or driving pulley.

𝑁2 , 𝜔2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅 are rpm, angular speed and radius of bigger pulley or driven pulley.

𝑡 is the thickness of the belt

Peripheral velocity of the belt on the driving pulley,

𝜋𝑑𝑁1
𝜈1 = 𝑚/𝑠
60
and peripheral velocity of the belt on the driven pulley,

𝜋𝐷𝑁2
𝜈2 = 𝑚/𝑠
60
When there is no slip, then 𝑣1 = 𝑣2

𝜋𝑑𝑁1 𝜋𝐷𝑁2
=
60 60

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JORHAT-785 007, ASSAM

𝑁1 𝐷
∴ =
𝑁2 𝑑

Slip of the Belt:

Generally, a firm frictional grip is assumed between the belts and the pulleys. But sometimes,
the frictional grip becomes insufficient. This may cause some forward motion of the driver
without carrying the belt with it. This is called slip of the belt and is generally expressed as a
percentage.

The result of the belt slipping is to reduce the velocity ratio of the system. As the slipping of
the belt is a common phenomenon, thus the belt should never be used where a definite velocity
ratio is of importance (as in the case of hour, minute and second arms in a watch).

Let,

𝑠1 = % of slip between the driver pulley and the belt, and

𝑠2 = % of slip between the belt and the driven pulley,

∴ Velocity of the belt passing over the driver pulley per second,

𝜋𝑑𝑁1 𝜋𝑑𝑁1 𝑠1 𝜋𝑑𝑁1 𝑠1

𝑣= − ×( )= (1 − ) … (𝑖)
60 60 100 60 100
and velocity of the belt passing over the driven pulley per second

𝜋𝐷𝑁2 𝑠2 𝑠2
= 𝑣−𝑣×( ) = 𝑣 (1 − )
60 100 100
Substituting the value of 𝜈 from equation (𝑖), we have

𝜋𝐷𝑁2 𝜋𝑑𝑁1 𝑠1 𝑠2
= (1 − ) (1 − )
60 60 100 100
𝐷 𝑁1 𝑠1 𝑠2
∴ = (1 − ) (1 − )
𝑑 𝑁2 100 100

𝐷 𝑁1 𝑠1 𝑠2 𝑠1 × 𝑠2
⇒ = (1 − − ) 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔,
𝑑 𝑁2 100 100 100 × 100

𝐷 𝑁1 𝑠1 + 𝑠2
⇒ = (1 − )
𝑑 𝑁2 100

𝐷 𝑁1 𝑠
∴ = (1 − )
𝑑 𝑁2 100

Where, 𝑠 = 𝑠1 + 𝑠2 = Total percentage of slip between the two pulleys

If thickness of the belt (𝑡) is considered, then

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JORHAT-785 007, ASSAM

𝐷 + 𝑡 𝑁1 𝑠
= (1 − )
𝑑 + 𝑡 𝑁2 100

Neglecting slip and effect of the thickness of the belt, the velocity ratio is given by

𝐷 + 𝑡 𝑁1
=
𝑑 + 𝑡 𝑁2

(B) Centre distance:

An empirical formula to select the centre distance from the condition of longevity of the belt.

𝐶 ≈ (0.07 𝑡𝑜 0.10)𝑣

Or

𝐶 ≥ (1.5 𝑡𝑜 2.0)(𝐷 + 𝑑) Equation 14.2(d), Page 290 of DDHB

Or

𝐶 ≥ 3.5𝐷

Where,

𝑣 = Linear velocity of belt in 𝑚/𝑠

𝜋𝑑𝑁1 𝑠1 𝜋𝐷𝑁2 100

= (1 − )= ( )
60 100 60 100 − 𝑠2

(C) Angle of contact:

(a) Open belt drive:

Figure 1: Open belt drive

(i) On smaller pulley,

𝐷−𝑑
𝜃𝑆 = 𝜋 − 2 sin−1
2𝐶
𝐷−𝑑
≈𝜋− 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 Equation 14.1(a), Page 289 of DDHB
𝐶
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JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JORHAT-785 007, ASSAM

(ii) On larger pulley,

𝐷−𝑑
𝜃𝐿 = 𝜋 + 2 sin−1
2𝐶
𝐷−𝑑
≈𝜋+ 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 Equation 14.1(b), Page 289 of DDHB
𝐶
(b) Cross belt drive:

Figure 2: Cross belt drive

𝐷+𝑑
𝜃 = 𝜃𝑆 = 𝜃𝐿 = 𝜋 + 2 sin−1
2𝐶
𝐷+𝑑
≈𝜋+ Equation 14.2(a), page 289 of DDHB
𝐶
(D) Length of belt:

(a) Open belt drive

1
𝐿 = √4𝐶 2 − (𝐷 − 𝑑)2 + (𝐷𝜃𝐿 + 𝑑𝜃𝑆 )
2
𝜋 (𝐷 − 𝑑)2
≈ 2𝐶 + (𝐷 + 𝑑) + Equation 14.2(b), Page 290 of DDHB
2 4𝐶
(b) Cross belt drive

𝜃
𝐿 = √4𝐶 2 − (𝐷 + 𝑑)2 + (𝐷 + 𝑑)
2
𝜋 𝐷+𝑑
≈[ + ] (𝐷 + 𝑑) + √4𝐶 2 − (𝐷 + 𝑑)2 Equation 14.2(c), Page 290 of DDHB
2 2𝐶

(E) Effective pull (𝑭𝒕 )

𝐹𝑡 = (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛 Equation 14.4, Page 291 of DDHB

= 𝑏𝑡(𝜎1 − 𝜎2 ) 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛
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Where,

𝑇1 = Tension of belt on tight side (𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛)

= 𝜎1 𝑏𝑡

𝑇2 = Tension of belt on slack side (𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛)

= 𝜎2 𝑏𝑡

Where,

𝜎1 = Tensile stress induced on tight side (𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 )

𝜎2 = Tensile stress induced on slack side (𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 )

𝑏 = Width of the belt (𝑚𝑚)

𝑡 = Thickness of the belt (𝑚𝑚)

(F) Power transmitted (𝑷)

(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )𝑣
𝑃= 𝑘𝑊 Equation 14.5(a), Page 291 of DDHB
1000
(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )𝑣
𝑃= 𝑀𝐻𝑃 Equation 14.5(b), Page 291 of DDHB
75
𝐷
Torque exerted by bigger pulley, = (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
2
𝑑
Torque exerted by smaller pulley, = (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
2
(G) Centrifugal tension (𝑻𝑪 )

𝑤′𝑣2 𝑤𝑏𝑡𝑣 2
𝑇𝐶 = = 6 Equation 14.3(e), Page 291 of DDHB
𝑔 10 × 𝑔

= 𝑚𝑣 2

Where,

𝑚 = Mass of the belt per meter length (𝑘𝑔/𝑚)

𝑤′
=
𝑔

𝑤 ′ = Weight of the belt per meter length (𝑁/𝑚)

𝑤 = Weight density of belt material (𝑁/𝑚3 )

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JORHAT-785 007, ASSAM

𝑏 = Width of the belt (𝑚𝑚)

𝑡 = Thickness of the belt (𝑚𝑚)

(H) Maximum tension in the belt (𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 )

𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜎𝑏𝑡 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇𝐶

Where,

𝜎 = Maximum permissible stress in the belt material (𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 )

(I) Condition for maximum transmission

𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3𝑇𝐶

(J) Initial tension in the belt (𝑻𝒐 )

𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 2𝑇𝐶
𝑇𝑜 =
2
According to C. G. Barth

√𝑇1 + √𝑇2 = 2√𝑇𝑜 Equation 14.8, Page 291 of DDHB

(K) Ratio of belt tensions

(i) At low velocities (neglecting the centrifugal force on the belt)

𝑇1
= 𝑒 𝜇𝜃 Equation 14.3(a), Page 290 of DDHB
𝑇2
𝜎1
= 𝑒 𝜇𝜃 Equation 14.3(b), Page 290 of DDHB
𝜎2

(ii) At high velocities

𝑇1 − 𝑇𝐶
= 𝑒 𝜇𝜃 Equation 14.3(c), Page 290 of DDHB
𝑇2 − 𝑇𝐶
𝜎1 − 𝜎𝑐
= 𝑒 𝜇𝜃 Equation 14.3(d), Page 290 of DDHB
𝜎2 − 𝜎𝑐

Where,

𝜇 = Coefficient of friction between belt material and pulley material

0.712
= 0.54 − (𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ′ 𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎)
2.542 + 𝑣
Or, 𝜇 can be get from table 14.2(a), Page 305 of DDHB

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JORHAT-785 007, ASSAM

Creep of Belt:

Due to the difference of tensions in the belt drive, the belt continuously moves with a negligible
velocity over the pulleys. This movement of the belt is known as creep of the belt. It is very
small and is generally neglected.

Diameter of the larger pulley,

𝐷 = (1−∈)𝑑𝑖 Equation 14.9(b), Page 292 of DDHB

Where,

∈= Coefficient of creep

= 0.01 𝑡𝑜 0.03

𝑖 = Velocity ratio

𝑑 = Diameter of the smaller pulley

Pulleys for Flat Belts:

The pulleys for flat belts consist of three parts:

(i) Rim
(ii) Hub and
(iii) Arms or web

The rim carries the belt. The hub connects the pulley to the shaft. The arms or web join the hub
with the rim.

There are two types of pulleys that are used for flat belts:

(i) Cast iron pulleys and

(ii) Mild steel pulleys

The pulley diameters are calculated in belt drive design. They should comply with standard
values (Table 14.13 (b), Page 313 of DDHB). The recommended values of minimum pulley
diameters are given in the Table 14.12, Page 312 of DDHB. The minimum pulley diameter
depends upon following two factors:

(i) The number of plies in the belt

(ii) The belt speeds

Maximum rim speed for Cast iron and Mild steel pulleys are given in the Table 14.13 (a), Page
312 of DDHB.

There is a relationship between the width of the belt and the width of the pulley or width of the
rim of the pulley. Preferred values for width of cast iron and mild steel pulleys are given in the
Table 14.13 (c), Page 313 of DDHB.

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JORHAT-785 007, ASSAM

Crown of Pulley:

There is a specific term called crowning of pulley in flat-belt drive. The thickness of the rim is
slightly increased in the center to give it a convex or conical shape. This is called crown of the
pulley. Crown is provided only on one of the two pulleys.

The objectives of providing crown are:

(i) The crown on pulley helps to hold the belt on pulley in running condition
(ii) The crown on pulley prevents the belt from running off the pulley
(iii) The crown on pulley brings the belt to running equilibrium position near the
midplane of the pulley.

Crown on pulley is essential particularly when the pulleys are mounted inaccurately or there is
a possibility of slip due to non-parallelism between connected shafts. Values of crown for cast
iron and mild steel pulleys are given in the Table 14.13 (d) and Table 14.13 (e), Page 313 of
DDHB.

Design of Cast Iron Pulleys for Flat Belts:

Figure 3: Cast iron pulley

(i) Diameter of pulleys (𝑫 & 𝒅)

Centrifugal stress induced in the rim of the pulley

𝑤𝑣 2
𝜎𝑡 = 6 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2
10 𝑔

Where,

𝑤 = Weight density of rim material (CI) (𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 )

𝜌 = Mass density of rim material (CI) (𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 )

= 7200 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
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JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JORHAT-785 007, ASSAM

𝜎𝑡 = Allowable tensile stress of rim material (CI) (𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 )

𝑣 = Velocity of rim (𝑚/𝑠)

𝜋𝐷𝑁2 𝜋𝑑𝑁1
= =
60 60
∵ 𝑁1 > 𝑁2 𝑎𝑠 𝐷 > 𝑑

𝐷 𝑁1
𝑖 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = =
𝑑 𝑁2

By knowing 𝑁1 & 𝑁2 , 𝑑 & 𝐷 can be found out.

OR

Saverin’s empirical formula for diameter of the smaller pulley

3 𝑃
𝑑 = 𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (525 𝑡𝑜 630) √
𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥

3 𝑃
= (525 𝑡𝑜 630) √ Equation 14.9(a), Page 292 of DDHB
2𝜋𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥

Where,

𝑃 = Power in 𝑘𝑊

𝑁1
𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑟𝑝𝑠 =
60
∵ 𝑁1 > 𝑁2 , ∴ 𝑁𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑁1 & 𝑁𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑁2

Therefore, diameter of the larger pulley

𝐷 = 𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (1−∈)𝑑𝑖 Equation 14.9(b), Page 292 of DDHB

Where,

∈= Coefficient of creep

= 0.01 𝑡𝑜 0.03

𝑖 = Velocity ratio

𝑑 = Diameter of the smaller pulley

Standard nominal diameter of cast iron and mild steel pulleys can be found from table 14.13(b),
Page 313 of DDHB.

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
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(ii) Width of the pulley (𝑩)

𝐵 = 1.25 𝑏

OR

3
𝐵=1 𝑏 + 10 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑢𝑡𝑦 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑠 Equation 14.9(c), Page 292 of DDHB
16
3
𝐵=1 𝑏 + 5 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑑𝑢𝑡𝑦 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑠 Equation 14.9(d), Page 292 of DDHB
32
Where,

𝑏 = Width of the belt (𝑚𝑚)

Standard width of flat cast iron and mild steel pulleys can be found from table 14.13(c), Page
313 of DDHB.

(iii) Thickness of the pulley rim (𝒕𝒓 )

𝐷
𝑡𝑟 = + 3 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 Equation 14.9(l), Page 293 of DDHB
200
𝐷
𝑡𝑟 = + 6 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 Equation 14.9(m), Page 293 of DDHB
200
Where,

𝐷 = Diameter of pulley (𝑚𝑚)

(iv) Dimensions of arms

(a) Number of arms (𝒊)

𝑖 = 4 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐷 = 200 𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑜 450 𝑚𝑚

𝑖 = 6 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐷 > 450 𝑚𝑚

For pulleys up to 𝐷 = 200 𝑚𝑚, web is used. Equation, Page 292 of DDHB

OR

Table 14.13(f), Page 314 of DDHB.

(b) Cross section of the arms

Cross sections of the arms are elliptical

𝑎 = Major axis

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𝑎
𝑏 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 = (𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
2
Maximum bending moment on the arm at the hub end

2𝑇 2𝑇
𝑀= ×𝑅 =
𝑅𝑖 𝑖
Section modulus for elliptical cross section
𝜋
𝑍= 𝑏𝑎2
32
Therefore, bending stress

𝑀
𝜎𝑏 =
𝑍
1 1
(c)The arms are tapered from hub to rim. The taper is usually 𝑡𝑜 .
48 32
(d) When the width of the pulley exceeds the diameter of the pulley, then two rows of arms are
provided.

(v) Dimensions of hub

(a) Diameter of hub (𝒅𝟏 )

𝑑1 = 1.5𝑑𝑠 + 25 𝑚𝑚

𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑑1 ≯ 2𝑑𝑠

Where, 𝑑𝑠 = Shaft diameter (𝑚𝑚)

OR

𝑑1 − 𝑑𝑠 3
= 0.412 √𝐵𝐷 + 6 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 Equation 14.9(j), Page 293 of DDHB
2
𝑑1 − 𝑑𝑠 3
= 0.529 √𝐵𝐷 + 6 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 Equation 14.9(k), Page 293 of DDHB
2
(b) Length of the hub (𝒍𝟏 )
𝜋
𝑙1 = 𝑑
2 𝑠
OR

2
𝑙1 ≥ 𝐵
3

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≤𝐵

≥ 1.5𝑑𝑠 Equation 14.9(n), Page 293 of DDHB

(vi) Diameter of the shaft (𝒅𝒔 )

𝑃 × 60
𝑇=
2𝜋𝑁
𝑀 = (𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 2𝑇𝐶 )𝐿
𝜋
∴ 𝑇𝑒 = √𝑇 2 + 𝑀2 = 𝜏𝑑𝑠 3
16
Where, 𝑑𝑠 = Diameter of the shaft (𝑚𝑚)

(vii) Dimensions of the key

Standard dimensions of the key can be found from the table 4.1, Page 69 of the DDHB
corresponding to the shaft diameter(𝑑𝑠 ).

Length of the key is found by considering failure of the key in shearing

𝑑𝑠
𝑇 = 𝑙 × 𝑤 × 𝜏𝑘 ×
2
But,
𝜋
𝑙≥ 𝑑 (= 𝑙1 )
2 𝑠

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Problem:

Design a flat belt to transmit 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝑾 for a system consisting of two pulleys of diameters
𝟎. 𝟗 𝒎 and 𝟏. 𝟐 𝒎, centre distance of 𝟑. 𝟔 𝒎, a belt speed 𝟐𝟎 𝒎/𝒔, coefficient of friction
𝟎. 𝟑, a slip of 𝟏. 𝟐% at each pulley and 𝟓% friction loss at each shaft, 𝟐𝟎% over load.

Solution.

I. Given data:

𝑃 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 110 𝑘𝑊 = 110 × 103 𝑊

𝑑 = 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑦 = 0.9 𝑚 ∴ 𝑟 = 0.45 𝑚

𝐷 = 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑦 = 1.2 𝑚 ∴ 𝑅 = 0.6 𝑚

𝐶 = 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 3.6 𝑚

𝑣 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 = 20 𝑚/𝑠

𝜇 = 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0.3

𝑠1 = 𝑠2 = 1.2%

II. Assumptions:

𝜎 = Safe stress for the belt = 2.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 2.5 × 106 𝑁/𝑚2

𝑡 = Thickness of the belt = 15 𝑚𝑚 = 0.015 𝑚

𝜌 = Density of leather = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

III. Design of the Belt:

Figure shows a system of flat belt drive consisting of two pulleys.

Figure 5: Flat belt drive

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Let

𝑁1 = Speed of the smaller or driving pulley in r.p.m., and

𝑁2 = Speed of the larger or driven pulley in r.p.m.

We know that speed of the belt (𝑣) in 𝑚/𝑠,

𝜋𝑑𝑁1 𝑠1 𝜋𝐷𝑁2 100

𝑣= (1 − )= ( )
60 100 60 100 − 𝑠2

Considering

𝜋𝑑𝑁1 𝑠1
𝑣= (1 − )
60 100
𝜋 × 0.9 × 𝑁1 1.2
⇒ 20 = (1 − )
60 100
∴ 𝑁1 = 429.57 ≅ 430 𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚.

And, considering

𝜋𝐷𝑁2 100
𝑣= ( )
60 100 − 𝑠2

𝜋 × 1.2 × 𝑁2 100
⇒ 20 = ( )
60 100 − 1.2
∴ 𝑁2 = 314.49 ≅ 315 𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚.

We know that, power transmitted by the driven shaft is given by

2𝜋𝑁2 𝑇
𝑃=
60
Therefore, torque acting on the driven shaft,

110 × 103 × 60
𝑇= = 3334.67 𝑁𝑚
2𝜋 × 315
Since there is a 5% friction loss at each shaft, therefore torque acting on the belt

= 1.05 × 3334.67 = 3501.41 𝑁𝑚

Since the belt is to be designed for 20% overload, therefore design torque

= 1.2 × 3501.41 = 4201.69 𝑁𝑚

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Let,

𝑇1 = Tension in the tight side of the belt, and

𝑇2 = Tension in the slack side of the belt.

We know that the torque exerted on the driven pulley

= (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) 𝑟 = (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) × 0.6 = 0.6 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) 𝑁𝑚

Equating this to the design torque, we have

0.6(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) = 4201.69

∴ (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) = 4201.69/0.6 = 7002.82 𝑁 . . . (𝑖)

Now let us find out the angle of contact (𝜃𝑆 ) of the belt on the smaller or driving pulley.

From the geometry of the Figure, we find that

𝑂2 𝑀 𝑅 − 𝑟 0.6 − 0.45
sin 𝛼 = = = = 0.0417
𝑂1 𝑂2 𝐶 3.6

∴ 𝛼 = 2.4°
𝜋
∴ 𝜃𝑆 = 180° − 2𝛼 = 180 − 2 × 2.4 = 175.2° = 175.2 × = 3.06 𝑟𝑎𝑑
180
We know that,

𝑇1
= 𝑒 𝜇𝜃𝑆 = 𝑒 0.3×3.06 = 2.5
𝑇2

∴ 𝑇1 = 2.5𝑇2

From equations (𝑖), we find that

2.5𝑇2 − 𝑇2 = 7002.82

∴ 𝑇2 = 4668.55 𝑁

∴ 𝑇1 = 11671.4 𝑁

Let,

𝑏 = Width of the belt in meters.

Since the belt speed is more than 10 𝑚/𝑠, therefore centrifugal tension must be taken into
consideration. Assuming a leather belt for which the density may be taken as 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3.

∴ Mass of the belt per meter length,

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
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𝑚 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 × 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦

= (𝑏 × 𝑡) × 𝑙 × 𝜌

= 𝑏 × 0.015 × 1 × 1000 = 15 𝑏 𝑘𝑔/𝑚

and centrifugal tension,

𝑇𝑐 = 𝑚. 𝑣 2 = 15 𝑏 (20)2 = 6000 𝑏 𝑁

We know that maximum tension in the belt,

𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇𝑐 = 𝜎. 𝑏. 𝑡

⇒ 11 671.4 + 6000 𝑏 = 2.5 × 106 × 𝑏 × 0.015 = 37500 𝑏

⇒ 37500 𝑏 − 6000 𝑏 = 11671.4

∴ 𝑏 = 0.370 𝑚 = 370 𝑚𝑚

From Table 14.9 (a), Page 311 of DDHB, the standard width of the belt (𝑏), is 400 mm. Ans.

From equation 14.2(b), Page 290 of DDHB, length of the belt,

𝜋 (𝐷 − 𝑑)2
𝐿 = 2𝐶 + (𝐷 + 𝑑) +
2 4𝐶
𝜋 (1.2 − 0.9)2
= 2 × 3.6 + (1.2 + 0.9) +
2 4 × 3.6
= 10.505 𝑚 Ans

Problem:

Design a belt pulley to transmit 𝟕. 𝟓 𝒌𝑾 at 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝒓𝒑𝒎. The velocity of the belt is not to
exceed 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒎/𝒎𝒊𝒏 and the maximum tension is not to exceed 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝑵/𝒄𝒎 width. The
tension on the slack side is one half that on the tight side. Calculate all the dimensions of
the pulley. Sketch neatly the sectional elevation and end view showing all leading
dimensions.

Solution:

I. Given Data:

𝑃 = Power transmitted = 7.5 𝑘𝑊 = 7.5 × 103 𝑊

𝑁 = Speed = 180 𝑟𝑝𝑚

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𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Maximum belt velocity = 500 𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛

500
= 𝑚/𝑠
60
= 8.33 𝑚/𝑠

𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Maximum tension

𝑏 = Width of the belt

𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 150 𝑁/𝑐𝑚 = 15 𝑁/𝑚𝑚
𝑏
𝑇1 = Tension on the tight side of the belt

𝑇2 = Tension on the slack side of the belt

𝑇1
𝑇2 =
2
𝑇1
∴ =2
𝑇2

II. Assumptions:

(i) The material of the belt is to be Oak tanned leather [Table 14.2 (a), Page 305 of DDHB].

(ii) The material of the pulley is to be high grade gray cast iron.

(iii) For cast iron, the factor of safety for steady load condition is taken as 6 [Table III-1, Page
477 of DDHB].

(iv) The material of the shaft and the key is to be SAE 1045 annealed steel.

(v) For steel, the factor of safety for steady load condition is taken as 4 [Table III-1, Page 477
of DDHB].

(vi) Density of cast iron is 7200 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3.

(vii) Major axis of the pulley arm is double of the minor axis of the arm. (𝑎 = 2𝑏)

(viii) Maximum torque transmitted, 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2 × Mean torque (𝑇𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 )

(ix) For shaft a 25% reduction in strength is considered as key way allowance.

III. Material Selection:

(i) Pulley material: high grade, gray cast iron. [TABLE 1.17, Page 472 of DDHB]

Yield stress:

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Tensile and compressive, 𝜎𝑢 = 207 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2 = 207 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

207
Shear, 𝜏𝑢 = 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2 = 103.5 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
2

Designed or working stress:

𝜎 207
𝑢
Tensile, compressive, bending 𝜎𝐶𝐼 = 𝐹𝑂𝑆 = = 34.5 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
6

𝜏 103.5
𝑢
Shear 𝜏𝐶𝐼 = 𝐹𝑂𝑆 = = 17.25 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
6

(ii) Shaft and key material: SAE 1045 annealed steel. [TABLE 1.18, Page 473 of DDHB]

Yield stress:

Shear, 𝜏𝑦𝑝 = 180 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2 = 180 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

Designed or working stress for shaft:

𝜏𝑦𝑝 180
Shear 𝜏𝑠 = 𝐹𝑂𝑆 × 0.75 = × 0.75 = 33.75 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
4

Designed or working stress for key:

𝜏𝑦𝑝 180
Shear 𝜏𝑘 = 𝐹𝑂𝑆 = = 45 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
4

IV. Design of the Belt

(i) Width of the belt (𝑏)

Power transmitted,

(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )𝑣
𝑃= 𝑘𝑊
1000
(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) × 8.33
𝑂𝑟, 7.5 =
1000
∴ (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) = 900 𝑁

𝑂𝑟, 2𝑇2 − 𝑇2 = 900 𝑁 [∵ 𝑇1 = 2𝑇2 ]

∴ 𝑇2 = 900 𝑁

∴ 𝑇1 = 1800 𝑁

Neglecting the centrifugal tension 𝑇𝐶 , the maximum tension is given by

𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑇1

𝑂𝑟, 150 × 𝑏 = 1800

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∴ 𝒃 = 12 𝑐𝑚

= 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎

Now, from Table 14.9 (a), Page 311 of DDHB

𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒍𝒕, 𝒃 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒎

V. Design of the Belt Pulley (Cast Iron)

(i) Diameter of the shaft (𝑑𝑠 )

Mean torque transmitted,

𝑃 × 60
𝑇𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
2𝜋𝑁
7.5 × 103 × 60
=
2𝜋 × 180
= 397.88 𝑁𝑚

∴ 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2 × 397.88 [∵ 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑇𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 ]

= 795.7747 𝑁𝑚

= 795774.7 𝑁𝑚𝑚

Now,
𝜋
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜏𝑠 𝑑𝑠 3
16
𝜋
𝑂𝑟, 795774.7 = × 33.75 × 𝑑𝑠 3
16
∴ 𝑑𝑠 = 49.33 𝑚𝑚

Now, from Table 3.5 (a), Page 57 of DDHB

𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒇𝒕, 𝒅𝒔 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎

(ii) Diameter of pulleys (𝐷)

Maximum velocity of the belt

𝜋𝐷𝑁
𝑣=
60
𝜋 × 𝐷 × 180
𝑂𝑟, 8.33 =
60

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∴ 𝐷 = 0.88 𝑚 = 880 𝑚𝑚

Now, from Table 14.13(b), Page 313 of DDHB

𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒚, 𝑫 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎

(iii) Width of the pulley (𝐵)

From equation 14.9(c), page 292 of DDHB

3
𝐵=1 𝑏 + 10 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑢𝑡𝑦 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑠
16
3
=1 × 125 + 10 𝑚𝑚
16
= 158.44 𝑚𝑚

Now, from Table 14.13(c), page 313 of DDHB

𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒚, 𝑩 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒎

(iv) Thickness of the pulley rim (𝑡𝑟 )

From equation 14.19(l), Page 293 of DDHB

𝐷
𝒕𝒓 = + 3 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡
200
900
= + 3 𝑚𝑚
200
= 𝟕. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎

(v) Diameter of the hub (𝑑1 )

From equation 14.9(j), Page 293 of DDHB

𝑑1 − 𝑑𝑠 3
= 0.412 √𝐵𝐷 + 6 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡
2
3
𝑂𝑟, 𝒅𝟏 = 0.824 √160 × 900 + 12 + 50

= 105.2 𝑚𝑚

= 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒎𝒎 (𝑠𝑎𝑦)

(vi) Length of the hub (𝑙1 )

From equation 14.9(n), Page 293 of DDHB

1.5𝑑𝑠 = 1.5 × 50 = 75 𝑚𝑚
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2 2
𝐵 = × 160 = 107 𝑚𝑚 [∵ 𝐵 = 160 𝑚𝑚]
3 3
2
∵ 𝑙1 ≥ 𝐵 = 107 𝑚𝑚
3
≤ 𝐵 = 160 𝑚𝑚

≥ 1.5𝑑𝑠 = 75 𝑚𝑚

∴ 𝒍𝟏 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒎

(vii) Number of arms (𝑖)

As 𝐷 > 450 𝑚𝑚, the number of arms is given by

𝒊=𝟔

(viii) Cross section of the arms (𝑎, 𝑏)

Maximum bending moment on the arm at the hub end

2𝑇
𝑀=
𝑖
2 × 795774.7
=
6
= 265258.23 𝑁𝑚𝑚

Section modulus,
𝜋
𝑍= 𝑏𝑎2
32
𝜋
= × 𝑏 × (2𝑏)2 [∵ 𝑎 = 2𝑏]
32
𝜋
= × 𝑏3
8
Therefore, bending stress in the arms,

𝑀
𝜎𝑏 =
𝑍
265258.23
𝑂𝑟, 34.5 = 𝜋 3
8×𝑏
∴ 𝒃 = 26.95 𝑚𝑚

= 𝟐𝟕 𝒎𝒎 (𝑠𝑎𝑦)
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∴ 𝒂 = 𝟓𝟒 𝒎𝒎

(ix) Dimensions of the key

From Table 4.1, Page 69 of DDHB,

The standard dimensions of a rectangular sunk key for a shaft of 50 𝑚𝑚 diameter

𝑾𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒌𝒆𝒚, 𝒃 = 𝟏𝟔 𝒎𝒎

𝑻𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒌𝒆𝒚, 𝒉 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒎

The length of the key (𝑙) is obtained by considering the failure of key in shearing

𝑑𝑠
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑙 × 𝑏 × 𝜏𝑘 ×
2
50
𝑂𝑟, 795774.7 = 𝑙 × 16 × 45 ×
2
∴ 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑘𝑒𝑦, 𝑙 = 44.21 𝑚𝑚

But, Length of the hub, 𝑙1 = 160 𝑚𝑚 > 𝑙(= 44.21 𝑚𝑚)

∴ 𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒌𝒆𝒚, 𝒍 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒎

VI. Summary of Design:

Sl. No. Component Dimension Symbol Value

1. Shaft Diameter of Shaft 𝑑𝑠 50 𝑚𝑚
2. Key Length of Key 𝑙 160 𝑚𝑚
Width of Key 𝑏 16 𝑚𝑚
Height of Key ℎ 10 𝑚𝑚
3. Belt Width of the belt 𝑏 125 𝑚𝑚
4. Pulley Diameter of the pulley 𝐷 900 𝑚𝑚
Width of the pulley 𝐵 160 𝑚𝑚
Thickness of the pulley rim 𝑡𝑟 7.5 𝑚𝑚
5. Pulley hub Diameter of Hub 𝑑1 105 𝑚𝑚
Length of Hub 𝑙1 160 𝑚𝑚
6. Pulley arms Number of arms 𝑖 6
Major axis at hub end 𝑎 54 𝑚𝑚
Minor axis at hub end 𝑏 27 𝑚𝑚

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VII. Diagram of the Designed Pulley:

Figure 6: Designed Pulley

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JORHAT-785 007, ASSAM

V-Belt Drive:

𝑉-belt is mostly used in factories and workshops where a great amount of power is to be
transmitted from one pulley to another. The 𝑉-belts are made of fabric and cords moulded in
rubber and covered with fabric and rubber. These belts are moulded to a trapezoidal shape and
are made endless. These are particularly suitable for short drives. The included angle for the
𝑉-belt is usually from 30° to 40°. The power is transmitted by the wedging action between the
belt and the 𝑉-groove in the pulley or sheave. A clearance must be provided at the bottom of
the groove in order to prevent touching of the bottom as it becomes narrower from wear.

Figure 7: 𝑽-Belt

The cross-section of 𝑉-belt and sheave groove are shown in the Figure. Following notations
are used for dimensions of the cross-section:

Groove angle (𝛼): It is the included angle obtained by extending the sides of the belt. The
standard value of the belt angle is 40°.

Pitch width (𝑙𝑝 ): It is the width of the belt at its pitch zone. This is the basic dimension for
standardization of belt and corresponding pulley groove.

Nominal top width (𝑏): It is the top width of the trapezium outlined on the cross-section of the
belt.

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JORHAT-785 007, ASSAM

Nominal height (ℎ): It is the height of the trapezium outlined on the cross-section of the belt.

Pitch length (𝐿𝑝 ): It is the length of the pitch line of the belt. This is the circumferential length
of the belt at the pitch width.

Types of 𝑽-belts and Pulleys:

The manufacturers and the Bureau of Indian Standards have standardized the dimensions of
the cross-section of 𝑉-belt. The cross-sectional dimensions are given in the Table 14.14, Page
314 of DDHB. There are five basic symbols used for the cross-section of 𝑉-belts. They are
𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷 and 𝐸. Apart from this five, another 𝑍-section belts are occasionally used for low
power transmission and small pulley diameters, while 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷 and 𝐸 section belts are widely
used as general-purpose belts. The selection of the cross-section depends upon two factors,
namely the power to be transmitted and the speed of the faster shaft.

The pulleys for 𝑉-belts may be made of cast iron or pressed steel in order to reduce weight.
The dimensions for the standard 𝑉-grooved pulley are given in the Table 14.24, Page 328 of
DDHB.

Designation of 𝑽-belt:

𝑉-belts are designated by the symbol of cross-section followed by nominal pitch length along
with symbol 𝐿𝑝 . For example, a 𝑉-belt of cross-section 𝐵 and with pitch length 4437 𝑚𝑚 is
designated as 𝐵 4437 𝐿𝑝 . The recommended values of standard pitch length (𝐿𝑝 ) are given in
Table 14.17, Page 315 of DDHB.

Groove angle:

The standard groove angle for the belt is 40°. The groove angle for pulley is from 34° to 38°.
The results in wedging action between the belt and the groove, thereby increasing the frictional
force, and consequently the transmitted power. The chart for determination of groove angle is
given in the Figure 14.6 (b), Page 294 of DDHB. Minimum pitch diameters in relation to
groove angles are given in the Table 14.16, Page 314 of DDHB.

𝑽-belt pulley pitch diameter:

The calculations of 𝑉-belts are based on preferred pitch diameters of pulleys and pitch lengths.
Recommended standard pulley pitch diameters are given in the Table 14.22, Page 326 of
DDHB.

Ratio of belt tensions:

At high velocities, the ratio of belt tensions in case of 𝑉-belts is given by

𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑐
= 𝑒 𝜇1 𝜃 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 14.12, 𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 294 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝐷𝐻𝐵
𝑇2 − 𝑇𝑐

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JORHAT-785 007, ASSAM

𝜇
Where, 𝜇1 = 𝛼 = apparent coefficient of friction
sin ( 2 )

𝛼 = Groove angle of the pulley in degree

[𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 14.16, 𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 314, 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 14.6(𝑏), 𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 294 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝐷𝐻𝐵]

Centre distance:

The centre distance is given by

𝐶 = 𝐴 + √(𝐴2 − 𝐵) 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 14.15(𝑎), 𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 295 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝐷𝐻𝐵

Where,

𝐿𝑝 𝜋(𝐷 + 𝑑) 𝐷−𝑑 2
𝐴= − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵=[ ]
4 8 8
Pitch length of belt:

Pitch length of belt is given by

(𝐷 − 𝑑)2
𝐿𝑝 = 2𝐶 + 1.57(𝐷 + 𝑑) + 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 14.15(𝑏), 𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 295 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝐷𝐻𝐵
4𝐶
Number of belts:

The number of belts required for a given application is calculated by the following relationship:

The number of belts required

𝑃𝐾𝑠
𝑛′ = 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 14.14, 𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 295 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝐷𝐻𝐵
(𝑘𝑊)𝐾𝐿 𝐾𝑎

Where,

𝑃 = Drive power in 𝑘𝑊

𝐾𝑠 = Correction factor according to service (Table 14.19, Page 322 of DDHB)

𝐾𝐿 = Correction factor for length (Table 14.20, Page 323 of DDHB)

𝐾𝑎 = Correction factor for arc of contact (Table 14.21, Page 325 of DDHB)

(𝑘𝑊) = Ratings of the 𝑉-belt (Table 14.18, Page 317 of DDHB)

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JORHAT-785 007, ASSAM

Problem:

Two shafts whose centers are 1 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 apart are connected by a 𝑉-belt drive. The driving pulley
is supplied with 95 𝑘𝑊 power and has an effective diameter of 300 𝑚𝑚. It runs at
1000 𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚. while the driven pulley runs at 375 𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚. The angle of groove on the pulleys is
40°. Permissible tension in 400 𝑚𝑚2 cross-sectional area belt is 2.1 𝑀𝑃𝑎. The material of the
belt has density of 1100 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3. The driven pulley is overhung, the distance of the centre from
the nearest bearing being 200 𝑚𝑚. The coefficient of friction between belt and pulley rim is
0.28. Estimate:

1. The number of belts required; and

2. Diameter of driven pulley shaft, if permissible shear stress is 42 𝑀𝑃𝑎.

Solution:

Given:

𝐶 = 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 1 𝑚

𝑃 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 = 95 𝑘𝑊 = 95 × 103 𝑊

𝑑 = 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑦 = 300 𝑚𝑚 = 0.3 𝑚

𝑁1 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑦 = 1000 𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚.

𝑁2 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑦 = 375 𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚.

𝛼 = 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 40°

𝑎 = 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 = 400 𝑚𝑚2 = 400 × 10−6 𝑚2

𝜎 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 = 2.1 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 2.1 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝜌 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 1100 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

𝑥 = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 200 𝑚𝑚

𝜇 = 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑦 𝑟𝑖𝑚 = 0.28

𝜏 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 42 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 42 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

First of all, let us find the diameter of the driven pulley (𝐷).

We know that

𝑁1 𝐷
=
𝑁2 𝑑

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JORHAT-785 007, ASSAM

𝑁1 1000
∴𝐷=𝑑× = 0.3 × = 0.8 𝑚 = 800 𝑚𝑚
𝑁2 375

Now, from Table 14.13(b), Page 313 of DDHB

𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒚, 𝑫 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎

For an open belt drive, from Equation 14.1 (a), Page 289 of DDHB, angle of contact on smaller
pulley is given by

𝐷−𝑑 0.8 − 0.3

𝜃𝑠 = 𝜋 − =𝜋− = 2.64 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
𝐶 1
We know that the mass of the belt per meter length,

𝑚 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 × 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = (400 × 10−6 ) × 1 × 1100 = 0.44 𝑘𝑔/𝑚

and velocity of the belt,

𝜋𝑑𝑁1 𝜋 × 0.3 × 1000

𝑣= = = 15.71 𝑚/𝑠
60 60
∴ Centrifugal tension,

𝑇𝑐 = 𝑚𝑣 2 = 0.44 × (15.71)2 = 108.59 𝑁

and maximum tension in the belt,

𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜎 × 𝑎 = 2.1 × 400 = 840 𝑁

∴ Tension in the tight side of the belt,

𝑇1 = 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑇𝑐 = 840 − 108.59 = 731.41 𝑁

We know that, at high velocities, the ratio of belt tensions in case of 𝑉-belts is given by

𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑐
= 𝑒 𝜇1 𝜃 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 14.12, 𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 294 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝐷𝐻𝐵
𝑇2 − 𝑇𝑐
𝜇
Where, 𝜇1 = 𝛼 = apparent coefficient of friction
sin ( 2 )

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝛼 = Groove angle of the pulley in degree

0.28
=
40
sin ( 2 )

= 0.82

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JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JORHAT-785 007, ASSAM

731.41 − 108.59
∴ = 𝑒 0.82×2.64 = 8.71 [𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝜃 = 𝜃𝑠 = 2.64 𝑟𝑎𝑑]
𝑇2 − 108.59

731.41 − 108.59
∴ 𝑇2 = + 108.59 = 180.10 𝑁
8.71
1. Number of belts required

We know that the power transmitted per belt

= (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) × 𝑣 = (731.41 − 180.10) × 15.71 = 8661.08 𝑊 = 8.66 𝑘𝑊

∴ Number of belts required

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑

𝑛′ =
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡

95
=
8.66
= 10.97

≈ 𝟏𝟏

2. Diameter of driven pulley shaft

Let 𝑑𝑠 = Diameter of driven pulley shaft.

We know that torque transmitted by the driven pulley shaft,

𝑃 × 60 95 × 103 × 60
𝑇= = = 2419.16 𝑁𝑚 = 2419.16 × 103 𝑁𝑚𝑚
2𝜋𝑁2 2𝜋 × 375

Since the driven pulley is overhung and the distance of the center from the nearest bearing is
𝑥 = 200 𝑚𝑚, therefore bending moment on the shaft due to the pull on the belt,

𝑀 = (𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 2𝑇𝑐 ) × 𝑥 × 𝑛′ (𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑛′ = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 = 11)

= (731.41 + 180.10 + 2 × 108.59) × 200 × 11

= 2483.12 × 103 𝑁𝑚𝑚

∴ Equivalent twisting moment,

𝑇𝑒 = √𝑇 2 + 𝑀2

= √(2419.16 × 103 )2 + (2483.12 × 103 )2

= 3466.73 × 103 𝑁𝑚𝑚

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JORHAT-785 007, ASSAM

We know that equivalent twisting moment (𝑇𝑒 ),

𝜋
𝑇𝑒 = 𝜏𝑑 3
16 𝑠
𝜋
⇒ 3466.73 × 103 = × 42 × 𝑑𝑠 3
16
∴ 𝑑𝑠 = 74.91 𝑚𝑚

Now, from TABLE 3.5(a), page no. 57 of DDHB,

The standard diameter of the shaft, 𝒅𝒔 = 𝟖𝟎 𝒎𝒎

Problem:

Power of 60 𝑘𝑊 at 750 𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚. is to be transmitted from an electric motor to compressor shaft

at 300 𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚. by 𝑉-belts. The approximate larger pulley diameter is 1500 𝑚𝑚. The
approximate center distance is 1650 𝑚𝑚, and overload factor is to be taken as 1.5. Give a
complete design of the belt drive. A belt with cross-sectional area of 350 𝑚𝑚2 and density
1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 and having an allowable tensile strength 2 𝑀𝑃𝑎 is available for use. The
coefficient of friction between the belt and the pulley may be taken as 0.28. The driven pulley
is overhung to the extent of 300 𝑚𝑚 from the nearest bearing and is mounted on a shaft having
a permissible shear stress of 40 𝑀𝑃𝑎 with the help of a key. The shaft, the pulley and the key
are also to be designed.

Solution:

Given:

𝑃 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 60 𝑘𝑊

𝑁1 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑦) = 750 𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚.

𝑁2 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 (𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑦) = 300 𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚.

𝐷 = 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑦 = 1500 𝑚𝑚 = 1.5 𝑚

𝐶 = 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 1650 𝑚𝑚

𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 1.5

𝑎 = 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 = 350 𝑚𝑚2 = 350 × 10−6 𝑚2

𝜌 = 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JORHAT-785 007, ASSAM

𝜎 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 = 2 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 2 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝜇 = 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑦 = 0.28

𝜏 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 40 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 40 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑥 = 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 300 𝑚𝑚

Assumption:

𝛼 = 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 38°

1. Design of the belt drive

Since the over load factor is 1.5, therefore the belt is to be designed for 1.5 × 60 = 90 𝑘𝑊.

Since the 𝑉-belt is to be designed for 90 𝑘𝑊, therefore from Table 14.14, Page 314 of DDHB
it is found that a ‘D’ type of belt should be used.

Let us find the diameter (𝑑) of the motor pulley. We know that

𝑁1 𝐷
=
𝑁2 𝑑

𝑁2 300
∴𝑑=𝐷× = 1.5 × = 0.6 𝑚 = 600 𝑚𝑚
𝑁1 750

For an open belt drive, from Equation 14.1 (a), Page 289 of DDHB, angle of contact on smaller
pulley is given by

𝐷−𝑑 1.5 − 0.6

𝜃𝑠 = 𝜋 − =𝜋− = 2.6 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
𝐶 1.65
We know that the mass of the belt per meter length,

𝑚 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 × 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = (350 × 10−6 ) × 1 × 1000 = 0.35 𝑘𝑔/𝑚

and velocity of the belt,

𝜋𝑑𝑁1 𝜋 × 0.6 × 750

𝑣= = = 23.56 𝑚/𝑠
60 60
∴ Centrifugal tension,

𝑇𝑐 = 𝑚𝑣 2 = 0.35 × (23.56)2 = 194.28 𝑁

and maximum tension in the belt,

𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜎 × 𝑎 = 2 × 350 = 700 𝑁

∴ Tension in the tight side of the belt,

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JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JORHAT-785 007, ASSAM

𝑇1 = 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑇𝑐 = 700 − 194.28 = 505.72 𝑁

We know that, at high velocities, the ratio of belt tensions in case of 𝑉-belts is given by

𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑐
= 𝑒 𝜇1 𝜃 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 14.12, 𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 294 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝐷𝐻𝐵
𝑇2 − 𝑇𝑐
𝜇
Where, 𝜇1 = 𝛼 = apparent coefficient of friction
sin ( 2 )

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝛼 = Groove angle of the pulley in degree

0.28
=
38
sin ( 2 )

= 0.86

505.72 − 194.28
∴ = 𝑒 0.86×2.6 = 9.36 [𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝜃 = 𝜃𝑠 = 2.6 𝑟𝑎𝑑]
𝑇2 − 194.28

505.72 − 194.28
∴ 𝑇2 = + 194.28 = 227.55 𝑁
9.36
1. Number of belts required

We know that the power transmitted per belt

= (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) × 𝑣 = (505.72 − 227.55) × 23.56 = 6553.69 𝑊 = 6.55 𝑘𝑊

Since the over load factor is 1.5, therefore the belt is to be designed for 1.5 × 60 = 90 𝑘𝑊.

∴ Number of belts required

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑

𝑛′ =
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡

90
=
6.55
= 13.74

≈ 𝟏𝟒

Now, from equation 14.15(b), Page 295 of DDHB, pitch length of belt is given by

(𝐷 − 𝑑)2
𝐿𝑝 = 2𝐶 + 1.57(𝐷 + 𝑑) +
4𝐶

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
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(1500 − 600)2
= 2 × 1650 + 1.57 × (1500 + 600) +
4 × 1650
= 6719.73 𝑚𝑚

Now, from table 14.17, page 316 of DDHB, for ‘D’ type 𝑉-belt, standard nominal pitch length

𝑳𝒑 = 𝟔𝟖𝟖𝟔 𝒎𝒎

And the corresponding nominal inside length is 𝟔𝟖𝟎𝟕 𝒎𝒎

Now, from equation 14.15(a), Page 295 of DDHB, the actual center distance is given by

𝐶 = 𝐴 + √(𝐴2 − 𝐵)

Where,

𝐿𝑝 𝜋(𝐷 + 𝑑) 6886 𝜋(1500 + 600)

𝐴= − = − = 896.83
4 8 4 8

𝐷−𝑑 2 1500 − 600 2

𝑎𝑛𝑑, 𝐵 = [ ] =[ ] = 12656.3
8 8

∴ 𝐶 = 𝐴 + √(𝐴2 − 𝐵) = 896.83 + √(896.832 − 12656.3) = 𝟏𝟕𝟖𝟔. 𝟓𝟖 𝒎𝒎 Ans.

2. Design of shaft

We know that torque transmitted by the driven pulley shaft,

𝑃 × 60 90 × 103 × 60
𝑇= = = 2864.79 𝑁𝑚 = 2864.79 × 103 𝑁𝑚𝑚
2𝜋𝑁2 2𝜋 × 300

Since the driven pulley is overhung and the distance of the center from the nearest bearing is
𝑥 = 300 𝑚𝑚, therefore bending moment on the shaft due to the pull on the belt,

𝑀 = (𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 2𝑇𝑐 ) × 𝑥 × 𝑛′ (𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑛′ = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑡 = 14)

= (505.72 + 227.55 + 2 × 194.28) × 300 × 14

= 4711.69 × 103 𝑁𝑚𝑚

∴ Equivalent twisting moment,

𝑇𝑒 = √𝑇 2 + 𝑀2

= √(2864.79 × 103 )2 + (4711.69 × 103 )2

= 5514.26 × 103 𝑁𝑚𝑚

We know that equivalent twisting moment (𝑇𝑒 ),

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JORHAT-785 007, ASSAM

𝜋
𝑇𝑒 = 𝜏𝑑𝑠 3
16
𝜋
⇒ 5514.26 × 103 = × 40 × 𝑑𝑠 3
16
∴ 𝑑𝑠 = 88.88 𝑚𝑚

Now, from TABLE 3.5(a), page no. 57 of DDHB,

The standard diameter of the shaft, 𝒅𝒔 = 𝟗𝟎 𝒎𝒎 Ans.

3. Design of the pulley

The dimensions for the standard 𝑉-grooved pulleys (Refer to figure 14.24, page 328 of DDHB)
are given in Table 14.24, page 328 of DDHB

for ‘D’ type belt

𝑙𝑝 = 𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 𝟐𝟕 𝒎𝒎,

𝑏 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝟖. 𝟏 𝒎𝒎,

ℎ = 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟗 𝒎𝒎,

𝑒 = 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑠 = 𝟑𝟕 ± 𝟎. 𝟔 𝒎𝒎,

𝑓 = 𝐸𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 = 𝟐𝟒+𝟑

−𝟏 𝒎𝒎

Again, maximum face width of the pulley

𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐿 = (𝑛′ − 1)𝑒 + 2𝑓 = (14 − 1) × 37 + 2 × 24 = 𝟓𝟐𝟗 𝒎𝒎

4. Design for key

From table 4.1, page 69 of DDHB, the standard dimensions of key for a shaft of 90 𝑚𝑚
diameter are

Width of key, 𝒃 = 𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒎 Ans.

and thickness of key, 𝒉 = 𝟏𝟒 𝒎𝒎 Ans.

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JORHAT-785 007, ASSAM

Chain Drives:

In order to avoid slipping, steel chains are used instead of belt and rope drives. The chains are
made up of number of rigid links which are hinged together by pin joints in order to provide
the necessary flexibility for wrapping round the driving and driven wheels. These wheels have
projecting teeth of special profile and fit into the corresponding recesses in the links of the
chain. The toothed wheels are known as sprocket wheels or simply sprockets. The sprockets
and the chain are thus constrained to move together without slipping and ensures perfect
velocity ratio.

Figure 8: Sprockets and chain

Terms Used in Chain Drive:

1. Pitch of chain: It is the distance between the hinge center of a link and the corresponding
hinge center of the adjacent link. It is usually denoted by 𝑝.

2. Pitch circle diameter of chain sprocket: It is the diameter of the circle on which the hinge
centers of the chain lie, when the chain is wrapped round a sprocket. The points 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, and 𝐷
are the hinge centres of the chain and the circle drawn through these centers is called pitch
circle and its diameter (𝐷) is known as pitch circle diameter.

Figure 9: Terms used in chain drive

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JORHAT-785 007, ASSAM

Relation Between Pitch and Pitch Circle Diameter:

A chain wrapped round the sprocket is shown in Figure 9. Since the links of the chain are rigid,
therefore pitch of the chain does not lie on the arc of the pitch circle. The pitch length becomes
a chord. Consider one pitch length 𝐴𝐵 of the chain subtending an angle 𝜃 at the centre of
sprocket (or pitch circle),

Let,

𝐷 = Diameter of the pitch circle, and

𝑧 = Number of teeth on the sprocket.

From Figure 9, pitch of the chain,

𝜃 𝐷 𝜃 𝜃
𝑝 = 𝐴𝐵 = 2 × 𝐴𝑂 × sin ( ) = 2 × ( ) × sin ( ) = 𝐷 sin ( )
2 2 2 2
360°
We know that, 𝜃 =
𝑧
360° 180°
∴ 𝑝 = 𝐷 sin ( ) = 𝐷 sin ( )
2𝑧 𝑧
𝑝
∴𝐷= 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 14.22(𝑛), 𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 301 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝐷𝐻𝐵
sin(180°⁄𝑧)

Note: The angle 𝜃/2 through which the link swings as it enters contact is called angle of
articulation.

The empirical formula to determine pitch in 𝑚𝑚

60.67 2⁄3
𝑝 ≤ 10 [ ] 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 14.22(𝑏), 𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 300 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝐷𝐻𝐵
𝑛1

Where 𝑛1 is the speed of smaller sprocket in 𝑟𝑝𝑠

Velocity Ratio of Chain Drives:

The velocity ratio of a chain drive is given by

𝑁1 𝑧2
𝑉. 𝑅. = =
𝑁2 𝑧1

where

𝑁1 = Speed of rotation of smaller sprocket in r.p.m.,

𝑁2 =Speed of rotation of larger sprocket in r.p.m.,

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JORHAT-785 007, ASSAM

𝑧1 = Number of teeth on the smaller sprocket, and

𝑧2 = Number of teeth on the larger sprocket.

The average speed of the chain in 𝑚/𝑠 is given by

𝜋𝐷𝑛 𝑝𝑧𝑛
𝑣= = 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 12.22 (𝑎), 𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 300 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝐷𝐻𝐵
1000 1000
where, 𝐷 = Pitch circle diameter of the sprocket in 𝑚𝑚

𝑝 = Pitch of the chain in 𝑚𝑚

𝑧 = Number of sprocket teeth

𝑛 = Sprocket speed in 𝑟𝑝𝑠

Length of Chain and Centre Distance:

An open chain drive system connecting the two sprockets is shown in the Figure 10.

Figure 10: Length of chain

Let,

𝑧1 = Number of teeth on the smaller sprocket,

𝑧2 =Number of teeth on the larger sprocket,

𝑝 = Pitch of the chain, and

𝐶 = Centre distance.

The chain length (𝐿) must be equal to the product of the chain length in pitches (𝐿𝑝 ) and the
pitch of the chain (𝑝). Mathematically,

𝐿 = 𝑝𝐿𝑝 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 14.22(𝑚), 𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 301 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝐷𝐻𝐵

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JORHAT-785 007, ASSAM

The chain length in pitches may be obtained from the following expression,

1 (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )
𝐿𝑝 = 2𝐶𝑝 cos 𝛼 + (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ) + 𝛼 (exact)
2 180
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 14.22(𝑘), 𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 301 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝐷𝐻𝐵

0.026(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )2
= 2𝐶𝑝 + 0.5(𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ) + (approx. )
𝐶𝑝

𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 14.22(𝑙), 𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 301 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝐷𝐻𝐵

The value of 𝐿𝑝 as obtained from the above expression must be approximated to the nearest
even number.

The centre distance is given by

𝑝 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 2 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 2
𝐶 = [𝐿𝑝 − √
+ (𝐿𝑝 − ) − 8( ) ]
4 2 2 2𝜋

In order to accommodate initial sag in the chain, the value of the centre distance obtained from
the above equation should be decreased by 2 𝑡𝑜 5 𝑚𝑚.

The optimum centre distance between sprockets in pitches is given by

𝐶𝑝 = (30 𝑡𝑜 50)
} 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 14.22(𝑖), 𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 301 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝐷𝐻𝐵
𝑎𝑛𝑑, 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐶 = 𝑝𝐶𝑝

The minimum centre distance is given by

𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐾1 𝐶1 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 14.22(𝑗), 𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 301 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝐷𝐻𝐵

Where,

𝐷01 + 𝐷02
𝐶1 =
2
𝐷01 is the tip diameter of smaller sprocket and 𝐷02 is the tip diameter of larger sprocket, and

𝐾1 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑢𝑝𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

The value of 𝐾1 is found from the Table 14.36 (b), Page 339 of DDHB

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JORHAT-785 007, ASSAM

Classification of Chains:

Chains are classified into three groups according to their uses. They are

(1) Load lifting chains

(2) Hauling chains

(3) Power transmission chains

Load lifting chains are used for suspending, raising or lowering loads in materials handling
equipment.

Hauling chains are used for carrying materials continuously by sliding, pulling or carrying in
conveyors.

Power transmission chains are used for transmitting power from one shaft to another.

Roller Chains:

The construction of a roller chain is shown in the Figure 11. It consists of alternate links
made of inner and outer link plates. Roller chain consists of following five parts:

(i) Pin
(ii) Bush
(iii) Roller
(iv) Inner link plate
(v) Outer link plate

Figure 11: Construction of roller chain

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
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The pitch (𝑝) of the chain is the linear distance between the axes of adjacent rollers. Roller
chains are standardized and manufactured on the basis of the pitch. These chains are available
in single-strand or multi-strand constructions such as simple, duplex or triplex chains as shown
in the Figure 12.

Figure 12: Types of roller chain

Chain dimensions, measuring loads and breaking loads of base chains and precision roller
chains are given in Table 14.39 (a), Page 340 and Table 14.39 (b), Page 341 of DDHB
respectively.

The roller chains are designated on the basis of pitch. It is designated in the following way:

(i) In the Table 14.39 of DDHB, chain number is given in the first column, e.g. 08𝐵 𝑜𝑟 16𝐴.
It consists of two parts, a number followed by a letter. The number in two digits expresses the
pitch sixteenths of an 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ. The letter 𝐴 means American Standard ANSI series and letter 𝐵
means British Standard series. Most of the chain manufacturers are American and their ANSI
series is popular in engineering industries.

(a) Let us consider the designation ′08𝐵′. The pitch of this chain is (08/16) 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ or
(08/16) × 25.4 = 12.7 𝑚𝑚. The letter 𝐵 indicates British standard series.

(b) Let us consider the designation ′16𝐴′. The pitch of this chain is (16/16) 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ or 25.4 𝑚𝑚.
The letter 𝐴 indicates American Standard ANSI series.

(ii) The chain number given in first column is supplemented by a hyphenated suffix 1 for simple
chain, 2 for duplex chain, 3 for triplex chain and so on. e.g. 08𝐵-2, 16𝐴-1 etc.

Breaking load is defined as the maximum tensile load, which if applied will result in chain
failure.

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JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JORHAT-785 007, ASSAM

Factor of Safety for Chain Drives:

The factor of safety for chain drives is defined as the ratio of the breaking load of chain to the
total load on the driving side of the chain. Mathematically, Factor of Safety (𝐹𝑆) is given by

𝐹𝑢
𝐹𝑆 = 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 14.22 (𝑜), 𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 301 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝐷𝐻𝐵
𝐹 + 𝐹𝑐 + 𝐹𝑠

Where,

𝐹𝑢 = 𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝑁 (𝑘𝑔𝑓)

𝐹 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝑁 (𝑘𝑔𝑓)

𝐹𝑐 = 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑁 (𝑘𝑔𝑓)

𝑤 ′𝑣 2
=
𝑔

𝐹𝑠 = 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝑁 (𝑘𝑔𝑓)

= 𝐾2 𝑤 ′ 𝐶1

𝑤 ′ = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑁 (𝑘𝑔𝑓)

𝑚
𝑣 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦,
𝑠
𝑔 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 = 9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2

𝐾2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑔, (𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 14.38, 𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 339 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝐷𝐻𝐵)

𝐶1 = 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑚

Table 14.37, Page 339 of DDHB shows the factor of safety for the bush-roller and silent chains
depending upon the speed of the smaller sprocket in r.p.m. and pitch of the chains.

Power Transmitted by Chains:

The tangential force is given by

1000 𝑃
𝐹= 𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝐼 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 14.22 (𝑐), 𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 300 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝐷𝐻𝐵
𝑣
Where,

𝑃 = 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑘𝑊

𝑣 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝑚/𝑠

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JORHAT-785 007, ASSAM

The allowable working load per strand, in 𝑁/𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 is given by

𝐹𝑢
𝐹𝑤 = 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 14.22 (𝑒), 𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 300 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝐷𝐻𝐵
(𝐹𝑆)𝐾𝑠

Where,

𝐹𝑢 = 𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝑁/𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝐾𝑠 = 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

(𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 14.35, 𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 338 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝐷𝐻𝐵)

𝐹𝑆 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 (𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 14.37, 𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 339 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝐷𝐻𝐵)

According to AGMA, the formula for the allowable working load per strand, neglecting the
centrifugal force is given by

98.07𝐴 𝑁
𝐹𝑤 = 𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝐼 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 ( ) 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛14.22 (𝑓), 𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 300 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝐷𝐻𝐵
𝑣 + 3.05 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑
Where,

𝐴 = 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑢𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝑚𝑚2

𝑣 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝑚/𝑠

The minimum number of strands in a chain (𝑖𝑓 𝐹 > 𝐹𝑤 ), is given by

𝐹
𝑗= 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 14.22 (ℎ), 𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒 301 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝐷𝐻𝐵
𝐹𝑤

Number of teeth on Smaller Sprocket:

Table 14.36 (a), Page 339 of DDHB shows the number of teeth on smaller sprocket or pinion
in 𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚. for corresponding to different transmission ratio.

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JORHAT-785 007, ASSAM

Problem:

Design a chain drive to actuate a compressor from 15 𝑘𝑊 electric motor running at

1000 𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚., the compressor speed being 350 𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚. The minimum centre distance is
500 𝑚𝑚. The compressor operates 16 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦. The chain tension may be adjusted by
shifting the motor on slides.

Solution:

Given:

𝑃 = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 15 𝑘𝑊

𝑁1 = 1000 𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚.

𝑁2 = 350 𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚.

𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 500 𝑚𝑚

Operating Conditions= 16 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦

We know that the velocity ratio of chain drive,

𝑁1 1000
𝑉. 𝑅. = = = 2.86
𝑁2 350

Let us assume from Table 14.36 (a), Page 339 of DDHB, the number of teeth on the smaller
sprocket or pinion (𝑧1 ) for a velocity ratio of 2.86 are 25.

∴ Number of teeth on the larger sprocket or gear,

𝑁1 1000
𝑧2 = 𝑧1 × = 25 × = 71.43 = 72 (𝑠𝑎𝑦)
𝑁2 350

Assuming light to medium shock or vibrating load and for a 16 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 operating
conditions, from Table 14.35, Page 338 of DDHB the service factor for chain is chosen as

𝐾𝑠 = 1.9.

From equation 14.22 (b), Page 300 of DDHB, pitch of the chain is given by

60.67 2/3
𝑝 ≤ 10 [ ]
𝑛1

Where,

𝑁1 1000
𝑛1 = 𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑠. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 = = = 16.67
60 60

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JORHAT-785 007, ASSAM

60.67 2/3
𝑝 ≤ 10 [ ]
16.67

𝑝 ≤ 23.66 𝑚𝑚

Now, from Table 14.39 (a), Page 340 of DDHB pitch of the chain is taken as

𝑝 = 19.05 𝑚𝑚

Therefore, chain no. 12B is selected. The dimensions of this chain (Table 14.39 (a), Page 340
of DDHB) are as follows:

𝑝 = 𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ = 19.05 𝑚𝑚

𝑑1 = 𝑅𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 12.07 𝑚𝑚

𝑏1 = 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 = 11.63 𝑚𝑚

From Equation 14.22 (n), Page 301 of DDHB, the pitch diameter of driver sprocket is

𝑝 𝑝 19.05
𝐷1 = = = = 152 𝑚𝑚
sin(180/𝑧) sin(180/𝑧1 ) sin(180/25)

And pitch diameter of driven sprocket is

𝑝 𝑝 19.05
𝐷2 = = = = 436.73 𝑚𝑚
sin(180/𝑧) sin(180/𝑧2 ) sin(180/72)

Given, minimum centre distance

𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 500 𝑚𝑚

From equation 14.22 (i), Page 301 of DDHB

𝐶 = 𝑝𝐶𝑝 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐶𝑝 = 30 𝑡𝑜 50

Therefore, the optimum centre distance between sprockets in pitches is given by

500
∴ 𝐶𝑝 = = 26.25 = 30 (𝑠𝑎𝑦) 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝐶𝑝 = 30 𝑡𝑜 50
19.05
Now, from Equation 14.22 (l), Page 301 of DDHB the approximate chain length in pitches is
given by

0.026(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )2
𝐿𝑝 = 2𝐶𝑝 + 0.5(𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ) +
𝐶𝑝

0.026(72 − 25)2
= 2 × 30 + 0.5(25 + 72) +
30

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JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JORHAT-785 007, ASSAM

= 110.41

= 110 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠 (𝑠𝑎𝑦)

The exact centre distance is given by

𝑝 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 2 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 2
𝐶= [𝐿𝑝 − + √(𝐿𝑝 − ) − 8( ) ]
4 2 2 2𝜋

19.05 25 + 72 25 + 72 2 72 − 25 2
= [110 − √
+ (110 − ) − 8( ) ]
4 2 2 2𝜋

= 567.91 𝑚𝑚

Module 5: Power Transmission Elements Page 46