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27 views13 pages

Physics Project File

Uploaded by

Hariharasudhan .A
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PHYSICS PROJECT REPORT ON FACTORS AFFECTING

INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF A CELL

Submitted by

A.HARIHARASUDHAN

CLASS: XII

PROJECT GUIDE

Mr. R.B.SABHIS KUMAR, M.Sc.,B.Ed.,

Madurai Public Senior Secondary School (1930916)

(Affiliated to CENTRAL BOARD OF EDUCATION, NEW


DELHI.)

Madurai – 625017.

MARCH-2024

1
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that A.HARIHARASUDHAN Reg. No.

of Grade XII of Madurai Public Senior Secondary School,

Madurai has successfully completed his project work under my

guidance for the academic year 2023-24. He has taken proper

care in completing this project. I certify that this project is up to

my expectation and as per the CBSE guidelines.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

PRINCIPAL

2
MARCH 2024

3
DECLARATION

I declare that the Project entitled factors affecting internal


resistance of a cell is the result of a study originally carried
out by me under the guidance of Mr.R.B.SABHIS KUMAR,
Madurai Public Senior Secondary School (CBSE),
Madurai.

Signature of the Candidate

(A.HARIHARASUDHAN)

4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to our principal


Mrs.R.Gowri, our coordinator Dr.K.Muthupandi for helping us with
providing all the equipment’s for the project work and for moral
support. And also to my Physics Teacher Mr.R.B.Sabhis Kumar for
giving us the wonderful opportunity to do a case study and
providing vital support, guidance and encouragement throughout
the project. Without his motivation and help, the successful
completion of this project would not be possible.

I also thank my parents for their encouragement and support in my


humble venture.

Finally I would also like to thank my friends who helped me a lot in


finalizing this project within the limited frame.

(A.HARIHARASUDHAN)

5
INTRODUCTION

There is a great need of batteries in our daily use electronic


appliances and the use is increasing every day.

Thus , the batteries need to be made more powerful so that their


potential can be increased greatly .

Thus , this project report is based on practical analysis for the


factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell.

When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased we can increase


the potential difference across it , and hence make it more reliable.

6
Objective :-

To study the various factors on which the internal resistance of a cell


depends.

Apparatus :-

A Potentiometer , a battery (battery eliminator) , two way keys , a


rheostat of
low resistance , a galvanometer , a high resistance , an ammeter , a
cell , a
Jockey , a set square , connecting wires , water bath ,
thermometer(0-100°C) ,
burner , tripod stand , wire gauge .

Theory :-

The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its


electrolyte to
the flow of ions . The internal resistance of a cell
 is directly proportional to the distance between the electrodes.
 is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the
electrodes in
electrolyte.
 decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.
 is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte.
l 1 −l 2
( )R
The internal resistance of a cell is given by r= l1
7
where l1,l2 are the balancing lengths without resistance and with
resistance
(shunt) , respectively and R is the shunt resistance in parallel with
the given
cell.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

8
Procedure :-
Step 1
1. Draw the circuit diagram showing the scheme of connections.
2. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and make
tight
connections according to the circuit diagrams.
3. Tight the plugs of the resistance box.
4. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and cell and see that e.m.f. and see
that
e.m.f. of the battery is more than that of given cell ,otherwise null or
balance point will not be obtained(E’>E).
5. Take maximum current from the battery , making rheostat
resistance
small.
6. To test the corrections of the connections (insert the plug in the
key
K1 and note the ammeter reading .Take out 2000 ohm resistance
plug
from resistance box. Place the jokey first at the end P of the wire and
then at the end Q. If the galvanometer shows deflection in opposite
direction in the two cases the connections are correct).
7. Without inserting the plug in the key K2 adjust the rheostat so that
a
null point is obtained on the 4th wire of potentiometer.
8. Insert the 2000 ohm plug back in the position in resistance box
and by
slightly adjusting the jockey near the previous obtained position of
null
point, obtain null point position accurately, using a set square.
9. Measure the balancing length l1 between the point and the end P
of the
wire.
10. Take out the 2000 ohm plug again from the resistance box R.B.
introduce
plugs in the key K1 ,as well as in key K2. Take out small resistance
(1- 5 Ω) from the resistance box R connected in parallel with the
cell.
9
11. Slide the jockey along the potentiometer wire and obtain null
point.
12. Insert 2000 ohms plug back in its position in R.B. and if
necessary make
further adjustment for sharp null point.
13. Measure the balancing length l2 from end P.
14. Remove the plug keys at K1 and K2.Wait for some time and for the
same value of current (as shown by ammeter) repeat the steps 7 to
13.
15. Repeat the observations for diffrent values of R repeating each
observation twice.
16. Calculate the internal resistance of cell by using the above
relation for r.

Step 2

To see the effect of distance between the electrodes on internal


resistances keeping the other factors constant ,vary separation
between
electrodes and measure internal resistance in each case.

Step 3
To see the effect of the temperature of electrolyte on internal
resistance by keeping other factors constant.
Keep primary cells in water bath to heat the electrolyte. Determine
the internal resistance at various temperatures.

Step 4
To see the effect of concentration (nature) of electrolyte on
internal resistance by :-
Keeping the other factors constant , decrease concentration of
electrolyte
by adding the distilled water and determine internal resistance of
cell in
each case .
1
0
Observations :-

S.No. Ammeter Pos. of null point ( Shunt l −l


( 1 2)R
Reading cm ) Resistance r= l1
(A) With R Without R(Ω)
(l1 R ( l2 )
)
1 0.3 660.5 35.5 1 0.94
2 0.3 660.5 77.2 2 1.77
3 0.3 660.5 108.3 3 2.51

Table for effect of separation between electrodes :-

S.No. Separation Balancing Balanc l 1 −l 2 r/d


( )R
Between Length ing r= l1
electrodes-d (cm) ( l1 ) Length (Ω)
(cm) (cm)
(l2)
1 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38
2 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38
3 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38

Table for effect of temperature :-

S.No. Temperatur l1 l2 Resistan r= Tr


e (T) °C (cm) (cm) ce R (Ω) ( l1 −l2 ) R ( ΩK )
l1
(Ω)
1 40 325 12 1 0.96 301.44
2 32 552 23.6 1 0.95 291.96
3 27 660.5 35.5 1 0.94 283.87

1
1
Conclusions :-

1. The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is equal to


E = 0.98 Volt
2. The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the
separation
between the electrodes.
3. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
area of
the electrodes dipped in electrolyte.
4. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
temperature of electrolytes.
5. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
concentration of the electrolyte.
Precautions :-
1. The connections should be neat , clean and tight.
2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the
observations are
to be taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells E1 and E2 should , all
be
connected to the terminal at the zero of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It should
touch the
wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular set
of
observation. If necessary , adjust the rheostat for this purpose.
6. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than the e.m.f.'s of the
either
of the two cells.
7. Some high resistance plug should always be taken out from
resistance box
before the jockey is moved along the wire.
8. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than that of the cell.
9. For one set of observation the ammeter reading should remain
constant.
1
2
10. Current should be passed for short time only , while finding the
null
point.
11. Rheostat should be adjusted so that initial null point lies on last
wire of
the potentiometer.
12. Cell should not be disturbed during experiment.
13. Jockey should not be rubbed against the potentiometer wire.

sources of error :-

1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.


2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross-section and
material
density throughout its length.
3. End resistances may not be zero.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Wikipedia.com
 Google search engine
 Physics NCERT textbook for grade 12.

1
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