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SRT Physics

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80 views13 pages

SRT Physics

Uploaded by

jnvbidar40
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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JAWAHAR NAVODAYA

VIDYALAYA
BIDAR

PHYSICS PROJECT
Factors Affecting
Internal
Resistance Of A
Cell

NAME – SHUBHAM.R.T
CLASS – XII ‘A’
ROLL NO –

Acknowledgement
I feel proud to present my Investigatory
project in Physics on the topic “To study the
various factors on which the internal
resistance of a cell depends” .This project
wouldn’t have been feasible without the
proper and rigorous guidance of my Physics
teacher Mr.Manjunath swami who guided
me throughout this project in every possible
way on a step by step basis and ensuring that
I completed my project with ease. His
suggestions and instructions have served as
the major contributor towards the
completion of the project. Then I would also
like to thank my principal Mr. Bhavana

Rushi. Rigorous hard work has been put in


this project to ensure that it proves to be the
best. I hope that this project will prove to be
a breeding ground for the next generation of
students and will guide them in every
possible way.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that SHUBHAM.R.T, a student of
class XII has successfully completed the project on
the topic “Determination of various factors on
which the internal resistance of a cell depends”
under the guidance of Mr. Manjunath swami
(PHYSICS FACULTY).This project is absolutely
genuine and does not indulge in plagiarism of any
kind. The progress of the project has been
continuously reported and has been acknowledged
consistently.

________________
____________
BHAVANI RUSHI MANJUNATH
SWAMI
(Principal)
(Physics Teacher)

________________
External Examiner
Contents
 Acknowledgement

 Certificate

 Introduction

 Objective

 Apparatus

 Theory

 Procedure

 Observations

 Conclusions

 Precautions

 Sources of error
Introduction
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use
electronic appliances and the use is increasing every
day.
Thus , the batteries need to be made more powerful
so that their potential can be increased greatly .
Thus , this project report is based on practical analysis
for the factors affecting the internal resistance of a
cell.
When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased
we can Increase the potential difference across it , and
hence make it more reliable.

Objective :-
To study the various factors on which the
internal resistance of a cell depends

Apparatus :-
A Potentiometer , a battery (battery eliminator) , two way keys ,
a rheostat of low resistance , a galvanometer , a high
resistance , an ammeter , a cell , a Jockey , a set square ,
connecting wires , water bath , thermometer(0-100°C) , burner ,
tripod stand , wire gauge .
Theory :-
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance
offered by its electrolyte to the flow of ions . The
internal resistance of a cell
 is directly proportional to the distance between
the electrodes.
 is inversely proportional to facing surface area of
the electrodes in electrolyte.
 decreases with increase in temperature of
electrolyte.
 is inversely proportional to concentration of
electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is given by
l 1−l 2
r=( l 1 )R

where l , l are the balancing lengths without


1 2

resistance and with resistance (shunt) ,


respectively and R is the shunt resistance in
parallel with the given cell.
Diagram
Procedure :-
 Step 1
1. Draw the circuit diagram showing the scheme of connections.
2. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and
make tight connections according to the circuit diagrams.
3. Tight the plugs of the resistance box.
4. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and cell and see that e.m.f. and
see that e.m.f. of the battery is more than that of given cell,
otherwise null or balance point will not be obtained (E' >E).
5. Take maximum current from the battery, making rheostat
resistance small.
6. To test the corrections of the connections.(insert the plug
in the key K 1 and note the ammeter reading .Take out 2000
ohm resistance plug from resistance box. Place the jokey first at
the end P of the wire and then at the end Q. If the galvanometer
shows deflection in opposite direction in the two cases the
connections are correct).
7. Without inserting the plug in the key K 2 adjust the rheostat so
that a null point is obtained on the 4th wire of potentiometer.
8. Insert the 2000 ohm plug back in the position in resistance box
and by slightly adjusting the jockey near the previous obtained
position of null point, obtain null point position accurately, using
a set square.
9. Measure the balancing length l 1 between the point and the end P
of the wire.
10. Take out the 2000 ohm plug again from the resistance box R.B.
introduce plugs in the key K 1 ,as well as in key K 2. Take out small
resistance
(1-5 Ω) from the resistance box R connected in parallel with the
cell.
11. Slide the jockey along the potentiometer wire and obtain null
point.
12. Insert 2000 ohms plug back in its position in R.B. and if
necessary make further adjustment for sharp null point.
13. Measure the balancing length l 2 from end P.
14. Remove the plug keys at K 1 and K 2.Wait for some time and for
the same value of current (as shown by ammeter) repeat the
steps 7 to 13.
15. Repeat the observations for diffrent values of R repeating each
observation twice.
16. Calculate the internal resistance of cell by using the above
relation for r.

 Step 2
To see the effect of distance between the electrodes on internal
resistances keeping the other factors constant ,vary separation
between electrodes and measure internal resistance in each case.
Step 3
To see the effect of the temperature of electrolyte on internal
resistance by keeping other factors constant.
Keep primary cells in water bath to heat the electrolyte.
Determine the internal resistance at various temperatures.

Step 4
To see the effect of concentration (nature) of electrolyte
on internal resistance by :-
Keeping the other factors constant , decrease concentration of
electrolyte by adding the distilled water and determine internal
resistance of cell in each case .

Observations :-
S.No. Ammeter Pos. of null point ( Shunt r=((l 1−l 2 )/l 1)R
Reading cm ) Resistanc
e

(A) With Without R R(Ω) Ω


( l2 )
R (l1 )

1.

2.

3.
Table for effect of temperature :-
S.
No
Temper- l1 l2 Resista l 1−l 2 Tr
. r=( l )R
ature nce 1

(T) °C (cm) (cm) R (Ω) (Ω) (ΩK)

1.

2.

3.
Conclusions :-
1. The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is equal to
E = ______ Volt
2. The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the
separation between the electrodes.
3. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
area of the electrodes dipped in electrolyte.
4. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
temperature of electrolytes.
5. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
concentration of the electrolyte

Precautions :-
1. The connections should be neat , clean and tight.
2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the
observations are to be taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells E1 and E2 should ,
all be connected to the terminal at the zero of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It should
touch the wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular
set of observation. If necessary , adjust the rheostat for this
purpose.
6. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than the e.m.f.'s of
the either of the two cells.
7. Some high resistance plug should always be taken out from
resistance box before the jockey is moved along the wire.
8. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than that of the cell.
9. For one set of observation the ammeter reading should remain
constant.
10. Current should be passed for short time only , while finding the
null point.
11. Rheostat should be adjusted so that initial null point lies on last
wire of the potentiometer.
12. Cell should not be disturbed during experiment.
13. Jockey should not be rubbed against the potentiometer wire.

Sources of error :-
1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross-section
and material density throughout its length.
3. End resistances may not be zero.

Bibliography
www.Google.com

www.Wikipedia.com

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