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Chemistry HandBook CHAP TER

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SALT ANALYSIS
Definition :
The branch of chemical analysis which aims to find out the constituents of a mixture of compound is known
as Qualitative Analysis.
The identification of a substances usually involves its conversion into a new substance possessing characteristic
properties with the help of one or more substance of known composition. The substance which is used to
bring about such change is called a Reagent.

Salt Analysis

(A) (B)
Analysis of Anion Analysis of Cation
Y by Wet Test Y by Dry Test
Y by Wet Test

ANALYSIS OF ACIDIC RADICAL

Classification of acidic radical
Class - A Class - B
(Form volatile product with acid) (Does not form volatile product
with acid)
Sub group-I : Sub group-I :
(Form volatile product with dil. HCl / dil. H2SO4) (Detected by precipitation reaction)
CO32- ,HCO3- ,SO23- ,HSO3- ,S2O23- , S2 - ,CH3COO - ,NO2- SO24- ,PO43- , AsO33 - , AsO34-
Sub group-II : Sub group-II :
(Form volatile product with conc. H2SO4) (Detected by redox reaction)
F - ,Cl - ,Br - ,I - ,NO 3- ,BO 33- ,C2 O24- + sub group-I CrO24- ,Cr2 O27 - ,MnO4-

Þ CO2 is colourless, odourless gas evolved with brisk effevesence, Detected by lime water test.
Þ SO2 is colourless, Suffocating gas with burning sulphur odour. Detected by lime water test or by passing in Cr2O72- / H+
solution.
Þ H2S is a colourless gas with rotten egg odour.
Þ CH3COOH has colourless fumes having vinegar odour.
Þ NO2/Br2 is brown gas.
Þ I2 is violet gas.
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LIME WATER / BARYTA WATER TEST :

When CO2 is passed in lime water or baryta water then white turbidity (milky appearance) is formed due to the formation
of soluble carbonate but when excess of CO2 is passed then white turbidity disappeared due to formation of soluble
bicarbonate.
CO2­ + Ca2+ + 2OH– ¾¾® CaCO3¯ + H2O
White turbidity
CaCO3¯ + CO2­ + H2O ¾¾® Ca(HCO3)2
Soluble
Note : SO2 also gives similar observation.

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SPECIFIC REACTION OF ACIDIC RADICAL

Anion Reaction Name Reagent Product Observation

/with
S2– Sodium Nitro Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] Na4[(Fe(CN)5NOS] Purple Complex
Prusside
+
NH2 N(Me)2 S N(Me)2

S2– Methylene blue + FeCl3

+ Conc.
Methylene Blue
(Me)2N HCl
(y) N
+2 –
+Fe + Cl
Test
NH2

NO2– Gries Illosavay (i) Sulphanilic acid Red Azo dye

Test (ii)1, napthyl
N=N SO3 H
Amine

NO2– Brown Ring FeSO4+dil.H2SO4 [Fe(H2O)5NO]SO4 Brown Ring

Test
H 3C O CH3
CH3COO– Cacodyl Test As2O3 As As Nauseating odour
H 3C CH3

boil
CH3COO– FeCl3 Soln FeCl3+H2O [Fe3(OH)2 (CH3OO)6]+ Blood Red solution
boil boiling

Fe(OH)2(CH3COO) Reddish Brown ppt.

NO3– Brown Ring test FeSO4+Conc.H2SO4 [Fe(H2O)5NO]SO4 Brown Ring
D
C2O42– Mn+2 + NaOH NaOH + Mn+2 ¾¾
air
® [Mn(C2O4)3]3– Red Complex
Br– Layer Test Cl2 Water + CCl4 Br2+ CCl4 Red layer

I– Layer Test Cl2 Water + CCl4 I2 + CCl4 Violet Layer

I– HgCl2 HgCl2 HgI2 Red/yellow

Cl– Chromyl (i) K2Cr2O7(s) + conc.H2SO4 CrO2Cl2 Reddish brown Vapour

Chloride Test ¯ ¯
(ii) NaOH CrO42– Yellow Solution
(iii) Pb(CH3COO)2 ¯ ¯
+ CH3COOH PbCrO4 Yellow PPt.

BO33– Green Flame Conc. H2SO4 + R OH B(OR)3 Green edge flame

Test + D(Flame)

BO33– Modified CaF2 + Conc. H2SO4 + D BF3­ + Ca(HSO4)2 Green flame

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Green
Flame Test
PO43– Ammonium (NH4)2MoO4 + dill HNO3 (NH4)3PO4.12MoO3 Canary yellow ppt.
molybdate + 30 – 40° C

CrO42– Acidic Solution of H2O2 + H+ + CrO5 Blue Solution

/Cr2O7 H2O2 + pyridine N

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BASIC RADICAL ANALYSIS
Dry test of cation :
Flame test : used for s-block cation (except Be+2, Mg+2)

Cation : Li+ Na+ K+ Ca+2 Sr+2 Ba+2 Cu+2

Observation : Caramine Golden Lilac Brick Crimson Apple Green flame
(Naked eye) red yellow Red Red green
Cobalt glass : flame crimson Light Purple Bluish Green flame
disappear red Green green

Borax bead test : Charcol cavity test :

Þ Used for coloured cation (d-block cation) Heat salt with Na2CO 3 in charcoal cavity
Þ Given salt heated on borax bead than metal Zn+2 In hot yellow and in cold white residue.
metaborate are form. Pb+2 Yellow residue in hot and grey metal in
Þ Metal metaborate on heating show characteristic bead cold.
colour. As+3 White residue with garlic odour.
Cd+2 Brown residue.
Oxidizing flame Reducing flame
Hot Cold Hot Cold If white residue is obtain then add. Co(NO 3)2
Mn Violet Amethyst Colourless Colourless and heat.
Cr Yellow Green Green Green
Fe Yellowish Yellow Green Green
Zn+2 ZnO.CoO Rinmann's Green
brown
Al+3 Al2.O 3 Thenard Blue
Co Blue Blue Blue Blue
Mg+2 MgO.CoO Pink residue
Ni Violet Brown Grey Grey
Cu Green Blue Colourless Opaque
Sn+2 SnO.CoO Bluish residue
red

Classification of Basic Radical

Group Basic Radical Reagent used Precipitate form

AgCl PbCl2 Hg 2Cl 2

Group-I Pb+2, Hg2+2 dil HCl
white ppt.

Group-II Cu+2, Pb+2, Hg+2, Cd+2, Bi+3 H2S+dil. HCl Cu2S, PbS, HgS, CdS, Bi2S3
yellow black
Black
Sn+2,Sn+4,As+3,As+5,Sb+3,Sb+5 SnS SnS2 As2S3 As2S5 Sb2S3Sb2S5
brown
yellow orange
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brown
Group-III Cr+3, Al+3, Fe+3 NH4OH + NH4Cl Al(OH)3, Fe(OH)3, Cr(OH)3
gelatinous reddish green
white brown

Group-IV Zn+2, Mn+2, Ni+2, Co+2 H2S + NH4OH ZnS MnS NiS CoS
white buff
black

Group-V Ca+2, Sr+2, Ba+2 (NH4)2CO3 +NH4OH CaCO3, SrCO 3, BaCO3

white

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Other important reaction of basic radical
Basic Reagent Product Observation
radical
Fe+3 SCN--- [Fe(H2O)5(SCN)]2+ Blood red
colouration
Ni+2 dmg / NH4+ [Ni(dmg)2] Rosy red complex
Co+2 KNO2 K3[Co(NO2)6] Yellow ppt
Hg+2 SnCl2(ex) Hg Grey / black
K+ HClO 4 KClO4 White ppt

Test of NH4+
H 2[PtCl 6] K2[HgI4] + KOH +
(NH4)2[PtCl6] HgO, HgNH2 I–
yellow brown
Na3[Co(NO2)6]
CuSO4
(NH4)3[Co(NO2)6] [Cu(NH3)4]SO4
yellow + KOH/NaOH deep blue
NH4 NH3
NaHC4H 4O6 NiCl2
NH4HC4H4O6 Colourless [Ni(NH3)6]2+
white crystal Gas deep blue

IMPORTANT NOTES
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