> 2.

1 Spreadsheets Key words

In this topic you will:
a cell
use conditional formatting to formatconditionalformatting
learn howto apply differentstylesof cell
the
to a cell, depending on the data in
understand what a rule i ing
rules.
learn how to write different types of

Getting started
What do you already know? starnent

Spreadsheets are used for calculations,tocreate simple

problem by using
databases and to model solutions to a
problems. They are made up of rows, columns
data tosolve
and cells that you can type data into.
can mean ditterent
We understand that different colours green
to stop and a
things. Ared traffic light means you need
parts of the world, red
trafic light means you can go. In some
means awarning and green meanssomething positive.
You may know that when you are using a spreadsheet,
colours and text size can be used tohelp youeasily see the
important information. For example, negative values
that we are unhappy with (tor example, -3) can be shown
in red, and positive values that we are happy with can be
shown in green (for example, 3).
Themathematical symbol > means 'greater than' and
the mathematical symbol < means less than'. These
symbols (for example, +, - +, X, <, >) are called
comparison operators.
 2.1 Spreadsheets

Continueod

Nowtrythis!

Workwith a partne. Ask your partner what they think when they
thethings listed in this table.

Formatting Examples
bold
textthatis You m tays look both ways
wher sDgthe road.
underlined
text that is Nevi rIean to people.
red
text that is written in What s thisicxt make you
feel aout the words?
rext that has abackground Does this formatting feel positive
colour that is green or negative?
Itext that has abackground Does this formatting feel positive
colour that is yellow or negative?
Thenfind out which text is bold in this book. Why is it bold?
You have just been thinking about what different formatting can
mean when it is applied to text.

Spreadsheets
A readsheet is a computer file that lets you AutoSave

File
on)

Home Insert
5

Page Layout
Spread..

Formulas Data Review Helo Comments

WO: with data to: H10

make calculations A B D
Column
create databases
2
analyse the data (work out what the 3

data means) 4 Row Cell

5
model solutions to a problem.
6
(Modelling is explained in Topic 2.2.)
7
Spreadsheets are made up of rows and 8

Columns. Data is typed into boxes called cells. Ready

Rows and columng

Accesility Good to go QDisplay Setings 10

Acell is an individual box where a column

and a roW meet. Figure 2.1: Rows, columns and cells in a spreadsheet
DOme spreadsheets have thousands of cells
With data stored in them. This can make it difficult to find the data that
ouneed quickly. Conditional formatting can help the most important
information stand out.

147
 2 Managing data

Conditional
A formatting
condition is 1est result. For
Cxample,
aspects
a that gIves a1ruc orfalse stvle of certain fill
ls the value greater than 10" Iormatting isthe orthe
of a colour oftext. to make
For example. the font. SiZeOr beusedtogether
colourdocument.
of cells.
Conditions and formatting
can
11 casicr lo see uscful data in a containing
spreadsheel.
appliedto cells want to
Conditional fornatting
data that mects
is a stvle that iss.
example. we might
conditions. For
make it so that: cerlan blue
the text in the cell turns
if the value in a cell is grcater than 10,
10, the textinthecell
if the value in a cell is less than or cqual to
turns green.

1015

Table 2.1: Conditionalformatting on values in acell

YOu can use conditional formatting to draw attention tocertain

iniormation. Conditional formatting makes the most important data
lookdifferent from other data in the spreadsheet. This makes it much
easier to see patterns in the data andanalyse it. Inour example abOve,
the condition could be:
the value <= 10
If the condition is true, the text in the cell will turn green. If the
condition is false. the text in the cell will turn blue.
Conditional formatting is applied to a cell by writing a rule.
Arule is a sentence that includes:
1 a condition, and
2 the type of formatting that is applied to the cell based on the
outcome of that condition.
For example:
(1) (2)
if the value in the cell = 0, format the
background colow as orange.
This sentence is called a statement.
The owner of an ice cream van has LIsed a
spreadsheet to record:
theamount of money the business has earnt
from sales
the amount of money the business has
spent on its costs.

148 )
 2.1 Spreadsheets

the cells in the

ne
of
business has in the bank. spreadshect shows how much money
he Conditional formatting
Ei0.The cell
is applied tocell background
Spreadshe.

Home
'nsert
Page Layou formula Data Rev
willhave agreen
money
when the business has
B inthe bank,
E

Income
Balance
April $680 00 $320.00
May $1,020.03 s420.00
June $2,500.00 ZE30 30 S!.,510.0
July $2,800.00 $310.00 $1,820
August $2,250.00 $S30.02 St420.00
7
September $1,440.00 $715 03 S725.00
8

Total in bank account

$6,385.55
11 lce cream van 1

toon GDisplay Setings

Atessibilty Good 2009
R9)

Figure2.2:: Spreadsheet showing money in the bank

The cell will have a red background if the business is in debt. Being in
Laht means that the business has spent more money than it has received
on sales. If the business is in debt, this cellwill showa negative
pumber on a red background.
X
Spreadsthe

Iosert Page Layout Formulas Data Reviw View Hel PComments S Share
Home

A D E

1
Income Costs Balance

April $340.00 $360.00 -$20.00

May $590.00 $600.00 -$10.00
June $820.00 $890.00 -$70.00
July $950.00 $910.00 $40.00
$845.00 $830.00 $15.00
August
September $720.00 $715.00 $5.00

10 Total in bank account -$40.00

1
Ica creanm van 2

Acesity Good o99

debt
rigure 2.3: Spreadsheet showing the business is in

149
2 Managing data

UnplYouugged activity 2.1

will need: a pen and a
squared piece of paper
Write down ten
This could important words from this topic.
other wordsinclude Some of the key words and any
you have learnt more about in this chapter.
Create a wordsearch that has your chosen words hidden in it.
Write alistof clues to help a partner find the hidden words,
but do
I hints not write the words
about the meaning of themselves. The clues should be
the word, such as:
a
document made up of lots of cells
how text or a cell
iMake sure looks, for example the font or colour.
of the you do not give any answers away by including parts
hidden words the clues!
in
Swap your wordsearch with a partner. Then
wordsearch usingthe clues to help you. try to complete their
If this sounds too
easy, vou could give no clues and
! your partner to find
ten hidden words related to this just tell
When they find each one, ask them chapter.
what it means.
struggle tofind ten, tell them the clues for the If they
I can't find. ones they

Did you know?

In many countries, red
or something else often means danger, a warning
negative.
and good luck. In However, in East Asia, red means
happiness
in red envelopes at China,gifts of money are given
special
on their wedding day. occasions and brides wear red
Theretore,
formatting on a spreadsheet, when you see red
do not assume
that it always means the same
thing!
 2.1 Spreadsheets

Practical,
task 2.1

Youwill
need: a desktop computer, laptop or tablet with
sourcefile 2.1_drama
society_accountmatting
Youaregoingto apply conditionali
s.xisxto ayouth drama
sOciety'saccountS spreadsheet ic sae y show.
e the society has
earnt more than it has spent on tts recent

Openthefile 2.1 drama SOCiey acovunts xlsx. lt shows

the following data:

Income

Ticketsales $2,050.0)
Merchandise sales $350.00
Refreshment sales $470.00
Totalsales $2,870.00

Costs
Building hire $800.00
Lighting hire $200.00
Costume hire $260.00
Merchandise costs $150.00
Refreshment costs $230.00
|Tcal costs $1,640.00

E ance $1,230.00

Ta : 2.2: The youth drama society's accounts

society (howmuch of the income is left
CeilC16 shows the balance value for the to this
ater costs have been paid). You are going to applyconditional formatting
the bank.
how much money the society has in
cell. The value in cellC16 shows
in the cellchange to:
1Ouare going to make the data
green if it is greater than 0
red if it is less than 0.

151
 2 Managing data

Continued
Select cell C16. Select the conditional formatting option from the tool bar.
AutoSaveO9
Home Insert DrarmasoCietyAcKounts
Formulas
Sesrch (AkQ)

Paste
Catihr
- 11 A A E =
Data Reyiey Visy Help
nsert Comments
General Eoeete
it A K % 9 8 99
Conditional Format s Cell
Format Sort Find E
Clipboard Formatting Table Styles Filter Seiect
Font
Cells
H31 Alionment Number Styles
Eding
B
D F G H K

Income
Ticket sales $2,050.00
Merchandise sales $350.00
Refreshment
Total sales
sales $470.00
8
$2,870.0o Sales target $2,900.00
Costs
10 Building hire $800.00l
11 Lighting hire $200.00
12 Costumne hire $260.00
13 Merchandise costs $150.00
14 Refreshment
Total costs costs $230.00
15 $1,640.00
I6
17 Balance $1,230.0o
Sheeti
Ready
Acessíbility. Good to go
Display Settings
Figure 2.4: 'Conditional Formatting' button in
Microsoft Excel (highlighted, top, right ot centre)
InMicrosoft spreadsheet software, youwill see a
1 menu ot options:
Select the option 'Highlight Cels Rules'
2 Select the option 'Greater Than'.
This willopen a box. You can input
formattingto options on the right. lf youdataareforusing
the condition on the left and
choose
moment find out how to use the different spreadsheet software,
conditional formatting tools in your software.take a
Greater Than
? X
Format cells that are GREATER THAN:

with Green Fil with Dark

Green Text
OK
Figure 2.5: Setting conditional Cancel
tormatting using the 'Greater Than' rule

152 >
 2.1 Spreadsheets

Continueod

Greater Than' option is atype of rule. This is a rule that will formatthe cell if
tt
ontainsa value greater than another value.
The

Value greater than another value is the condition

O.
the
software to format cell C16 green if the value
in the cell 1S groaterthan
Tpll
Type0inthe text box on the left-hand side.
renu on
Selectthe option Green fill with dark green texe from ihe drop-down
theright.
SelectOK,
willnow see that cell C16 has. green background and dark green text
You
because the value in it is greater than 0.
Thisis
Income

Ticketsales $2,050.00
Merchandisesales $350.00

Refreshmentsales $470.00
$2,870.00
Totalsales

Costs
$800.00
Building hire
$200.00
Lichting hire
$260.00
Costume hire
$150.00
M.chandise costs
$230.00
|Rireshment costs
$1,640.00
Total costs

$1,230.00
Balance
greater than O is
lable 2.3: Cell C16
has avalue
it the value it contains
C16 red do this.
software to format cell
above to work out how to
to tellthe instructions yourrule.
TOunow need can use the the value in C3 to $800 to test
less than 0. See if you rule works. Change
new
Nowtest whether your

153
 2 Managing data

Continued
conditional
Self-assessment
setthe
correct formatting?
optionsto
Did you manage to find the right
work? Ifit
Howdid you know which ones to choose
test
your rule
your rule? Did youthink you need to
did, dowhy
to
Did you change the value in cell red? Ifit didn't, what do
C3 to
isthe formatting for cell C16 now
make your rule work? you are using a
How confident did youteel doingthis
task?Show how
contident
smile or
a frown (or something in between!).

Practical task 2.2

tablet with
You will need: adesktop compute, laptop or
source file 2.1_drama society accounts.xlsx
added conditional formatting to make it easy to see if the
YOu have
will happen if the bank balance
value ispositive or negative. But whatvou could use the colour orange.
Tor the drama society is $0? For this.
it
Now, you need to format cellC16 to be orange if the value
contains equals 0.
1 Select cellC16.
2 Select the Conditional Formatting' option from the tool bar.
3 Select the 'Highlight Cell Rules' option.
4 Select the 'Equal To' option.
5 Type Oin the data box.
6 Select 'Custom Format ...' from the drop-down menu.
This will open a box that allows you to choose the formatting
options for the cell. So far,you have been choosing formatting
options froma limited list that was made when the software
was created.

This time you are going to choose the formatting yourself.

1 Select the 'Font' tab (this may beshowing already).
2 Find the 'Color' option and change it to a dark
orange.
3 Select the 'Fill'tab and change the colour to a light
4 Select 'COK. orange.
 2.1 Spreadsheets

Continueã

celsthat
Fomat
are EQUAL TO:

1 with Cutom Format..

ight Red Fiti yth DArk RedText
ailovFit! ,th Dark Tello Text

2.6: Choosing 'Custom Format...i he n to

Figure
C3 again.
need to test that your rule worke by changina the value in cel!
You the rule works?
you need to change the value to so that yyou can test if
What do you have
see it youcan hange one of the conditionalformatting rules=0, the font is:
AoW format for cell C16 so that if the value
created. You could set the
Times New Roman
italics
SIze 14.
Formatting' and choose 'Manage Rules... from the
'Conditional click 'Edit Rule...".
To change a rule, click menu. Then select one of your rules and change has worked!
bottom of the drop-down
tormatting. Remember to test whether your
rule
Then choose your

Que ions 2.1

that you have used so far.las p
irite down one condition created so far. i {
that you have
2 Vrite down one rule formatting to cells in a spreadsheet?
to apply conditional
3 Vhy is it useful

formatting based on
Conditional
another cell have done has been based on the
you cell
the conditional formatting have told theformatting of
DO lar, formatting:you.
value in the cell you are the valuein cell C16. value in a
Cl6to change based on value in a cell based on the this.
youneedto
format the
will tell you howto do
Sometimes,
diferent cell. Thefollowing
practicaltask

155
 2 Managing data

Practical task 2.3 sourcefile

tablet with
or
You will need: a desktop computer,laptop
sales value is.
2.1_drama_society accounts.xIsx what the total
accounts.xlsxshows
Cell C6in 2.1 drama society societyis.
target forthe
Cell F6 also shows what the sales
You are going to format the total sales valuein
cell F6.
cell C6 based onthe sales target value in if it
The total sales value needs to look different
is greater than the target amount.
1 Select cell Có. from
2 Select the conditional formatting option
the tool bar.
3 Select the 'Highlight Cells Rules' option.
4 Select the 'Greater Than' option.
5 Delete the value in the data box. data box.
reference -$F$6 has appearedin the
6 Click the cell F6 - The cell formatting.
7 'and choose your
Select 'Custom Format target value
now created a rule that formats the sales value based on the sales
YOuhave this?
do
Can vou think how yOu need to
NOW test your rule to see if it works.
is worried that they might not beable tocover allof their costs and
The society'streasurer the society doesn't spend too much.
willget into debt. She wants to make sure that
1 In cell E14, type in 'Total cost allowed'.
2 In cell F14, type in '$1700.
allowed.
3 Now format C14 to show if the business has spent more than the total cost
Use one style of formatting to show if the value is above (>) $1700. Use a different
style of formatting toshow if the value is equal to or below $1700.
Peer-assessment

Talk to a partner.
Did you find it easy to choose which formatting to choose for the total
sales value or did you find it difficult?
Why did youchoose the formatting you did?
Did your partner choose the same tormatting as you?
Why did they choose the formatting they did?
Howeffective do youthink it was?

156 )
 2.1 Spreadsheets

Activity
2.

Youwillneed: a desktop computer, laptop or tablet with spreadsheet software

who
parent runs a local computing club for 9- and has asked for older
-oldstormatting.
chicren
A to come and run a session about howto use 10-year-
conditional Create a
soreadsheet
that:

shows how helpfulconditional formatting can be

gives examples of what it can be used for
explains how to set up conditional formatting.
life situation
your spreadsheet easier to understand, make sure you use a realistic
omake
example. You could use:
income and costs for a charity bake sale raising money for a particular goal
alogof pocket money andsavings goals
sCores in a game or competition
high, medium and low priority changes to be made to a website.
computing club
Makesure your spreadsheet looks professional and works perfectly - the
members are hard to impress!
using
you have finished making your spreadsheet, practise talkingthrough it and
When should be no more than five minutes long.
#toexplain conditional tormatting. Your talk
talk to a partner or small group.
Then present your

Summary checklist
understand what a condition is.
conditional formatting to format a cell.
formatting depending on the data in the cell.
can use

different styles of conditional

Ican apply
understand what a rule is.
can write different types of rules.
 1anaging data
> 2.2 Modelling
In this
topic youwill: Key words
understand
learn
what a model systemis and why they are
used
formula
about different model systems, including simulators function
understand how model systems are used to model parts
of real life mimic
mode
understand
different how data is used in amodel to test
conditions mode

learn how a model system can be used in health,

Outco
manufacturing and retail. SCen

Simu
Getting started spre
eet
What do you already moc
know?
Data is very useful for all kinds of organisations. We can use
data to help solve problems in industries such as
manutacturing and retail. We can health,
(look at it in detail to see what it collect toand analyse data
means) see
happened, why it has happened and what couldwhat has
be done to
change asituation.
Data can be entered into
can then be used to help spreadsheets. Spreadsheet tools
the data. investigate and make sense of

MA MJ}ASOND
 2.2 Modelling

Continued

NoW
try
thi_1

Gabriel's
birthday. You need to plan a
n st o rGabriel
meal
and his tamily. You birthday
are qiven this celebration
(amilys
toO likes and dislikes: data about the
Name Favourite food
Food they do not likei
Carlos salad, pIZza, noodles
Sue
pasta, Carrots, Ice r
Gabriel seafood, salad,
Sebastian chicken, salad, past.
Anika CouscoUs, chicken, chocoat i, rce: burger
Table2.4:Datafor Gabriel's birthday meal

Whatt would you plan for the birthday meal?

Discussthe following with a partner.
How did the data help you plan the meal?
What did youthink was important to be aware of in the data?
How did you decide what meal toplan?

Modelling real-life systems and scenarios

Inthe Getting started task, you were presented with aproblem and you
IRdthe data to make a decision and plan a solution. You were given a
small amount of data to do this.
 2 Managing data

They often ncedto

dailv. Datacan
Organisations may necd to solve problems these problems. doto
work with large amounts of data to:solve and what wecan
tell us alot about why a problem has happencd plansolutionsfor
solve it. Working with data can also help people to
problems that might happen in the future. learn why a problem has
One way that an organisation can Usc datato system. A computer
model
happened and plana:solution is by using a orsituatiod. People and
model is a representation of a rcal-life sysstem what would happen in
organisations can usc a model systen to study
real-life situations if certain changes werc made. drama
created in a spreadsheet. The model.
Aspreadsheet modcl is a model spreadsheet
sOCIety accounts file that you uscd in Topic 2.1 is a
Abasic model is made up of three types of
information:

Data: imformation w» put into the model

Labels: text that tclls us what the information is new
are perfomed on the datatoproduce
Calculations: sums that
Information we want to find out.

Income
Ticket sales $2,050.00
Merchandise sales $350.00
Refreshment sales $470.00
$2,900.00
Total sales $2,870.00 Sales target

Costs
Building hire $800.00

Lighting hire $200.00

Costume hire $260.00
Merchandise costs $150.00
Refreshment costs $230.00
Total costs $1,640.00 Total costs allowed$1,700.00

Balance $1,230.00
accounts spreadsheet
Table 2.5: Youth drama society
 )2Modalling

stons22

the
Ailerent Iypesof
Labke
are the
data cellk information hae heen colour coded
colour arctthe
Hhat
labelk
coour are the
Hhat results of caleulattons
TheTotalsale
Ount in cel
Note:
acaluatIon. The Tc
addsu
C6stherestof
nderIncOme ahevaues
Ticket
otalsales=
sales

Unpluggedactivity
Youwill need: a pen anc Daper

the
calculation ior Total sales, we have just used the
To explain
abelson the spreadsheet rather than the values. The Total costs
Balance amounts in cells C14 and C16 are also calculation
slhs. On a piece ot paper, write down the correct calculations
inr these amounts USingthe labels.

What happens
if you change a value in
a spreadsheet?

canthen change
Unce aspreadsheet has labels, calculations and data, we that could be
effects)
e data to see the different outcomes (results or spreadsheet tosee
Poduced. For example. the drama society could use this the next time the
SI,500.00
Miat wouldhappen if building hire increased to
the total costs changeto?
cly needs to hire thetheatre. What would

161 )
 2 Managing data

be money in the bank

Would the balance show that there would still
account. or would the soCicty get intodebt? outcomesthe
what
Changing the values in asspreadshcet ttosce Modellingletsyou create
different values produceis called modelling. the effects
situations)and see what
different scenarios
(possible future ouraccounts
model in
of these For cxampl. in
changes would be.
Unplugged activity 2.2,we could see: production Were

what would happen if ticket sales forthe next

better Or WOrSe decreased
costs increased or
what would happen if merchandise
hire company
what wouldIhappenif they Used a diflerent lighting
that charged a different amount.
Practical task 2.4
or tablet with source tile
TOu willneed: a desktop computer. laptop
2.2_bike_model.xlsX
type she wants IS very
Sofia's hobby is BMX biking. She wants a new bike, but the saved up tor a few
She has
expensive. She gets $30 from her parents per month.
months but still does not have enough for the bike.
long as
Sotia's parents offer to lend her the rest of the money for the bike as
she pays some back every month out of her pocket money. Her parents willalso
learns how loans work.
charge her alittle bit of interest on the loan so that she
Ihe longer she takes to pay back the loan, the more it will cost her!
 2.2 Modelling

Continuecd
needsto know how much the
Gofia
depending on the price of the bike, monthly
fhom
whatehe's
saved, howW how
to pay back the loan. much interest her
repayment
much of the s and final cost wll be
cOst she can pay herself
takes parents charge and how long she
the fileo 2.2 bike
Open
model.xlsx and you should see Table 2.6:
Bike loan calculator

Costofbike:
Purchase prce of the bike

Deposit:
Amount Sofia can payby herself irom
her savings
Amount borrowed:
$0.00 How much her parents will lend her
(the loan)
Interest rate (%):
Percentage of the loan that her parents
will charge
Duration (years): Number of years Sofia would like to take
torepay the loan
Duration (months): " Number of months this is, and therefore
howmany payments

Monthly payment: #NUM! " Howmuch Sofia needs to pay her parents
back each month
Total amount to #NUM! " Howmuch Sofia will repay her parents
te repaid: in total

otal cost of bike: #NUM! " How much the bike will cost Sofia in total

Tabie 2.6: Bike loan calculator

bike.This is the loan.

Sotia borrows moneyfrom her parents to buy the
that she pays.
She needs a loan for the cost of the bike minus the deposit
Cost of bike - Deposit = Loan
take to pay the loan back.
Sofia needs to agree with her parents how long she will
years.
She would like to pay it back over twO

163 >
 2 Managing data

Continued is a
percentage ofithe loan
loan. This to help Sofia
Her parents will charge interest on the they are providing,interest
amount added on as a fee for the service setthe rate at 3%
parents WOuld like to
learn how a loan works. Sofia's parents to pay back
each month to her
Sofia will then paythe same amount
the loan and interest. Cost of bike:
Enter these values into the white cells in the
spreadsheet model: Deposit:
calculator will Interest rate (%):
When you enter these values, the loan
tell you: Duration (yearc):
how many monthly payments are needed Table 2.7: Data for
how much each monthly payment will be ctical task
the total amount Sofia will repay
at the end.
how much in total thebike willhave cost her
Questions
from her parents to buy the bike?
How much does Sofia need to borrow
youenter these values?
2
wnat is the monthly payment when
vouenter these values?
3 What is the total cost of the bike when
would really love, but it
Soia hasseen a more expensive bike that she manage a deposit of $110, and
costs $540.00. She thinks she might be able to rather than tWo. Her parents
she would prefer to pay back the loan in one year she will
part-time job
are willing to lower the interest rate to 2.5%. If she gets a enough left over for
be able to make amonthly payment of $30 and stillhave
other things.
Change the values in the loan model to find the answers to these questions:
4 What are the monthly payments for the more expensive bike?
5 WillSofia be able to pay the monthly payments and repay the whole loan
in one year?
6 What is the lowest deposit Sofia would need in order to be able to repay
the loan in one year?
7
What is the shortest loan duration that would result in monthly payments
Sofiacould afford? (Hint: the duration does not need to be whole years.)
You now know how to usea spreadsheet to model different scenarios, for example,
takingout a loan to help you buy something expensive.
 2.2 Modeiling

spreadsheetcalculations
Tomakea snrcadsheet model. someone nccds to write the calculations
into
thecells that need them. This is done using a simple type ol code.
isa little bit like
whih programming.
Alc:alculations in asprcadshcet start with=, This tclis the sowate
thatyou want that cell to contain acaleulation. You can se
(netions, Or a mix of both to make
calculaions in a spreadsheel
Formulas are simple calculations that use
with numbers and/or comparso
(ihe colur elr
and-
number of another cell, for exampe D4). Iucludgc:Teto
calculation means that whatevervaluis in ht c i! witi o
ina
intheccalculation. Formulas look i hke smple sums you in.H
onpaper.
Functions are built-in chunks of code that iellthe spreadsheet to do
mething a bit more complex. They avoid us needing to write a long
irmula using lots of operators and cell references. Each function has
a name,
which we write after the = when We want to use the function.
The basic formulas and functions you should know are shown in
Table 2.8.

Example What does it do?

Formulas -E4+6 adds numbers or cell

values together
=120-B4 subtracts one value from another

-E4*0.8 multiplies one value by another

-E4/12 divides one value by another

nctions =SUM(E4:E8) adds together allthe values in cells

in the range
=COUNT(E4:E8)counts allthe cells in the range
that contain numbers

functions and what they do

lable 2.8: Simple spreadsheet formulas and

you have written a correct calculation in aspreadsheet cell,

Wnen
Enter or selecting a different cell will show the result of the
Pressing see or change
calculation in thecell. You can double-click the cell to
the calculation.
look at the bike loan calculator from Practical task 2.4
Wih a partner,
again and answer these questions.
 2 Managing data

Questions 2.3
D6 do?
1 What does the calculation in cell
cell D14 do?
2 What does the calculation in cell D10
does?
calculation in
3
Can you work out what the
unction nceded"
Why is the ROUNDUP
particular
do a
How will you remember which formulas
examples of howyoumight
calculation? Can you think of any Do you finnd theformulas
use the formulas in your daily life? to makeit easier?
easy to use? If not, what could youdo

Activity 2.2
tablet with spreadsheet software
laptop or
You will need: a desktop computer,

you and your classmates are going to run a charity

Imagine differentoutcomes tor the
event. You want to model
event.
money that willbe raised by the
spreadsheet model fora PUSASE GENEROUS
1 In a smallgroup, design a a fair, a sporting
charity event- it could be a party,
column, put the heading
event or atalent show. In one blank, then in the
Costs'. Leave the next four columns Under these
next column put the heading 'Income'. Figure 2.7: Charity donation box
headings, make two lists:
What kind of costs are involved in running the
equipment you need to buy or hire?
event- will there be food, entertainment,
goods, will people
How will youraise money - will you sell tickets or
make donations?
Your spreadsheet might look something like this:
|Income
Costs
drinks ticket sales

cakes donations
bouncy castle hire drink sales

face paints cake sales

Table 29: The start ot a charity tair costs and income spreadsheet
 2.2 Modelling

Continued

Once you have made the lists,

ableto change in your discussto with your group which variables the
you will be
Variables are the spreadsheetcan model the costs and income for event.
values that you
You mightthink of variables
like: change to model different outcomes.
howmany drinks to buy
what price to charge for each drink
how many tickets you could sell
what price to charge for each ticket.
These variables tall into two categories. Carn
3 See it you can add two new column headings you work
next outwhat
to the Cosis they a and
heading
twOnext to the Income heading. Some vslhes have heen
example below to help you. entered into the

Costs ? ?
|Income
Drinks 500 $0.30 Ticket sales
Cakes 450 $0.50 Donations
Bouncy castle hire 1 $200.00 Drink sales
Cake sales
Face paints
Table 2.10: Charity fair costs and income spreadsheet being filled in

the cells that contain amounts

You will need to set the datatype to 'Currency' for that is usually set to
of the screen
of money (use the drop-down menuat theintotopthe columns.
'General), then enter allthe data values
model will need. How will you find the
Now think about what calculations your How will youfind how much you have
raise by sellingtickets?
amount that you will might be:
costs? One example
left when you have paid allyour
tickets x number of tickets sold
Income from tickets= price of
section of your spreadsheet for these
headingto each to the
Add afourth column think of what to call it? Then add the calculations value in
calculations. Can you each
correct cellreterences (tor example D5) for
newcolumns, using the
the calculation. labels and calculations: one to add all
with two more
5 Now add a row at the bottom
all your income together. Then add another cell
your costs together
and onetoadd total income to give the balance
total costs from the
that subtracts the

167 )
 2 Managing data

Continued event, explain to the

model forthe spreadshes
spreadsheet can use your to
Once you have designed your and how you
class in your group what youhave done
model different scenarios.

Peer-assessment piece of
(red, amber and green) and a paper
You will need: three coloured cards
their
Listen to the presentation from each group about
Spreadsheet model. After each aroup has spoken, hold up
a red, amber or green card.
understood the design tor
A green card means you have
the spreadsheet model and feel confident that you can
answer questions about the design.
An amber card means you understand most of the design
but donot feel confident about answering questions
about it.
A red card means you do not understand the design tor
the spreadsheet model and need further explanation.
If you hold up an amber or a red card, think of one question
that you would like to ask the group about their presentation.

Simulators
You have seen hovw a spreadsheet can be used to model the
possible outcomes of a scenario. Another type of computerdifferent
that can be used for modelling is a program
simulator.
system that can beused to mimic real-life
A simulator is a computer
imitate or behave the same way as something.situations. To mimic means to
research or for training people. Here are some Simulators can be used for
examples ofsimulators.
Simulators
Before a pilot is
in pilot training
allowed to fly an aeroplane, they are
simulator. This much safer than training in a real trained in a flight
is
looks like a real cockpit (pilot's plane. The simulator
compartment)
displays and controls, but it has with all the same
These screens then show the pilot computer screens instead of windows.
what
really flying the plane. The pilot can they would see if they were
controls and learn how to see what happens when they use the
fly
effectively, without needing to actually fly.
168
 2.2 Modelling

mure 2.8: Pilot sitting in a tlight simulator

-uining in a simulator allows the pilot to: Did you know?

learn the basics withoutrisk of damaging the plane or Simulators are
injuring anyone very important
practise fiying in dangerous weather conditions, such as a storm or in preparing
heavy wind astronauts for
ractise what to do in an emergency, for example, if a bird flew into their time in
space.Simulators
Ieengine.
are used to mimic
i asimulator is also cheaper than buying and maintaining a real many aspects
needed.
lor training purposes, and nofuel or crew are of space travel,
lives.
ators can be used in many different areas of our and they can
lots of data so
Grecreated bywriting lots of rules and adding show how new
l the simulator can mimic all the
different scenarios that might be
equipment may
large databases for
Cdcd. This datais often collected and stored indata behave in space.
of available to the
Simulator to use. The amount and quality
programming used to create the rules,
aulator, and the quality of the
how good the simulator is.