ENGLISH NOTES

Parts of speech in English are categorized into eight main types,

1. Noun
A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, idea, or
concept.
Types:
 Proper Noun: Specific names (e.g., London, Sarah,
Amazon).
 Common Noun: General names (e.g., city, girl, company).
 Concrete Noun: Tangible and physical things (e.g., apple,
book, car).
 Abstract Noun: Intangible concepts (e.g., love, bravery,
happiness).
 Countable Noun: Can be counted (e.g., chair, dog, idea).
 Uncountable Noun: Cannot be counted (e.g., water, sand,
information).
 Collective Noun: Group of things or people (e.g., team,
class, flock).

2. Pronoun
A pronoun replaces a noun in a sentence.
Types:
 Personal Pronoun: Refers to specific people or things
(e.g., I, you, he, they).
 Possessive Pronoun: Shows ownership (e.g., mine, yours,
theirs).
 Reflexive Pronoun: Refers back to the subject (e.g.,
myself, yourself, themselves).
 Demonstrative Pronoun: Points to specific things (e.g.,
this, that, these, those).
 Relative Pronoun: Introduces relative clauses (e.g., who,
which, that).
 Interrogative Pronoun: Used in questions (e.g., who,
what, which).
 Indefinite Pronoun: Refers to nonspecific things (e.g.,
anyone, everybody, none).

3. Adjective
An adjective describes or modifies a noun or pronoun.
Types:
 Descriptive Adjective: Describes qualities (e.g., red, tall,
happy).
 Quantitative Adjective: Shows quantity (e.g., many, few,
some).
  Demonstrative Adjective: Points to specific things (e.g.,
this book, those apples).
 Possessive Adjective: Shows ownership (e.g., my, your,
their).
 Interrogative Adjective: Used in questions (e.g., which,
what, whose).
 Comparative Adjective: Compares two things (e.g., better,
taller).
 Superlative Adjective: Compares three or more things
(e.g., best, tallest).

4. Verb
A verb expresses an action, state, or occurrence.
Types:
 Action Verb: Shows physical or mental action (e.g., run,
think, eat).
 Linking Verb: Connects the subject to a complement (e.g.,
is, seem, become).
 Auxiliary (Helping) Verb: Helps the main verb (e.g., be,
have, do).
 Modal Verb: Shows possibility, ability, necessity, or
permission (e.g., can, should, might).
 Transitive Verb: Requires a direct object (e.g., She eats an
apple).
  Intransitive Verb: Does not require a direct object (e.g.,
He sleeps).
 Regular Verb: Forms past tense by adding -ed (e.g., walk
→ walked).
 Irregular Verb: Does not follow the regular-ed pattern
(e.g., go → went).

5. Adverb
An adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
Types:
 Adverbs of Manner: Describe how something happens
(e.g., quickly, slowly).
 Adverbs of Time: Indicate when something happens (e.g.,
now, yesterday, soon).
 Adverbs of Place: Indicate where something happens (e.g.,
here, there, everywhere).
 Adverbs of Frequency: Indicate how often something
happens (e.g., always, never, often).
 Adverbs of Degree: Indicate intensity (e.g., very, too,
almost).
 Interrogative Adverbs: Used in questions (e.g., how, why,
where).

6. Preposition
A preposition shows the relationship between a noun (or
pronoun) and other words in the sentence.
Types:
 Prepositions of Place: Indicate position (e.g., on, in,
under).
 Prepositions of Time: Indicate time (e.g., at, on, during).
 Prepositions of Direction/Movement: Indicate movement
(e.g., to, into, onto).
 Prepositions of Cause/Reason: Indicate reasons (e.g.,
because of, due to).
 Compound Prepositions: Made of more than one word
(e.g., because of, in front of).

7. Conjunction
A conjunction connects words, phrases, or clauses.
Types:
 Coordinating Conjunction: Connects equal parts (e.g.,
and, but, or, so).
 Subordinating Conjunction: Connects a dependent clause
to an independent clause (e.g., because, although, while).
 Correlative Conjunction: Used in pairs (e.g., either...or,
neither...nor, both...and).

8. Interjection
An interjection expresses emotion or reaction.
Types:
 Primary Interjections: Stand-alone words (e.g., wow,
ouch, yay).
 Secondary Interjections: Derived from other parts of
speech but used as interjections (e.g., oh, really, indeed).