Ajeenkya DY Patil School of Engineering (Polytechnic)

Via Lohegaon, Pune- 412105

Department of Computer
Engineering 2023-24[6th
Sem]

Project Report of
Capstone Project Execution
On
"Speed Breaker Early Detection System (IoT)"

Submitted by:

Roll No. Name of the students Enrollment No.

08 Pranita Pawar 2116490085

Under the Guidance of

Prof. Mayuri Narudkar
 Ajeenkya Dy Patil School Of Engineering (Polytechnic)
Department of Computer Engineering
SEMESTER-6th 2023-24

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Project report entitled "Speed Breaker Early
Detection System (IoT)" is submitted in the partial fulfilment of
requirement for the award of the Diploma in Computer Engineering of
Institute, Ajeenkya D. Y. Patil School Of Engineering Institute Code –
1649 has completed the Capstone Project for the academic year 2023 –
2024 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Roll No. Name of the students Enrollment No.

08 Pranita Pawar 2116490085

Place: Charholi (Bk)

Date: / /2024.

(Prof. Mayuri Narudkar ) (Prof. Sandeep Pandey) External Examiner

Guide HOD
 ACKNOWLEDGEMEMT

We have taken lots of efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible
without the kind support and help of many individuals and organizations.
I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.
I am highly indebted to Prof. Sandeep Pandey for her guidance and constant supervision as
well as for providing necessary information regarding the project & also for their support in
completing the project.
I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents for their kind cooperation and
encouragement which helped me in completion of this project.
I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to industry persons for giving me
such attention and time.
My thanks and appreciations also goes to my teachers in developing the project and people
who have willingly helped me out with their abilities.

Prof. Mayuri Narudkar.

I
 ABSTRACT

The prevalence of accidents and injuries caused by speed-breakers underscores the critical need
for innovative solutions to mitigate these risks, particularly in conditions of low visibility such
as night-time or adverse weather. In many regions, including developing countries, speed-
breakers often lack accompanying signage, exacerbating the potential for accidents.

To address these challenges, we propose the implementation of an advanced early warning

system designed to alert drivers of approaching speed-breakers and automatically regulate
vehicle speed for enhanced safety.

Central to our solution is the integration of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) and auditory alerts,
strategically positioned to provide timely warnings to drivers as they approach speed-breakers.
Leveraging ultrasonic sensors, our system enables proactive detection of speed-breakers from a
distance, empowering vehicles to anticipate and respond to road obstacles irrespective of driver
attentiveness.

Through the utilization of Arduino microcontrollers and sophisticated control algorithms, our
system orchestrates seamless communication between the detection mechanism and the
vehicle's speed control system, ensuring precise and timely adjustments to vehicle speed.

This comprehensive approach not only enhances road safety by mitigating the risk of accidents
and injuries associated with speed-breakers but also promotes efficiency and reliability in
adverse driving conditions. By providing proactive alerts and automated speed regulation, our
proposed system represents a significant advancement in road safety technology, offering
tangible benefits for drivers, pedestrians, and communities alike.

II
 INDEX

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ------------------------------------------------------ I
ABSTRACT ---------------------------------------------------------------------- II

CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------- 1

1.2 Motivation --------------------------------------------------------------- 2
1.3 Project Objectives ------------------------------------------------------ 2
1.4 Key Benefits ------------------------------------------------------------- 3
1.4.1. Key Benefits ------------------------------------------------------ 3
1.5 Organization Of Project ------------------------------------------------ 4
1.6 Summary ----------------------------------------------------------------- 4

CHAPTER-2: LITRETURE REVIEW

2.1 The Future Of Speed Breaker Early Detection System ------------ 5

2.2 Benefits Of Proposed System ------------------------------------------ 6

CHAPTER-3: PROPOSED SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

3.1 System Analysis --------------------------------------------------------- 7

3.2 Method of information Gathering ------------------------------------- 8
3.3System Design ------------------------------------------------------------ 8
3.3.1 Work Flow --------------------------------------------------------- 8
3.3.2 Required Hardware Resources ---------------------------------- 9
3.3.3 Required Hand Tools and Fabrication Machines ------------- 11
3.3.4 Required Software Resources ----------------------------------- 11
3.4 System Modelling ------------------------------------------------------- 11
3.4.1 Hardware Setup --------------------------------------------------- 12
3.5 System Flowchart ------------------------------------------------------- 17
3.6 Structural chart ---------------------------------------------------------- 18
3.7 Functional Requirement ------------------------------------------------ 19
3.8 Nonfunctional Requirement ------------------------------------------- 20
3.9 E-R Diagram Symbols and Notations -------------------------------- 21
3.9.1 General Overview ------------------------------------------------- 21
3.9.2 E-R Diagram Symbols and Notations -------------------------- 21
3.9.3 E-R Diagram ------------------------------------------------------- 22
CHAPTER-4: SOURCE CODE

4.1 Arduino IDE Code ------------------------------------------------------ 23

4.2 Output --------------------------------------------------------------------- 24

CHAPTER-5: CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusion --------------------------------------------------------------- 26

5.2 Recommendation -------------------------------------------------------- 26
5.3 Limitations --------------------------------------------------------------- 27
5.4 Future Goals ------------------------------------------------------------- 27

REFERENCES ----------------------------------------------------------------- 29
 List Of Figure

Figure No. Title Of Figure Page No.

Fig. 3.3.1 Waterfall Model Of System Development Life Cycle 9
Fig. 3.4.1.1 The HC-SR04 Sensor Attached To The Breadboard 12
Fig. 3.4.1.2 HC-Sr04 Sensor Connection 12
Fig. 3.4.1.3 The Buzzer Attached To The Breadboard 13
Fig. 3.4.1.4 Buzzer Connections 13
Fig. 3.4.1.5 The LED And Resistor Attached To The Breadboard 14
Fig. 3.4.1.6 LED and Resistor Connection 14
Fig. 3.4.1.7 Ready Connections 15
Fig. 3.4.1.8 Ready Model 15
Fig. 3.4.1.9 Ready Car Model 16
Fig. 3.4.1.10 Ready Car Model 16
Fig. 3.4.1.11 Ready Project Model 17
Fig. 3.5.1 System Flowchart 17
Fig. 3.6.1 Structural chart 18
Figure 3.9.2.1 E-R Diagram Symbols 21
Figure 3.9.2.2 E-R Diagram 22
Fig. 4.2.1 Output on Arduino UNO 24
Fig. 4.2.2 Hardware Output 25
Fig. 4.2.3 Hardware Output 25
 CHAPTER-1
(INTRODUCTION)

1.1 Introduction

Today India is the most important developing country in the world. India is the largest
country in the use of various types of vehicles. As the available resources to run these
vehicles like quality of roads, and unavailability of new technologies in vehicles are the
causes for accidents. The number of people who die during vehicle accidents is also very
large as compared to the other causes of death.

Though there are different causes for these accidents, proper technology of the Speed-
breaker detection system and technology to reduce the damage during accidents mainly
effects on the accident rates. So today the implementation of a speed-breaker detection
system to prevent accidents and to reduce the risk of life to drivers and passengers is must
for vehicles. To achieve this system modification goal, we design this Automatic speed
control system.

Nowadays vehicle accidents are the major problem. The purpose of this system is based
on an intelligent electronically controlled automatic speed control system. This system
also improves the response time of vehicle bumping to keep safe distance between two
vehicles.

Traffic accidents are increasing as automobile production has been increasing. It is crucial
to prevent collisions and to safeguard the driver and passenger when they do occur.
Therefore, Speed Control will be demanded.

The Speed Control is to prevent vehicle accidents on roads with poor visibility by using a
sensor network to find invisible vehicles and speed-breakers which are to be detected by
autonomous on-vehicle sensors.

1
 1.2 Motivation

 The motivation for embarking on this project is deeply rooted in the pressing
necessity to bolster road safety measures by introducing a system capable of
autonomously identifying speed breakers and promptly alerting drivers.

 The current reliance on human observation to detect speed breakers, especially

during conditions of limited visibility such as nighttime or inclement weather,
poses inherent risks that demand immediate mitigation.

 By harnessing the power of IoT technology, this project aims to revolutionize the
landscape of road safety by furnishing drivers with real-time warnings,
empowering them to proactively adjust their speed and navigate road hazards
effectively.

 Beyond its primary objective of enhancing road safety, this initiative also holds
the promise of ameliorating traffic congestion and fostering smoother driving
experiences for all road users, thereby manifesting its potential to catalyze
transformative advancements in transportation infrastructure and public safety
standards.

1.3 Project Objectives

1. Early Warning System Development:

Create a reliable detection system that can warn drivers well in advance of approaching
speed breakers, ensuring they have ample time to slow down safely.

2. Visibility Enhancement:
Implement measures to improve the visibility of speed breakers, particularly in challenging
conditions such as low light, fog, smog, rain, or snow, reducing the likelihood of accidents.

3. Accident Prevention Strategy:

Develop a system aimed at significantly decreasing the occurrence of accidents caused by
obscured or unexpected speed breakers, prioritizing the safety of road users.

4. Dynamic Speed Regulation:

Design algorithms or mechanisms capable of dynamically adjusting vehicle speed as speed
breakers are detected, promoting smoother transitions and minimizing abrupt changes in
speed.

2
1.4 Key Benefits

1. Enhanced Road Safety: By providing early warnings to drivers about approaching

speed breakers, the system significantly reduces the risk of accidents caused by
sudden encounters or inadequate visibility, thereby enhancing overall road safety.

2. Accident Prevention: The system helps prevent accidents by allowing drivers to adjust
their speed in advance, avoiding sudden stops or collisions with speed breakers,
especially in adverse weather conditions or low-light situations.

3. Improved Traffic Flow: By enabling smoother transitions over speed breakers through
dynamic speed regulation, the system reduces traffic congestion and minimizes
disruptions, leading to more efficient traffic flow and reduced travel times.

4. Reduced Vehicle Wear and Tear: By facilitating smoother driving over speed
breakers, the system helps reduce wear and tear on vehicles, including tires,
suspension systems, and braking components, leading to lower maintenance costs and
longer vehicle lifespan.

5. Enhanced Driver Comfort: By providing early warnings and facilitating smoother

transitions over speed breakers, the system enhances driver comfort and reduces
fatigue during long journeys, leading to a more enjoyable and stress-free driving
experience.

6. Integration with Smart City Initiatives: The system can be integrated with existing
smart city infrastructure and traffic management systems, contributing to broader
initiatives aimed at enhancing urban mobility, reducing accidents, and improving
overall quality of life for city residents.

7. Scalability and Adaptability: The system can be scaled up to cover larger areas or
integrated into different types of vehicles and road networks, making it adaptable to
various transportation scenarios and future technological advancements.

1.4.1 Key Benefits

In this topic we are discuss about

we're discussing the development of a speed breaker detection system using IoT technology.
Key points include:
 Enhancing road safety by detecting speed breakers and warning drivers.
 Improving visibility in adverse conditions like fog or at night.
 Preventing accidents by allowing drivers to adjust speed in advance.
 Integrating with vehicle systems for dynamic speed regulation.

3
4
1.5 Organization of project

i. In second chapter, we give the review on whole project.

ii. In third chapter we give information about our proposed system and ER diagram,
implementation, experimental analysis.
iii. In fourth chapter we give user manual.
iv. The working tools has described in chapter five shortly.

1.6 Summary

This project is driven by the urgent need to enhance road safety through the development of an
intelligent system that autonomously detects speed breakers and alerts drivers in real-time.

Current reliance on manual detection methods poses significant risks, particularly in adverse
conditions such as nighttime or poor weather. By leveraging IoT technology, the project aims to
provide drivers with immediate warnings, empowering them to adjust their speed and navigate
road hazards effectively.

Beyond its primary goal of improving road safety, the project holds potential to alleviate traffic
congestion and enhance overall driving experiences for all road users. Through its innovative
approach, this initiative stands to revolutionize transportation infrastructure and contribute to the
advancement of public safety standards.

5
 CHAPTER-2 (LITRATURE REVIEW)

2.1 The Future of Speed Breaker Early Detection System

The future of the speed breaker detection system project holds promising possibilities for
further advancements and applications. Some potential avenues for future development
include:

1. Advanced Sensor Technologies:

Integration of advanced sensor technologies, such as LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)
or radar systems, to improve the accuracy and reliability of speed breaker detection,
especially in challenging conditions like heavy rain, fog, or snow.

2. Machine Learning and AI:

Utilization of machine learning algorithms and artificial intelligence techniques to enhance
the system's ability to recognize and classify different types of obstacles on the road,
enabling it to provide more precise and context-aware warnings to drivers.

3. V2X Communication:
Integration with Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication systems to enable vehicle-to-
vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, allowing for cooperative collision
avoidance and more efficient traffic management strategies.

4. Autonomous Driving Integration:

Incorporation of the speed breaker detection system into autonomous vehicle platforms,
where it can serve as a crucial component of the vehicle's perception and navigation systems,
ensuring safe and reliable operation in various driving environments.

5. Smart City Integration:

Collaboration with municipal authorities and urban planners to integrate the speed breaker
detection system into broader smart city initiatives, enabling more comprehensive traffic
management, urban planning, and infrastructure development strategies.

6. Global Deployment:
Expansion of the project's scope to encompass deployment in various regions and countries
worldwide, addressing specific road safety challenges and infrastructure requirements unique
to different geographical locations.

6
2.2 Benefits of the Proposed System

The proposed system offers several benefits:

1. Enhanced Road Safety: The system's ability to detect speed breakers in real-time ensures that
drivers are promptly alerted about upcoming obstacles, allowing them to adjust their speed
accordingly. This proactive approach significantly reduces the risk of accidents caused by
sudden encounters with speed breakers, enhancing overall road safety for drivers, passengers,
and pedestrians alike.

2. Accident Prevention: By providing timely warnings to drivers, the system helps prevent
sudden stops or collisions that may occur when drivers fail to notice speed breakers in
advance. This proactive measure minimizes the likelihood of accidents and reduces the
potential for injuries and property damage, ultimately saving lives and preventing
unnecessary financial losses.

3. Improved Traffic Flow: Smooth transitions over speed breakers, facilitated by the system's
early warnings and dynamic speed adjustment capabilities, contribute to reduced traffic
congestion and improved traffic flow. By enabling drivers to maintain a steady pace without
abrupt stops or slowdowns, the system helps alleviate bottlenecks and delays, resulting in
more efficient transportation networks and shorter travel times for all road users.

4. Reduced Vehicle Wear: The system's ability to facilitate smoother driving over speed
breakers reduces the wear and tear on vehicle components such as tires, suspension systems,
and braking mechanisms. By minimizing the stress and strain experienced by vehicles during
abrupt speed changes, the system helps extend the lifespan of these components, reducing
maintenance costs and enhancing overall vehicle reliability and longevity.

5. Environmental Benefits: Smoother driving patterns enabled by the system's proactive speed
adjustment mechanisms result in reduced fuel consumption and lower emissions. By
promoting eco-friendly driving habits and minimizing unnecessary fuel wastage during
abrupt accelerations and decelerations, the system contributes to environmental conservation
efforts and helps improve air quality in urban areas, benefiting both human health and the
environment.

6. Integration with Existing Infrastructure: The system's seamless integration with existing
traffic management infrastructure enhances the overall efficiency and effectiveness of
transportation networks. By leveraging data from traffic monitoring systems, road sensors,
and other IoT-enabled devices, the system can optimize its operation and provide more
accurate and timely warnings to drivers, further enhancing road safety and traffic
management capabilities.

7
 CHAPTER-3
(PROPOSED SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN)

3.1 System Analysis

The system analysis for the proposed Intelligent Speed-Breaker Detection and Warning
System entails a comprehensive evaluation to ensure its effectiveness and reliability.
Initially, a thorough requirement analysis is conducted to identify the needs of stakeholders,
including government authorities, road users, vehicle manufacturers, and safety
organizations.

This analysis delineates the required functionalities, such as early warning alerts and
automated speed regulation, while also considering adaptability to diverse road and weather
conditions. Subsequently, a feasibility study is undertaken to assess technical, economic, and
operational aspects, ensuring the system's viability.

This involves evaluating the availability and compatibility of hardware components,

estimating costs, and assessing practicality in real-world scenarios. System design then
progresses, encompassing architectural layout, detailed component specifications, and
interface design for user interaction.

Risk analysis is pivotal to anticipate and mitigate potential issues such as sensor malfunction
or false alarms, thereby ensuring system reliability. Performance evaluation metrics are
defined to gauge detection accuracy, alert responsiveness, and speed regulation efficacy
through simulations and testing under varied conditions.

Implementation involves software and hardware development, assembly, and unit testing to
validate functionality. Deployment follows with installation and field testing to validate
performance, addressing any identified issues. Finally, maintenance protocols are established
for ongoing support, including regular upkeep, user training, and system monitoring for
continuous improvement.

Through these analyses and measures, the system aims to enhance road safety by effectively
addressing the challenges posed by speed-breakers while promoting reliability and
adaptability to ensure sustained effectiveness in real-world applications.

8
3.2 Method of information Gathering

Collection of fact is the act of getting and gathering information from various sources in
order to be able to compose the project. Data used for designing of the system were gathered
through several means. Therefore, the method used in the design and collections of
information from various sources are as follows:
1. Review existing materials from experts in speed breaker detection and IoT technology.
2. Study current speed breaker detection systems and organizational structures.
3. Analyze input and output processes of existing systems.
4. Conduct qualitative interviews with transportation authorities and road safety experts.
5. Utilize primary data from textbooks and technical manuals related to IoT technology and
sensor systems.

3.3 System Design

The speed breaker detection IoT system design integrates an ultrasonic sensor mounted on
the vehicle to detect approaching speed breakers. As the vehicle nears a speed breaker, the
sensor activates, initiating an alert mechanism. This mechanism comprises either
illuminating LEDs or activating a buzzer within the vehicle to promptly alert the driver.
Upon receiving the alert, the driver is prompted to reduce the vehicle's speed, ensuring a
smoother passage over the speed breaker.

This proactive warning system enhances road safety by mitigating the risk of accidents and
discomfort caused by sudden encounters with speed breakers. By providing drivers with
timely notifications, the system facilitates better anticipation and response to road hazards,
ultimately reducing the likelihood of vehicle damage and injuries to passengers.

Moreover, the system's integration with existing IoT infrastructure can enhance its
functionality, allowing for real-time data sharing and analysis to further optimize road safety
measures. Overall, the speed breaker detection IoT system aims to improve driver
awareness, minimize road hazards, and create safer roadways for all users.

3.3.1 Work Flow

The system design for the speed breaker detection IoT project involves the following
components and workflow:
1. Ultrasonic Sensor Activation
2. Detection of Speed Breaker
3. Alert Activation
4. Alerting the Driver
5. Driver Response
6. Smooth Passage over Speed Breaker

9
10
 Fig. 3.3.1 Waterfall Model Of System Development Life Cycle

The diagram above is a system development life cycle that illustrates how the design of the
project is broken down into five different phases, which are Project Planning, Requirement
Gathering, Project Implementation and Interface Design, Implementation and System
Testing, Maintenance and System Upgrading.

3.3.2 Hardware Resources:

1. Breadboard
2. Arduino UNO Board
3. Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04 (High - Conductance)
4. Buzzer
5. LED (Light Emitting Diode)
6. 220 Ohm Resistor
7. Arduino USB Type-C (Cable 2-in 1)

11
1. Breadboard:
A standard breadboard typically measures around 6.5 cm x 8.5 cm with 63 rows and
10 columns of interconnected holes. It features terminal strips for power and ground,
tie points for component connections, and bus strips for common connections, usually
made of plastic with self-adhesive backing for easy mounting.

2. Arduino UNO Board:

Arduino UNO is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset
button.

3. Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04 (High-Conductance):

HC-SR04 stands for High-Conductance Ultrasonic Sensor consists of a transmitter
and receiver. The sensor measures how far things are without touching them, and it
uses sound waves to get the measurements right. It can work well when things are
between two to four centimeters away.

4. Buzzer:
An audio signaling device like a beeper or buzzer may be electromechanical or
piezoelectric or mechanical type. The main function of this is to convert the signal
from audio to sound. Generally, it is powered through DC voltage and used in timers,
alarm devices, printers, alarms, computers, etc.

5. LED (Light Emitting Diode):

LED stands for light emitting diode. LED lighting products produce light up to 90%
more efficiently than incandescent light bulbs.

6. 220 Ohm Resistor:

The 220 Ohm resistor is one of the most common ones that hobbyists will come
across, because it is often used with LEDs. Without a 220 Ohm resistor, simple LEDs
would consume too much current and quickly burn out.

12
 7. Arduino USB Type-C (Cable 2-in1)
Use it to connect Arduino Uno, Arduino Mega 2560, Arduino 101 or any board with
the USB female A port of your computer. Cable lenght is approximately 100cm.
Cable color and shape may vary slightly

3.3.3 Hand Tools and Fabrication Machines:

1. Electrical Tape
2. Green Cello Tape
3. Cardboard and Chart Paper
4. Car or Any Vehicle

3.3.4 Software Resources:

1. Arduino IDE 2.2.1
The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) -
connects to the Arduino boards to upload programs and communicate with them.
Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These sketches
are written in the text editor and are saved with the file extension . ino.

3.4 System Modelling

During the system requirements and design activity, systems may be modelled as a set of
components and relationships between these components. These are normally illustrated
graphically in a system architecture model that gives the reader an overview of the system
organization.

System modelling helps to give more detailed system specifications which are in form of
graphical representations that can describe problem to be solved or the system that is to be
developed. Because of the graphical representations used, models are often more
understandable than detailed natural language description of the system requirements.
Examples of such modelling tool is a System Flowchart.

13
3.4.1 Hardware Setup

1. Connecting ultrasonic sensor:

The HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Module has 4 pins, Ground, VCC, Trig and Echo.
The Ground and the VCC pins of the module needs to be connected to the Ground and
the 5 volts pins on the Arduino Board respectively and the trig and echo pins to any
Digital I/O pin on the Arduino Board.

Fig. 3.4.1.1 The HC-SR04 Sensor Attached To The Breadboard

 The Sensor’s VCC connect to the Arduino Board +5V

 The Sensor’s GND connect to the Arduino Board GND
 The Sensor’s Trig connect to the Arduino Board Digital I/O 9
 The Sensor’s Echo connect to the Arduino Board Digital I/O 10

14
 Fig. 3.4.1.2 HC-SR04 Sensor Connection

2. Connecting Buzzer and LED

Fig. 3.4.1.3. The Buzzer Attached To The Breadboard

 The Buzzer long leg (+) connect to the Arduino Board Digital 11
 The Buzzer short leg (-) connect to the Arduino Board GND

Fig. 3.4.1.4. Buzzer Connections

15
 Fig. 3.4.1.5 The LED And Resistor Attached To The Breadboard

 The Resistor connect to the LED long leg (+)

 The Resistor other leg (from LED's long leg) connect to the Arduino Board
Digital 13
 The LED short leg (-) connect to the Arduino Board GND

16
 Fig. 3.4.1.6. LED and Resistor Connection

Fig. 3.4.1.7. Ready Connections

3. Required Model Implementation For Execution

To run this project we need to implement real time setup model like road, speed breaker,
etc.

17
 Fig. 3.4.1.8. Ready Model

4. Building vehical Model

Attach the ready hardware setup to car model or make it like vehical

Fig. 3.4.1.9. Ready Car Model

18
 Fig. 3.4.1.10. Ready Car Model

Fig. 3.4.1.11. Ready Project Model

3.5 System Flowchart

System flowchart is a type of diagram that represents the process, showing the steps as boxes
of various kinds, and their order by connecting these with arrows. This diagrammatic
representation can give a step-by-step solution to a given problem. Process operations are
represented in these boxes, and arrows connecting them represent flow of control. Flowcharts
are used in analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a process or program in various
fields. Different symbols are used in the flowchart to represent input, output, decision,
connectors and process.

Fig. 3.5.1 System Flowchart

19
3.6 Structural Chart

Fig. 3.6.1 Structural chart

20
3.7 Functional Requirements

1. Speed Breaker Detection: The system must accurately detect various types of speed
breakers, including humps, bumps, and rumble strips, using ultrasonic sensors or alternative
detection mechanisms. It should be capable of identifying speed breakers at varying
distances and angles relative to the vehicle's position.

2. Real-time Alerting: Upon detecting a speed breaker, the system should immediately trigger
an alert to notify the driver in real-time. This alert can be conveyed through visual indicators,
such as LEDs installed on the vehicle dashboard, or auditory signals, such as a buzzer or
voice alerts, to ensure the driver is promptly aware of the upcoming obstacle.

3. Driver Response Facilitation: The system should assist the driver in responding
appropriately to the alert by providing clear instructions on how to slow down the vehicle to
navigate the speed breaker safely. This may involve displaying recommended speed
reductions on the dashboard or providing audio cues to guide the driver's actions.

4. Compatibility with Vehicle Systems: The system should seamlessly integrate with the
vehicle's existing systems and controls, such as the onboard computer or infotainment
system, to ensure compatibility with various vehicle makes and models. This integration
should enable the system to communicate effectively with the vehicle and access relevant
data for accurate speed breaker detection and alerting.

5. Adaptability to Environmental Conditions: The system should be capable of operating

effectively under diverse environmental conditions, including varying light levels (daytime,
nighttime), weather conditions (rain, fog, snow), and road surfaces (paved, unpaved). It
should employ adaptive algorithms or sensor adjustments to maintain reliable performance
across different environments.

6. Scalability: The system should be designed with scalability in mind to accommodate future
enhancements and expansions. This includes the ability to integrate additional sensors or
technologies, support for larger fleets of vehicles, and compatibility with emerging IoT
standards and protocols.

7. Data Logging and Analysis: The system should log relevant data, such as speed breaker
detections, driver responses, and environmental conditions, for later analysis and
optimization. This data can be used to refine algorithms, improve system performance, and
identify areas for enhancement.

8. User Interface: The system should feature an intuitive user interface that allows drivers to
easily configure settings, view alerts, and access relevant information. This may include a
touchscreen display, voice-activated commands, or mobile app integration for remote
monitoring and control.

9. Emergency Response Integration: Optionally, the system may integrate with emergency
response systems to automatically notify authorities in the event of accidents or emergencies
21
related to speed breakers.

22
3.8 Nonfunctional Requirements
1. Reliability: Ensuring accurate and consistent speed breaker detection to minimize false
alarms and maintain system dependability.

2. Accuracy: Precise identification of speed breakers under varying road conditions to enhance
driver confidence and safety.

3. Response Time: Swift alerting of drivers well in advance of speed breakers to allow for
timely reaction and safe navigation.

4. Scalability: Efficient adaptation to accommodate a growing number of equipped vehicles

while maintaining system performance.

5. Usability: Intuitive user interface design for easy comprehension and personalized
configuration by drivers.

6. Security: Implementation of robust measures to safeguard system integrity and protect

against unauthorized access or data breaches.

7. Compatibility: Seamless integration with diverse vehicle models and existing IoT
infrastructure to ensure interoperability and ease of deployment.

8. Power Efficiency: Optimization of energy consumption to extend battery life and reduce the
need for frequent maintenance.

9. Regulatory Compliance: Adherence to legal standards and industry regulations governing

road safety and data privacy to ensure legal compliance.

10. Maintainability: Easy-to-perform updates and maintenance tasks with built-in diagnostic
tools and remote monitoring capabilities for streamlined system management.

23
3.9 Entity Relationship Diagram (E-R Diagram)
An entity relationship diagram (EDR) shows the relationships of entity sets stored in a
database. An entity in this context is a component of data. In other words, E-R diagrams
illustrate the logical structure database.

3.9.1 General Overview

An entity relationship diagram consists of several components. ERD has 3 simple
components.
Entities - An entity is a thing. In business domain terms, it's a concept or glossary-level term.
In relational database terms, it's the table.

Relationships - The real insight from this type of diagram comes when we see how entities.
relate to one another, or relationships. Relationships can be thought of as verbs that link two
or more nouns. Relationships can be modeled numerically, using the multiplicity syntax from
a class diagram, or using Crows Foot Notation.

Attributes - Within each entity, there can be more than one attribute. Attributes provide
detailed information about the concept. In a relational database, attributes are represented by
the fields where the information inside a record is held.

3.9.2 E-R Diagram Symbols and Notations

Figure 3.9.2.1: E-R Diagram Symbols

24
3.9.3 E-R Diagram

3.9.2.2 ER Diagram

25
 CHAPTER-4
(SOURCE CODE)

4.1 Arduino IDE Code:

// defines pins numbers

const int trigPin = 9;
const int echoPin = 10;
const int buzzer = 11;
const int ledPin = 13;

// defines variables
long duration;
int distance;
int safetyDistance;
bool checking = true;

void setup() {
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); // Sets the trigPin as an Output
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // Sets the echoPin as an Input
pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600); // Starts the serial communication
digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
}

void loop() {

// Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro seconds

checking=true;
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(1);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
checking=false;
// Reads the echoPin, returns the sound wave travel time in microseconds
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

// Calculating the distance

distance= duration*0.034/2;

safetyDistance = distance;
if (safetyDistance <= 50 && safetyDistance!=0){
digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);
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 digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
}
else{
digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
}

// Prints the distance on the Serial Monitor

Serial.print("Distance: ");
Serial.println(distance);
}

4.2 Output:

Fig. 4.2.1. Output on Arduino UNO

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Fig. 4.2.2. Hardware Output

Fig. 4.2.3. Hardware Output

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 CHAPTER-5

(CONCLUSION)
5.1 Conclusion
The speed breaker detection IoT project represents a significant advancement in road safety
technology, aiming to enhance driver awareness and reduce the risk of accidents caused by
speed breakers. By integrating ultrasonic sensors and alert mechanisms, the system provides
timely warnings to drivers, prompting them to slow down and navigate speed breakers
safely. The project's success hinges on the effective implementation of functional and
nonfunctional requirements, ensuring reliable performance, accuracy, and scalability.
Moreover, adherence to regulatory standards and considerations for usability, security, and
maintainability are crucial for the project's long-term success. Ultimately, the speed breaker
detection IoT system has the potential to significantly improve road safety outcomes,
benefiting drivers, passengers, and communities alike. Continued innovation and
collaboration will be essential for further advancements and widespread adoption of this
transformative technology.

5.2Recommendation
When developing an Intelligent Speed-Breaker Detection and Warning System, several
key recommendations can significantly enhance its effectiveness and road safety impact.
Firstly, prioritize robust sensor technology and accurate detection algorithms to ensure
reliable identification of speed-breakers across diverse road conditions.

Utilizing advanced sensors such as ultrasonic or radar sensors can enhance the system's
ability to detect speed-breakers from a distance accurately.

Secondly, adopt a multi-modal warning approach to alert drivers effectively. Integrating

visual cues like LED lights and auditory alerts such as buzzer sounds can provide timely
warnings, ensuring that drivers are alerted regardless of environmental factors like low
visibility.

Thirdly, focus on real-time data processing and rapid response mechanisms to enable
swift adjustments in vehicle speed. Implementing sophisticated control systems, possibly
leveraging machine learning algorithms, can enhance the system's responsiveness and
adaptability to dynamic road conditions.

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 5.3 Limitations
1. Environmental Factors:
Adverse weather like heavy rain or fog can hinder sensor accuracy.

2. Sensor Range and Angle:

Limitations in sensor range and detection angles may lead to missed detections or false
alarms.

3. Sensor Interference:
External factors such as vehicle interference or road debris can disrupt sensor signals.

4. Power Consumption:
Continuous system operation may drain vehicle batteries, necessitating frequent recharging.

5.4 Future Goals

Future goals for the speed breaker detection IoT project include:

1. Enhanced Accuracy:
Continuously improve the accuracy and reliability of speed breaker detection algorithms to
minimize false alarms and missed detections.

2. Advanced Sensor Technologies:

Explore and integrate advanced sensor technologies, such as LiDAR or radar, to enhance
speed breaker detection capabilities, especially in challenging environmental conditions.

3. Machine Learning Integration:

Implement machine learning algorithms to analyze sensor data and improve the system's
ability to distinguish between different types of road obstacles and hazards.

4. Smart City Integration:

Collaborate with urban planners and smart city initiatives to integrate the speed breaker
detection system into broader transportation infrastructure for enhanced traffic management
and road safety.

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5. Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communication:
Develop protocols for seamless communication between vehicles equipped with the
detection system and roadside infrastructure, enabling real-time data sharing and cooperative
collision avoidance.

6. Public Awareness and Education:

Conduct public awareness campaigns and educational initiatives to promote understanding of
the importance of speed breaker detection technology and encourage adoption among drivers
and transportation stakeholders.

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 REFERENCES

 https://www.irjet.net/archives/V9/i12/IRJET-V9I1208.pdf
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
309358490_Smart_Phone_Based_Speed_Breaker_Early_Warning_System
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
309358490_Smart_Phone_Based_Speed_Breaker_Early_Warning_System
 https://iotdesignpro.com/iot-arduino-projects
 https://www.pinterest.com/iotprojectsideas/arduino-and-iot-projects/
 https://projecthub.arduino.cc/
 https://www.arduino.cc/pro/iot-projects
 https://www.makeuseof.com/best-arduino-iot-projects/
 https://all3dp.com/2/best-ultrasonic-sensor-arduino-project/
 https://www.skyfilabs.com/project-ideas/latest-projects-based-on-ultrasonic-sensor
 https://howtomechatronics.com/tutorials/arduino/ultrasonic-sensor-hc-sr04/

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