AUTOMATIC CAR SPEED CONTROL SYSTEM

PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of degree

of

BACHELOR IN TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

from

GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY

Submitted by: Supervised by:

Mukul Tanwar (41320902816) Mr. Abdul Rehman

Rahul Yadav (41520902816) Assistant Professor (ECE)

Rohit Bhati (04220902816)

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

G. B. Pant Government Engineering College
New Delhi

SEPTEMBER,2020
 CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the work which is being presented in the Project Report entitled
“Automatic Car Speed Control System” by “Mukul Tanwar, Rahul Yadav and Rohit
Bhati” in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of degree of B. Tech. (Electronics
and Communication Engineering) submitted in the Department of E.C.E. at G.B. Pant
Government Engineering College under Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi is
an authentic record of our own work carried out during a period from January’20 to
September’20 under the supervision of “Mr. Abdul Rehman”. The matter presented in this
Project Report has not been submitted by us or anyone else in any other University/Institute for
the award of B.Tech Degree.

Date: September 30,2020 Mukul Tanwar (41320902816)

Rahul Yadav (41520902816)
Rohit Bhati (04220902816)

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project entitled “Automatic Car Speed Control System” submitted
in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and
Communication Engineering at G. B. Pant Government Engineering College, New Delhi is an
authentic work carried out by “Mukul Tanwar, Rahul Yadav and Rohit Bhati” under my
supervision and guidance.

I wish them success for their future endeavors.

Date: September 30,2020 Mr. Abdul Rehman

Assistant Professor

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Abdul Rehman of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, G.B. Pant Government Engineering College,
New Delhi for his/her valuable guidance, help and useful suggestions.

We express our sincere gratitude to Mr. Rohit Anand and Ms. Aman Saini (In charges -
Major Project), ECE department for their stimulating guidance, continuous encouragement and
supervision throughout the course of present work.

We also wish to extend our thanks to HOD- ECE and other faculty members of the department
for attending our seminars and for providing insightful comments and constructive suggestions
to improve the quality of this Project work.

We are extremely thankful to Principal, GBPEC, New Delhi for providing us infrastructural
facilities to work in, without which this work would not have been possible.

Mukul Tanwar
Rahul Yadav
Rohit Bhati

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 ABSTRACT

As far as automobiles are concerned, safety is very important to reduce the occurrence of
accidents in speed restricted zones. It minimizes the loss of property and life. According to the
recent surveys, in the past few years, an accident near the school zones, hospital zones and
sharp turnings have increased tremendously, because of their hurry to get the targeted place
soon. Therefore controlling vehicle speed has been a crucial issue to be considered. The
objective of this project is to automatically control the speed of the vehicles at speed restricted
areas such as school and hospital zone, U-turn etc. In this project we are using RF for
indicating the speed limit areas it is placed front and back of the restricted zones. RF receiver is
placed inside the vehicle. At particular zone special kind of transmitters which are tuned at a
frequency of 433MHZ are mounted. These transmitters continuously radiate RF signal. When
the vehicle comes within this radiation the receiver in the vehicle gets activated. Whenever the
vehicle is within the zone, the vehicle speed is controlled by receiving the signal i.e. every time
the vehicle speed is decreased to some cutoff and kept constant until the vehicle moves out of
the zone, and then the vehicle can get accelerated by itself.

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 CONTENTS

PAGE NO.

Candidate’s Declaration ii

Certificate iii

Acknowledgement iv

Abstract v

List of figures viii

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1-2

1.1 Background of the project

1.2 Problem statement
1.3 Objectives

CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW 3-4

CHAPTER 3 : HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 5-21

3.1 RF Modules
3.1.1 Transmitter Modules
3.1.2 Receiver Modules
3.2 Breadboard
3.3 Wheels
3.4 DC Gear Motor
3.5 L293D-Motor Driver
3.5.1 L239D logic table
3.5.2 Working of motor driver
3.6 Arduino Uno
3.7 Jump wire
3.8 Lithium-Polymer battery
3.9 LCD
3.10 HT12D decoder and HT12E encoder
3.11 Proteus

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CHAPTER 4 : WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
22-23
4.1 Radio Frequency Technology
4.1.1 Description
4.1.2 Properties
4.1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages

CHAPTER 5 : OVER-SPEED CONTROL SYSTEM 24-25

CHAPTER 6 : BLOCK DIAGRAM AND WORKING 26-29

CHAPTER 7 : CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND SIMULATION 30-34

CHAPTER 8 : CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS 35

References 36

Appendix 37-41

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure no. Description Page no.

1. Road accidents and fatalities 1

2. RF Module 6
3. Breadboard 8
4. Wheels 8
5. DC Gear Motor 9
6. Motor driver 10
7. Arduino Uno 11
8. Jumper wire 14
9. Battery 15
10. LCD interfaced to Arduino Uno 17
11. LCD Display 17
12. Pin diagram of HT12E 18
13. Pin diagram of HT12D 20
14. PWM output voltage form 25
15. Block diagram of receiver 26
16. Block diagram of transmitter 27
17. Block diagram of combined transmitter and receiver 27
18. Flowchart of complete project 28
19. Over speeding vehicle 29
20. Circuit diagram 1 30
21. Circuit diagram of RF module 31
22. Simulation of RF module 32
23. Simulation of speed limiting to 20 kmph 33
24. Simulation of speed limiting 40 kmph 34

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The following project will be concerned with the speed control of a vehicle using RF
transmitter and receiver with the integration of obstacle detection and accident prevention with
the help of Ultrasonic sensor. The transmitter has to be installed in required places where the
speed limit of the vehicle has to be checked such as – Hospital, School, Highways, Government
official buildings, U-Turns etc. The transmitter will transmit signal and the receiver has to be
installed within the vehicle for speed controlling purpose. Whenever the vehicle is within the
transmitter zone the speed of the vehicle is decreased to some cutoff and kept constant until the
vehicle moves out of the transmitter zone. After that the vehicle can accelerate by itself.
Ultrasonic sensor helps the vehicle to detect any obstacle in-front and preventing accidents by
stopping the vehicle immediately.

1.1 Background of Project

Every year a huge number of road accidents take place just because of careless driving of the
drivers and people get hurt and killed because of this. The story is more hideous for those who
gets badly injured and become physically disabled person. This must come to an end. The
restless driving must be controlled. So we thought of introducing special safe zones over the
country in which vehicles will automatically be forced to keep their velocity to some safe level
and can not accelerate their vehicle while they are in that zone. These zones will be created by
keeping focus in public places like Schools, Hospitals, Busy Roads, U-Turns etc. Here a
statistics is given about road accidents over the year 1970 to 2007.

FIG.1: POLICE REPORTED TREND OF ROAD ACCIDENTS & FATALITIES (1970-2007)

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1.2 Problem Statement

There are some roads in every state or country which deals with high traffic over the year. As a
there must be a certain speed limit in those roads for convenient vehicle running. Also in Busy
places like – Roads in front of Schools, Colleges, Universities, Government Official Buildings,
U-turns etc. are always at high risk for occurring road accidents. So our group decided to make
these important places a special safe zone for the children as well as the adults. This safe zone
will ensure a certain speed limit of the vehicles so that these vehicles are forced to drive within
or below a minimum speed limit whenever they are within that range.

1.3 Objectives

The main objectives of the following projects are :

 Making the roads safer for every person in the world.
 For controlling the irresponsible and reckless driving of the vehicle drivers.
 Controlling speed of the vehicles in some special selected zones where the speed limit of
the vehicle is to be set by the governing authority.
 To make a vehicle that can protect itself from accident.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Ankita Mishra et al. [1] worked on speed control system by the use of RF design. The main
purpose is to design the controller for smart display which is meant for the vehicle’s speed
control and to monitor the speed zones which have speed limits, and which can operate on an
associated embedded system. Smart Display & Control (SDC) can be custom designed so that
they can fit into dashboard of the vehicle, and display the information available on the vehicle.

Deepa B Chavan et al. [2] has worked on automatic speed controller through RF. The main
objective of the system is to control the speed of the vehicle automatically whenever it comes
in the range of the speed zone of some limit or at some particular speed zone.

Fatema Tahsen et al. [3] worked on automatic speed control of the vehicle by the use of RF and
prevent accidents. Whenever the vehicle enters within the speed zone, the speed of the vehicle
is controlled by receiving of the signal i.e. every time the speed of the vehicle is decreased to
some cutoff value and them again kept constant until the vehicle exit’s the speed zone, and then
the vehicle can get accelerated by itself. The ultrasonic sensor system continuously keep
sending the signals and monitors that of any vehicle or other obstacles that are in front of the
car. The distance of the working of ultrasonic sensor is limited to 4 meter. As soon as any
obstacle or vehicle is detected by the ultrasonic sensor system it will send signal to the arduino.
After receiving of this signal arduino sends a revert signal to the motor of the driver to stop the
vehicle immediately.

Gummarekula Sattibabu et al. [4] worked on control of vehicle’s speed using with wireless
attached in the vehicle road speed limit sign. The objective is to design an Electronic Display
controller that is meant for the control of the speed of the vehicle and to monitor the speed
zones, which operates on an embedded system and that can be custom designed to fit into a
vehicle’s dashboard to display information on the vehicle. This system if adopted by some state
can effectively reduce the number of road accidents caused by speeding vehicles losing control
of the vehicle at speed breakers or by driver’s negligence towards traffic signals.

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Jyothi Kameswari et al. [5] has worked on speed control and for the vehicle. The vehicle can
be controlled at the required places when we deploy the transmitters that are attached to the
system and send data frames which contains fields with maximum speed and time for which the
limitation of the speed is to be imposed.

Soni Kumari et al. [6] worked on review of automatic speed control using RFID. One RFID
reader is inside the vehicle which reads the RFID tag which is placed either at speed limit sign
zone or at traffic light. A controlling module in vehicle then takes the decision and control the
speed accordingly.

S Nagakishore Bhavanam et al. [7] has worked on automatic speed control using multi sensors.
The main objective is to develop a system which controls the speed using RF technology.
Various types of sensors are attached to the units and accordingly the work is performed.

Vengadesh et al. [8] has worked on automatic speed control of automobile using the
technologies such as RF and GSM. The controller is used to compare the speed. If it exceeds
the limited speed value of the zone the controller send alert to the driver and controls are taken
automatically. If they do not respond the message then an information along with the vehicle
number is transmitted to the nearest police station of that area by the use of GSM and penalty
amount is collected in the nearest toll gate.

Vinod Rao et al. [9] has worked on vehicle’s speed control using RF, detection of obstacle and
prevention of accidents. Whenever the vehicle enters within the speed limit zone, the speed of
the vehicle is controlled by the receiving of signal, i.e.., each and every time the speed of the
vehicle is decreased to some cutoff value and is kept constant to that speed until the vehicle
moves outside of the speed limiting zone, and then the vehicle’s speed is accelerated
automatically. It detects the Obstacles in between and prevents the Accidents by Stopping of
the Vehicle.

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CHAPTER 3

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

The instruments used in the following project are listed below:

 RF transmitter receiver

 Bread Board

 Wheel – 4ps

 DC gear motor

 L293D IC
 Arduino UNO
 Jumper Wire male to male connector

 Lithium-Polymer Battery (900mAh)

 LCD (liquid crystal display)
 HT12E encoder and HT12D decoder

Short descriptions of these instruments are given below:

3.1 RF MODULE:

RF MODULE RF transmitter and receiver needs power source or battery power for operating
and it can be usable for a long period over more than decades. It has an inbuilt short range
antenna or we can use handheld antenna. The antenna type used in the RF module has a
scanning antenna. The scanning antenna just release the signal and it is in short range.
Whenever an RF receiver come across the transmitter devices the information transmitted by
the transmitter is passed to the receiver module placed in the vehicle will get the signal.

3.1.1 TRANSMITTER MODULES

An RF transmitter module is a small assembly it can able to transmit the radio waves. This is
working along with microcontroller. This is used to give data to module which can be

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transmitted. Transmitter power output can be decreased by the physical environmental changes
such as harmonics, noise and so other parameters.so we can take a necessary steps to overcome
this to make transmitter to increase or maintain the quality.

3.1.2 RECEIVER MODULES

An RF Receiver module receives the modulated RF signal, and demodulates it. There are two
types of RF receiver modules: super heterodyne receivers and super-regenerative receivers.
Super-regenerative modules are usually low cost and low power designs using a series of
amplifiers to extract modulated data from a carrier wave. Super-regenerative modules are
generally imprecise as their frequency of operation varies considerably with temperature and
power supply voltage. Super heterodyne receivers have a performance advantage over super-
regenerative they offer increased accuracy and stability over a large voltage and temperature
range. This stability comes from a fixed crystal design which in turn leads to a comparatively
more expensive product.

FIG.2: RF TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER

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3.2 BREADBOARD:

A breadboard is a construction base for prototyping of electronics. Originally the word referred
to a literal bread board, a polished piece of wood used for slicing bread. In the 1970s
the solderless breadboard (a.k.a. plugboard, a terminal array board) became available and
nowadays the term "breadboard" is commonly used to refer to these.

Because the solderless breadboard does not require soldering, it is reusable. This makes it easy
to use for creating temporary prototypes and experimenting with circuit design. For this reason,
solderless breadboards are also popular with students and in technological education. Older
breadboard types did not have this property. A strip board (Vero board) and similar
prototyping printed circuit boards, which are used to build semi-permanent soldered prototypes
or one-offs, cannot easily be reused. A variety of electronic systems may be prototyped by
using breadboards, from small analog and digital circuits to complete central processing
units (CPUs).

Modern breadboards are made from plastic, and come in all shapes, sizes, and even different
colors. While larger and smaller sizes are available, the most common sizes you will probably
see are "full-size," "half-size," and "mini" breadboards. Most breadboards also come with tabs
and notches on the sides that allow you to snap multiple boards together. However, a single
half-sized breadboard is sufficient for many beginner-level projects. The leads can fit into the
breadboard because the inside of a breadboard is made up of rows of tiny metal clips. This is
what the clips look like when they are removed from a breadboard.

When you press a component's lead into a breadboard hole, one of these clips grabs onto it.
Some breadboards are actually made of transparent plastic, so you can see the clips inside.
Most breadboards have a backing layer that prevents the metal clips from falling out. The
backing is typically a layer of sticky, double-sided tape covered by a protective layer of paper.
If you want to permanently "stick" the breadboard to something (for example, a robot), you just
need to peel off the paper layer to expose the sticky tape underneath. In this picture, the
breadboard on the right has had its backing removed completely (so you can see all the metal
clips). The breadboard on the left still has its sticky backing, with one corner of the paper layer
peeled up. Most breadboards have some numbers, letters, and plus and minus signs written on
them. What does all that mean? While their exact appearance might vary from breadboard to
breadboard, the general purpose is always the same. These labels help you locate certain holes
on the breadboard so you can follow directions when building a circuit. If you have ever used a

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spreadsheet program like Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets, the concept is exactly the same.
Row numbers and column letters help you identify individual holes in the breadboard, just like
cells in a spreadsheet. For example, all of the highlighted holes are in "column C."

FIG.3: BREADBOARD

3.3 WHEELS:
Four wheels were used in this project. As the system is a Four-Wheel-Drive (FWD) we attached the
wheels with four dc motors. The image of the wheels is attached for further convenience.

FIG.4: WHEELS

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3.4 DC Gear Motor:

Gear motors are used in applications that require lower shaft speed and higher torque output.
This describes a wide range of applications and scenarios, including many of the machines and
equipment we interact with on a daily basis. From ATV wipers to hospital beds, servo
mechanisms to packaging equipment, paint mixers to juice dispensers, gear motors are used to
power a significant number of machines and applications.

What Is a Gear Motor?

Simply put, a gear motor is any electric motor coupled with a gear train. Gear motors use either
AC (Alternating Current) or DC (Direct Current) power. In most cases, the addition of a gear
box is intended to limit the speed of the motor’s shaft, and increase the motor’s ability to output
torque. Gears actually transform shaft speed into torque at specific ratios, with minimum
efficiency losses, making it possible to create the ideal torque output and speed by adding the
appropriately sized and configured gear box.

What Applications DO NOT Use Gear Motors?

Due to the flexibility and widespread use of electric gear motors, it is actually easier to explore
applications that DO NOT use them. Any application that requires high shaft speed will not
benefit from the use of a gear motor. This includes fans, pumps and engine starters. In these
cases, the speed of the motor’s shaft rotation is the most important factor.

FIG.5: DC GEAR MOTOR

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3.5 L293D-MOTOR DRIVER:

L293D is a typical Motor driver or Motor Driver integrated circuit which is used to drive direct
current on either direction. It is a 16-pin IC which can control a set of two DC motors
simultaneously in any direction.

3.5.1 L293D LOGIC TABLE:

let’s consider a Motor connected on left side output pins (pin 3, 6). For rotating the motor in
clockwise direction the input pins has to be given with Logic 1 and Logic 0.

FIG.6: L293D MOTOR DRIVER

• Pin 2 = Logic 1 and Pin 7 = Logic 0 | Clockwise Direction

• Pin 2 = Logic 0 and Pin 7 = Logic 1 | Anticlockwise Direction
• Pin 2 = Logic 0 and Pin 7 = Logic 0 | Idle [No rotation] [Hi-Impedance state]
• Pin 2 = Logic 1 and Pin 7 = Logic 1 | Idle [No rotation]

3.5.2 : WORKING OF MOTOR DRIVER:

The 4 input pins for this l293D, pin 2, 7 on the left and pin 15, 10 on the right as shown on the
pin diagram. Left input pins will regulate the rotation of motor connected on the left side and
right input for motor on the right hand side. The motors are rotated on the basis of the inputs
provided at the input pins as LOGIC 1 or LOGIC 0.In simple we need to provide Logic 0 or 1
across the input pins for rotating the motor.

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3.6 ARDUINO UNO:

FIG.7: ARDUINO UNO DESCRIPTION

The Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14 digital input/output
pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a
USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything
needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or
power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. Differences with other boards: The
Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver
chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a
USB-to-serial converter.

Arduino Uno R3 CH340G ATmega328p

a) Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board developed by Arduino.cc which is an open-source

electronics platform mainly based on AVR microcontroller Atmega328.

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b) Arduino Uno comes with USB interface i.e. USB port is added on the board to develop
serial communication with the computer.

c) Atmega328 microcontroller is placed on the board that comes with a number of features
like timers, counters, interrupts, PWM, CPU, I/O pins and based on a 16MHz CLK that
helps in producing more frequency and number of instructions per cycle.

d) There are 14 I/O digital and 6 analog pins incorporated in the board that allows the external
connection with any circuit with the board. These pins provide the flexibility and ease of
use to the external devices that can be connected through these pins. There is no hard and
fast interface required to connect the devices to the board. Simply plug the external device
into the pins of the board that are laid out on the board in the form of the header.

e) The 6 analog pins are marked as A0 to A5 and come with a resolution of 10bits. These pins
measure from 0 to 5V, however, they can be configured to the high range using analog
Reference() function and AREF pin.13KB of flash memory is used to store the number of
instructions in the form of code.

f) Only 5 V is required to turn the board on, which can be achieved directly using USB port or
external adopter, however, it can support external power source up to 12 V which can be
regulated and limit to 5 V or 3.3 V based on the requirement of the project.

g) There are several I/O digital and analog pins placed on the board which operates at 5V.
These pins come with standard operating ratings ranging between 20mA to 40mA. Internal
pull-up resistors are used in the board that limits the current exceeding from the given
operating conditions. However, too much increase in current makes these resisters useless
and damages the device.

 LED- Arduino Uno comes with built-in LED which is connected through pin 13. Providing
HIGH value to the pin will turn it ON and LOW will turn it OFF.

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 Vin- It is the input voltage provided to the Arduino Board. It is different than 5 V supplied
through a USB port. This pin is used to supply voltage. If a voltage is provided through
power jack, it can be accessed through this pin.

 5V- This board comes with the ability to provide voltage regulation. 5V pin is used to
provide output regulated voltage. The board is powered up using three ways i.e. USB, Vin
pin of the board or DC power jack.

 GND-These are GND pins. More than one GND pins are provided on the board which can
be used as per requirement.

 Reset- This pin is incorporated on the board which resets the program running on the board.
Instead of physical reset on the board, IDE comes with a feature of resetting the board
through programming.

 IOREF-This pin is very useful for providing voltage reference to the board. A shield is
used to read the voltage across this pin which then select the proper power source.

 PWM- PWM is provided by 3,5,6,9,10, 11pins. These pins are configured to provided 8-bit
output PWM.

 SPI-It is known as Serial Peripheral Interface. Four pins 10(SS), 11(MOSI), 12(MISO),
13(SCK) provide SPI communication with the help of SPI library.
 ARE-It is called Analog Reference. This pin is used for providing a reference voltage to the
AIs.

 TWI- It is called Two-wire Interface. TWI communication is accessed through Wire

Library. A4 and A5 pins are used for this purpose.

 Serial Communication-Serial communication is carried out through two pins called Pin 0
(Rx) and Pin 1 (Tx).

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 Rx pin is used to receive data while Tx pin is used to transmit data.

 External Interrupts-Pin 2 and 3 are used for providing external interrupts. An interrupt is
called by providing LOW or changing value.

3.7 JUMP WIRE:

FIG .8: JUMPER WIRE

A jump wire, is a short electrical wire with a solid tip at each end (or sometimes without them,

simply "tinned"), which is normally used to interconnect the components in a breadboard.

There are different types of jumper wires. Some have the same type of electrical connector at
both ends, while others have different connectors. Some common connectors are:

 Solid tips – are used to connect on/with a breadboard or female header connector. The
arrangement of the elements and ease of insertion on a breadboard allows increasing the
mounting density of both components and jump wires without fear of short-circuits. The
jump wires vary in size and colour to distinguish the different working signals.
 Crocodile clips – are used, among other applications, to temporarily bridge sensors, buttons
and other elements of prototypes with components or equipment that have arbitrary
connectors, wires, screw terminals, etc.

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 Banana connectors – are commonly used on test equipment for DC and low-frequency AC
signals.
 Registered jack (RJnn) – are commonly used in telephone (RJ11) and computer networking
(RJ45).
 RCA connectors – are often used for audio, low-resolution composite video signals, or
other low-frequency applications requiring a shielded cable.
 RF connectors – are used to carry radio frequency signals between circuits, test equipment,
and antennas.
 RF jumper cables - Jumper cables is a smaller and more bendable corrugated cable which is
used to connect antennas and other components to network cabling. Jumpers are also used
in base stations to connect antennas to radio units. Usually the most bendable jumper cable
diameter is 1/2"

3.8 LITHIUM-POLYMER BATTERY:

FIG.9: LITHIUM-POLYMER BATTERY

For the purpose of power supply to the motors we have used Lithium-Polymer 900mAh
battery. For speeding up the vehicle we needed to supply high amount of power to the dc
motors thus we used powerful battery. The images are inserted in the description.

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3.9 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

Frequently, a program must interact with the outside world using input and output devices that
communicate directly with a human being. One of the most common devices attached to a
controller is an LCD display. Some of the most common LCDs connected to the 8051 are 16x2
and 20x2 displays. This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2
lines, respectively. Fortunately, a very popular standard exists which allows us to communicate
with the vast majority of LCDs regardless of their manufacturer. The standard is referred to as
HD44780U, which refers to the controller chip which receives data from an external source (in
this case, the UNO) and communicates directly with the LCD.
44780 Backgrounds
The 44780 standard requires 3 control lines as well as either 4 or 8 I/O lines for the data bus.
The user may select whether the LCD is to operate with a 4-bit data bus or an 8-bit data bus. If
a 4-bit data bus is used the LCD will require a total of 7 data lines (3 control lines plus the 4
lines for the data bus). If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require a total of 11 data lines
(3 control lines plus the 8 lines for the data bus).
The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW.
The EN line is called "Enable." This control line is used to tell the LCD that you are sending it
data. To send data to the LCD, your program should make sure this line is low (0) and then set
the other two control lines and/or put data on the data bus. When the other lines are completely
ready, bring EN high (1) and wait for the minimum amount of time required by the LCD
datasheet (this varies from LCD to LCD), and end by bringing it low (0) again.
Finally, the data bus consists of 4 or 8 lines (depending on the mode of operation selected by
the user). In the case of an 8-bit data bus, the lines are referred to as DB0, DB1, DB2, DB3,
DB4, DB5, DB6, and DB7.
As we've mentioned, the LCD requires either 8 or 11 I/O lines to communicate with.
A sample pseudo-schematic of how the LCD will be connected to the UNO.

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 FIG.10: LCD interfaced to arduino UNO

This example shows, 1-to-1 relation between a pin on the UNO and a line on the 44780 LCD.
Thus we write our sketch to access the LCD, by including library LIQUIDCRYSTAL.H and
using the in build functions provided by Arduino IDE.

FIG.11: LCD display

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3.10 HT12D decoder and HT12E encoder

HT12E encoder

HT12E is a 212 series encoder IC (Integrated Circuit) for remote control applications. It is
commonly used for radio frequency (RF) applications. By using the paired HT12E encoder
and HT12D decoder we can easily transmit and receive 12 bits of parallel data serially. HT12E
simply converts 12 bit parallel data in to serial output which can be transmitted through a RF
transmitter. These 12 bit parallel data is divided in to 8 address bits and 4 data bits. By using
these address pins we can provide 8 bit security code for data transmission and multiple
receivers may be addressed using the same transmitter.

HT12E is able to operate in a wide voltage range from 2.4V to 12V and has a built in oscillator
which requires only a small external resistor. Its power consumption is very low, standby
current is 0.1μA at 5V VDD and has high immunity against noise. It is available in 18 pin DIP
(Dual Inline Package) and 20 pin SOP (Small Outline Package) as given below.

Pin Diagram and Description of HT12E

FIG.12: Pin Diagram

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  VDD and VSS are power supply pins which are used to connect positive and negative
of the power suppy respectively.
 OSC1 and OSC2 are used to connect external resistance for the internal oscillator.
OSC1 is the oscillator input pin and OSC2 is the oscillator output pin.
 TE is used for enabling the transmission and is an active low input.
 A0 – A7 are the input address pins. By using these pins we can provide a security code
for the data. These pins can be connected to VSS or left open.
 D8 – D11 are the input data pins. These pins can be connected to VSS or may left open
for sending LOW and HIGH respectively.
 DOUT – It is the serial data output of the encoder and can be connected to a RF
tranmistter.

HT12D decoder

HT12D is a 212 series decoder IC (Integrated Circuit) for remote control applications
manufactured by Holtek. It is commonly used for radio frequency (RF) wireless applications.
By using the paired HT12E encoder and HT12D decoder we can transmit 12 bits of parallel
data serially. HT12D simply converts serial data to its input (may be received through RF
receiver) to 12 bit parallel data. These 12 bit parallel data is divided in to 8 address bits and 4
data bits. Using 8 address bits we can provide 8 bit security code for 4 bit data and can be used
to address multiple receivers by using the same transmitter.

HT12D is a CMOS LSI IC and is capable of operating in a wide voltage range from 2.4V to
12V. Its power consumption is low and has high immunity against noise. The received data is
checked 3 times for more accuracy. It has built in oscillator, we need to connect only a small
external resistor. As HT12E, it is available in 18 pin DIP (Dual Inline Package) and 20 pin SOP
(Small Outline Package) as given below.

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 Pin Diagram and Description of HT12D

FIG.13: Pin Diagram

 VDD and VSS are used to provide power to the IC, Positive and Negative of the power
supply respectively. As I said earlier its operating voltage can be in the range 2.4V to
12V
 OSC1 and OSC2 are used to connect external resistor for internal oscillator of HT12D.
OSC1 is the oscillator input pin and OSC2 is the oscillator output pin as shown in the
figure below.
 A0 – A7 are the address input pins. Status of these pins should match with status of
address pin in HT12E (used in transmitter) to receive the data. These pins can be
connected to VSS or left open.
 DIN is the serial data input pin and can be connected to a RF receiver output.
 D8 – D11 are the data output pins. Status of these pins can be VSS or VDD depending
upon the received serial data through pin DIN.
 VT stand for Valid Transmission. This output pin will be HIGH when valid data is
available at D8 – D11 data output pins.

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SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

PROTEUS

Proteus is simulation and design software tool developed by Labcenter Electronics for
Electrical and Electronic circuit design. It also possess 2D CAD drawing feature. It deserves to
bear the tagline “From concept to completion”.

ABOUT PROTEUS

It is a software suite containing schematic, simulation as well as PCB designing. ISIS is the
software used to draw schematics and simulate the circuits in real time. The simulation allows
human access during run time, thus providing real time simulation. ARES is used for PCB
designing. It has the feature of viewing output in 3D view of the designed PCB along with
components. The designer can also develop 2D drawings for the product.
FEATURES
ISIS has wide range of components in its library. It has sources, signal generators,
measurement and analysis tools like, voltmeter, ammeter etc., probes for real time monitoring
of the parameters of the circuit, switches, displays, loads like motors and lamps, discrete
components like resistors, capacitors, inductors, transformers, digital and analog Integrated
circuits, semi-conductor switches, relays, microcontrollers, processors, sensors etc. ARES
offers PCB designing up to 14 inner layers, with surface mount and through hole packages. It is
embedded with the foot prints of different category of components like ICs, transistors,
headers, connectors and other discrete components. It offers Auto routing and manual routing
options to the PCB Designer. The schematic drawn in the ISIS can be directly transferred
ARES.

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CHAPTER 4

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

Wireless communication is the transfer of information between two or more points that are not
connected by an electrical conductor. The most common wireless technologies use radio. With
radio waves distances can be short, such as a few meters for television or as far as thousands or
even millions of kilometers for deep-space radio.

4.1 Radio Frequency Technology:

Radio frequency (RF) is any of the electromagnetic wave frequencies that lie in the range
extending from around 3 kHz to 300 GHz, which include those frequencies used for
communications or radar signals.
4.1.1 Description:
RF signals are high frequency alternating current (AC) signals composed of electromagnetic
energy. RF propagation occurs at the speed of light and does not need a medium like air in
order to travel. RF waves occur naturally from sun flares, lightning, and from stars in space that
radiate RF waves as they age. Humankind communicates with artificially created radio waves
that oscillate at various chosen frequencies. RF communication is used in many industries
including television broadcasting, radar systems, computer and mobile platform networks,
remote control, remote metering/monitoring, and many more.
4.1.2 Properties of RF:
All radio frequency signals have the following properties:
Amplitude: The change in RF energy is known as “Amplitude” of a signal. Amplitude is the
most basic quality of an RF signal. The higher the amplitude of an RF signal the further it will
travel before becoming weakened to the point of being un-receivable

Frequency: Since amplitude is the most basic quality of an RF signal, information is

conveyed by changing the amplitude of the RF signal over time. Transmission and reception
are easier when the signal oscillates with a more or less regular rhythm. The time between one
peak in the signal’s amplitude and the next peak is constant from peak to peak. The number of
times per second that the signal’s amplitude peaks is the frequency of the signal.

Wavelength: The wavelength of an RF signal is a function of the signal’s frequency and its

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speed through space. If a signal’s wave front it traveling through space at a certain speed, and
we know the amount of time between each peak, then we can calculate how far the signal will
have traveled from one peak to the next. That distance is the signal’s wavelength.

Phase: Phase is a method of expressing the relationship between the amplitudes of two RF
signals that have the same frequency. Phase is measured in degrees (like the degrees of a
compass). To the Wireless Lan Engineer, phase is important because two signals that are
in phase add their energy together, resulting in a stronger signal. Two signals that are 180
degrees out of phase, completely cancel each other out.

Polarity: A radio wave is actually made of up of two fields:- One electric, One magnetic,
The sum of these two field is called the “electromagnetic field”, when energy is transferred
back and forth from one field to the other it is called “Oscillation”.

Reflection: Reflection occurs when a propagating electromagnetic wave strikes an object that
has very large dimension in comparison to the wavelength of the propagating wave.

Refraction: Refraction describes the bending of a radio wave as it passes through a medium
of different density.

Diffraction: Diffraction occurs when the radio path between the transmitter and receiver is
obstructed by a surface that has sharp irregularities or another wise rough surface.

Absorption: Absorption occurs when the RF signal strikes an object and is absorbed into the
material in such a manner that it does not pass through, reflect off, or bend around the object.

4.1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of RF:

Advantages: wide bandwidth, small dimensions, used for designing high directive antennas.
Disadvantages: RF or Microwave works between 3 KHz to 300 GHz, needs special care to
design circuits. Additional cable length takes into account.

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CHAPTER 5

OVER-SPEED CONTROL SYSTEM

We will be controlling the speed of the vehicle by varying the speed of the DC motor. Basically
there are three ways to vary the speed of DC motors. These ways are briefly described below:

Mechanical Gears: With the use of mechanical gears to achieve the desired speed.

Series Resistor: Reducing the motor voltage with series resistor. However this is inefficient
as energy s wasted in the resistors and reduces torque. The current drawn by the motor
increases as the load on the motor increases. More current means a larger voltage drop across
the series resistor and therefore less voltage to the motor. The motor now tries to draw even
more current resulting in the motor “stalling”.

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM): By applying Full voltage supply to the motor in bursts or
pulses, eliminating the series drop effect. This is called pulse width modulation (PWM).
Shorter the pulses means the motor runs slowly, longer pulses make the motor run faster.

DC motors have been used in variable speed devices for a very long time. The versatile
characteristics of dc motors can provide high starting torques which is required for traction
drives. Control over a wide speed range, both below and above the rated speed can be very
easily achieved. The methods of dc motor speed control are simpler and less expensive than
those of alternating current motors. In this project Speed control is attained using PWM
technique and PWM generation is done using microcontroller.
Pulse Width Modulation:
Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation
technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique
can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the
power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition,
PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers. Thus
for sending the signal in pulses we use radio frequency technology (RF) which is described in
the previous chapter.
To control the speed of the motor, all we need to do is to replace digitalWrite function on
L293D enable pins to analogWrite. The speed of the motor depends on the value that was
passed to the analogWrite function. We can only pass between 0 to 255. If we pass 0, then the

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motor will stop and if we pass 255 then it will run at full speed. If we pass value between 1 and
254, then the speed of the motor will vary accordingly.
Working Principle of PWM:
Pulse width modulation (PWM) is a method for binary signals generation which has 2 signal
periods- high and low. The width (W) of each pulse varies between 0 and period (T). The main

principle is control of power by varying the duty cycle. Here the conduction time to the load is
controlled. Let for a time t1 the input voltage appears across the load i.e. ON state and for t2
time the voltage across the load is zero.
• The average voltage at output is given by
Va = Vmax × Ia
Here,
TON =Time period for Pulse ON,
TOFF =Time period for Pulse OFF
• The average load current Ia = Va/R = kVs/R
Total time period, T =t1 + t2,
Duty cycle, k = t1/T
• The duty cycle can be varied from 0 to 1 by varying t1, T or f. Therefore, the output voltage
V0 can be varied from 0 to Vs by controlling k, and the power flow can be controlled.
• As the time t1 changes the width of pulse is varied and this type of control is called pulse
width modulation (PWM) control.
For better understanding of PWM these diagrammatic representations can be used. These
figures represent the waveforms obtained as output at different voltage requirements.

FIG.14: PWM output voltage waveforms

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CHAPTER 6

BLOCK DIAGRAM AND WORKING

FIG.15: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RECEIVER

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 FIG.16: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TRANSMITTER

FIG.17: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMBINED TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER

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 FIG.18: FLOWCHART OF COMPELETE PROJECT

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OVERVIEW OF WORKING MODEL

An overview of the working model is described in this chapter keeping in focus the working
principle of the vehicle.

Working Principle:
The RF transmitting circuit consist of a RF transmitter module. RF transmitter is connected to
HT12E encoder which is used to encode parallel data to serial data at some baud rate and then
it send data to transmitter antenna for further communication whereas RF receiver is connected
to HT1D decoder which is used to decode the incoming data. The voltage regulator circuit is
obtains power from a 12 volt(1 A) battery which provides the motor with unregulated 12 volt
supply and whereas arduino, motor driver and the receiver module receives a 5 volt regulated
supply. DC motors are interfaced through a motor driver. When the RF transmitter is turned on,
the data set by the user is encoded and sent to the Receiver module. The receiver module
decodes the data and sends it to the arduino to compare the data embedded in it. If the speed of
the DC motor is less than the limit zone, then arduino commands the motor driver to take no
actions and the speed of the DC motor remains same. If the speed exceeds the set speed limit,
the arduino instructs the motor driver to limit speed according to the zone thus preventing
accidents.
The representation below shows how the proposed system can be implemented:

FIG.19: OVER-SPEEDING VEHICLE APPROACHING SPEED LIMIT ZONE

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CHAPTER 7

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND SIMULATION

FIG.20: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF DIFFERENT COMPONENTS ATTACHED TO

ARDUINO UNO

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 FIG.21: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF RF MODULE

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 FIG.22: SIMULATION OF RF MODULE

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 FIG.23: SIMULATION OF SPEED LIMTING TO 20KM/H

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 FIG.24: SIMULATION OF SPEED LIMTING TO 40KM/H

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CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS

CONCLUSIONS:

We worked hard throughout the semester to make the project run. Although facing much
difficulties and frustrating moment we have completed the project within time. We faced
several hurdles doing the project. But all our efforts would be materialized if we are one step
closer to building a safer road for a better future.

FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS:

We are doing this project with keeping doors open for further modifications and more
sophisticated analysis of speed controlling for vehicles. So some future scopes related to this
project is given below:
we wish to make a vehicle that can locate its position from the available map of the city and
decide by itself about the highest speed limit for any particular road or highway.
an autonomous vehicle is the ultimate target of this project that can run without the help of a
driver and keeping the opportunity of the option from the operator of the car whether he or she
would like to run the vehicle by him/her or run the vehicle by autonomous system.
In future we would like to recommend introducing security system within the car and vehicle
tracker with GPS data and speed of that vehicle from remote places.
In future we would like to work on a vehicle that would be able to detect speed limits of
roads and highways from signboards along the road.

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REFERENCES
[1] Ankita Mishra, Jyoti Solanki “Design of RF based speed control system for vehicles,”
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering,
Vol. 1, No 8, 2012.

[2] Deepa B Chavan, Abdul Rahim Makandar , “Automatic Vehicle Speed Reduction System
Using Rf Technology,” International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, Vol.4,
No.4, 2014.

[3] Fatema Tahsen Huda Munira, “Automatic speed controller for automobile, ‘Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications, 2015 Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications, 2015.

[4] Gummarekula Sattibabu, Satyanarayan , “Automatic Vehicle Speed Control With Wireless
In-Vehicle Road Sign Delivery System Using ARM 7,” International Journal Of Technology
Enhancements And Emerging Engineering Research, Vol 2, No. 8, 2014.

[5] Jyothi Kameswari, Satwik, “A Design Model for Automatic Vehicle Speed Controller,”
International Journal of Computer Applications, Vol.35, No.9, 2011.

[6] Soni Kumari, Jamal Ahmed,” Review of automatic speed control using RFID,”

[7] S Nagakishore Bhavanam, Vasuja Devi M,” International Conference on Innovations in

Electronics and Communication Engineering, 2014.

[8] Vengadesh, K. Sekar,” AUTOMATIC SPEED CONTROL OF VEHICLE IN

RESTRICTED AREAS USING RF AND GSM,” International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Vol. 02, Issue 9, 2015.

[9] Vinod Rao, Saketh Kuma, “Smart Zone Based Vehicle Speed Control Using RF and
Obstacle Detection and Accident Prevention,” International Journal of Emerging Technology
and Advanced Engineering, Vol.4, No.3, 2014.

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APPENDIX

CODE:

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystal lcd(13,12,11,6,5,8);

int motor = 9;

int accel = A0;

int d1 = A1;

int d2 = A2;

int d3 = A3;

int d4 = A4;

int speedx,limit;

int ACC;

int currentspeed=1;

int driverr;

void setup()

Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(d1,INPUT);

pinMode(d2,INPUT);

pinMode(d3,INPUT);

pinMode(d4,INPUT);

//pinMode(7,INPUT);

pinMode(motor,OUTPUT);

lcd.begin(16,2);
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lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("Car Speed RF");

delay(2000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("Acc:000 Lim:000");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("FinalSpeed:000");

delay(1000);

void loop()

/*Serial.print(currentspeed);

Serial.print(" ");

Serial.print(analogRead(A0));*/

limit=100;

//if(digitalRead(7)==HIGH)

//{

if(digitalRead(d1)==LOW){

limit=20;

/*driverr=limit;

analogWrite(9,driverr);

analogWrite(10,0);

delay(10);*/
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}

else if(digitalRead(d2)==LOW){

limit=40;

/*driverr=limit;

analogWrite(9,driverr);

analogWrite(10,0);

delay(10);*/

else if(digitalRead(d3)==LOW){

limit=60;

/*driverr=limit;

analogWrite(9,driverr);

analogWrite(10,0);

delay(10);*/

else if(digitalRead(d4)==LOW){

limit=80;

/*driverr=limit;

analogWrite(9,driverr);

analogWrite(10,0);

delay(10);*/

//}
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ACC=analogRead(accel)/10.23;

lcd.setCursor(4,0);

lcd.print(ACC/100);

lcd.print((ACC/10)%10);

lcd.print(ACC%10);

lcd.setCursor(12,0);

lcd.print(limit/100);

lcd.print((limit/10)%10);

lcd.print(limit%10);

if(ACC>limit)

ACC=limit;

lcd.setCursor(12,1);

lcd.print(ACC/100);//displays changed limit value

lcd.print((ACC/10)%10);

lcd.print(ACC%10);

//delay(1000);

//analogWrite(motor,255-(ACC*2.55));

if(currentspeed==1)

currentspeed=ACC;

if(currentspeed!=ACC)

{
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 if(currentspeed>ACC)

for(int i=currentspeed;i>ACC;i--)

lcd.setCursor(12,1);

lcd.print(i/100);

lcd.print((i/10)%10);

lcd.print(i%10);

analogWrite(motor,255-(i*2.55));

delay(15);

if(currentspeed<ACC)

for(int i=currentspeed;i<ACC;i++)

lcd.setCursor(12,1);

lcd.print(i/100);

lcd.print((i/10)%10);

lcd.print(i%10);

analogWrite(motor,255-(i*2.55));

delay(15);

} currentspeed=ACC;

}}

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