Some Basic Concepts

of Chemistry

POINTS TO
···· ··················

l.
lmportan_cc of Chemis~•·v: The branch of science that studies the preparation, properties, structure
and reaCllons of matenal substances is called chemistry.

Chemistq deals with the composition, structure, properties, and interaction of matter and is of
much use to human beings in daily life. These aspects can be best described and understood in
terms of the basic constituents of matter that are atoms and molecules. That is why, chemistry is
also called the science of atoms and molecules.

Chemistry plays a central role in science and is often intertwined with other branches of science.
Principles of chemistry are applicable in di\'erse areas, such as weather patterns, functioning of
brain and operation of a computer, production in chemical industries, manufacturing fertilisers,.
01 ui.e basic constituents of matter that are atoms and molecules. That is why, chemistry is
..~nli.s
also called the science of atoms and molecules.
Chem.is try plays a central role in science and i.s often intertwined with other branches of science.
Principles of chemistry are applicable in diverse areas, such as weather patterns, functioning of
brain and operation of a computer, production in chemical industries, manufacturing fertilisers,
alkalis, acids, salts, dyes, polymers, drugs, soaps, detergents, metals, alloys, etc., including new
material.

Chemistry contributes in a big way to the national economy. It also plays an important role in
meeting human needs for food, healthcare products and other material aimed at improving the
qualit) of life. Chemistry contributes to a large extent in the development and growth of a nation.
\Vith a better understanding of chemical principles it has now become possible to design and
synthesise new material having specific magnetic, electric and optical properties. This has led to
the production of superconducting ceramics, conducting polymers, optical fibres, etc.
In recent years, chemistry has helped in dealing with some of the pressing aspects of environmental
degradation with a fair degree of success.
2. Nature of Matter: Matter is defined as "anything that possesses some mass and occupies space."
Classification of Matter:
The matter can be classified into various categories depending upon its physical or chemical
nature.
(a) Physical classification: Under the normal ~ond~tions_ of t~m~er~tur~ __and pressure, the
matter is classified into the following categories: (z) Solids (zz) L1qu1ds (m) Gases.
(b) Chemical classification: Matter is of three types based upon its chemical composition:
(i) Element
(ii) Compound
(iii) Mixture

Some Basic Concepts of Che m ,c; trv 7

 ,, 1 II I , 1.. ,,

Met3 s I Non-meta!s Meta11o·ds C~~~~~ ~

, , .. c O.'.>n of ~latter: TI1e t l.1,~tfica tion of , olid.:- . liquids and gases on~
T -c-n,u.:'." is t.abula,ed belm, . '-
Table I.I: Difference between physical properties of Solids. Liquids and Gase,.;
Propttties Solids Liquids
l. \i:>Jume / Definite Definite
~- Shape Definite i Indefinite Indetini::e
S. Intermolecular foroe of attraction \ 'er; high ; ~!oderate
4.. Arrangement of Molecules Orderly arranged Free to moYe ,dtl1in
the ,·olume
5. Intermolecular space \'en small i Slightly gre::uer
6. Compressibility
~ot compressible , Xot compre~s1ble
\'ery little i \'en liHle
Vc1 1 rigid / ~or rigid ::md ktll),,·n
.b fluid
9. fluidity
Can', flow Can flow C:l.11 tll)\1
10. Oafusion rl he) do not The,· , hl)\1' sll),,· Tht', ~ht,,d '·
diffose. di{fo~iL)ll, ditfo,1,,11

4. C.hemiasl (,fa ification of Matter

( ,.,.
a) ,'l'.IDaure: A m1xw1t- . ' a <.<mumarwn
1s I' ' of 1wo nr more demenb. L,r H~ ..)!lll)l)\lll(h I)i'
t '.

• .
propunwn A rmxtmc shows all the propcrries of it~ CtHbri1ucn1 cknH'llt~ l w colllc '
' l~ '

an d can~ 1..JC•• '>eparaU:

1 • d'1mo ·Hs constllut'nts
· · pie phy~1cal
by s1m · tee Illlll}llt
· ,.~- \li'-
· w1"~,u'(
types·
(1. . h )ll(-1,
)
•
Homogeneous .
mixture: .
A homogeneous mixture ..
has uniform -
u>lllPL ),ilil)ll
- t ~t,dc"
fl '
In homogeneous mixtures
. the components of the mixtures are Ht)[' 1.~1
·'bk b\'• ll,I
)llf (}I'
d . ' . . ' "ht'll
even un e~ _m1crosc~pe. Someumes these are also termed as soluuon. h" ,.,.11111i,li
l

than one of tis consutuems are liquids and thev exist usuallv in one ph,.,~- ,,;,1u~
, . , . rrvl (1
air ~mtxture of gases like N2,H 2,co , o ,o.l etc.), kerosene oil and pe
1d hydrocarbons). 2 2 ·
 (ii) lleh·rogt'nt'\)Us mix11n·c.·: ,\ l1t·1«•111141•11c•t1110, 111ix11111 d1J1'R 11 111 lt,,v,· 1111 jf, 11111 !1Jmp,,,;iiion
tl11_ 1H1gl 11 _11 11 lkc,n1-.(' ol llw 1111<vt11 di;;111h111il)11, 1111' 11m1po11< lll'l ,,f 1hi'l rnixrt ,i c are
q-.,hlc· \\tth 11,il,ld «''(' (ll ,111, ,l'il 1111<111 1111« '"'""I"'• h11 ,·x,1111pl••, fl) A mix1111l' of 'l,Hlrl,
,nd11_11n < lilot Hh ,1111 I 11 on fil111µ0,,, ,,., 1111x11111 ' rtf ,111y I w,, "' 1r11irt· !!'llid!i. (11) c 11 n pqw<fcr
{,I IHl'\;1\111' nl I ,11 IHlll, s1ilph111 a11<I 1111 I<'), (111) Mwlrly w,111•1 ;11,rl (m) ",1nnkr• (~, mixrurc ,,r
l ,11 lwn p,11111 le., 111 :111 ), «· 1, .

r,
\b) Pure subo;tmwc.'<.: I he) h:I\'(' <h,11 :1< ,,., is, i1 S difk1 ('Ill fHII llllXl 111 l'tl, ( :,m'llllllt'nt part1rh:o;
Pl pme ,11l)',t.111te., lt.n·c fixed composi11nn. ,\l'io, it,; un1s11111cn1o; <,mt,rJI .,e ,;(•p.-tr.1tt.:rl by
:-tmple ph, 'ill ;ii mt•rho,J.... Copp,•,, sih 1·1, gold, w;11cr and gllH oi,e a1 P 'l<,rn<' example'! c,f pure
sub:-1.m(c,. P111 <' s11hs1.111, cs l,lll 11111 he1 be d;,ssified into elcnff'nts ;,nd, qmpr,und3.
(i) Elcm~nt: A~• ck111e111 _is ddincd as ::, p111 est ;ind simplest form rA m.tttcr cc,m, ,ting of
one> kmd nf ..11oms ha\'111g some :,tomiL number and c,innot b<· further simplified by any
pll\ -.,c.!I or clwmi< al methods. Fn1· example, GHbon, phosphorus. sulphur, cupper, lead.
i1·on, ,ihc1 , gold, nH~lC\11')', ct,. l~lemcnLs :it(' further classified into three classes based on
their ph) :--ical ~111d chemical prnpe,ucs:
1. Metab: \lct als arc those elements which are solids at room temperature (except
mercur)) .rnd has metallic lu str e (property of reflecting light). These are malleable,
ductile and has high specific gravity. They are also good conductor of heat and
electricil). Some common examples of metals are copper, silver, gold, potassium,
barium, vanadium, iron, etc.
2. Non-metals: Non metals are those elements which are non-lustrous (except iodine),
brittle and poor conductor of heat and electricity. These may exist in any physical
state e.g.,
• Solids: Sulphur, phosphorus and iodine etc ..
• Gases: Nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine and helium etc.
• Liquid: Bromine etc.
3. Metalloids: These elements possess characteristic properues of both. metal::. as well
as non-metals e.g., aluminium, arsenic, bismuth, zinc etc.
(ii) Compound: A compound may be defined as a substance consisting of two or more elements
chemically united in definite proportions by weight. For example. water is a compound of
hydrogen and oxygen. It has hydrogen and oxygen in a fixed ratio of l: 8 b, mass.
Depending upon the source of their formation, compounds are ofcwo tYpe.s.
1. Inorganic compounds: Compounds obtained from non-li,·ing source such a:- rock.
mineral, etc. are inorganic compounds 1'.g, salt, baking powder. marble. etc.
2. Organic compounds: Compouncb obtained from li\'ing snurce such ,ts pl.mt!-.
animals aic organic cornpou11ds, r.g., oil. Ctts, carboh)dr.ne:-. procc·ins. \,a,es. c'CC.
5. Properties of Matter and their Measun•mt'nt
Physical prope1·ties are those p1ope11ies whit.h cm bt' mc;\sut<.'d nr obst.'nc•d wichutll
changing Lhc identity or the crnnposirion of the substance. f.g .. n1lour. t)dllUl. mdting P'-)int.
h(Jiling p<JinL, dcnsi1y etc.
Chemical properties are charact(·rist it l'L'at.:I iom, nr dilfrn•nt :--nh-.1:mn·s: t ht':-<.' inl.lrnk ,h. idil\
or bao;icity, combus1ibili1y t'IL
rJ he rncasun·meut or observation ol' chcrnic:tl propt'rti<.•s rt'quin•:-- :1 dwmic,tl dt:rng(.' ll' tX'(Ur.
e.g., Burning of Mg rihhon in air.
6. Measurement of Phy~ical Properties
The International System of Unil11 (SI): 'l'lw 111tl'rna1 ional Svstl'nl of ll nils (in French LL' Svsretnt.'
Jnternational d'Unit.e~abhrcviatcd as SI) was establisht·d hv tlw I lth CL'neral Confr,n.·1t1.:e tHl
Weights and Measures (CGl'M from Cm1Ji'n•,ia (;,,,,l'l'ole d,,., Pvids al J\11•(1.wrrs). The SI system has
seven base units.
Some Ba~ic Concepts of Chemistry 9
 ble t .2: Base Physical Quantities and their Units
Basr Physical Quan11i•y Symbol for Quantity Name of SI Unit
Length lllctre
Mass Ill kilogram
Time second
ElectTic Current ampere
Thermodynamic temperalrre T I kelvin J
Amount of substance mole
ILuminous intensity II I 111 candela I
Table 1.3: Definitions of SI Base Units
Unit of length metre The metre, symbol m is the SI unit of length. It is defined b .
fixed numerical value of the speed of light in vacuum c to b: taking the
2
when expressed in the unit ms- , where the second is defined . 9979 2158
1
. frequency .6.Vc_ ,
the caesmm m~~
Sof
1
Unit of mass kilogn The kilogram, symbol kg. is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by t k'
a 1ngth
fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.626070lSxt -~
when expressed in the unit Js, which is equal to kgm 2s 1 where th O
. ' em~
and the second are defined 111 terms of c and .6.Ves
Unit of time second The second symbols, is the SI unit of time. It is defined by taking the
fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency .6.Vc1 , the unperturbed
ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium-133 atom, to
be 9192631770 when expressed in the unit Hz, which is equal to f 1•
Unit of eJectric ampe11e The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current. It is defined
current
by taking the fixed numerical value of the elementary charge e to be
19
I .6O2176634 x 10- when expressed in the unit C, which is equal 10 As,
where the second is defined in terms of .6.VCs ·
Unit of kelvin The Kelvin, symbol K, is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature. It is
Thermodynamic
defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant~
temperature 23
to be 1.380649 x 10- when expressed in the unit JK- 1, which is equal to
2 2 1
kgm s- K- where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in termsofl
h, c and .6.Vcs·
Unit of Amount mole . . -- One mole
The mole, symbol mol, 1s the SI umt of amount of substance. . the
of substance · · Th's1 numbertS
contains exactly 6.02214076 x 1023 elementary enuues. d ·n the
fixed numencal . value of the Avogadro constant. 1\rA when expressebstance,,
1
unit moi- and is called the Avogadro number. The amount of su enta"
symbol n, of a system is a measure of the number of speci'fied e1ernion, an
· · An elementary entity may be an atom, a molecule, an
enuues.
electron, any other particle or specified group of particles. · enl
• • . . nsit in a g11 i
Umt of cand a The candela, symbol cd is the SI unit of lurnmous inte Y Jurruno 0·
L
·
wmnous ·
d'irecuon. It ·is defined by taking the fixed numenca· I \a· Jue of the I{ , to It
• • JOI-Hz,
9 cd d
mtenstty efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency s4ox d ._w·'. ore
683 when expressed in the unit lm. w-- 1, whICh . equaI to C c.-SI ed in cer[Ill
. 1s
sr kg-1 m_9·s3. \\There the kilogram, metre and secon a
d re de11n
of h, c and 6VCi·
 l
\(
10◄
10-s
IO-:
10-t 1'.""-t'.C'L
10 ie:;i
10:! !le:t,.:
l~ i,;:J,:
106 me;r-..
109 J;l~
lQC r~
I.Ou i
P'~
10~ ~
1o!:r: ~
Hl!!l I ,;-.:.tra_
, • ~!2.ss .u:.tl \\~~= Mass of a rubstan.c.e rs- C1.e amcunr
force exened b~ ,mn~ on ::..:: oqea:... TE.e rn;:;ss:• -:f .:i mtv"d'iC-:'"
ma, "':an from one place t.: ar:.crf:er c~e re cfar~ c:::. p
determined \.en aco.rratel-;- b.v usir:t.:I a::. a:::a:, ~a~ 1:.;-dar..re-
8. "\ckme: '\·olume- has che an.."::.i r;f la;-:rc'.": i ~c
r~ me;;.:,~men
unit. litre (L 1 is nae a:_ 5[ i;::::-..... rs L:::.CC
lO(}O cml = l dm 1•
9. Density: Oensirv of a ~c::;'irar..ce
SI unit of den-st.a = Sf urut nf ma'is, ~ --
and 2 chemi~ often e.x:pre;:.~ der..srr.- a:: i:ra::..-,
10. Temperawre: There are d:ree wcm<,r. ,;:..·..1 TI(~a-• ~!:
cf I degree FahrenherrJ and £.:. , k.e:l ·e
C.
~F =;.(C> +
.)
J_
K = "C ,- 2,Jr
Notr. TemperacUTe below f -.re
nega~e t.emperarure i.'i nor
l I. U ncertainr:y in ~e2Saremen
Precision. refers co the cfoiie~
 cntilit n1,1,lt1on ,,n, 1111111hr, , ,111 lie I qii cst·11tcd 111 tlil' lo, rn N x 10"
,m,.-: pn'1ltH· 01 lll'l{,tl1\l' ,,,ltu·s ,111d N r.111 \,1ry hrrwrrn I to lfl),.g
•·•oH , I 0~ m ,rn·nufic nnt,11io11 . Si111il.11 I}, fl.000 I hr.in be- wrirten
h1lll\ 111a 111e.1511rrmc111 is ind11,11cd by the 11urnlJ{'r of rltg1L~ u~ed t()
acc111.lteh we nprcss it with diKil~ 1l1r11 ,lie known with certainty
l'l'
\umb<·r of Significant Figures
\' -.ignificam. For example, 6.9 has two significanr figures, while 2.16
J:;lln:s. The dt·cimal plalie docs nut determine the number of significant
is1~mficam in c.a!>e ir comes in between non zero numbers. For example, 2.003
s1gr.llfica111 figure~. 4.02 ha!> three significant figures .
t th~ Ix-ginning of a number are not significant. For example, 0.002 has one significant
le 0.004.:i has 1wo significant figures.
bleed to the right of a number arc significant. For example, 16.0 has three significant
•·hile 16.00 has four significant figures. Zeros at the end of a number without a
point are ambiguous.
otations, tJ1e numerical portion represents the number of significant figures.
11(', 0.00045 is expressed as 4.5 x 1o-i in terms of scientific nutation. The number
3
ligaiicaa• ftgW-eli in thi.s number is 2, while in Avogadro's number (6.022 x 10~ ) it is four.
t'kdecilllal point does 001 count 1owards the number of significant figures. For t·xample, the
1 1w !iiiX iignificanl figures also 345.60 I, 0.34560 l and 3.4560 l all having the
&ignjfiam1 figurei..
ud Subtraction of Significant Figures, the result rannot have more
o{ dJ.<! decimal f)Qirll lhan either of tht' original numbers. For example.
.012 • 31.122. Here, I 8.0 has only one digit after the decimal point and the
r ~ only up t.o one digit after the decimal point, whidt is 3 l. l.
.,.....indoa Md Dirition of Signiftcant Figures, the result must be rePorted
it figure1 a.1 in che measurement with the lew significant figures. For
.25 • U25. Sina 2.5 Im two significant figures, the result should not havt
fiaat fiaure1, thus, h i1 3. J.
llo11ndln1 off Flgure11 The rounding off proct'durt' is applitd
isnlftamt Bguret,
4-ir«J number of 1i1niftcant figures happens to ~ mort than
·eaac,d by one, 4.S 17 i• l'oundecl off to 4.~~.
W'°4:"'1 and the preceding •igniticunt figure reana•
 the
(iii) I r_the ,cligit _1~::ip!_)e~1~ to. be !'"~, last memioned or_prcce~lin J~ignificant fi?ure _is increas_ed
b) nnc on!) 111 .c:l"t_H h.1ppem lo be odd. In case ol e,en f1gu1e , the preceding d1g1t remains
unchanged . 8.3 15 1s rounckd oO to 8.38 while 8.% 5 is rnund 11olT Lo 8.36.
14. Dimc.•n.sional An~l)._'S~s: Du1.·ing c.alculations , g.enerall) there is a n e<l to convert uni ts from o ne
s, stem 10 nt her. 1 l11s •~ called factor label method or unit factor m thod or dimensional analysis.
For cx.unpk - 5 fe et and 2 mches (height of an indian female) is c verted in it.s SJ un it
1 feet =l 2 inch then 5 feet and 2 inches = 62 inch
I inch = 2.5<1 x 10 2 m
2.54 X 10-2 m
I= - - - --
linch
. 2.54x10 ·2 m
62 111ch = 62 inch x .
lmch
l .5~Im
15. Laws of Chemical Combinations
(a) Law of conser~·ation of mass: This law given by~- Lavoisier ;t_l 774), deals wit~ the relation
bet,\een the masses ofreactants and products durmg the chen~1cal transformauons.
an neither be created nor be destroyed in 1Fny physical and chemical process"
Th_~ la,\ states that ",natter c_
or d11nng a physical or chemical change, the total mass of the producj remains equal to the total mass of
the reactants". jL1
(b) Law of Constant Composition or Definite Proportions: This 1 i
postulated by Joseph Proust
( 1799), deals with the composition of various elements pres r t in the comp ound . It states
that "a pure chemical compound always contains same elements com ined together in the same definite
proportion by mass."
(c) Law of Multiple Proportions: T his law proposed by John Dalton (1803) states that "when two
elements combine to form two or more than two compounds, then the d~&erent mass of one of the elements
which combines with the fixed mass of the othe1; bear a simple whole n}'mber ratio to one another."
(d) Law of Reciprocal Proportions : T his law was proposed by Ric~~er (1792) and st.ates that "when
two different elements combine separately with the same mass of the third el~t, then the ratio of their masses
in which they do so will either be same or some simple multiple of ratio in j(iich they comltine with each other."
(e) Gay Lussac's Law of Combining Volumes: This law st.ates at "under similar conditions of
temperature and jmssure, whenever gases react with each other they so in volumes which bear simple
whole number ratio lo one another and also to the volumes of the gase~us products."
(f) Avogadro's Law: In 1811 , Avogadro proposed that "equal J~olumes of all gases at the same
temperature and pressure should contain equal number of molecules"I~ Avogadro made a distinction
l
between atoms and molecules which is quite understandable i prese nt times. If we consider
again the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to produce wat [ ' we see that two volumes of
hydrogen combine with one volume of oxygen to give two vo mes of water without leaving
any unreacted oxygen.
16. Dalton's Atomic Theory: Experimental facts ~en~ralised above as _tl-i laws of chemic~] co mbination
1
were theoretically justified by Dalton (1804) m his popular atomIC , heory. The basIC postulates of
his theory are summarised as follows :
(i) Matter is made up of small indivis~ble P.~rti~les, called atoms, l',[ato~ means uncut". .
(ii) Atoms of a particular element are 1dent1cal mall respects sha re, size, mass and p roperties.
(iii) Atoms of different elements are different in all respects. The) possess different shapes, sizes
masses and chemical properties.
(i11) Atom is the smallest unit that takes part in chemical combinat~pn.
(v) Atoms of different elements may combine with each other in !~ fixed, simple whole number
ratio to form compound atoms, called molecules.
Some lBasic Concepts of Chemistry 13
 mhim· 111 fhft,·trnt 1.1110" to form moH· than on~
fl. NO. N~O,. NO.,ot N.,o •. N,O
ma~()f
, ,~ ,riwn a, th<' n11mht·1 of 111m•q an ;1tom of thar dement" hca
rhnn 11li, m;w ht· 1rprt·~t·n1,·d i-l~
Ma~, of an atom of rhe rlemcnt
,,onnr ma~,
1 1
x Mass of an ;lforn of l,trhon ( "C)
12
It " de-fined a~ tht· atomir mas!. of an drmcnr eicpre111111ed m gnm§ ,.,
•~ 16 ;1mu and gram atomic mass of oxygen is 16 g.
M•~~: lne atoms of rhc ~,me clement possessing different atomic rna..s
umber are called isotopes. In such cases the atomic mass of the elemmt is
, ~ atomic mass. i.t .. the a\'erage of relative masses of different isotope, of
For example. chlorine occurs in nature in two isotopes having relative atomic
and ~7 arnu. The relati\'e abundance of these isotopes is 3 : I. Thus. the
35x3 + 37x I
mass of chlorine = 35.5arnu
3+ I
~ rclati\'e mass of an atom of chlorine is 35.5 times heavier as compared
~ mass of carbon atom (12 C).
~ atomic mass, the molecular mass of a substance is the number of times the
~ is hca\icr than I/12th ofan atom of carbon ( 12C).
••a~ 1U1S of the substance can be calculated just by summing up the atomic maws
• die ammi present in one molecule of the substance. For example.
II 4 "'- - al NH.cJ • At. mw of N + (4 xAt. mass of H) + At. mass of Cl
• 14 u + 4 x Iu + 35.5 u == 53.5 u
It iJ defined as the molecular mass of the su~tance expressed •
55.61
--•••• ad, 11 IOdlum chloride, do not contain discrete aolec 1
mmpound1, po,Jtive (sodium ion) and negative (,
~ . The Cormula, auch u NaCL•
·IIIOllculu mua 11-.ia ·lht ·aolld ••te. sodium ~,
 J
ll1e ma,s of one mole of ,I ,ub,1anc,· in K' ,1111, is c;ill< ·cl its molar mass.

1 mole ol c>rbon alom• ~

u _m: o:c

J 1 mole of hyd,ogen aloms ~

12 g of r.::irbon

6 =:2 , 1 C a~c:ns o' H 1 g of H atoms

1 mole of any particle

J
(atoms, molecules, ions)

6 C22 ,,_ •o--·f\um b-ers Relative mass of those

cf. tha! pa-rt d e particles in grams
1 mole of molecules

6 C22 x • CP numbers
o-.~-:m.'ec..; es J ~ Molecular mass in grams

Given mass in grams

~ umber of moles = M
1 mass
oar
m
n = lvl

_ Given number of particles

~umber of moles = A d b
voga ro n um er
N
n=
No
Given mass in grams
:\'umber of molecules = M
1 mass
oar
x Avogadro number
1n
N = M xN0

19. Percentage Composition: The mass percentage of each constituent element present m any
compound is calJed its percentage composition.
Mass of element in 1 molecule of the compound
Mass % of the element = Mo1ecu 1ar mass o f t h e compoun d x 100

20. Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula: An empirical formula represents the simplest
whole number ratio of various atoms present in a compound. e.g., CH is the empirical formula of
benzene.
The molecular formula shows the exact number of different types of atoms present in a molecule
of a cr;mpound. e.g., C6 H 6 is the molecular formula of benzene.
Relationship between empirical and molecular formula: The two formulas are related as
Molecular formula = n x Empirical formula
Molecular mass
17
= Empirical formula mass

21. Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric Calculations: The word 'stoichiometry' is derived from two
Greek words-stoicheion (meaning, element) and metron (meaning, measure). Stoichiometry,
thus, deals with the calculation of masses (somelimes volume also) of the reactants and the products
invoh-ed in a chemical reaction.

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 15

 \ h.,1,llHYd 1._'qn.11 inll lnr ,1 1 t',ICI inn i-.. ;io; g1vc 11 liclnw:

l ll n. 11\l'th.11 w .md din .... ygcll arc c dkcl reacta11ts and c.11 bott dioxide ,ind wate1 c1rc ca lled
pr1)d1h·1-...

Not<' tlut .lll the rc:H 1,mb .111d the products a1 L' gases in the above reaction ,rnd this h;;,~ been
mdic.ll1._'d lw kuc1· (~) in 1h1._ b1.1ckeb next to its fonnula. Similarly, in case of' solids and liquids, (r)
.md ti) arc" riltell n:-:-p<..'Cti, ch.
n
rhc c0t't1iocnt-.. 2 ltn 2 and ll~O .11 c c,ille<l stoichiometric coefficients. Similarly the coefficient
for CH 4 and l 0 2 1s one in each case. rhcy represent the number of molecules (and moles as well)
taking pan in the I eaction m· formed in the reaction.
fhu.-.. according to the abo, c chemical reaction,
(r) One mnle ofCll 4 (g) reacts with two moles of 0 2 (g) to give one mole of C0 2 (g) and two moles
of H 2 0(g).

(1i) One molecule of CH 4 (g) reacts ,, ith 2 molecules of O 2 (g) to give one molecule of C0 2 (g) and
2 molecules of H 2 0(g)

(ni) 22.4 L ofCH.i(g) reacts with 44.8 L of 0 2 (g) to give 22.4 L of C0 2 (g) and 44.8 L ofH 2 O(g).

(r.:) 16 g of CH.i(g) reacts with 2 x 32 g of 0 2 (g) to give 44 g of C0 2 (g) and 2 X 18 g of H 20 (g).

Limiting Reagent: The reactant which gets consumed first or limits the amount of product formed
is known as limiting reagent.
Reactions in Solutions: A homogeneous mixture of atleast two non-reacting substances is called
solution. The component present in small amount is termed as solute while the other component
present in larger amount is called solvent. The relative amounts of solute and solvent present in
the solution is termed as concentration of the solution.
There are Yarious ways for expressing the concentration of solutions, of which fe,,, are discussed
here·
(a) Mass percentage (% by weight): The mass of solute in g per 100 g of the solution is termed
as mass percentage of solution.
Weight of solute in gram
Mathematically, % by weighL = W . f . .
e1g11t o so 1ut1on m gTam
x 100

For example,
. I 0% solutjon of cane sugar means that 1O g of cane stwar
0
is present in 100 g of
soIuuon.
(b} Mole fraction (X): IL is the ratio of number of moles of a particular componenc to the toral
number of moles of 1hc solution.

Mok fraction ol solute (x 1

) = u.:...te=-----
:::-:----:-_N_o::-._o_f""""'.r:--n_o_l_e:--s_o_f--=s_o_l.:...
b" uie ToL,11 no. or moles of solute and solvent
n,olurc
11
,olur,· + 11 solvent
Mr,lc fr,ict i, ,n ol sol vcn 1 (x )= - _. No. of moles ol sol_,_e_n_t_ _ __
hfJIVrnl Total no . or moles ol solute and soh ent
I/ ,ul\'l"III
= ·~-~:---
11,ulnte + 11 ,oht•nt
Also, for binary solution X
8'' 1lite
+ x ,u 1vent =1
(c) Molarity (M): Molarity of' a solution is de lined as the number of moles of the solute per litre
of solution. Its unit is mol L- 1 . i.e.,

16 Xam idea Chemistry-XI

 '
x·

~~-;-;> 1;rr ~- : ~,---m~,:n of .a ~h11t,..,._.,_. c.1-a:'" 0~ ":~ 1 ~~ ~ ......~t' i - , ... _ -"'~~ ~

...

~~~ ~ ~ ci . ~J!~ri-&'fl
. W~ . .

~u.&':ba-12'.:.-; c'-i'3'--ile.::~ '-. s..... :: ......

= LJu.::.-:~ • ! S.}........::~"'l.."1 ::i ... --...~

g ~em ,,-~~r: The e-qu.~lcn:. ,\~:C::s ~ aci'.:...., ~~ ~-·d ~;S ·:':.-.;,· ~ ~'"\.'"t"it::...~--..: "'
u:--5 :.!:e fullm-:::"J.f :~mu.he.

i E.GrnY:alen.. ,,cighr ofacici =

Basiciry of an wri is ilie nua1!)cT of r-ep2.. ~.:.~e- :{l>t~ fu....:-.1 1:.~k" e:,"\lt'~~ ....~~~ ~ . ~...... ~
is l for H~Os ::.nd HCl ,monooosit· ~ t b2.S.c.~ .s::: ~ H~O ..-:11-..~;....~... .:, ~•• ~J\. '\_
and basiri[\ is 3 for H 5 PO .. \uitus.c .1cid}.
,fole\."'ular U'..."t.-;., l':· b:t..:e
(i1) Equivalem heighi of a base =

Here cl1e term acidity refers; w the mm1bcH~f r~p!.~'Jb.!e 01-r . _....,~ ,~.)::, '()l)'(' -~•.-~::..:','\~ ~ 'l"'
base e.g., Aad!C\ ofb:.1se i~ I for X:tOH. iKOH: ~ for c..~l()H~ ~•::--(\.lrt •.ln...t ~ :~ . \ ,,)H ~
Malecui'lr nms:- of s:;:\h
(iir-) Equ ivalem weight of a s..1.h = T J .. _,
om pornn e \ -,uc'nn
,, 1 •
"'1 n1t""l.l11011

(h) Relationship bet-ween Xon:unlity and ~fobrif'--: l'be nonu:1lit, o; .~ ~--"..tti( ., '\ , "'f."•b_.,,d ,,,
molarity (~f) of Lhe same solm.ion b, 1he exprc~ion,
\ tolc"Cubr nu~-- t't ~..--.hit,'
NormaliL,· (~) = Molarit, x
Equi,'3.lt"nt ,, c1~h1 t'! '(,lutt"
= \lolarit, x .-\cidi1, ofb.1~c or R.N("lt, (lf.t . irl.
.
 Short Answer ouestioos-1

s are of 2 marks.
llowing in S.I. base units using scieotifrc notation- (iv) 48 µ,g
(ii) 6.45 rnL (iii) 0.0426 inch

:y
S.l. unit of time is 'second' (s).
Ida = 1 da x!.4 hou~ X ~ Y __60 _s_
y y 1 day 1 hour 1 min
4
= 8.6400 X 10 s

(ii) 6.45 mL . ' 3,

S.I. unit of volurne is m · 1cm3 1m
1 01 x - --x- 1m
-
6.45 mL = 6.45 mL x 1 mL X 100 cm 100 cm 100 cm
3
= 6.45 X 10-6 m

(iii) 0.0426 inch

S.I. unit of length is 'm'.
. 2.54cm x lm
0.0426 inch = 0.0426 inch x 1 inch 100 cm
3
= 1.082 X 10- ID

(iv) 48 µ,g . , ,
18
S.l. unit of mass kg· l0-6 g I kg
48 µ,g = 48 µ,g X 1 µ,g X 1000 g
8
= 4.8 X 10- kg

32 Xam idea Chemistry-XI

 2. When 4.2 g of Nal-lC0 3 i~ a<ldcd lo a solution of acl'lic acid (Clf:/~0011) weighing 10.0 g, it
is obscncd that 2.2 g of CO 2 is released inlo the atmosphere. The residue left behind is found
to weigh 12.0 g. Show that these obscrvalions arc in agreement with lhc law of con~crvation of
mass .
Ans. The rt>ac1 ion is
N;d IC0:1 + CH:1COOH CH~COONa + II 2 0 + CO2 I
-12 g 10.0 g 2.2g
Rc~tduc left = 12.0 g

According to law of conservation of mass,

total mass of reactc1nts = Total mass of prod ucts
4 2 g + 10.0 g = 12.0 g + 8.2 g
14.2g= 14.2g
Hence, gi\'en observation are in agreement with the law of conservation of mass.
3. The fractional abundance of the isotopes of neon with mass numbers 20, 21 and 22 are 0.9051,
0.9051, 0.0027 and 0.0922 respectively. Calculate the average atomic mass of neon.
Ans. GiYen:
Isotope Fractional abundance
20Ne 0.905 1
21Ne 0.0027
22Ne 0.0922
AYerage atomic mass of neon= 20 x 0.905 1 + 21 x 0.0027 + 22 x 0.0922
= 20.179 u
4.. Calculate the number of gram atoms and number of gram molecules contained in 56 g of N 2•
Ans. Since, 28 g of N 2 contains= 2 gram atoms of nitrogen

Hence, 56 g of N 2 contains = 2 x ~~ gram atoms of nitrogen = 4 gram atoms

Number of gram molecules = Mass in grams/Molecular mass
56
= = 2 gram molecule
28
5. What is the symbol for SI unit of mole? How is the mole defined? [NCERT Exemplar]
Ans. Symbol for SI unit of mole is mol.
Mole is defined as the amount of a substance, which contains the same number of chemical
units (atoms, molecules , ions or electrons) as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams of pure
carbon-12 .
6. What is the difference between molality and molarity? [NCERT Exemplar]
Ans. Molality is the number of moles of the solute dissolved in I kg of the solvent whereas molarity
is the number of moles of the solute present in 1 litre of the solution. Molality is independent of
temperature whereas molarity dependes upon temperature.
7. Calculate the mass percent of calcium, phosphorus and oxygen in calcium phosphate
Ca3 (P0 4 ) 2 •
Ans. Molar mass ofCa1 (PO 4) 2 = 3 x 40 + (31 + 64) x 2 = 120 + 190 = 310 g mor 1
As, Ca= 120 g/mol, P = 2 x 31 = 62 g/mol, 0 = 2 X 64 = 128 g/mol
120
Percentage of Ca = x 100 = 38. 71 %
310
62
Percentage of P = x I 00 = 20.0%
310
128
Percentage of O = x 100 = 41.29%
310
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 33
I

rt,
J

I
B..
 12. (i) An atom of .in elemc1H is 55.847 limes as hcavic.- as / ma~s of an atom of tic. What is the
2
atomic mass of flw clement in amu?
(ii) Calculah' llw numbt'l' of clcct1·011s which will lo~ether weigh one gram.
Ans. {I) Si nce ,Ill att11n of the giwn clc111ent is G5.H 17 tim<'s lieavi('r 1h,111 ~ mas.sol an ato m of 12 C,
the atomic mass nl the givt. 11 ckment, by ddinitio11 , will be !i5.8'17 amu.
1
v1) l'IIL' cnrnhit1t d 1
Ill ass or n11mhn ofclt.:ct rons ;;..; I g OJ' J 0· 1 kg
\\ c know tht• mass of':m electron= 9. 1 x 10 JI kg
10-:J
9. J xl0-31
= 0.109 X 10~ 8
= 1.09 x 1027 electrons
Short Answer Questions-II
Each of the f ollowing questions are of 3 marks.
1. How many significant figures are there in each of the following numbers?
(i) 5.300 (ii) 0.062 (iii) 9.5 X 10 5
. (5.56) 2 (8.24)
(iv) 77.32 - 2.3 (v) 3.2 + 8.631 (vi)~
Ans. (i) 4 (ii) 2 (iii) 2
(iv) 3 (v) 3 (vi) 2
2. 1.3 75 g of CuO were reduced by H 2 and 1.098 g of Cu were obtained. In another experiment,
1.178 g of Cu were dissolved in nitric acid and the resulting copper nitrate was converted into
CuO by ignition. The weight of CuO formed was 1.476 g. Show that these results prove the law
of constant proportion.
Ans. In the first experiment:
Mass of CuO taken = 1.375 g
Mass of Cu obtained = 1.098 g
Mass ofoxygen that combined with Cu = 1.375 - 1.098 = 0.277 g
Thus, the percentage o f oxygen mt .
. I1e given samp l e o f CuO 0.277
=- --x100 = 20.14%
1.3 75
In the second experiment:
Since 1.178 g of Cu yielded 1.4 76 g of Cu 0, the mass of oxygen added would be
= 1.476 - 1.178 = 0.298 g
. I. l x 100
Percentage of oxygen rn t 11s samp e = 0.298
1. 20.19%
476
Since the percentage of oxygen is almost the same (within the limit of experimental errors) in
the two cases, the data are i11 accordance to the law of constant proportion and hence prove it.
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 35
 (. rt>\ n nd l''' \ n I'\ kmi,, n 1t1 hmn ,,~n torn 1l t ,uud • nu • c.irhon ,
l ont«-nl in one f
• I o ll11.-sL
. ) \l ~I iii i< a~n emcnt "-111 th('
,. htlc; n1 lhl nthc t ll 1<.. 7 • • 1°''
flu'! da111 ,., 1n ·"'I:
1cS",- tJI
I Hl'hpk "'' p •ltlllll'i.

' lti 1 11. t 1,, n•tnp 1un(l tht t,11ho11nH,t 111 t ,._ 1" 9'r. 1 ht '- n H',lll'- d iill 'I~ t) K of C,lliJrJn cornliirit
"1h ,, II 4 'q ,- I ~()I t l\\ ~lll.

l h'- ·nh'\llll ol 0 , ,f...rt ll th.H '" 11 lOtn bi ne ,,nh ,1 lix 1'cl Amou nt 'i,I\' IOO g of catbr,11
c:: !Ji I x I 00 = I !~3. 1g
42.~l
In the '-C'\.'\1nd romJl01111d, the c,irhon rn nt en1 ic; 2i.~\ ct ·1hi5 imp lici; th ,tt 2i.3 g <Jf earl ..
"•fl
\ n1b1:ic \Hth H)O - ~7.3 - i2.i g of OX)gc n.
72.7
1ne ,mto1m1 of ox,gen th.u combirws "1th 100 g of ca1btin = ~i. x I00 = 266.3 g
3
lne ratio m the Jmoum , of O:\.\ !Tl' ll that L01nbin e with 100 g of ca rbon in the two cas~ is
~

133.1 : 266.3, u .. I : 2
Smc\'.. n L<: a ,1mple ,, hole number ra tio. Therefore , the data are i11 agreement with the law of
mulnple proportion, .

'1 ;. ·t:res of nitrogen completely react with 6 litres of hydrogen, under suitable conditions lo

form 4 litres of ,H 3. If all the rnlumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure,
,h<™ th ..t the gi, en data are in accordance to the Gay Lussac 1s Law of combining volumes.
\n-:.. The reacoon mentioned in the question takes place as follows:

~ '.?lgl - 3H 2(g) - 2~H 3 (g)

~ ICJ"e<. 6 litrcs -! litres

The ,olumes of the reacting gases are in the ratio 2: 6, i.e., 1 : 3. The product ammonia is also
a gas and ns , olume also bears a simple whole number ratio with the volumes of reactants. The
ratio of the, olumes of all reactants and products in this reaction is thus
1: 3 : 2
Smee, the ratio 1s a simple whole number ratio the data are in accordance to the Gay Lussac's Ia11
of combining, olume)).

5. Chlorophyll. the green colouring matter of plants, contains 2.68 o/c of magnesium by mass.
Calculate the number of magnesium atoms in 3.00 g of chlorophyll.
~tomic mass of magnesi um = 24.3 g]
Ans. ~1ass of magnesium in 100 g of chlorophyll = 2.68 g

.1,
·
"f ass o f magnesrnm ·
m •1 (
J . JOgo f cI1 Iorop l1y II = 2.68 x 3.00
= 0.080 g
100
24 .3 g of Mg wntains number CJf atoms= G.022 x I023 atoms

. . 6.022 X I 0;?:l X 0.080

0.080 g of Mg c.omams number of atoms = - - - - - - --
2'1.3

= 1.98 X 1021 atoms

6. A f>Olid mixlUrt! weighing 5 g consisring of lead nitrate and sodium nirratc was ht':llt'd bt•lll 1'
600°C, until the mass of the residue was constant. If the loss in mass is 28',r. Find thr :1 111011111
of lead nitrdlc and sodium nitrate in the mixture.
[Given: Atomic mas,-; of Pb= 207 u, Na= 2:1 u, N = 14 u, O = 16 u]
Ans. Let us assume in a solid mixture, the amount of lead nitrate is x and sodium nitrate is_\'.
So, x +y = 5 •..(1)

36 Xam idea Chemistry-XI

 ~
'\ow. l'h1'\l)1):;! PbO + '.!~0 2 I + ½o:! t
~ I
'\,q'\Ud~ - - :"\.1'\0:! +
2o
!'he 1e:--1due ld1 "ill be l'bO + '\a.l\0:!.
Gin•n loss o· m,tss L)I s1)hd nnxtme after heatin~ is 28%.
8
Thus. n.·-.,due left after heating= 5-( 5 X ~ )
1 0
Hence. H'rb<J ➔ ,1',a,o~ = ~tG g ... (ii)

According to the equation.

tu) l\Ioles of Pb(N O'.3b = (n) Moles of PbO

il'Pb(:--;0.:1\~ ItlpbQ

,H Pb(~03b - M PbO
X WpbQ
331 = 223

223xx
WPbO
= 331
Similarlv. l\Ioles of NaNO 3 = l\Ioles of NaNO 2
W;-.,;a,03 WN::i'\02

M,a'\O~ = M,a;-;o~
)' Wt--aX02
85 = 69
69xy
WNal\02 =~
By putting the values in equation (ii).
223 XX 69 X )'
331+s"5=3.6 ... (iii)

Therefore. br equations (1) and (iii),

X = 3.32 g, )' = 1.68 g

Hence. amount oflead nitrate is 3.32 g ,, bile amount of sodium nitrate is 1.68 gin the mixture.

e Long Answer Questions

Each of the fallowing questions are of 5 marks.

I. Define the law of multiple proportions. Explain it with two examples. How does this law point
to the existence of atoms? [NCERT Exemplar]
Ans. The law of multiple proportions states that, '' lf two elements can combine to form more than one
compound, the mass of one element that combine with a fn,ed mass of the other element. are in
the ratio of small whole numbers."

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 37

 F.xnmpt._, 1.
I l \\ It·ng'\'I\ 11lll\ l HI , I. , S , I ilh ''" ~\'\\ '" 1,,nn l\\1) r1\t\lpn11lllb, 11,u1wh. w:i1t·1"tl l.,U)
, ,md h,d1\:i~c.·n
,

J)l'l'1"l,1d1'l I l~l \J
11:!l:_:~) + c.).,tl(lb) - -· 11-,C.)(l~~)

\\',lll'I'( l ~ g)

lh·drog1.•n(~g) i Lh,gcn{'.\~g) lhdw~c.·11 pc.·ru~ic.k (:\.l g)

Herc-. tlw m.\~sc.•, 1,1 1, " gen (t.r .• w ~ .rnd :,2 g) which nm1bim- with a lixed m.1s:-. ofhydrog~n l~ g'
bt'.n .1 :-nnple ratio. 1., .. 16 : :;~ 1,r l : ~-

Example 2.
Let u::- ,\ssumc.~ two molecules. CO \Carbc.n1 mono,ide) and CO 2 (carbon diox.idc).
LO= l'.2g;ofcarbon+ lGgofo,,gen.
co~= l~ g carbon+ 3~ g of O"-.Ygen.
The ratio of the ma~s of oxsgen in the gi, en t" o compounds i:s 16 : ~2 = l : ~.
This law ~hm,s that there are constituents which combine in a definite proportion. Th~se
consutuents are atoms.

Calcium carbonate reacts with aqueous HCl to gh·e CaCl~ and CO 2 according to the reaction
gfren below:
CaCO 3 (s) + 2HCl(aq) - CaC1 2 (aq) + C02(g) + H2O(/)
, •t1hat mass ofCaCl 2 ,dll be formed when 250 mL of 0.76 M HCl reacts with 1000 g of CaCOs:
N ame the limiting reagent. Calculate the number of moles of CaC12 formed in the reaction.
Ans. ~ umber of moles of HCI = 250 mL x Oi ~~~I = 0.19 moles

Mass of CaCO 3 = 1000 g

1000 g
Number of moles of CaCO 3 = g = 10 moles
100
According to given equation, 1 mol of CaCO 3 (s) requires 2 moles of HCl(aq).
Hence, for the reaction of 10 moles of CaCO 3 (s), number of moles of HCl required would be·
2 moles HCl(aq)
10 moles of CaCO 3 x .
1 mol of CaCO 3 (s)
= 20 moles of HCl(aq)·
But, we have only 0.19 moles of HCl(aq), hence, HCl(aq) is limiting reagent.
So, amount of CaCli, formed will depend on the amount of HCl available. Since. ~ nioles of
HCl(aq) forms 1 mot of CaCl 2 , therefore. 0.19 moles of HCl(aq) would giYe:
1 mot Ca Cl ... (aq)
0.19 moles of HCJ(aq) x - - o og-
2 moles of HCl(aq) - · ::> mo1es

or 0.095 moles x molar mass of Cact

2
= 0 _095 x lll

= 10.54 g
3. A box contains some identical red coloured . • 9 !!~¢· (T

Another box contains ident" 1 bl balls, labelled as A, each we1glun=: : v,r111Jl~·

•ca ABueAcoloured b a ll s, Ia b e 11 e d as B.
Consider the combinations AB each weig· h 1·ncr
::,
~ ~I!r0oc·
is applicable. ' 2
' 2 Ba nd A2B3 and show that law of multiple pr P0 pr•rl 0
[!\'CERT£.,, 111

xam Idea Chemistry-XI

Ans.
Combination Mass of A in grams Mas~ of B in gram s
AT\ 2 5

i\B2 2 10
A2B 4 5
A2B,:1 4 15

Masses of B which combine with fixed mass of A (say 4 g) will be 10 g, 20 g, 5 g and 15 g,

1.c. , they are in the ratio 2 : 4 : I : 3 which is a simple whole number ratio. Hence, the law of
multiple proportions is applicable.
4. A crystalline salt when heated becomes anhydrous and losses 51.2% of its weight. The
anhydrous salt on analysis gave the percentage composition as Mg = 20.0%, S = 26% and
0 = 53.33%.Calculate the molecular formula of the anhydrous salt and the crystalline salt.
Molecular weight of the anhydrous salt is 120.
Ans.
Element Percentage Atomic Relative number Simple Simple whole
by mass mass of moles molar ratio number molar ratio

20 0.8333 = I
Mg 20 24 24 =0.8333 0.8 125 1

26 0.8125 = l
s 26 32 32 = 0.8 125 0.8 125
1

5 3 3.33 1 =4
0 53.33 16 ~·: = 3.331 0.8 125
4

Empirical formula is MgSO 4 .

Empirical fo rmula mass= Atomic mass of Mg + Atomic mass ofS + 4 x Atomic mass of O = 120
Given, Molecular mass = 120
n = Molecular mass = 120 =
Now, 1
Empirical formula mass 120
Molecular formula = n x (Empirical formula)
Hence, molecular formula = MgSO 4
As crystalline salt on becoming anhydrous loses 51 .2% by mass, this means
48.8 g ofanhydrous salt contains water = 51.2 g
. 51.2
120 g of anh ydrous salt contains water = _ x 120 = 126 g
48 8
126
Number of water molecules = = 7 molecules
18
Hence, molecular formula of crystalline salt= MgSO 4.7H 2O
5. Butyric acid contains only C, H and 0 . A 4.24 mg sample of butyric acid is completely
burned. It gives 8.45 mg of CO 2 and 3.46 mg of H 20. The molecular mass of butyric acid was
determined by experiment to be 88 amu. What is its molecular formula?

Ans. Amount of carbon in 8.45 mg of CO 2 will be ~! X 8.45 = 2.30 mg

. .d ill b 2.30 nt.

Now, percentage of C in 4.24 mg butync ac1 w e = _ x l 00 = 54.370
4 24

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 39

 ')

~uml.11 h. ,llthllllll ut h, d1 n~\'ll Ill :t. l(i Ill~ I Ii,: <)\\ 111 lu· I~ X :1.• Hi _. o.:H·M 11114

'°''· pn-n'm. ~r of H
1 111 l.~•t 111~ I 1111, 111 ,11'11
' I w1
111 11 · ~•l. IH
~• II X Ill() '.!"',,,
Pt'h'\'nt,lRt' 11 1 () ::: lllll - (C: 111 C I 1
// ol' 11)

= 100 - (!'1•1.~I ·l ~l)

= 1no - 11:1.:\ = :Hi .7'Jf
,-
Oement i Atomi,~
Ol:15!\
I
<c b) lllll!\S Rdati, c number
of moles
Simple
mohu· rutio
I Simple wJ 11 ,Jc
n11111lwr rru,l:ir , ,
:
r.iti,,

(' 12 GD
flt.:I _, , r.•1r.
12 - ,.J.._:)
l.G~S _ <
~.2CJ'.I - l .. J ~ ------
9 9
H l 9 -=I)
l . - -='19 '
~.:l93 '. ·I I

---
I

0 1ti 3G.7
3
t/ =2.293
2.293
2.293 = I I

So. empirical formula= C2H40

'\'o,,·, f!i,en molecular mass ofbutyric acid = 88 amu
-
Empirical formula mass= 2 x 12 + 4 x 1 + 16
= 44 amu
88
11 = 44 = 2
So. the molecular formula will be = C4H 8O2
6. Commercially available concentrated hydrochloric acid contains 38% HCI by mass.
(i What is the molarity of this solution? The density is 1.19 gmL- 1•
(ii) What rnlume of concentrated HCI is required to make 1.00 L of 0.10 M HCI?

Ans. (1) We know that:

. Number of moles of solute (HCl)
Molality = V l
o ume of the soluuon
. m. litres
.
Mass of the solute (HCI) 38
Number of moles of HCl = - - - - - - - - - = - -
Molecular mass of (HCI) 36.5
38% HCI by mass means 38 g of JI Cl is present in 100 g of the solution
. Mass of solution
Volume of J 00 g of Lhe solution = - - - - - - -
Density of solution
100 g
=----
1.19 g cm-3
= 84.05 cm:1
38/ 36.5
Molarity = / = 12.38 M
84.05 1000
(fr) We know for monobasic acid
M 1V1 = M2V2

40 Xam idea Chemistry-XI

 I 2. :rn l\ I X 111 = l O l\ I X I 000 m L
, 10 X 1000
01 l 1 -= 12 ~\8- = 8.07 mL

7, A vessel contains 1.6 g of dioxygcn at STP (273.15 K, t atm pressure). Tlw gas is now transferred
to another vessel at constant temperature , where pressure becomes half of the original
pressure. Calculate (i) volume of the new vessel. (ii) number of molecules of dioxygcn .
[NCERT Exemplar]
Ans. (1) p1 = 1 ;um, T 1 = 273 "-, I 1 = ?
:t? g ofo:-:ygcn occupies 22.4 L of volume at STP.

Hence, 1.6 g of oxygen will occupy, 1.6 g oxygen x - -22.4 L

--- 1.12 L
32 g oxygen
l' 1 = 1.12 L
P1 1
P2 =
2 = 2 =0.5atm

According to Boyle's law:

P1V, = P2V2
fJ1 X Vi
or V2=--
P2
1 atm x 1.12 L
2.24L
0.5atm
6. 022 X 10 23 X 1.6
(ii) Number of molecules of oxygen in the vessel =
32
= 3.011 x 1022 molecules

Old STP conditions 273.15 K, 1 atm, volume occupied by 1 mol of gas = 22.4 L
New STP conditions 273.15 K, 1 bar, volume occupied by 1 mol of gas = 22. 7 L

8. Answer the following questions:

(i) The room temperature in celsius scale is 25°C. Convert it into Kelvin and Fahrenheit
scales of measuremen t.
(ii) Define the term precision and accuracy.
(iii) What is the difference between 3.0 g and 3.00 g?
(iv) If the density of water is 1 g mL- 1• What is its density in kg m-3 ?
(v) Define an amu.
(vi) What do you understand by relative atomic mass of an element?
Ans. (i) Temperatur e in Kelvin scale = 25 + 273 = 298 K

Temperatur e in Fahrenheit scale, °F = ¾(C) + 32°

0

9
= -x 25 + 32° = 77°F
5
(ii) Precision: The closeness of the set of values obtained from identical measuremen ts of a
quantity is termed as precision.
Accuracy: The closeness of a single measuremen t to its true value is termed as accuracy.

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 41

 .
. 3 ,vrole 3 ·
00 g has
thre~
.
) 's.t1 ~ ha\ l,,.0 '-tgmhc,mt
.• . . . . J part 1n u is more precise
\ frgu, t>s r1nd hrnt e rte; r1cc1s1o n 15. O Hence 3, 0O°
'-tgmhcmr figm,e~ ,rnd hcnc c i1" pru1.sion is 0.£) I p;.u ts in 3 ·
mea\ui-cmc111 lhan ~-0 g.
W) Dt"tbil') of 1\·arcr = J g mL- 1

l <1·
.:'.>
111 L
-1
= I gem 'I I g-
=-
'l
l cm·
100cm
_ l kg 100 cm X ~ X ~
1
- 1gx1000 g x cm3 x 1 m 1m
3
= I 000 kg m- · c mass unit or
7
( ') . ter med as atoml
A mass exactlv equal lo one-twelfth mass of carbon-12 atom JS
amu.

(t11). . atomic
The relatrYe . mass of an element is the relaave
. mass of an atom of that element as
compared to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of 12C.

. . .

• QUE.STIONS. FOR PRACTICE

1

.
Choou and write the c<Jn-ect answer for each of the following.
I. The number of' signjficant figures in pi (;rr) is
(a ) th r ee (b) one
(CJ infinite