Class XI Session 2024-25

Subject - Physics
Sample Question Paper - 4

Time Allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions:

1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.

2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E. All the sections

are compulsory.

3. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion Reasoning based of 1 mark each, Section B

contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D

contains two case study-based questions of four marks each and Section E contains three long answer questions of

five marks each.

4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in section B, C, D and E. You have to

attempt only one of the choices in such questions.

5. Use of calculators is not allowed.

Section A
1. _________ are units of physical quantity that can be expressed as a combination of fundamental physical [1]
quantities.

a) Complex units b) Basic units

c) Derived units d) Simple units

2. If the length of a closed organ pipe is 1 m and velocity of sound is 330 m/s, then the frequency for the second [1]
note is

a) 3 × 330

4
Hz b) 2×
4

330
Hz

c) 4 × 330

4
Hz d) 2×
330

4
Hz

3. A body of mass 2.0 kg and radius of gyration 0.5 m is rotating about an axis. If its angular speed is 2.0 rad/s, the [1]
angular momentum of the body (in kg - m2/s) is:

a) 2.0 b) 0.5

c) 1.5 d) 1.0
4. If the liquid neither rises nor falls in a capillary tube, then angle of contact is [1]

a) 180o b) 90o

c) 45o d) 0o

5. The kinetic energy of the satellite in a circular orbit with speed v is given as [1]

Page 1 of 18
 GmMe
a) KE = b) KE = −
1

2
mv
2

2(Re +h)

GmMe −GmMe
c) KE = (Re +h)
d) KE =
2(Re +h)

6. Equation of progressive wave is given by y = 4 sin[π (

t
−
x
) +
π
] where y, x are in cm and t is in second. [1]
5 9 6

Then which of the following is correct?

a) f = 50 Hz b) A = 0.04 cm

c) λ = 18 m d) v = 5 cm/sec
7. Given a = 2t + 5. Calculate the velocity of the body after five sec if it starts from rest. [1]

a) 25 m/s b) 50 m/s

c) 75 m/s d) 100 m/s

8. A string is tied on a sonometer, second end is hanging downward through a pulley with tension T. The velocity [1]
of the transverse wave produced is proportional to

a) 1

T
b) T
−
−
c) √T d) 1

√T

9. In a streamline flow, [1]

i. the speed of a particle always remains same
ii. the velocity of a particle always remains same
iii. the kinetic energies of all the particles arriving at a given point are the same
iv. the potential energies of all the particles arriving at a given point are the same

a) Statement (iv) is correct. b) Statement (ii) is correct.

c) Statement (i) is correct. d) Statement (iii) is correct.

10. There are two bodies of masses 1 kg and 100 kg separated by a distance 1 m. At what distance from the smaller [1]
body, the intensity of gravitational field will be zero?

a) b)
10 1
m m
11 9

c) 1

11
m d) 1

10
m

11. A small object of uniform density rolls up a curved surface with an initial velocity v'. If reaches up to a [1]
2

maximum height of with respect to the initial position. The object is

3v

4g

a) solid sphere b) ring

c) disc d) hollow sphere

12. If boiling point of a liquid is 95 °F, what will be the reading at Celsius scale? [1]

a) 63oC b) 65oC

c) 7oC d) 35oC

13. Assertion (A): Work done over a closed path is always zero. [1]
Reason (R): No force is required in a closed path.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

Page 2 of 18
 c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.
14. Assertion (A): A gas has a unique value of specific heat. [1]
Reason (R): Specific heat is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass of the
substance through unit degree.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

15. Assertion: An artificial satellite is moving in a circular orbit of the earth. If the gravitational pull suddenly [1]
disappears, then it moves with the same speed tangential to the original orbit.
Reason: The orbital speed of a satellite decreases with the increase in radius of the orbit.

a) Assertion and reason both are correct b) Assertion and reason both are correct
statements and reason is correct explanation statements but reason is not correct
for assertion. explanation for assertion.

c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is
wrong statement. correct statement.
16. Assertion (A): Two particle of different mass, projected with same velocit, the maximum height attained by [1]
both the particle will be same.
Reason (R): The maximum height of projectile is independent of patricle mass.
is equal to maximum height attained by projectile.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

Section B
17. Define the term wave motion. Give four important characteristics of wave motion. [2]
18. Assuming that the critical velocity vc of a viscous liquid flowing through a capillary tube depends only upon the [2]

radius r of the tube, density ρ and the coefficient of viscosity η of the liquid, find the expression for critical
velocity.
19. Calculate the dimensions of force and impulse taking velocity, density and frequency as basic quantities. [2]

20. A rocket with a lift-off mass 20,000 kg is blasted upwards with an initial acceleration of 5.0 ms-2. Calculate the [2]
initial thrust (force) of the blast.

21. Calculate the energy required to move an earth satellite of mass 103 kg from a circular orbit of radius 2R to that [2]

of radius 3R. Given mass of the earth, M = 5.98 × 1024 kg and radius of the earth, R = 6.37 × 106 m.
OR

If the mass of the sun is 2 × 1030 kg, the distance of the earth from the sun is 1.5 × 1011 m and period of revolution
of the earth around the sun is one year (= 365.3 days), calculate the value of gravitational constant.
Section C
22. What is the pressure inside the drop of mercury of radius 3.00 mm at room temperature? Surface tension of [3]
mercury at that temperature (20°C) is 4.65 × 10-1 Nm-1. The atmospheric pressure is 1.01 × 105 Pa. Also give
the excess pressure inside the drop.

Page 3 of 18
23. A 20 cm thick layer of ice has been formed on the surface of a freshwater lake during extreme winter. The [3]

temperature of the air is -10oC. Find how long will it take for another 1mm layer of water to freeze? Thermal

conductivity of ice = 2.1 W m-1 K-1, latent heat of fusion of water = 3.36 × 105 J kg-1 and density of ice = 103
kg m-3.
24. A stone is dropped from the top of a cliff and is found to ravel 44.1m diving the last second before it reaches the [3]
ground. What is the height of the cliff? g = 9.8m/s2.
25. Figure shows (x, t), (y, t ) diagram of a particle moving in 2-dimensions. [3]

If the particle has a mass of 500 g, find the force (direction and magnitude) acting on the particle.
26. The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 1/2. If the sink tem perature is reduced by 100°C, then engine efficiency [3]
becomes 2/3. Find
i. sink temperature
ii. source temperature
iii. Explain, why a Carnot engine cannot have 100% efficiency?
27. A batsman deflects a ball by an angle of 45° without changing its initial speed which is equal to 54 km/h. What [3]
is the impulse imparted to the ball? (Mass of the ball is 0.15 kg.)
28. If a number of little droplets of water, each of radius r, coalesce to form a single drop of radius R, show that the [3]
rise in temperature will be given by Δθ = 3σ

J
(
1

r
−
1

R
) where σ is the surface tension of water and J is the
mechanical equivalent of heat.
OR
A liquid stands at the same level in the U - tube when at rest. If A is the area of cross section of tube and g is the
acceleration due to gravity, what will be the difference in height of the liquid in the two limbs when the system is
given acceleration ‘a’?

Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [4]
Clockwork refers to the inner workings of mechanical clock or watch (where it is known as "movement") and
different types of toys which work using a series of gears driven by a spring. Clockwork device is completely
mechanical and its essential parts are:
A key (or crown) which you wind to add energy
A spiral spring in which the energy is stored

Page 4 of 18
 A set of gears through which the spring's energy is released. The gears control how quickly (or slowly) a
clockwork machine can do things. Such as in mechanical clock/watch the mechanism is the set of hands that
sweep around the dial to tell the time. In a clockwork car toy, the gears drive the wheels.
Winding the clockwork with the key means tightening a sturdy metal spring, called the mainspring. It is the
process of storing potential energy. Clockwork springs are usually twists of thick steel, so tightening them
(forcing the spring to occupy a much smaller space) is actually quite hard work. With each turn of the key,
fingers do work and potential energy is stored in the spring. The amount of energy stored depends on the size
and tension of the spring. Harder a spring is to turn and longer it is wound, the more energy it stores.

While the spring uncoils, the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy through gears, cams, cranks and
shafts which allow wheels to move faster or slower. In an ancient clock, gears transform the speed of a rotating
shaft so that it drives the second hand at one speed, the minute hand at 1

60
of that speed, and the hour hand at
1

3600
of that speed. Clockwork toy cars often use gears to make themselves race along at surprising speed.
(a) What is the meaning of movement of old age mechanical clocks?

a) The pendulum of the clock b) The gears which move the hands of the
clock

c) A spring and combination of gears d) The hands of the clock

which move the hands of the clock
(b) What type of energy is stored in the spring while winding it?

a) Potential b) Heat

c) Both kinetic and potential d) Kinetic

(c) When the spring of a clockwork uncoils

a) Kinetic energy is converted into b) Potential energy is converted into

potential energy kinetic

c) Potential energy is converted into heat, d) Kinetic energy is converted into heat,
light and sound energy light and sound energy
OR
In clockwork devices, ________ transform the speed of a rotating ________ to drive wheels slower or
faster.

a) Shaft, spring b) shaft, gear

c) Gear, Shaft d) Spring, gear

(d) More energy is stored in a spring if the

a) Spring is larger, harder and wound fur a b) Spring is smaller, harder and wound for
longer time a shorter time

c) Spring is larger, harder and wound for a d) Spring is larger, softer and wound for a

Page 5 of 18
 shurter time shorter time
30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [4]
In a gas the particles are always in a state of random motion, all the particles move at different speed constantly
colliding and changing their speed and direction, as speed increases it will result in an increase in its kinetic
energy.

(a) If the temperature of the gas increases from 300 K to 600 K then the average kinetic energy becomes:

a) same b) becomes double

c) becomes half d) become triple

(b) What is the average velocity of the molecules of an ideal gas?

a) Infinite b) Same

c) Increase d) Zero
(c) Cooking gas containers are kept in a lorry moving with uniform speed. The temperature of the gas
molecules inside will ________.

a) decrease b) Rises

c) increase d) remains same

(d) Find the ratio of average kinetic energy per molecule of Oxygen and Hydrogen:

a) 1:1 b) 4:1

c) 1:2 d) 1:4
OR
The velocities of the three molecules are 3v, 4v, and 5v. calculate their root mean square velocity?

a) 4.0 v b) 4.02 v

c) 4.08 v d) 4.04 v
Section E
31. You are riding in an automobile of mass 3000 kg. Assuming that you are examining the oscillation [5]
characteristics of its suspension system. The suspension sags 15 cm when the entire automobile is placed on it.
Also, the amplitude of oscillation decreases by 50% during one complete oscillation. Estimate the values of
a. the spring constant k and
b. the damping constant b for the spring and shock absorber system of one wheel, assuming that each wheel
supports 750 kg.
OR

Page 6 of 18
 Draw a graph to show the variation of P.E., K.E. and total energy of a simple harmonic oscillator with displacement.
32. A projectile is fired horizontally with a velocity of 98 ms-1 from the hill 490 m high. Find [5]

i. time taken to reach the ground

ii. the distance of the target from the hill and
iii. the velocity with which the projectile strikes the ground.
OR
A projectile is projected horizontally with a velocity u. Show that its trajectory is parabolic. And obtain expressions
for:
i. Time of flight
ii. Horizontal range
iii. Velocity at any instant t.
33. Obtain an expression for the linear acceleration of a cylinder rolling down an inclined plane and hence find the [5]
condition for the cylinder to roll down without slipping.
OR
Two particles each of mass m and speed v travel in opposite direction along parallel lines, separated by a distance d.
Show that vector angular momentum of the two particles system is same whatever be the point about which angular
momentum is taken.

Page 7 of 18
 Solution
Section A
1.
(c) Derived units
Explanation: Derived units are units which may be expressed in terms of base units by means of mathematical symbols of
multiplication and division.
2. (a) 3 × 330

4
Hz

3v
Explanation: Frequency of second note of a closed pipe, ν = 4L
3×330
= 4×1
Hz

3.
(d) 1.0
Explanation: Moment of inertia
I = mk2
m = 2 Kg
k = 0.5 m
I = 2 × 0.5 × 0.5 = 0.5Kgm2
angular momentum
L = Iω
ω = 2rad/s

L = 0.5 × 2 = 1.0Kgm2/s
4.
(b) 90o
Explanation: h = 2σ cos θ

rρg

When θ = 90o, h=0

GmMe
5. (a) KE = 2( Re +h)

Explanation: KE of satellite = 1

2
mv2
−−−−− 2
GMe
= 1

2
m(√ )
( Re +h)

1 GmMe
= 2 ( Re +h)

6.
(c) λ = 18 m
t x π
Explanation: Given equation is y = 4 sin π [ 5
−
9
+
6
]

2
πt πx π
= 4 sin [ 5
−
9
+
6
]

Standard equation of wave is

2π 2π
y = r sin [ T
t −
λ
x + ϕ0 ]

−π
comparing these equations we get, 2π

λ
=
9

or λ = 18m
7.
(b) 50 m/s
Explanation: a = dv

dt
= 2t + 5
v 5
∫
0
dv = ∫
0
(2t + 5) dt
5
v = [t 2
]
0
+ 5[t]
5

= (25 - 0) + 5(5 - 0)
= 50 m/s

Page 8 of 18
 8.
−
−
(c) √T
−−
Explanation: v = √ T

−
−
∴ v ∝ √T

9.
(b) Statement (ii) is correct.
Explanation: Both velocity and direction of flow remain same.
10.
(c) 11
1
m

Explanation: At 1

11
m from smaller body the intensity of gravitation field is zero.

11.
(c) disc
Explanation: Loss in (translational K.E. + rotational K.E.) = Gain in P.E.
1 2 1 2
mv + Tω = mg hmax
2 2
2 2
1 2 1 v 3v 3 2
mv + I( ) = mg × = mv
2 2 R 4g 4

1 2
⇒ I = mR
2

12.
(d) 35oC
5
Explanation: C = 9
(F − 32)

5 ∘
= (95 − 32) = 35 C
9

13.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: Work done over a closed path is always zero since the displacement is zero. Hence the assertion is true.
To move a particle force is always required, whether conservative or non-conservative. So, the reason is false.
14.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation: This is because a gas can be heated under different conditions of pressure and volume. The amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of unit mass through unit degree is different under different conditions of heating.
15.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation: Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
16. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2 2

Explanation: The maximum height to which a projectile rises above the point of projection is, H = u sin

2g
θ
, which is
independent of mass.
Section B
17. Wave motion is a form of disturbance which travels through a medium due to repeated periodic motion of the particles of the
medium about their mean positions.
Four important characteristics of wave motion are:
i. Wave motion is a form of disturbance which travels through a medium due to the vibrations of the particles of the medium.
ii. It is the disturbance which travels in the forward direction and not the particles. The particles simply vibrate about their mean
position.
iii. The energy of a particle is wholly kinetic at the mean position and wholly potential at the extreme position.
iv. The motion of each particle begins a little later than that of its predecessor. In other words, there is always a constant phase
difference between any two neighbouring particles. The wave always advances in that direction in which it meets particles
with decreasing phase.
18. Velocity of viscous liquid is flowing through a capillary tube depends on radius r of tube, density ρ , and coefficient of viscosity of
the liquid.
Let the critical velocity is proportional to rᵃ, ρ , η . b n

Then,

Page 9 of 18
 V = krᵃ, ρ , η , k is any dimension less constant.
b n

Thus, Dimension of V = LT-1

Dimension of r = L
Dimension of ρ = ML-3
Dimension of η = ML-1T-1
Now, Putting dimension on both sides of equation,
[LT-1] = [L]a[ML-3]b[ML-1T-1]n
[M0LT-1] = [Mb+n][La-n-3b][T-n]
On comparing,
n = 1, a - n - 3b = 1 and b + n = 0
b = -n = -1
Now, in a - n - 3b =1,
a - 1 - 3(-1) = 1
a+2=1
a = -1
kη
V=
r²ρ

19. v = LT-1, ρ = ML-3, v = T-1

Solving for M, L and T in terms of v, ρ and v , we get
T = v-1, L = vν −1
l, M = ρv 3
ν
−3

[Force] = MLT-2 = ρv 3
ν
−3
vν
−1
v2 = ρv 4
ν
−2

[Impulse] = Force × time = ρv 4

ν
−2
v-1 = ρv 4
ν
−3

20. Here, lift-off mass m = 20,000 kg and a = 5.0 m s-2 vertically upward.
Using Newton's second of motion, the net force (thrust) acting on the rocket is given by the relation:
F - mg = ma
F = mg + ma = m (g + a)
= 20,000 (10 + 5)
= 20,000 × 15
= 3 × 105 N
21. Total energy of a satellite,
GMm 1
E = P.E. + K.E. = − r
+
2
mv
2

GMm 1 GM GMm
=− r
+
2
m ⋅
r
= −
2r
GMm GMm GMm
W = Ef - Ei = − 2 × 3R
+
2 × 2R
=
12R
11 24 3

= 6.67 × 10 × 5.98 × 10

6
× 10

12 × 6.37 × 10

= 5.02 × 109 J
OR
G (gravitational constant) = 6.673 × 10-11 Nm2 kg-2
M (mass of sun) = 2 × 1030 kg
m (mass of earth) = 6 × 1024 kg
d (average distance between sun and earth) = 1.5 × 108 km = 1.5 × 108 × 1000 = 1.5 × 1011 m
GMm
F =
2
d
−11 30 24
6.673× 10 ×2× 10 ×6× 10
=
11 2
(1.5× 10 )

−11 30 24
6.673× 10 ×2× 10 ×6× 10 24+30−11 43
= (10 = 10 )
22
1.5×1.5×10
43
6.673×2×6×10 43−22 21
= (10 = 10 )
22
1.5×1.5×10
21
6.673×2×6×10 43−22 21
= (10 = 10 )
1.5×1.5
21
80.076×10
=
1.5×1.5

= 35.59 × 1021 N = 3.57 × 1022 N

Force of gravity = 3.57 × 1022 N

Page 10 of 18
 Section C
22. Radius of mercury drop r = 3.00 mm = 3 × 10-3m
surface tension of mercury S = 4.65 × 10-1 Nm-1
atmospheric pressure Patm = 1.01 × 105 pa
Total pressure (Ptotal) inside the mercury drop = excess pressure inside mercury + atmospheric pressure
equation for excess pressure inside mercury P = pi - p0 = 2S

2S
thus Ptotal = P + Patm = r
+ Patm

+ (1.01 × 105)
−1
2×4.65×10
Ptotal = −3
3×10

Ptotal = 1.0131 × 105 Pa

−1

excess pressure P = 2S

r
=
2×4.65×10

−3
3×10

P = 310 Pa
23. Given: Thickness of ice layer formed, l = 20 cm = 0.2 m,
Temperature just below ice layer (in the lake) T1 = 0oC,

Temperature of air (above ice layer) T2 = -10oC,

Thermal conductivity of ice K = 2.1 W m-1K-1,

Latent heat of fusion of water Lf = 3.36 × 105 J kg-1 and ice density ρ = 103 kg m-3.
Let A be the surface area of the lake that takes time t for the formation of ice layer by Δl = 1mm = 10 −3
m

∴ Mass of water formed in time t, m = A.Δl. ρ = A × 10 = A kg −3 3

× 10

ΔQ KA( T1 − T2 )
From the heat energy relation, H = Δt
= l
, we have
mL AL KA( T1 − T2 )
= =
f f

t t l
Lf ⋅l 5 5

or t = = 3.36× 10 ×0.2
= 3.36× 10 ×0.2

2.1×10
K( T1 − T2 ) 2.1×[0−(−10)]

= 3200 s = 53 min 20 s.
So it would take 53 min 20 sec to form the layer of ice.
24. Let h be the height of the cliff and n be the total time taken by the stone while falling. As
u=0
2
a= g = 9.8m/s
a
Snth = u + (2n − 1)
2
9.8
44.1 = 0 + (2n − 1)
2

88.2 = 9.8 (2n − 1)

2n − 1 = 9
10
n= = 5s
2

for Height of the cliff using equation

1 2
h = ut + at
2
1 2
h = un + gn
2
1 2
h = 0 × 5 + × 9.8 × (5)
2

h = 4.9 × 25

h = 122.5 m

25. From graph (a) x = t

dx −1
vx = = 1ms
dt
2 dvx
d x
ax = = = 0
2 dt
dt

From graph (b) y = t2

dy
vy = = 2t
dt
dvy
ay = = 2
dt

ax = 0, ay = 2m s-1
Here, m = 500 g = 0.5 kg
Fx = 0.5 × 0 = 0 N

Page 11 of 18
 Fy = may = 0.5 × 2 = 1 N toward Y -axis,
−−−−−−− −− −−−− –
Hence, resultant force acting on particle is F 2 2 2 2
= √Fx + Fy = √0 + 1 = √1

∴ F = 1N along y-axis.
T2
26. i. Efficiency, η = 1 − T1

where,T2 = sink temperature

T1 = source temperature.
T2 1
1 −
T1
=
2
..................(i)
T2 −100
1 − (
T1
) =
2

3
........(ii)
T2
From Eq. (i), T1
=
1

2
and Eq. (ii)
T2 −100 1
=
T1 3

On dividing,
T2 3
= ⇒ T2 = 300K
T2 −100 2

ii. Substituting in eq(i), T 1 = 600K

T2
iii. As efficiency, η 2 ⇒ 1 −
T1

T2
It equals to 1 only when T1
= 0 or T2 = 0K

But absolute zero is not possible.

27. The ball struck by the bat is deflected back such that the total angle is 45o.

Now, initial momentum of ball = mu cos θ

0.15×54×1000×cos 22.5
=
3600

= 0.15 × 15 × 0.9239 along ON

Final momentum of ball = mucos θ along ON
Impulse = change in momentum
= mucos θ - (-mucos θ)
= 2mucos θ
= 2 × 0.15 × 15 × 0.9239

i.e., Impulse = 4.16 kg ms-1

28. Let n be the number of little droplets which coalesce to form a single drop. Then
The volume of n little droplets = Volume of a single drop
or n × 4

3
πr
3
=
4

3
πR
3
or mr3 = R3
Decrease in surface area = n ×4πr 2
− 4πR
2

= 4π [nr2 - R2] = 4π [ - R2]

3
nr

- R2] = 4π R3 [ [∵ nr3 = R3]

3

= 4π [ R

r
1

r
−
1

R
]

Energy evolved,
W = Surface tension × decrease in surface area
3 1 1
= 4πσR [ − ]
r R

Heat produced,
3

Q= W

J
=
4πσR

J
[
1

r
−
1

R
]

But Q = msΔθ
= Volume of single drop × density of water × specific heat of water ×Δθ
= 4

3
π R3 × 1 × 1 × Δθ
Hence

Page 12 of 18
 3
4 3 4πσR 1 1
πR Δθ = [ − ]
3 J r R

3σ 1 1
or Δθ = J
[
r
−
R
]

OR
Let l = Length of the horizontal portion of tube. Mass of liquid in the portion CD = Volume × Density
Let P = Density of water
Volume = Area × Length
A = Area of cross – section of tube.
=a×l
So, Mass of liquid in portion CD = (Al) × ρ = Alρ
Force on the above Mass towards left = M × a ¯
¯¯

ā = acceleration
¯
¯

Force = Alρ × ā ...(i) ¯

¯

Also, due to difference in height of liquid, the downward force exerted on liquid in the horizontal portion CD
force
⇒ Pressure = Area

Pressure = hρ g
h = height; ρ = Density; g = acceleration due to gravity
So, Force = Pressure × Area
Force = h ρ g × A ...(ii)
Equating equation (i) and equation (ii) for force on C D :
Alρ × a = hρ g × A
al
h =
g

Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Clockwork refers to the inner workings of mechanical clock or watch (where it is known as "movement") and different types of
toys which work using a series of gears driven by a spring. Clockwork device is completely mechanical and its essential parts are:
A key (or crown) which you wind to add energy
A spiral spring in which the energy is stored
A set of gears through which the spring's energy is released. The gears control how quickly (or slowly) a clockwork
machine can do things. Such as in mechanical clock/watch the mechanism is the set of hands that sweep around the dial to
tell the time. In a clockwork car toy, the gears drive the wheels.
Winding the clockwork with the key means tightening a sturdy metal spring, called the mainspring. It is the process of storing
potential energy. Clockwork springs are usually twists of thick steel, so tightening them (forcing the spring to occupy a much
smaller space) is actually quite hard work. With each turn of the key, fingers do work and potential energy is stored in the spring.
The amount of energy stored depends on the size and tension of the spring. Harder a spring is to turn and longer it is wound, the
more energy it stores.

While the spring uncoils, the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy through gears, cams, cranks and shafts which allow
wheels to move faster or slower. In an ancient clock, gears transform the speed of a rotating shaft so that it drives the second hand
at one speed, the minute hand at of that speed, and the hour hand at
1

60
of that speed. Clockwork toy cars often use gears to
1

3600

make themselves race along at surprising speed.

(i) (c) A spring and combination of gears which move the hands of the clock
Explanation: Movement refers to the inner workings of mechanical clock using a series of gears driven by a spring.
(ii) (a) Potential
Explanation: Winding the spring means tightening a sturdy metal spring. It is the process of storing potential energy
(forcing the spring to occupy a much smaller space) is actually quite hard work. With each turn of the key, fingers do
work and potential energy is stored in the spring.

Page 13 of 18
 (iii) (b) Potential energy is converted into kinetic
Explanation: When the spring uncoils, the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy through gears, cams,
cranks and shafts which allow wheels to move faster or slower.
OR
(c) Gear, Shaft
Explanation: In an ancient clock, gears transform the speed of a rotating shaft so that it drives the second hand at one
speed, the minute hand at of that speed, and the hour hand at
1

60
1
of that speed. Clockwork toy cars often use
3600

gears to make themselves race along at surprising speed.

(iv) (a) Spring is larger, harder and wound fur a longer time
Explanation: With each turn of the key, fingers do work and potential energy is stored in the spring. The amount of
energy stored depends on the size and tension of the spring. Harder a spring is to turn and longer it is wound, the
more energy it stores.
30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
In a gas the particles are always in a state of random motion, all the particles move at different speed constantly colliding and
changing their speed and direction, as speed increases it will result in an increase in its kinetic energy.

(i) (b) becomes double

Explanation: becomes double
(ii) (d) Zero
Explanation: Zero
(iii) (d) remains same
Explanation: remains same
(iv) (a) 1:1
Explanation: 1:1
OR
(c) 4.08 v
Explanation: 4.08 v
Section E
31. Mass of the automobile is given by, m = 3000 kg
Displacement in the suspension system is given by, x = 15 cm = 0.15 m
There are 4 springs in parallel to the support of the mass of the automobile.
The equation for the restoring force for the system is given by:
F = -4kx = mg
Where, k is the spring constant of the suspension system
−−
Time period, T = 2π√
m

4k

mg
And k = 4x
=
3000×10

4×0.15
= 5000 = 5 × 10 N /m
4

Spring constant, k = 5 × 10 4
N /m

a. Each wheel supports a mass is given by , M = 3000

7
= 750 kg
For damping factor b, the equation for displacement is written as:
−bt/2M
x = xo e

Page 14 of 18
 The amplitude of oscillation decreases by 50%.
x0
∴ x =
2
x0
−bt/2M
= x0 e
2
bt
loge 2 =
2M
2M log 2
e
∴ b =
t

Where,
−− −−−−−−
Time period is given by , t = 2π√ m

4k
= 2π√
3000

4
= 0.7691 s
4×5×10

2×750×0.693
∴ b =
0.7691

= 1351.58 kg/s
Therefore, the damping constant of the spring is given by 1351.58 kg/s.
OR
The potential energy (PE) of a simple harmonic oscillator is
PE = kα =
1

2
mω x
2
.... (i) 1

2
2 2

When, PE is plotted against displacement x, we will obtain a parabola.

When x = 0, PE = 0
When x = ± A, P E = maximum
1 2 2
= mω A
2

The kinetic energy (KE) of a simple harmonic oscillator KE = 1

2
2
mv
−−−−−−
But velocity of oscillator v 2
= ω √A − x
2

1
−−−−−−
2 2 2
⇒ KE = m[ω √A − x ]
2

or KE = 1

2
mω
2
(A
2
− x )
2
..... (ii)
This is also parabola, if we plot KE against displacement x
i.e. KE = 0 at x = ± A
and KE = mω A at x = 0 1

2
2 2

Now, total energy of the simple harmonic oscillator = PE + KE [using Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
1 2 2 1 2 2 2
= mω x + mω (A − x )
2 2
1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2
= mω x + mω A − mω x
2 2 2

TE = 1

2
mω A
2 2
= constant

which is a constant and independent of x.

Plotting under the above guidelines KE, PE and TE versus displacement x-graph as follows:

Important point: From the graph, we note that potential energy or kinetic energy completes two vibrations in a time during
which S.H.M. completes one vibration.
Thus the frequency of potential energy or kinetic energy is double that of S.H.M.
32. From the given figure, YO = 490 m. A body projected horizontally from O with velocity u = 98 ms-1 hits the ground at position A
following a parabolic path as shown in the figure.

Page 15 of 18
 i. Let T be the time of flight of the projectile.
Taking vertical downward motion of projectile from O to A, we have
y0 = 0, y = 490 m, uy = 0, ay = 9.8 m/s2, t = T

From equation of kinematics, y = y0 + uyt + 1

2
ayt2
1 2 2
⇒490 = 0 + 0 × T + × 9.8 × T = 4.9T
2
−−
−
or T = √
490

4.9
= 10s

ii. Taking horizontal motion(i.e, motion along OX axis) of projectile from O to A,we have
x0 = 0, x = R (say), ux = 98 m/s, t = T =10 s , ax = 0 (as there is no acceleration along horizontal)
As, x = x 0 + ux t +
1

2
ax t
2

∴ R = 0 + 98 × 10 +
1

2
× 0 × 10
2
= 980 m
iii. Let vx, vy be the horizontal and vertical component velocity of the projectile at point A.
Using the relation, vx = ux + axt = 98 + 0× 10 = 98 m/s, which is represented by AB.
Similarly, vy = uy + ayt = 0 + 9.8 × 10 = 98 m/s as represented by AC
∴ The magnitude of the resultant velocity is given by
−− −−−− −−− −−−−− –
2 2 2 2
v = √vx + vy = √98 + 98 = 98√2 m/s
And the direction of the resultant velocity is given by
vy
= 1 or β = 45 with the horizontal.
98 ∘
tan β = =
vx 98

OR
Projectile fired parallel to horizontal. As shown in figure, suppose a body is projected horizontally with velocity u from a point
O at a certain height h above the ground level. The body is under the influence of two simultaneous independent motions:
i. Uniform horizontal velocity u.
ii. Vertically downward accelerated motion with constant acceleration g.
Under the combined effect of the above two motions, the body moves along the path OPA.

Trajectory of the projectile. After the time t, suppose the body reaches the point P (x, y).
The horizontal distance covered by the body in time t is
x = ut ∴ t = x

The vertical distance travelled by the body in time t is given by

s = ut + at 1

2
2

or y = 0 × t + 1

2
2
gt =
1

2
2
gt [For vertical motion, u = 0]
2 g
or y = 1

2
g(
x

u
) = (
2
)x
2
[∵ t =
x

u
]
2u

Page 16 of 18
 or y = kx2 [Here k =
g
= a constant]
2u2

As y is a quadratic function of x, so the trajectory of the projectile is a parabola.

Time of flight. It is the total time for which the projectile remains in its flight (from O to A). Let T be its time of flight.
For the vertical downward motion of the body, we use
s = ut +
1
at
2
or h = = 0 × T + g T
2 1

2
2

−−
or T − √
2h

Horizontal range. It is the horizontal distance covered by the projectile during its time of flight. It is equal to OA = R. Thus
R = Horizontal velocity × time of flight = u × T
−−
2h
or R = u√ g

Velocity of the projectile at any instant. At the instant t (when the body is at point P), let the velocity of the projectile be v. The
velocity v has two rectangular components:
Horizontal component of velocity, vx = u
Vertical component of velocity, vy = 0 + gt = gt
∴ The resultant velocity at point P is
−− −−−−
2 2
−−−−−−−−
2 2 2
v = √vx + vy = √u + g t

If the velocity v makes an angle p with the horizontal, then

vy gt
tan β = =
vx u

gt
or β = tan −1
(
u
)

33. Let M → mass of the solid cylinder R → Radius of the cylinder, θ → Angle of inclination of the plane, ω -
Angular acceleration of the cylinder.
Various forces acting on the cylinder are:
R - mg cosω F = Frictional force acting upwards
r

ω = Net force in the downward directions = f = ma = mg sinω - F

The torque required for the rolling motion of the cylinder is due to frictional forces, which acts tangential to the surface.
Ia Ia Ia
τ = r × F Also τ = Iα =
r
[∴ a = rα],
r
= rF ∴ F =
2
r

ma − mg sin θ −
Ia
→ a (m +
I
) - mg sinθ
r2 r2

mg sin θ
→ a−
I
m+
2
r
2 mg sin θ
For a solid cylinder, M.I. about the axis I = Mr

2
∴ a=
2
=
2

3
g sin θ
mr 1
m+ ×
2 2
r

Frictional force = F =
Ia

2
=
I

2
.2

3
g sin θ =
1

3
ng sin θ
r r
1
mg sin θ

Coefficient of friction = F

R
=
3

mg cos θ
⇒ μ=
1

3
tan θ

OR
Suppose, O be the origin chosen.

Then, angular momentum of particle at A is

I1 = OA × p = OA × mv

= m(OA × v)

and angular momentum of particle at B is

I2 = OB × p = OB × (−mv)

= −m(OB × v)

so, total angular momentum of the system of particles is

L = I1 + I2

= m(OA × v) − m(OB × v)

= m(OA − OB) × v

= m(BA) × v

Page 17 of 18
= m(BA) × v

{As, BA = position vector of A - position vector of B}

Above expression is independent of choice of origin.

This is true even when particles are not in a straight line.

Li (I1 + I2 = m(OA × v − OB × v)

= m(BA) × v

Which is the same as a previous result. So, the angular momentum of the system is independent of the choice of origin.

Page 18 of 18