Class XI Session 2024-25

Subject - Physics
Sample Question Paper - 3

Time Allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions:

1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.

2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E. All the sections

are compulsory.

3. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion Reasoning based of 1 mark each, Section B

contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D

contains two case study-based questions of four marks each and Section E contains three long answer questions of

five marks each.

4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in section B, C, D and E. You have to

attempt only one of the choices in such questions.

5. Use of calculators is not allowed.

Section A
1. According to Newton, the viscous force acting between liquid layers of area A and velocity gradient Δv

Δx
is given [1]
by F = −ηA
Δv

Δx
, where η is constant called coefficient of viscosity. The dimensional formula of η is

a) [ML-2T-2] b) [M0L0T0]

c) [ML-1T-1] d) [ML2T-2]

2. Two closed organ pipes, when sounded simultaneously gave 4 beats per sec. If longer pipe has a length of 1 m, [1]
then length of shorter pipe is (v = 300 m/s)

a) 80 cm b) 94.9 cm

c) 90 cm d) 185.5 cm
3. If a gymnast sitting on a rotating stool with his arms outstretched, suddenly lowers his hands: [1]

a) The angular velocity decreases b) His moment of inertia decreases

c) The angular momentum increases d) The angular velocity stays constant

4. At critical temperature, the surface tension of a liquid [1]

a) is zero b) is infinity

c) cannot be determined d) is same as that any other temperature

5. Consider a spacecraft in an elliptical orbit around the earth. At the low point, or perigee, of its orbit, it is 400 km [1]
above the earth’s surface; at the high point, or apogee, it is 4000 km above the earth’s surface. Using

Page 1 of 16
 conservation of energy, find the speed at perigee and the speed at apogee. It is necessary to have the spacecraft
escape from the earth completely.

a) 9840 m/sec(perigee),9760 m/sec(apogee) b) 7840 m/sec(perigee),5760 m/sec(apogee)

c) 10840 m/sec(perigee),8760 m/sec(apogee) d) 8840 m/sec(perigee),6760 m/sec(apogee)

6. A body is moving forwards and backward. Change in frequency observed of source is 2%. What is velocity of [1]
the body? (Speed of sound is 300 m/s)

a) 3 m/s b) 2.5 m/s

c) 2 m/s d) 6 m/s
7. A body A is thrown up vertically from the ground with a velocity v0 and another body B is simultaneously [1]
dropped from a height H. They meet at a height H

2
, if v0 is equal to:

−−−− −−
a) √2gH b) √
2g

−−
− −−
−
c) √gH d) 1

2
√gH

8. The phase difference between two waves, represented by [1]

y1 = 10-6 sin [100t + ( ) + 0.5] m

x

50

y2 = 10-6 cos [100 t + ( x

50
)] m

where x is expressed in metres and t is expressed in seconds, is approximately

a) 1.07 rad b) 1.5 rad

c) 0.5 rad d) 2.07 rad

9. An open tank filled with water (depsity ρ ) has a narrow hole at a depth of h below the water surface. The [1]
velocity of water flowing out is
−−−
a) 2gh b) √2gh

c) hρ g d) gh
10. Satellites orbiting the earth have a finite life and sometimes debris of satellites fall to the earth. This is because, [1]

a) of viscous forces causing the speed of the b) the solar cells and batteries in satellites run
satellite and hence height to gradually out.
decrease.

c) of collisions with other satellites. d) the laws of gravitation predict a trajectory

spiralling inwards.
11. A thin uniform rod of length 2l and mass M is acted upon a constant torque. The angular velocity changes from [1]
zero to ω in time t. The value of torque is:
2 2

a) Ml ω
b) 2M l ω

3t 3t

2 2

c) Ml ω

12t
d) Ml ω

12. A spherical black body with a radius of 12 cm radiates 450 watt power at 500 K. If the radius were halved and [1]
the temperature doubled, the power radiated in watt would be

a) 225 b) 450

c) 1800 d) 1000

Page 2 of 16
13. Assertion (A): The Work-Energy theorem is applicable for non-inertial frames also. [1]
Reason (R): The Work-Energy theorem is applicable to non-inertial frames provided we include the pseudo
forces in the calculation of the net force acting on the body under consideration.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

14. Assertion: In an isochoric process, work done by the gas is zero. [1]
Reason: In a process, if initial volume is equal to the final volume, work done by the gas is zero.

a) Assertion and reason both are correct b) Assertion and reason both are correct
statements and reason is correct explanation statements but reason is not correct
for assertion. explanation for assertion.

c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is
wrong statement. correct statement.
15. Assertion (A): Even when orbit of a satellite is elliptical, its plane of rotation passes through the centre of earth. [1]
Reason (R): According to law of conservation of angular momentum plane of rotation of satellite always remain
same.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

16. Assertion (A): The division of a vector by another vector is not defined. [1]
Reason (R): The division of a vector by a direction is not possible.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

Section B
17. A stone is dropped into a well and its splash is heard at the mouth of the well after an interval of 1.45 s. Find the [2]

depth of the well. Given that velocity of sound in air at room temperature is equal to 332 ms-1.
18. Differentiate between dimensional and non-dimensional variables. [2]

19. The density of mercury is 13.6 g cm-3 in CGS system. Find its value in SI units. [2]

20. Is friction a non-conservative force? [2]

21. At a point above the surface of the earth, the gravitational potential is -5.12 × 107 J/kg and the acceleration due [2]

to gravity is 6.4 m/s2. Assuming the mean radius of the earth to be 6400 km, calculate the height of the point
above the earth's surface.
OR
An astronaut, by mistake, drops his food packet from an artificial satellite orbiting around the earth. Will it reach the
surface of the earth? Why?
Section C
22. A cylindrical vessel filled with water upto a height of 2 m stands on a horizontal plane. The side wall of the [3]
vessel has a plugged circular hole touching the bottom. Find the minimum diameter of the hole so that the vessel

Page 3 of 16
 begin to move on the floor, if the plug is removed. The coefficient of friction between the bottom of the vessel
and the plane is 0.4 and total mass of water plus vessel is 100 kg.
23. A certain substance has a mass of 50 g/mole. When 300 J of heat is added to 25g of sample of this material, its [3]

temperature rises from 25oC to 45oC. Calculate

i. the thermal capacity,
ii. specific heat capacity, and
iii. molar heat capacity of the sample.
24. Draw the following graphs for an object projected upward with a velocity v0, which comes back to the same [3]

point after some time:

i. Acceleration versus time graph,
ii. Speed versus time graph,
iii. Velocity versus time graph.
25. Show that Newton's third law of motion is contained in the second law. [3]
26. If, at 50°C and 75 cm of mercury pressure, a definite mass of a gas is compressed [3]
i. slowly
ii. suddenly, then what will be the final pressure and temperature of the gas in each case if the final volume is
one-fourth of the initial volume? (γ = 1.5)
27. How is centripetal force provided in case of the following? [3]
i. Motion of planet around the sun,
ii. Motion of moon around the earth.
iii. Motion of an electron around the nucleus in an atom.

28. Mercury has an angle of contact equal to 140o with soda-lime glass. A narrow tube of radius 1.00 mm made of [3]

this glass is dipped in a trough containing mercury. By what amount does the mercury dip down in the tube
relative to the liquid surface outside? Surface tension of mercury at the temperature of the experiment is 0.465 N

m-1. Density of mercury = 13.6 × 103 kgm-3..

OR
What is venturi-meter? On which principle does it work? How is the principle of venturi-meter applied in
automobiles?
Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [4]
The kinetic energy of an object is the energy associated with the object which is under motion. It is defined as
“the energy required by a body to accelerate from rest to stated velocity.” It is a vector quantity and the
momentum of an object is the virtue of its mass. It is defined as the product of mass and velocity. It is a vector
2

quantity. The relation between them is given by E = P

2m
. In case of the elastic collision both of these quantities
remain constant.

Page 4 of 16
 (a) Two masses of 1 gm and 4gm are moving with equal linear momentum. The ratio of their kinetic energy
is:

a) 1:2 b) 4:1

c) 1:1 d) 4:2
(b) If the linear momentum is increased by 50%, then K.E will be increased by:

a) 50% b) 200%

c) 125% d) 100%
(c) A heavy object and a light object have the same momentum. Which has the greater speed?

a) both heavy and light object b) heavy object

c) Moderate object d) light object

OR
Kinetic energy with any reference must be ________.

a) Change b) negative

c) zero d) positive
(d) When a body moves with a constant speed along a circle then

a) no acceleration is produced b) no work is done on it

c) no displacement on it d) no force acts on it

30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [4]
Gas molecules move in random motion inside the container. The pressure exerted by the gas is due to the
continuous collision of the molecules against the walls of the container. Due to this continuous collision, the
walls experience a continuous force which is equal to the total momentum imparted to the walls per ​second.

(a) If the mass of each molecule is halved and speed is doubled, find the ratio of initial and final pressure:

a) 1:16 b) 1:4

c) 1:8 d) 1:2
(b) The pressure exerted by the gases is:

a) inversely proportional to the density b) inversely proportional to the square of

the density

c) directly proportional to the density d) directly proportional to the square of

the density

Page 5 of 16
 (c) If the force of attraction between the molecules suddenly disappears, then what will be the change in
pressure:

a) pressure increase b) pressure decrease

c) pressure remains constant d) pressure falls

(d) If the pressure of a given gas is halved at a certain temperature. what will be its volume:

a) becomes triple b) becomes double

c) remains constant d) becomes half

OR
Dimension formula for R?

a) M1L2T2K-1 b) M1L1T-1

c) M-1L0T1 d) M1L2T-2K-1

Section E
31. An air chamber of volume V has a neck of the area of cross-section A into which a ball of mass m can move [5]
without friction. Show that when the ball is pressed down through some distance and released, the ball executes
SHM. Obtain the formula for the time period of this SHM, assuming pressure-volume variations of the air to be
i. isothermal and
ii. adiabatic.
OR
Two identical springs, each of spring factor k, may be connected in the following ways. Deduce the spring factor of
the oscillation of the body in each case.
32. What is meant by resolution of a vector? Prove that a vector can be resolved along two given directions in one [5]
and only one way.
OR
^
i and ^
j are unit vectors along x and y-axes respectively. What is the magnitude and direction of vectors ^i + ^j and ^i -
^
j ? What are the components of a vector A = 2^i + 3^j along the direction ^i + ^j and ^i - ^j ?
33. Derive an expression for moment of inertia of a circular disc about an axis passing through its centre and [5]
perpendicular to its plane.
OR
A metre scale AB is held vertically with its one end A on the floor and is then allowed to fall. Find the speed of the
other end B when it strikes the floor, assuming that the end on the floor does not slip.

Page 6 of 16
 Solution
Section A
1.
(c) [ML-1T-1]
Explanation: [η] = [ FΔx
]
AΔv

2
[MLT ][L]

=
2 −1
[L ][LT ]

= [ML-1T-1]
2.
(b) 94.9 cm
Explanation: ν = 4L
v
=
300

4×1
= 75 Hz

For shorter pipe,

300
ν + 4 =
′
4L

or 75 + 4 = 300

4L

L =
′ 300

4×79
m = 94.9 cm

3.
(b) His moment of inertia decreases
Explanation: When gymnast lowers his hand the distance of the mass from rotational axis decrease. Hence his moment of
inertia decreases and angular velocity increases to conserve angular momentum.
4. (a) is zero
Explanation: At the critical temperature, the surface tension of a liquid becomes zero.
5.
(c) 10840 m/sec(perigee),8760 m/sec(apogee)
Explanation: To escape Earth, we need total energy of zero.
(Efinal = 0 because U ⟶ 0 as R ⟶ ∞ and K ⟶ 0 as v = 0 at R ⟶ ∞ )
So,
Kp + Up = 0
Looking for the new velocity at perigee;
1 2 GMm
mvp,escapc =
2 Rp
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
−−−− −11 24
2GM 2×6.67× 10 ×5.97× 10
vp, escape = √ = √
Rp 6
6.78×10

= 1.084 × 104m/sec
= 10840 m/sec
The similar calculation at apogee gives
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
−−−− −11 24
2GM 2×6.67× 10 ×5.97× 10
va,escape = √ = √
Ra 6
10.38×10

= 8.76 × 103m/sec = 8760 m/sec

6. (a) 3 m/s
Explanation: When the source is moving forward towards the observer, the apparent frequency is f 1 =
v

v−vs
× f

v
When source moves backwards f 2 =
v+vs
× f

1 1 −2vs
f2 − f1 = f v [ − ] = fv [ ]
v+vs v−vs 2 2
v − vs

As vs << v, so
f2 − f1 2vs 2
= ∣ ∣ =
f
∣ v ∣ 100

v 300
vs = = = 3 m/s
100 100

Page 7 of 16
 7.
−−
−
(c) √gH
Explanation:
Let the two bodies A and B respectively meet at a time, at a height H

2
ground.

Using S = ut + 1

2
at
2

For a body A, u = V0, a = -g, S = H

∴
H

2
= v0 t −
1

2
gt
2
...(i)
g
For a body B, u = 0, a = + g
,S =
H

2
H 1
∴
2
=
2
gt
2
...(ii)
Equating equation (i) and (ii) we get
1 2 1 2
V0 t − gt = gt
2 2

V0t = gt2 or t =
V0

Substituting the value of t is equation (i), we get

2 2 2
V0 V0 V V
H 1 0 1 0
= V0 × ( ) − g( ) = −
2 g 2 g V0 2 g

2
V
H

2
=
1

2
0

g
or v = gH2
0

−−
−
V0 = √gH

8. (a) 1.07 rad

Explanation: y1 = 10-6 sin [100t + ( 50
x
) + 0.5] m

y2 = 10-6 cos [100 t + (

x

50
)] m

= 10-6 sin [100 t + (

x π

50
) + ( )] 2
π 3.14
Δϕ =
2
− 0.05 =
2
− 0.5 = 1.57 - 0.5
= 1.07 rad
9.
−−−
(b) √2gh
−−−
Explanation: Velocity of efflux, v = √2gh
10.
(d) the laws of gravitation predict a trajectory spiralling inwards.
Explanation: Due to the viscous atmosphere, friction force due to the atmosphere acts on the satellite which reduces its orbital
speed and hence the energy of revolution around a planet. Due to the decrease in the energy of the satellite, its height gradually
decreases.
2

11. (a) Ml ω

3t

Explanation:
As Torque(τ ) is equal to the product of Moment of Inertia (I) and Angular acceleration (α)
τ = Iα
Δω
τ = I
Δt
2
M(2l)
ω
τ = [ ][ ]
12 t

2
Ml ω
τ =
3t

12.
(c) 1800
Explanation: Power radiated, P = σAT 4

Page 8 of 16
 ∴ P
′
= σ(
A

4
) (2T )
4
[A ∝ r2]
= 4 P = 4 × 450 W = 1800 W
13. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: The Work-Energy theorem is applicable for non-inertial frames. The assertion is true.
If we include the pseudo forces in the calculation of the net force acting on the body under consideration then this theorem is
applicable for the non-inertial frame also.
The assertion and reason both are true and the reason also explains the assertion.
14.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
Explanation: Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
15. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: As no torque is acting on the planet, its angular momentum must stay constant in magnitude as well as direction.
Therefore, plane of rotation must pass through the centre of earth.
16. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Section B
17. Let h be the depth of the well. Then time t1 taken by the stone to fall into well under gravity is given by
−−
h = 0 +
1

2
gt
2
1
or t1 = √ 2h

h
Time taken for the splash to travel height h is given by t 2 =
v

where v = velocity of sound

But t1 + t2 = 1.45 s
−−
2h h
∴ √ + = 1.45
g v

−
−−
2h h
or √ 9.8
+
332
= 1.45

On solving, h = 9.9 m.
18. The quantities which have dimensions but do not possess a constant value are called dimensional variables e.g., velocity, force etc.
On the other hand, the quantities which have neither dimensions nor they have a constant value are called non-dimensional
variables e.g., relative density, strain, etc.
19. [Density] = M1 L-3
1 −3
M1 L1
n2 = n1[ M2
] [
L2
]

1 −3
1 g 1 cm
= 13.6 [
1 kg
] [
1 m
]

−3

= 13.6 × 103
1 g
= 13.6 [
1000 g
][
1 cm

100 cm
]

13.6g cm-3 = 13.6 × 103 kgm-3

∴

20. Yes. When the direction of motion of a body reverses, the direction of friction is also reversed. Work has to be done against
friction both during the forward and return journey i.e., work done against friction along a closed path is not zero. So friction is a
non-conservative force.
21. If r is the distance of the given point from the centre of the earth, the gravitational potential at the point,
v = - GM

r
= -5.12 × 107 J/kg
Acceleration due to gravity at this point,
g= GM

2
= 6.4 m/s2
r
|V | GM/r
Clearly, g
= 2
=r
GM/r

= 8 × 106 m = 8000 km
5.12× 10 J/kg
thus, r = 2
6.4m/s

Obviously, height of the point from the earth’s surface = (r - R) = 8000 km - 6400 km = 1600 km
OR
The food packet will not fall on the earth. As the satellite, as well as an astronaut, were in a state of weightlessness hence, the food
packet when dropped by mistake, will also start moving with the same velocity as that of satellite and will continue to move along
with the satellite in the same orbit.

Page 9 of 16
 Section C
−−−
22. Velocity of efflux through the hole, v = √2gh
−−−
∵ Distance moved by water in one second v = √2gh
−−− −−−
∵ Rate of the momentum = (ρA√2gh)(√2gh) = 2 ghAρ
According to Newton’s second law of motion,
Force due to the velocity of efflux = 2 gh Aρ
Now, according to Newton’s third law of motion,
Force on the vessel = Rate of the momentum Force on the vessel = 2 gh Aρ
The vessel will move, if force on the vessel = force of friction
or 2gh Aρ = μMg
μM
or A = 2hρ
= 0.4×100

2×2×1000
= 1

100

Since, the hole is circular,

2
πD
A = πr = 2

4
−
−− −−−−−−
D=√ 4A

π
= √
4×1

100×314
= 0.113 m
So, the diameter of a hole D = 0.113 m
23. i. Total heat supplied to sample ΔQ = 300 J and rise in temperature ΔT = T2 - T1 = 45 - 25 = 20°C

= 15 JoC-1
ΔQ
∴ Thermal capacity of substance is given as = ΔT
=
300

20

ii. mass, m = 25 g = 0.025 kg

= 600 Jkg-1 oC-1
1 ΔQ 1
∴ Specific heat capacity, c = m
⋅
ΔT
= 0.025
× 15

iii. Number of moles in 25 g sample of 50 g/mol is

= 0.5 moles
25
μ=
50

= 30 Jmol-1 0C-1.
ΔQ
∴ Molar heat capacity C = 1

μ ΔT
= 1

0.5
× 15

24.

Page 10 of 16
 dpB
25. Let Fba be the force (action) exerted by A on B and dt
be the resulting change of the momentum of B.
dp
Let FAB be the force (reaction) exerted by B on A and dt
A
be the resulting change of momentum of A.
dp
According to Newton’s second law, F = dt
dpB dpA
Then, F BA =
dt
and FAB =
dt
dpB dpA d
∴ FBA + FAB =
dt
+
dt
=
dt
(pB + pA ) ...(i)
In the absence of any external force, the rate of change of momentum of the whole system zero.
i.e. (p + p ) = 0
d

dt
B A

So, FBA + FAB = 0 or FBA = - FAB

or Action = - reaction
and it is a Newton’s third law of motion.
Hence, proved.
26. Here V2 = 1

4
V1, P1 = 75 cm of Hg,
T1 = 50 + 273 = 323 K
i. When the gas is compressed slowly, the process is isothermal.
∴ P1V1 = P2V2 or 75 × V = P ×
1
V 1 2 1
4

or P2 = 75 × 4 = 300 cm of Hg
As the process is isothermal, so T2 = 50°C
ii. When the gas is compressed suddenly, the process is adiabatic.
γ γ
∴ P1 V = P2 V
1 2
1.5
γ

= 75 × 41.5
V1 V1
or P2 = P 1(
V2
) = 75(
V
)
1

4
1

= 75 × 4 × 4 = 75 × 4 × 2 = 600 cm of Hg
2

γ−1 γ−1
Also, T V 1 = T V
1 2 2
γ−1
V1
or T2 = T 1(
V2
)

= 323 × (4)0.5 = 323 × 2

= 646 K = 373°C
27. i. The earth revolves round the sun.The earth is also acted upon by the centripetal force which is provided by the gravitational
force of attraction between the sun and the earth.
ii. The motion of moon around the earth is also in circular path.The necessary centripetal force is provided by the gravitational
attraction of the earth on the moon.
iii. In an atom,electrons revolve around the nucleus in various circular orbits.The necessary centripetal force for circular motion,
is exerted by the electrostatic force of attraction between the positively-charged nucleus and the negatively charged electrons.
28. Angle of contact between mercury and soda lime glass, θ = 140o
Radius of the narrow tube, r = 1 mm = 1 × 10-3 m
Surface tension of mercury at the given temperature, s = 0.465 N m-1
Density of mercury, ρ = 13.6 × 103
kg

2
m

Page 11 of 16
 Dip in the height of mercury = h
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m

2
s

Surface tension is related with the angle of contact and the dip in the height as:
hρgr
s=
2 cos θ

∴ h= 2 s cos θ

rog

2×0.465×cos 140
=
−3 3
1× 10 ×13.6× 10 ×9.8

= -0.00534 m
= -5.31 mm
Here, the negative sign shows the decreasing level of mercury. Hence, the mercury level dips by 5.34 mm.
OR
Venturi-meter is a device used to measure the flow speed of a liquid. It is basically based on Bernoulli's principle and works on the
principle that when a liquid flows in the tube from wide neck to a narrow constriction, the speed of flow increases and the
pressure falls.
Bernoulli's principle states that with the increase in the velocity of the fluid its pressure decreases (or) there is a decrease in the
fluid pressure energy. This decrease in the fluid pressure in the areas where the flow velocity is increased is called the Bernoulli
effect.
It is utilised in the carburettor of automobiles. The carburettor has a venturi channel (fine nozzle) through which air flows with a
large speed. The pressure is then lowered at the narrow neck as a result, the valve of petrol chambers opens and the petrol is
sucked up in the chamber to provide the correct mixture of air and petrol necessary for combustion.
Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
The kinetic energy of an object is the energy associated with the object which is under motion. It is defined as “the energy
required by a body to accelerate from rest to stated velocity.” It is a vector quantity and the momentum of an object is the virtue of
2

its mass. It is defined as the product of mass and velocity. It is a vector quantity. The relation between them is given by E = P

2m
. In
case of the elastic collision both of these quantities remain constant.

(i) (b) 4:1

Explanation: 4:1
(ii) (c) 125%
Explanation: 125%
(iii) (d) light object
Explanation: light object
OR
(d) positive
Explanation: positive
(iv) (b) no work is done on it
Explanation: no work is done on it
30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Gas molecules move in random motion inside the container. The pressure exerted by the gas is due to the continuous collision of
the molecules against the walls of the container. Due to this continuous collision, the walls experience a continuous force which is
equal to the total momentum imparted to the walls per ​second.

Page 12 of 16
 (i) (d) 1:2
Explanation: 1:2
(ii) (c) directly proportional to the density
Explanation: directly proportional to the density
(iii) (a) pressure increase
Explanation: pressure increase
(iv) (b) becomes double
Explanation: becomes double
OR

(d) M1L2T-2K-1
Explanation: M1L2T-2K-1
Section E
31. Oscillations of a ball in the neck of an air chamber. The figure shows an air chamber of volume V, having a neck of area of cross-
section A and a ball of mass m fitting smoothly in the neck. If the ball be pressed down a little and released, it starts oscillating up
and down about the equilibrium position.

If the ball be depressed by distance y, then the decrease in volume of air in the chamber is ΔV = Ay.
Ay
∴ Volume strain = ΔV

V
=
V

If pressure P is applied to the ball, then hydrostatic stress = P

∴Bulk modulus of elasticity of air,
E=− = −
P
or P = − P EA

V
y
ΔV /V Ay/V
2
EAy
Restoring force, F = PA = − V
A= −
EA

V
y

Thus F is proportional to y and acts in its opposite direction. Hence the ball executes SHM with force constant,
2

k= EA

The period of oscillation of the ball is

−− −−−−− −
− −
−
T = 2π√ m

k
= 2π
√
m

2
= 2π√
mV

2
EA /V EA

i. If the P-V variations are isothermal, then E = P,

−
−−−
∴ T = 2π√ mV

2
PA

ii. If the P-V variations are isothermal, then E = γ P,

−−−−

∴ T = 2π√ mV

2
γP A

Page 13 of 16
 OR
For each spring,
F = -ky ...(i)
where F = restoring force, k = spring factor and y = displacement of the spring.
i. In Figure, let the mass m produce a displacement y in each spring and F be the restoring force in each spring. If k1 be the
spring factor of the combined system, then

2F = -ky
k1
or F = − 2
y ...(ii)
Comparing (i) and (ii), we get
k1

2
= k or k1 = 2k
ii. In Figure, as the length of the spring is doubled, the mass m will produce double the displacement (2y). If k2 be the spring
factor of the combined system, then

F = -k2(2y) = -2k2y ...(iii)

Comparing (i) and (iii),
k
2k2 = k or k2 = 2

iii. In figure, the mass m stretches the upper spring and compresses the lower spring, each giving rise to a restoring force F in the
same direction. If k3 be the spring factor of the combined system, then

2F = -k3 y
k3
or F = − 2
y ...(iv)
Comparing (i) and (iv),
k3

2
= k or k3 = 2k

32. Resolution of a vector. It is the process of splitting a vector into two or more vectors in such a way that their combined effect is
same as that of the given vector. The vectors into which the given vector is splitted are called component vectors.
A component of a vector in any direction gives a measure of the effect of the given vector in that direction. The resolution of a
vector is just opposite to the process of vector addition.
Resolution of a vector along two given directions.
Suppose we wish to resolve a vector R⃗ in the direction of two coplanar and non-parallel vectors A⃗ and B⃗ , as shown in Figure.

Page 14 of 16
 →
Suppose OQ represent vector R⃗ in the directions of A⃗ and B⃗ .
Q draw lines parallel to vectors A⃗ and B⃗ respectively to meet at point P. From triangle law of vector addition.
→ → →
OQ = OP + P Q
→ →
As OP ∥A⃗ therefore, OP = λA
⃗

→ →
As P Q∥B⃗ therefore, P Q = μB⃗
Here λ and μ are scalar. Hence
⃗ ⃗
R = λA + μB
⃗
.... (i)
Thus the vector R⃗ has been resolved in the direction of A⃗ and B⃗ . Here λA⃗ is the component of R⃗ in the direction A⃗ and μB⃗ is the
component in the direction of B⃗ .
Uniqueness of resolution. Let us assume that R⃗ can be resolved in the directions of A⃗ and B⃗ in another way.
Then R⃗ = λ A⃗ + μ B⃗ .... (ii)
′ ′

From equation (i) and (ii), we have

⃗ ⃗ ′ ⃗ ′ ⃗
λA + μB = λ A + μ B

or (λ − λ ) A⃗ = (μ
′ ′
− μ) B
⃗

But A⃗ and B⃗ are non-zero vectors acting along different directions. The above equation is possible only if
λ − λ = 0 and μ − μ = 0
′ ′

or λ = λ and μ = μ
′ ′

Hence there is one and only one way in which a vector R⃗ can be resolved in the directions of vectors A⃗ and B⃗ .
OR
−−−− −−−−− –
i. As we know ^i and ^j are unit vectors, Magnitude of (^i + ^j ) = √(1) 2 2
+ (1) = √2 units
If vector ^ ^
(i + j) makes an angle of θ with the x - axis, then
Ay
tan θ =
Ax
=
1

1
= 1 = tan 45° or θ = 45°

ii. Similarly, magnitude of

−−−−−−−−−− –
^ ^ 2 2
( i − j ) = √(1) + (−1) = √2

If vector (^i − ^j ) makes an angle θ, with x - axis, then

Ay (−1)
tan θ = = = −1
Ax 1

= − tan 45
∘
⇒ θ = − 45
∘
with ^i
Hence, resultant vector (^i − ^j ) makes an angle of 45° from x-axis in negative direction.

Page 15 of 16
 iii. To determine the component of A = 2^i + 3^j in the direction of (^i + ^j )
Let us assume B = (^i + ^j ) , then
A.B = AB cosθ = (A cosθ). B
or Acosθ = ​​ A⋅B

B
^ ^ ^ ^
A⋅B (2 i +3 j )⋅( i + j )
⇒ A cos θ = =
B 2 2
√(1) +(1)

^ ^ ^ ^
2 i ⋅ i +3 j ⋅ j
=
√2

2+3 5
= = . This is the component of vector A in the direction of (^i + ^j )
√2 √2

^ ^ ^ ^
( i+ j) ( i+ j)
iv. Unit vector along (^i + ^j ), n
^ =
^ ^
=
| i+ j| √2

Component of A along ^ ^
(i − j)

The magnitude of the component of A in the direction of

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^
(2 i +3 j )⋅( i − j ) 2 i ⋅ i −3 j j 2−3 −1
^ ^
(i − j) =
^ ^
= = = . This is the component of vector A in the direction of (^i − ^j ) .
2 2 √2 √2
| i− j| √(1) +(−1)

33. Consider a disc of mass M and radius R. This disc is made up of many infinitesimally small rings, as shown in the figure.
Consider one such ring of mass (dm) and thickness (dr) and radius (r). The moment of inertia (dl) of this small ring is, dI =
(dm)R2

I = ∫ dI

R R
2M 3 2M 3
I = ∫ r dr = ∫ r dr
2 2
R R
0 0

R
4 4
2M r 2M R
I = [ ] = [ − 0]
2 4 2 4
R 0 R

1 2
I = MR
2

OR
Let M be the mass and Lbe the length of the metre scale. When the upper end of the rod strikes the floor, its centre of gravity falls
through height . L

M.I. of the scale about the lower end A, I = M.I. of the scale about the parallel axis through CG + Md2
2 2 2
2 ML ML ML L
= I0 + M d = + = [∵ d = ]
12 4 3 2

Also, ω = v

r
=
v

Gain in rotational K.E.

2 2 2
1 2 1 ML v Mv
= Iω = ⋅ ⋅ =
2 2 3 2 6
L

Now, Gain in rotational K.E. = Loss in P.E.

2
Mv L 2
= Mg ⋅ or v = 3gl
6 2
−−− −−−−− −−−−
or v = √3gL = √3 × 9.8 × 1 = 5.4 ms
−1

Page 16 of 16
 Class XI Session 2024-25
Subject - Physics
Sample Question Paper - 2

Time Allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions:

1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.

2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E. All the sections

are compulsory.

3. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion Reasoning based of 1 mark each, Section B

contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D

contains two case study-based questions of four marks each and Section E contains three long answer questions of

five marks each.

4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in section B, C, D and E. You have to

attempt only one of the choices in such questions.

5. Use of calculators is not allowed.

Section A
1. When 1 m, 1 kg and 1 min are taken as the fundamental units, the magnitude of the force is 36 units. What will [1]
be the value of this force in CGS system?

a) 104 dyne b) 108 dyne

c) 103 dyne d) 105 dyne

2. A tuning fork produces 4 beats/sec. with 50 cm and 40 cm of a stretched wire, of a sonometer. The frequency of [1]
fork is:

a) 90 Hz b) 36 Hz

c) 110 Hz d) 50 Hz
3. The radius of gyration of a disc of mass 100 g and radius 5 cm about an axis passing through its centre of gravity [1]
and perpendicular to the plane is

a) 3.54 cm b) 2.51 cm

c) 6.54 cm d) 1.52 cm
4. Average pressure pav is defined as [1]

a) p av =
A

F
b) pav =
F

c) p av =
F

V
d) pav =
V

5. Average distance of the earth frorn the sun is L1. If one year of the earth = D days, one year of another planet [1]

Page 1 of 17
 whose average distance from the sun is L2 will be:
1 2

a) L2 b) L2
days
2 3

D( ) D( )
L1 L1

c) L2 d) D(
L2
)
days
2

D( ) L1
L1

6. Two sources of sound placed close to each other, are emitting progressive waves given by y1 = 4 sin 600 πt and [1]

y2 = 5 sin 608 πt. An observer located near these two sources of sound will hear:

i. 8 beats per second with intensity ratio 81:1 between waxing and waning
ii. 4 beats per second with intensity ratio 81:1 between waxing and waning
iii. 4 beats per second with intensity ratio 25:16 between waxing and waning
iv. 8 beats per second with intensity ratio 25:16 between waxing and waning

a) i and ii b) only iv

c) only ii d) iii and iv

7. A truck has a velocity of 2 m/s at time t=0. It accelerates at 2 m / s on seeing police. What is its velocity in m/s
2
[1]
at a time of 2 sec?

a) 6 b) 3

c) 4 d) 7
8. The wavelength of ultrasonic waves in air is of the order of: [1]

a) 0.00000001 cm b) 1 cm

c) 0.1 cm d) 0.0001 cm
9. A solid sphere of volume V and density ρ floats at the interface of two immiscible liquids of densities ρ and ρ 1 2 [1]
respectively. If ρ 1 < ρ < ρ2 , then the ratio of the volume of the parts of the sphere in upper and lower liquids is
ρ+ρ2 ρ−ρ1
a) ρ+ρ
b) ρ −ρ
1 2

ρ2 −ρ ρ+ρ1
c) ρ−ρ
d) ρ+ρ
1 2

10. The time period of a satellite is related to the density of earth (ρ ) as: [1]
1

a) ρ b) ρ 2

−1 −3

c) ρ 2 d) ρ 2

11. A rod has length 3 m and its mass acting per unit length is directly proportional to distance x from one of its end, [1]
then its centre of gravity from that end will be at

a) 1.5 m b) 2.5 m

c) 2 m d) 3.0 m
12. A body A of mass 0.5 kg and specific heat 0.85 is at a temperature of 60 °C. Another body B of mass 0.3 kg and [1]
specific heat 0.9 is at a temperature of 90°C. When they are connected to a conducting rod, heat will flow from

a) B to A b) A to B

c) first A to B then B to A d) heat can't flow

13. Assertion: When percentage errors in the measurement of mass and velocity are 1% and 2% respectively, the [1]
percentage error in KE is 5%.

Page 2 of 17
 Reason: ΔE Δm 2Δv
= +
E m v

a) Assertion and reason both are correct b) Assertion and reason both are correct
statements and reason is correct explanation statements but reason is not correct
for assertion. explanation for assertion.

c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is
wrong statement. correct statement.
14. Assertion (A): State variables are required to specify the equilibrium state of the system. [1]
Reason (R): Pressure is an intensive state variable.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

15. Assertion (A): A planet moves faster, when it is closer to the sun in its orbit and vice versa. [1]
Reason (R): Orbital velocity in orbital of planet is constant.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

16. Assertion (A): If A⃗ ⋅ B⃗ = B⃗ ⋅ C ⃗ , then A⃗ may not always be equal to C .⃗ [1]
Reason (R): The dot product of two vectors involves cosine of the angle between the two vectors.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

Section B
17. A steel wire has a length of 12.0 m and a mass of 2.10 kg. What should be the tension in the wire so that the [2]
speed of a transverse wave on the wire equals the speed of sound in dry air at 20oC = 343 ms-1?
18. Convert: [2]

i. 3.0m/s2 = .............. km/hr2

ii. 6.67 10-11Nm2/kg2 = .............. g-1cm3s-2

19. If force F, length L and time T are taken as fundamental units then what will be the dimensions of mass? [2]
20. In the Atwood's machine (figure), the system starts from rest. What is the speed and distance moved by each [2]
mass at t = 3s?

21. Derive an expression for work done against gravity. [2]

OR

Page 3 of 17
 Assuming the earth to be a uniform sphere of radius 6400 km and density 5.5 gcm-3, find the value of g on its

surface. Given G = 6.66 × 10-11 Nm2kg-2.

Section C
22. Show that the Reynold's number represents the ratio of the inertial force per unit area to the viscous force per [3]
unit area.
23. Two vessels A and B of different materials but having identical shape, size and wall thickness are filled with ice [3]

and kept at the same place. Ice melts at the rate of 100 g min-1 and 150g min-1 in A and B, respectively.
Assuming that heat enters the vessels through the walls only, calculate the ratio of thermal conductivities of their
materials.

24. On a foggy day two drivers spot each other when they are just 80 metres apart. They are travelling at 72 km h-1 [3]

and 60 km h-1, respectively. Both of them applied brakes retarding their cars at the rate of 5 ms-2. Determine
whether they avert collision or not.
25. A railway car of mass 20 tonnes moves with an initial speed of 54km/hr. On applying brakes, a constant negative [3]
acceleration of 0.3m/s2 is produced.
i. What is the breaking force acting on the car?
ii. In what time it will stop?
iii. What distance will be covered by the car before it finally stops?
26. What is a refrigerator? Draw a schematic representation of a refrigerator. [3]
27. A monkey of mass 40 kg climbs on a rope which can stand a maximum tension 600 N. In which of the following [3]
cases will the rope break?
The monkey

a. climbs up with an acceleration of 6m/s2

b. climbs down with an acceleration of 4m/s2

c. climbs up with a uniform speed of 5m/s

d. falls down the rope freely under gravity. Take g = 10m/s2 and ignore the mass of the rope.
28. The flow rate of water is 0.58 L/mm from a tap of diameter of 1.30 cm. After some time, the flow rate is [3]
increased to 4 L/min. Determine the nature of the flow for both the flow rates. The coefficient of viscosity of
water is 10-3Pa - s and the density of water is 103 kg/m3.
OR
Calculate the radius of new bubble formed when two bubbles of radius r1 and r2 coalesce?

Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [4]
Potential energy is the energy stored within an object, due to the object's position, arrangement or state. Potential
energy is one of the two main forms of energy, along with kinetic energy. Potential energy depends on the force
acting on the two objects.

Page 4 of 17
 (a) A body is falling freely under the action of gravity alone in a vacuum. Which of the following quantities
remain constant during the fall?

a) mechanical energy b) Electrical energy

c) potential energy d) kinetic energy

(b) Work done by a conservative force is positive, if

a) potential energy decreases b) kinetic energy increases

c) potential energy increases d) kinetic energy decreases

(c) When does the potential energy of a spring increase?

a) only when spring is compressed b) only when spring is moved

c) both only when spring is stretched and d) only when spring is stretched
compressed
OR
A vehicle of mass 5000 kg climbs up a hill of 10 m. The potential energy gained by it

a) 5 × 104 b) 5 × 105 J

c) 500 J d) 5 J
(d) Dimension of k/m is, here k is the force constant

a) T2 b) T-2

c) T-1 d) T1

30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [4]
Root mean square velocity (RMS value)is the square root of the mean of squares of the velocity of individual
gas molecules and the Average velocity is the arithmetic mean of the velocities of different molecules of a gas at
a given temperature.

(a) Moon has no atmosphere because:

Page 5 of 17
 a) the escape velocity of the moon’s b) it is far away from the surface of the
surface is more than the r.m.s velocity earth
of all molecules

c) the r.m.s. velocity of all the gas d) its surface temperature is 10oC
molecules is more than the escape
velocity of the moon’s surface
CP
(b) For an ideal gas, is
CV

a) ≤ 1 b) none of these

c) > 1 d) < 1
–
(c) The root means square velocity of hydrogen is √5 times that of nitrogen. If T is the temperature of the gas
then:

a) T(H2) = T(N2) b) T(H2) < T(N2)

c) T(H2) ≠ T(N2) d) T(H2) > T(N2)

(d) Suppose the temperature of the gas is tripled and N2 molecules dissociate into an atom. Then what will be

the rms speed of atom:

– –
a) v 0 √2 b) v0 √6

–
c) v 0 √3 d) v0

OR
The velocities of the molecules are v, 2v, 3v, 4v & 5v. The RMS speed will be:

a) 11 v b) v(12)11

c) v d) v(11)12

Section E
31. A cylindrical log of wood of height h and area of cross-section A floats in a liquid. It is pressed and then [5]
released. Show that the log would execute S.H.M. with a time period.
−−−
m
T = 2π√
Aρg

Where m is mass of the body and ρ is the density of the liquid.

OR
Explain the total energy in simple harmonic motion and show the graphical representation of energy in SHM.
32. A projectile is projected horizontally with a velocity u. Show that its trajectory is parabolic. And obtain [5]
expressions for:
i. Time of flight
ii. Horizontal range
iii. Velocity at any instant t.
OR
A particle falling vertically from a height hits a plane surface inclined to horizontal at an angle with speed v and
0

rebounds elastically as shown in the figure. Find the distance along the plane where it will hit the second time.

Page 6 of 17
 Hint:
i. After rebound, particle still has speed V0 to start.

ii. Work out angle particle speed has with horizontal after it rebounds.
iii. Rest is similar to if particle is projected up the incline.]
33. From a uniform disk of radius R, a circular hole of radius R

2
is cut out. The centre of the hole is at R

2
from the [5]
centre of the original disc. Locate the centre of gravity of the resulting flat body.
OR
Derive an expression for the moment of inertia of a thin uniform rod about an axis passing through its one end and
perpendicular to its length. Also determine the radius of gyration about the same axis.

Page 7 of 17
 Solution
Section A
1.
(c) 103 dyne
Explanation: As, dimensional formula of force = [MLT-2]
n1 = 36, M1 = 1 kg, L1 = 1m, T1 = 1min = 60s
n2 = ?, M2 = 1g, L2 = 1 cm, T2 = 1s
So, conversion of 36 units into CGS system
a b c
M1 L1 T1
i.e., n2 = n1[ M2
] [
L2
] [
T2
]

1 1 −2
1 kg
n2 = n1[ 1 g
] [
1 m

1 cm
] [
1 min

1 s
]

1 −2

= 103 dyne
1000 g
= 36[ 1 g
][
100 cm

1 cm
] [
60 s

1 s
]

2.
(b) 36 Hz
Explanation: the beat frequency is given by
fbeat = f1 − f2
4 = f1 − f2 → (1)
also frequency
f∝ 1

L
f1 L2
=
f2 L1

f1
=
40

50
→ (2)
f2

on solving equation 1 and 2

f1 = 16 Hz
f2 = -20 Hz
|f1 - f2| = 36 Hz

3. (a) 3.54 cm
Explanation: M.I. of a disc about the central perpendicular axis, M k 2
=
1

2
2
MR

R
∴ k = = 0.707 R = 0.707 × 5 cm
√2

= 3.54 cm.
4.
(b) p av =
F

Explanation: If F is the magnitude of the normal force acting over an area A, then the average pressure p is defined as the
normal force acting per unit area.
F
pav =
A

5.
3

L2
(c) D( days
2
)
L1

Explanation: According to Kepler's law of periods,

3

T2 ∝ r3 ⇒ T ∝ r 2

D L2
2
= ( )
D 4

L2
days
′ 2
⇒ D = D( )
L1

6.
(c) only ii

Page 8 of 17
 Explanation: ω = 600π or n1 = 1
600π

2π
= 300 s-1

ω2 = 608π or n2 = 600π

2π
= 304 s-1

∴ Number of beats = n2 - n1 = 304 - 300 = 4s-1

2 2
Imax a2 + a1 5 + 4
Intensity ratio = Imin
= (
a2 − a1
) = (
5 − 4
) =
81

7. (a) 6
Explanation: Initial velocity is given by, u = 2 m/s
Final velocity is given by , = v m/s
Time duration is = final time - initial time = 2 - 0 = 2 s
Acceleration, a = 2 m/s​2
We know, v = u + at
⇒ v = 2 + 2 × 2

⇒ v = 6 m/s

8.
(b) 1 cm
Explanation: The frequency of ultrasonic waves is above 20000Hz and the speed of waves in air is 330 m/s.
v
λ =
f

330
λ =
20000

λ = 1 cm
9.
ρ −ρ
(c) ρ−ρ1
2

Explanation: Let V1 and V2 be the volumes of the parts of the sphere immersed in liquids of densities ρ and ρ respectively.
1 2

According to the law of floatation,

Weight of sphere = Weight of liquid 1 displaced + Weight of liquid 2 displaced
V ρg = V1 ρ1 g + V2 ρ2 g

⇒ (V1 + V2)ρg = V 1 ρ1 g + V2 ρ2 g

⇒ V1 (ρ − ρ1 ) = V2 (ρ2 − ρ)
V1 ρ2 −ρ
∴ =
V2 ρ−ρ
1

10.
−1

(c) ρ 2

Explanation: The time period T of the artificial satellite of earth depends on average density ρ of earth.
11.
(c) 2 m
Explanation:
Suppose the rod is placed along .x-axis. Consider a small element of thickness dx at distance x from its left end.
As the mass acting per unit length is directly proportional to distance x from one end, mass of the small element is dm = kx dx

The position of CM of the rod will be

3
∫ xdm
0
xCM =
3
∫ dm
0
3 2
∫ kx dx
0
=
3
∫ kxdx
0
3
3
x
[ ]
3
27
= 2m
0 2
= = ×
3 3 9
x2
[ ]
2
0

12. (a) B to A
Explanation: Heat always flows from a body at higher temperature to a body at lower temperature.

Page 9 of 17
13. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation: Kinetic energy, E = mv 1

2
2

Differentiating both sides,

ΔE Δm 2Δv
= +
E m v

ΔE

E
=
1

100
+ 2 ×
2

100
=
100
5
= 5%

14.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
15.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: According to Kepler's law of planetary motion, a planet revolves around the sun in such a way that its areal
velocity is constant. i.e. it move faster, when it is closer the sun and vice-versa.
16. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: As A⃗ ⋅ B⃗ = B⃗ ⋅ C ⃗ ⇒ AB cosθ = BC cosθ 1 2

⇒ A = C, only when θ = θ 1 2

so when angle between A⃗ and B⃗ is equal to angle between B⃗ and C ,⃗ only then A⃗ equal to C .⃗
Section B
17. Length of the steel wire, l = 12 m
Mass of the steel wire, m = 2.10 kg
Velocity of the transverse wave, v = 343 m/s
Mass per unit length, μ = =
m
= 0.175kgm
l
2.10

12
−1

For tension T, the velocity of the transverse wave can be obtained using the relation:
−
−
T
v = √
μ
here T is tension in the wire
2
∴ T = v μ

2 4
= (343) × 0.175 = 20588.575 ≈ 206 × 10 N

18. i. 1 hour = 3600 sec so that 1 sec = 1/3600 hour

1 km = 1000 m so that 1 m = 1/1000 km
3.0 m s–2 = 3.0 (1/1000 km)( 1/3600 hour )-2
= 3.9 × 104 km/hr2
ii. 6.67 10-11Nm2/kg2 = g-1cm3s-2
−11 −1 3 −2
= 6.67 × 10 kg m s

−11 3 2 3
= 6.67 × 10 × 10 × (10 )

−8 −1 3 −2
= 6.67 × 10 g cm s

19. Let m = K F a b
L T
c

Substituting the dimension of, [F ] = [M LT −2

] , [L] = [L] and [T ] = [T ] , we have
[M] = [MLT-2]a[L]b[T]c
[M] = MaLa+ bT-2a + c
On equating the powers on both sides, we get
a = 1, a + b = 0, -2a + c = 0
Solvign these equations, we get
a = 1, b = -1 and c = 2
Hence, dimensions of mass M are [F1L-1T2].
20. The speed will be same for both block
so let us consider the block 1
Here the force on the block is
F = (m1-m2) g = (12 - 10) × 9.8 = 19.6 N
F
So the acceleration of the system is a = m1 − m2
= 0.6125
So the speed after 3 s will be 0.6125 × 3 = 1.84ms-1

Page 10 of 17
 −GMm
21. Potential energy of the body on the surface of the earth = R

Potential energy at a height h from the surface of the earth = - GMm

(R+h)

W ork done = (−
GMm

R+h
) - (− GMm

R
)

= GMm

R
- GMm

R+h

1 1
= GM m ( − )
R R+h

2
GMmh Mg R h GM
= R(R+h)
= R(R+h)
[∵ g =
2
]
R

(Mgh)R Mgh
= (R+h)
= h
1+
R

OR
Given ρ = 5.5 g/cc
−3

= 5.5 × 103 kg/m3

5.5× 10 Kg
=
−2 3
(10 m)

R = 6400 Km = 6.4 × 106 m

3×9.8
∴ G =
6 3
4×3.14×(6.4× 10 )×5.5× 10

10-11
2

= 6.6 × Nm

2
kg

Section C
22. The physical significance of Reynold's number. Consider a narrow tube having a cross-sectional area A Suppose a fluid flows
through it with a velocity v for a time interval Δt.
Length of the fluid = Velocity × time = v Δt
The volume of the fluid flowing through the tube in time Δt = Av Δt
Mass of the fluid,
Δ m = Volume × density = Av Δt × ρ
The inertial force acting per unit area of the fluid
Rate of change of momentum
= F

A
=
A
AvΔtρ×v
= Δm×v
= = ρv
2

Δt×A Δt×A

Viscous force per unit area of the fluid

= η× velocity gradient = η D
v

2
Inertial force per unit area ρv ρvD

Viscous force per unit area

= =
η
= Re
ηv/D

Thus Reynold's number represents the ratio of the inertial force per unit area to the viscous force per unit area.
23. Suppose m1 and m2 be the masses of ice melted at the same time (t = 1 min) in vessels A and B, respectively.
The amounts of heat flowed into the two vessels will be
K1 A( T1 − T2 )t
Q1 = = m1 L
x

K2 A( T1 − T2 )t
Q2 = = m2 L
x

where L is latent heat of ice.

Dividing Equation (i) by Equation (ii)
K1 m1 100g
⇒
K2
=
m2
=
150g
=
2

3
=2:3
24. For the first car:
u = 72 kmh-1 = 20 ms-1, v = 0, a = - 5 ms-2
As v2 - u2 = 2 as
∴ 02 - 202 = 2 (-5) s1
Distance covered by first car, s1 = 40 m
For the second car:
u = 60 kmh-1 = 60 × 5

18

= 50

3
ms-1, v = 0, a = -5 ms-2
As v2 - u2 = 2as
2
50
∴ 0
2
− (
3
) = 2(-5) s2
Distance covered by second car,

Page 11 of 17
 s2 = 2500

9 × 10
= 27.78 m
Total distance covered by the two cars
= s1 + s2 = 40 + 27.78 = 67.78 m
As this distance is less than the initial distance (= 80 m) between the two cars, so the collision will be averted.
5
25. Mass of the railway car,m = 20 tonnes = 20 × 1000 kg=20 × 10 kg , Initial speed ,u = 54 km/hr = 54 × =15 m/s
4

18

Negative acceleration,a = -0.3 m/s2

a. Breaking force acting on the car ,F = -ma
4 −2
F = −(2 × 10 kg) × (−0.3ms )

F = 6000N

b. When the railway car stops, its final velocity is zero.

i.e. v = 0
Using the relation: v − u = at
⇒ 0 = 15 + (−0.3)t

⇒ t = 50s

c. Using the relation : v 2

− u
2
= 2as

2
⇒ 0 − (15) = 2(−0.3)s

⇒ s = 375m

26. A refrigerator or a heat pump is a heat engine working in reverse direction.

In the refrigerator, we have 2 bodies, lower temperature (cold) body which is freezer and higher temperature (hot) body which is
surroundings. It takes heat from the cold reservoir and then some work is done on the refrigerator and then the amount of heat is
transferred to the hot reservoir. Let Q2 be the heat takes from the cold reservoir, W is the work done on the system and then
releases Q1 amount of heat to the hot reservoir.
Mathematically, Q2 + W = Q1
The schematic representation of a refrigerator has been shown in the following Figure. Here the refrigerator extracts heat Q2 from
a cold reservoir at temperature T2, work W is done on it and finally, it rejects Q1 (= Q2 + W) heat to surroundings (hot reservoir)
maintained at a higher temperature T1.

The efficiency of the refrigerator can be calculated from the coefficient of performance of the refrigerator,
Q2
α =
Q −Q
1 2

27. mass of the monkey, m = 40kg,

Tensile strength of the rope, T = 600N (max tension rope can hold without breaking)
Here, the rope will break if reaction (R) exceeds the tension (T) applied, i.e. R > T
a. a = 6m/s2
For upward accelerated motion the net acceleration is (g + a) instead of g, hence R = m (g + a) = 40 (10 + 6) = 640 N.
Therefore the rope will break, as R > T
b. a = 4m/s2
For downward accelerated motion the net acceleration is (g - a) instead of g, hence R = m (g – a) = 40 (10 – 6) = 240 N.
Therefore the rope will not break as R < T
c. v= 5m/s (constant) a = 0
R = mg = 40 × 10 = 400 N. Therefore the rope will not break as R < T
d. For freefall, net acceleration on the body is zero, a = g; R = m (g – a) = m (g – g). Therefore R = zero (Rope will not break)
28. Given, diameter, D = 1.30cm = 1.3 × 10 m −2

Coefficient of viscosity of water, η = 10 P a − s −3

Density of water, ρ = 10 kg/m 3 3

The volume of the water flowing out per second is

r2 = vπ
2
D
V = vA = v × π
4

Page 12 of 17
 ρvD 4pv
Reynold’s number, Re = η
= ηπD
−3 3

Case I When V = 0.58L/min =

0.58×10

1×60s
m

−6 3 −1
= 9.67 × 10 m s
3 −6
4× 10 ×9.67× 10
Re = −3 −2
= 948
10 ×3.14×1.3× 10

∵ Re < 1000 , so the flow is steady or streamline

Case II When V = 4L/min
−3

= 4×10

60
m s
3 −1
= 6.67 ×10
−5
m s
3 −1

3 −5
4× 10 ×6.67× 10
Re = −3 −2
= 6536
10 ×3.14×1.3× 10

∵ Re > 3000, so the flow will be turbulent.

OR
3 3
4π r 4π r

Consider two soap bubbles of radii r and r and volumes as V and V . Thus V
1 2 1 2 1 =
3
1
and V2 =
3
2
. Let S be the
surface tension of the soap solution. If P1 and P2 are excess pressure inside the two soap bubbles then P 1 =
4S

r1
; P2 =
4S

r2
. Let r
be the radius of the new soap bubble formed when the two soap bubble coalesces under isothermal conditions. If V and P are
4S
volume and excess of pressure inside the new soap bubble then V =
4

3
3
πr P =
r
. As the new bubble is formed under
isothermal condition, so Boyle’s law holds good and hence
P1V1 + P2V2 = PV
4S 4 3 4S 4 3 4S 4 3
( × πr ) + ( × πr ) = × πr
r1 3 1 r2 3 2 r 3

2 2 2
(16 × S × π × r ) + (16 × S × π × r ) = 16Sπr
1 2
−−−−−−
2 2
r = √r + r
1 2

Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Potential energy is the energy stored within an object, due to the object's position, arrangement or state. Potential energy is one of
the two main forms of energy, along with kinetic energy. Potential energy depends on the force acting on the two objects.

(i) (a) mechanical energy

Explanation: mechanical energy
(ii) (a) potential energy decreases
Explanation: potential energy decreases
(iii) (c) both only when spring is stretched and compressed
Explanation: both only when spring is stretched and compressed
OR

(b) 5 × 105 J
Explanation: 5 × 105 J
(iv) (b) T-2
Explanation: T-2
30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Root mean square velocity (RMS value)is the square root of the mean of squares of the velocity of individual gas molecules and
the Average velocity is the arithmetic mean of the velocities of different molecules of a gas at a given temperature.

Page 13 of 17
 (i) (c) the r.m.s. velocity of all the gas molecules is more than the escape velocity of the moon’s surface
Explanation: The r.m.s. velocity of all the gas molecules is more than the escape velocity of the moon’s surface.
(ii) (c) > 1
Explanation: > 1
(iii) (b) T(H2) < T(N2)
Explanation: T(H2) < T(N2)
–
(iv) (b) v √6
0

–
Explanation: v 0 √6

OR

(d) v(11)12
Explanation: v(11)12
Section E
31. When the block is pressed downward into the liquid then an upward Buoyant force (B.F.) acts on it which moves the block
upward and it moves upward from its mean position due to inertia and then again come down due to gravity. So the net restoring
force on the block is given by = Buoyant force on the log by the liquid – weight of the log of wood

Say, V is = the volume of liquid displaced by the block

When the block floats then,
Weight of the block is given by, mg = buoyant force by the liquid or mg = V ρg , [V ρg is the weight of the displaced liquid by
the block]
mg = Ax0 ρg ...(i) [x0 = is the depth of the block into the liquid just before the block is pressed and volume displaced by the
liquid, V = Ax0]
A is the area of cross-section
x = is the depth of the block into the liquid due to its own weight
0

Let x height again dip in liquid when pressed into it. Hence total height of block into the liquid = (x + x 0)

So net force acting upward on the block is given by = [A (x + x )] ρ ⋅ g − mg

0

Fnet = Ax0 ρg + Axρg − Ax0 ρg

Frestoring = − Fnet = −Axρg

(as Buoyant force is upward and displacement of the block, x is directed downwards)
∴ Frestoring ∝ −x

So motion is SHM with proportional constant k = Aρg

Again from SHM equation, a = −ω x ....(i) 2

Frestoring = −Aρgx

⇒ ma = −Aρgx
−Aρgx −Aρgx
⇒ a=
m
⇒ −ω x =
2
m
[putting the value of a from equation (i)]
Aρg
2
∴ ω =
m

Page 14 of 17
 with k = Aρg and ω = 2π

T
2
Aρg −−− −−−
​Hence, ( 2π

T
) =
m
⇒
T

2π
= √
m
⇒ T = 2π√
m

Aρg Aρg

OR
The total energy of the system of a block and a spring is equal to the sum of the potential energy stored in the spring plus the
kinetic energy of the block and is proportional to the square of the amplitude.
1 2 2 2 1 2 2
mω (A −x )+ mω x
2 2

mω A2
1
E= 2
2

Hence, the total energy of the particle in SHM is constant and it is independent of the instantaneous displacement. Relationship
between potential energy, kinetic energy, and time in Simple Harmonic Motion at t = 0, when x = ± A.

32. Projectile fired parallel to horizontal. As shown in figure, suppose a body is projected horizontally with velocity u from a point
O at a certain height h above the ground level. The body is under the influence of two simultaneous independent motions:
i. Uniform horizontal velocity u.
ii. Vertically downward accelerated motion with constant acceleration g.
Under the combined effect of the above two motions, the body moves along the path OPA.

Trajectory of the projectile. After the time t, suppose the body reaches the point P (x, y).
The horizontal distance covered by the body in time t is
x = ut ∴ t = x

The vertical distance travelled by the body in time t is given by

s = ut + at 1

2
2

or y = 0 × t + 1

2
gt
2
=
1

2
gt
2
[For vertical motion, u = 0]
1 x 2 g x
or y = 2
g(
u
) = (
2
)x
2
[∵ t =
u
]
2u

or y = kx2 [Here k =
g

2
= a constant]
2u

As y is a quadratic function of x, so the trajectory of the projectile is a parabola.

Time of flight. It is the total time for which the projectile remains in its flight (from O to A). Let T be its time of flight.
For the vertical downward motion of the body, we use
1 1
s = ut +
2
at
2
or h = = 0 × T +
2
gT
2

−−
or T − √
2h

Horizontal range. It is the horizontal distance covered by the projectile during its time of flight. It is equal to OA = R. Thus
R = Horizontal velocity × time of flight = u × T
−−
or R = u√ 2h

Velocity of the projectile at any instant. At the instant t (when the body is at point P), let the velocity of the projectile be v. The
velocity v has two rectangular components:
Horizontal component of velocity, vx = u
Vertical component of velocity, vy = 0 + gt = gt

Page 15 of 17
 ∴ The resultant velocity at point P is
−− −−−−
2 2
−−−−−−−−
2 2 2
v = √vx + vy = √u + g t

If the velocity v makes an angle p with the horizontal, then

vy gt
tan β = =
vx u

gt
or β = tan −1
(
u
)

OR
From the figure resolving the components of v0 and g, we get

vx = v0 sin θ and v y = υ0 cos θ

g = gcosθ ,g = gsinθ acting vertically downwards

x y

Consider the motion of particle from O to A in new YOY’ axis.

1
y = uy t +
2
ay t
2
​
Where, z = 0, vy = v0 cos θ, ay = −g sin θ ​
∴ t = T ( time of flight ) , y = 0​​
⇒ 0 = v0 cos θT −
1

2
g sin θT ​ 2

2v0 cos θ
⇒ T =
g cos θ
​
2v0
T =
g

Now consider the motion along OX axis.​​

2v0
x = L, ux = v0 sin θ, ax = g sin θ, t = T =
g
​
x = ux t +
1

2
ax t
2
​
2
2v5 2v0
L= [
g
] v0 sin θ +
1

2
g sin θ[
g
] ​
2 2
2υ 4v

L=
g
0
sin θ +
1

2
g sin θ ⋅
0

2
​
g

2 2
2v 4v

=
g
0
[sin θ + sin θ] =
g
0
sinθ ​
2
4v

.
0
⇒L = sin θ
g

2
4v

Hence the value of L is​​ g

0
sin θ ​.
33. The centre of mass of an object is the point at which the object can be balanced. Mathematically, it is the point at which the
torques from the mass elements of an object sum to zero. The centre of mass is useful because problems can often be simplified
by treating a collection of masses as one mass at their common centre of mass. The weight of the object then acts through this
point.
To solve this problem, first we assume that the whole disc was present whose centre of mass lies at the origin from which a small
disc was cut out. So CM of remaining portion and cut out disc will lie exactly at the origin i.e Centre of Mass of the original disc
at x = 0
Mass per unit area of the original disc = σ
Radius of the original disc = R
Mass of the original disc, M = πR σ 2

The disc with the cut portion is shown in the following figure:

Page 16 of 17
Radius of the smaller disc = R

2
2

Mass of the smaller disc, M ′

= π(
R

2
) σ =
1

4
2
πR σ =
M

Let O and O' be the respective centers of the original disc and the disc cut off from the original. As per the definition of the centre
of mass, the centre of mass of the original disc is supposed to be concentrated at O, while that of the smaller disc is supposed to be
concentrated at O'.
It is given that:
′ R
OO =
2

After the smaller disc has been cut from the original, the remaining portion is considered to be a system of two masses. The two
masses are:
M (concentrated at O), and
(− M
′
=
M

4
) concentrated at O'
(The negative sign indicates that this portion has been removed from the original disc.)
Let x be the distance through which the centre of mass of the remaining portion shifts from point O.
The relation between the centers of masses of two masses is given as:
m1 r1 + m2 r2
x =
m1 + m2

For the given system

R
M×0−M×( )

(here M' is M/4 )

2
x =
′
M+(− M )

−M R
×
4 2 −MR 4 −R
= = × =
M 8 3M 6
M−
4
R
Note that shift in Centre of Mass is very less(only 0.16 R or 6
) as removed portion has very less mass as compared to the
remaining portion.
(The negative sign indicates that the centre of mass gets shifted toward the left of point O and lies at R

6
left towards origin.)
OR
M.I. of a thin uniform rod about a perpendicular axis through its one end.
Let a thin uniform rod AB of length L and mass M, which can rotate about an axis YY' passing through its one end A and
perpendicular to its length, as shown in Fig.

M
Mass per unit length of the rod = L

Consider a small element of length dx of the rod at a distance x from the end A
Mass of this small length element = dx M

Moment of inertia of the small element about the axis YY',

dl = Mass × (distance)2 = M

L
dx ⋅ x
2

The moment of inertia of the whole rod about the axis YY' can be obtained by as under
L M 2 M L 2
I = ∫ dI = ∫ dx ⋅ x = ∫ x dx
0 L L 0
L
3 L 3 2
M x M M ML ML
=
L
[
3
] =
3L
3
[x ]
0
=
3L
[L
3
− 0] =
3L
or I = 3
0

Radius of gyration. Let k be the radius of gyration of the rod about the axis YY'. Then
2
ML 2
= Mk
3
2

or k 2
=
L

or k = L

√3

Thus the radius of gyration of the rod about an axis passing through its one end and perpendicular to its length is L

√3

Page 17 of 17
 Class XI Session 2024-25
Subject - Physics
Sample Question Paper - 2

Time Allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions:

1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.

2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E. All the sections

are compulsory.

3. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion Reasoning based of 1 mark each, Section B

contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D

contains two case study-based questions of four marks each and Section E contains three long answer questions of

five marks each.

4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in section B, C, D and E. You have to

attempt only one of the choices in such questions.

5. Use of calculators is not allowed.

Section A
1. When 1 m, 1 kg and 1 min are taken as the fundamental units, the magnitude of the force is 36 units. What will [1]
be the value of this force in CGS system?

a) 104 dyne b) 108 dyne

c) 103 dyne d) 105 dyne

2. A tuning fork produces 4 beats/sec. with 50 cm and 40 cm of a stretched wire, of a sonometer. The frequency of [1]
fork is:

a) 90 Hz b) 36 Hz

c) 110 Hz d) 50 Hz
3. The radius of gyration of a disc of mass 100 g and radius 5 cm about an axis passing through its centre of gravity [1]
and perpendicular to the plane is

a) 3.54 cm b) 2.51 cm

c) 6.54 cm d) 1.52 cm
4. Average pressure pav is defined as [1]

a) p av =
A

F
b) pav =
F

c) p av =
F

V
d) pav =
V

5. Average distance of the earth frorn the sun is L1. If one year of the earth = D days, one year of another planet [1]

Page 1 of 17
 whose average distance from the sun is L2 will be:
1 2

a) L2 b) L2
days
2 3

D( ) D( )
L1 L1

c) L2 d) D(
L2
)
days
2

D( ) L1
L1

6. Two sources of sound placed close to each other, are emitting progressive waves given by y1 = 4 sin 600 πt and [1]

y2 = 5 sin 608 πt. An observer located near these two sources of sound will hear:

i. 8 beats per second with intensity ratio 81:1 between waxing and waning
ii. 4 beats per second with intensity ratio 81:1 between waxing and waning
iii. 4 beats per second with intensity ratio 25:16 between waxing and waning
iv. 8 beats per second with intensity ratio 25:16 between waxing and waning

a) i and ii b) only iv

c) only ii d) iii and iv

7. A truck has a velocity of 2 m/s at time t=0. It accelerates at 2 m / s on seeing police. What is its velocity in m/s
2
[1]
at a time of 2 sec?

a) 6 b) 3

c) 4 d) 7
8. The wavelength of ultrasonic waves in air is of the order of: [1]

a) 0.00000001 cm b) 1 cm

c) 0.1 cm d) 0.0001 cm
9. A solid sphere of volume V and density ρ floats at the interface of two immiscible liquids of densities ρ and ρ 1 2 [1]
respectively. If ρ 1 < ρ < ρ2 , then the ratio of the volume of the parts of the sphere in upper and lower liquids is
ρ+ρ2 ρ−ρ1
a) ρ+ρ
b) ρ −ρ
1 2

ρ2 −ρ ρ+ρ1
c) ρ−ρ
d) ρ+ρ
1 2

10. The time period of a satellite is related to the density of earth (ρ ) as: [1]
1

a) ρ b) ρ 2

−1 −3

c) ρ 2 d) ρ 2

11. A rod has length 3 m and its mass acting per unit length is directly proportional to distance x from one of its end, [1]
then its centre of gravity from that end will be at

a) 1.5 m b) 2.5 m

c) 2 m d) 3.0 m
12. A body A of mass 0.5 kg and specific heat 0.85 is at a temperature of 60 °C. Another body B of mass 0.3 kg and [1]
specific heat 0.9 is at a temperature of 90°C. When they are connected to a conducting rod, heat will flow from

a) B to A b) A to B

c) first A to B then B to A d) heat can't flow

13. Assertion: When percentage errors in the measurement of mass and velocity are 1% and 2% respectively, the [1]
percentage error in KE is 5%.

Page 2 of 17
 Reason: ΔE Δm 2Δv
= +
E m v

a) Assertion and reason both are correct b) Assertion and reason both are correct
statements and reason is correct explanation statements but reason is not correct
for assertion. explanation for assertion.

c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is
wrong statement. correct statement.
14. Assertion (A): State variables are required to specify the equilibrium state of the system. [1]
Reason (R): Pressure is an intensive state variable.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

15. Assertion (A): A planet moves faster, when it is closer to the sun in its orbit and vice versa. [1]
Reason (R): Orbital velocity in orbital of planet is constant.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

16. Assertion (A): If A⃗ ⋅ B⃗ = B⃗ ⋅ C ⃗ , then A⃗ may not always be equal to C .⃗ [1]
Reason (R): The dot product of two vectors involves cosine of the angle between the two vectors.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

Section B
17. A steel wire has a length of 12.0 m and a mass of 2.10 kg. What should be the tension in the wire so that the [2]
speed of a transverse wave on the wire equals the speed of sound in dry air at 20oC = 343 ms-1?
18. Convert: [2]

i. 3.0m/s2 = .............. km/hr2

ii. 6.67 10-11Nm2/kg2 = .............. g-1cm3s-2

19. If force F, length L and time T are taken as fundamental units then what will be the dimensions of mass? [2]
20. In the Atwood's machine (figure), the system starts from rest. What is the speed and distance moved by each [2]
mass at t = 3s?

21. Derive an expression for work done against gravity. [2]

OR

Page 3 of 17
 Assuming the earth to be a uniform sphere of radius 6400 km and density 5.5 gcm-3, find the value of g on its

surface. Given G = 6.66 × 10-11 Nm2kg-2.

Section C
22. Show that the Reynold's number represents the ratio of the inertial force per unit area to the viscous force per [3]
unit area.
23. Two vessels A and B of different materials but having identical shape, size and wall thickness are filled with ice [3]

and kept at the same place. Ice melts at the rate of 100 g min-1 and 150g min-1 in A and B, respectively.
Assuming that heat enters the vessels through the walls only, calculate the ratio of thermal conductivities of their
materials.

24. On a foggy day two drivers spot each other when they are just 80 metres apart. They are travelling at 72 km h-1 [3]

and 60 km h-1, respectively. Both of them applied brakes retarding their cars at the rate of 5 ms-2. Determine
whether they avert collision or not.
25. A railway car of mass 20 tonnes moves with an initial speed of 54km/hr. On applying brakes, a constant negative [3]
acceleration of 0.3m/s2 is produced.
i. What is the breaking force acting on the car?
ii. In what time it will stop?
iii. What distance will be covered by the car before it finally stops?
26. What is a refrigerator? Draw a schematic representation of a refrigerator. [3]
27. A monkey of mass 40 kg climbs on a rope which can stand a maximum tension 600 N. In which of the following [3]
cases will the rope break?
The monkey

a. climbs up with an acceleration of 6m/s2

b. climbs down with an acceleration of 4m/s2

c. climbs up with a uniform speed of 5m/s

d. falls down the rope freely under gravity. Take g = 10m/s2 and ignore the mass of the rope.
28. The flow rate of water is 0.58 L/mm from a tap of diameter of 1.30 cm. After some time, the flow rate is [3]
increased to 4 L/min. Determine the nature of the flow for both the flow rates. The coefficient of viscosity of
water is 10-3Pa - s and the density of water is 103 kg/m3.
OR
Calculate the radius of new bubble formed when two bubbles of radius r1 and r2 coalesce?

Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [4]
Potential energy is the energy stored within an object, due to the object's position, arrangement or state. Potential
energy is one of the two main forms of energy, along with kinetic energy. Potential energy depends on the force
acting on the two objects.

Page 4 of 17
 (a) A body is falling freely under the action of gravity alone in a vacuum. Which of the following quantities
remain constant during the fall?

a) mechanical energy b) Electrical energy

c) potential energy d) kinetic energy

(b) Work done by a conservative force is positive, if

a) potential energy decreases b) kinetic energy increases

c) potential energy increases d) kinetic energy decreases

(c) When does the potential energy of a spring increase?

a) only when spring is compressed b) only when spring is moved

c) both only when spring is stretched and d) only when spring is stretched
compressed
OR
A vehicle of mass 5000 kg climbs up a hill of 10 m. The potential energy gained by it

a) 5 × 104 b) 5 × 105 J

c) 500 J d) 5 J
(d) Dimension of k/m is, here k is the force constant

a) T2 b) T-2

c) T-1 d) T1

30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [4]
Root mean square velocity (RMS value)is the square root of the mean of squares of the velocity of individual
gas molecules and the Average velocity is the arithmetic mean of the velocities of different molecules of a gas at
a given temperature.

(a) Moon has no atmosphere because:

Page 5 of 17
 a) the escape velocity of the moon’s b) it is far away from the surface of the
surface is more than the r.m.s velocity earth
of all molecules

c) the r.m.s. velocity of all the gas d) its surface temperature is 10oC
molecules is more than the escape
velocity of the moon’s surface
CP
(b) For an ideal gas, is
CV

a) ≤ 1 b) none of these

c) > 1 d) < 1
–
(c) The root means square velocity of hydrogen is √5 times that of nitrogen. If T is the temperature of the gas
then:

a) T(H2) = T(N2) b) T(H2) < T(N2)

c) T(H2) ≠ T(N2) d) T(H2) > T(N2)

(d) Suppose the temperature of the gas is tripled and N2 molecules dissociate into an atom. Then what will be

the rms speed of atom:

– –
a) v 0 √2 b) v0 √6

–
c) v 0 √3 d) v0

OR
The velocities of the molecules are v, 2v, 3v, 4v & 5v. The RMS speed will be:

a) 11 v b) v(12)11

c) v d) v(11)12

Section E
31. A cylindrical log of wood of height h and area of cross-section A floats in a liquid. It is pressed and then [5]
released. Show that the log would execute S.H.M. with a time period.
−−−
m
T = 2π√
Aρg

Where m is mass of the body and ρ is the density of the liquid.

OR
Explain the total energy in simple harmonic motion and show the graphical representation of energy in SHM.
32. A projectile is projected horizontally with a velocity u. Show that its trajectory is parabolic. And obtain [5]
expressions for:
i. Time of flight
ii. Horizontal range
iii. Velocity at any instant t.
OR
A particle falling vertically from a height hits a plane surface inclined to horizontal at an angle with speed v and
0

rebounds elastically as shown in the figure. Find the distance along the plane where it will hit the second time.

Page 6 of 17
 Hint:
i. After rebound, particle still has speed V0 to start.

ii. Work out angle particle speed has with horizontal after it rebounds.
iii. Rest is similar to if particle is projected up the incline.]
33. From a uniform disk of radius R, a circular hole of radius R

2
is cut out. The centre of the hole is at R

2
from the [5]
centre of the original disc. Locate the centre of gravity of the resulting flat body.
OR
Derive an expression for the moment of inertia of a thin uniform rod about an axis passing through its one end and
perpendicular to its length. Also determine the radius of gyration about the same axis.

Page 7 of 17
 Solution
Section A
1.
(c) 103 dyne
Explanation: As, dimensional formula of force = [MLT-2]
n1 = 36, M1 = 1 kg, L1 = 1m, T1 = 1min = 60s
n2 = ?, M2 = 1g, L2 = 1 cm, T2 = 1s
So, conversion of 36 units into CGS system
a b c
M1 L1 T1
i.e., n2 = n1[ M2
] [
L2
] [
T2
]

1 1 −2
1 kg
n2 = n1[ 1 g
] [
1 m

1 cm
] [
1 min

1 s
]

1 −2

= 103 dyne
1000 g
= 36[ 1 g
][
100 cm

1 cm
] [
60 s

1 s
]

2.
(b) 36 Hz
Explanation: the beat frequency is given by
fbeat = f1 − f2
4 = f1 − f2 → (1)
also frequency
f∝ 1

L
f1 L2
=
f2 L1

f1
=
40

50
→ (2)
f2

on solving equation 1 and 2

f1 = 16 Hz
f2 = -20 Hz
|f1 - f2| = 36 Hz

3. (a) 3.54 cm
Explanation: M.I. of a disc about the central perpendicular axis, M k 2
=
1

2
2
MR

R
∴ k = = 0.707 R = 0.707 × 5 cm
√2

= 3.54 cm.
4.
(b) p av =
F

Explanation: If F is the magnitude of the normal force acting over an area A, then the average pressure p is defined as the
normal force acting per unit area.
F
pav =
A

5.
3

L2
(c) D( days
2
)
L1

Explanation: According to Kepler's law of periods,

3

T2 ∝ r3 ⇒ T ∝ r 2

D L2
2
= ( )
D 4

L2
days
′ 2
⇒ D = D( )
L1

6.
(c) only ii

Page 8 of 17
 Explanation: ω = 600π or n1 = 1
600π

2π
= 300 s-1

ω2 = 608π or n2 = 600π

2π
= 304 s-1

∴ Number of beats = n2 - n1 = 304 - 300 = 4s-1

2 2
Imax a2 + a1 5 + 4
Intensity ratio = Imin
= (
a2 − a1
) = (
5 − 4
) =
81

7. (a) 6
Explanation: Initial velocity is given by, u = 2 m/s
Final velocity is given by , = v m/s
Time duration is = final time - initial time = 2 - 0 = 2 s
Acceleration, a = 2 m/s​2
We know, v = u + at
⇒ v = 2 + 2 × 2

⇒ v = 6 m/s

8.
(b) 1 cm
Explanation: The frequency of ultrasonic waves is above 20000Hz and the speed of waves in air is 330 m/s.
v
λ =
f

330
λ =
20000

λ = 1 cm
9.
ρ −ρ
(c) ρ−ρ1
2

Explanation: Let V1 and V2 be the volumes of the parts of the sphere immersed in liquids of densities ρ and ρ respectively.
1 2

According to the law of floatation,

Weight of sphere = Weight of liquid 1 displaced + Weight of liquid 2 displaced
V ρg = V1 ρ1 g + V2 ρ2 g

⇒ (V1 + V2)ρg = V 1 ρ1 g + V2 ρ2 g

⇒ V1 (ρ − ρ1 ) = V2 (ρ2 − ρ)
V1 ρ2 −ρ
∴ =
V2 ρ−ρ
1

10.
−1

(c) ρ 2

Explanation: The time period T of the artificial satellite of earth depends on average density ρ of earth.
11.
(c) 2 m
Explanation:
Suppose the rod is placed along .x-axis. Consider a small element of thickness dx at distance x from its left end.
As the mass acting per unit length is directly proportional to distance x from one end, mass of the small element is dm = kx dx

The position of CM of the rod will be

3
∫ xdm
0
xCM =
3
∫ dm
0
3 2
∫ kx dx
0
=
3
∫ kxdx
0
3
3
x
[ ]
3
27
= 2m
0 2
= = ×
3 3 9
x2
[ ]
2
0

12. (a) B to A
Explanation: Heat always flows from a body at higher temperature to a body at lower temperature.

Page 9 of 17
13. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation: Kinetic energy, E = mv 1

2
2

Differentiating both sides,

ΔE Δm 2Δv
= +
E m v

ΔE

E
=
1

100
+ 2 ×
2

100
=
100
5
= 5%

14.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
15.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: According to Kepler's law of planetary motion, a planet revolves around the sun in such a way that its areal
velocity is constant. i.e. it move faster, when it is closer the sun and vice-versa.
16. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: As A⃗ ⋅ B⃗ = B⃗ ⋅ C ⃗ ⇒ AB cosθ = BC cosθ 1 2

⇒ A = C, only when θ = θ 1 2

so when angle between A⃗ and B⃗ is equal to angle between B⃗ and C ,⃗ only then A⃗ equal to C .⃗
Section B
17. Length of the steel wire, l = 12 m
Mass of the steel wire, m = 2.10 kg
Velocity of the transverse wave, v = 343 m/s
Mass per unit length, μ = =
m
= 0.175kgm
l
2.10

12
−1

For tension T, the velocity of the transverse wave can be obtained using the relation:
−
−
T
v = √
μ
here T is tension in the wire
2
∴ T = v μ

2 4
= (343) × 0.175 = 20588.575 ≈ 206 × 10 N

18. i. 1 hour = 3600 sec so that 1 sec = 1/3600 hour

1 km = 1000 m so that 1 m = 1/1000 km
3.0 m s–2 = 3.0 (1/1000 km)( 1/3600 hour )-2
= 3.9 × 104 km/hr2
ii. 6.67 10-11Nm2/kg2 = g-1cm3s-2
−11 −1 3 −2
= 6.67 × 10 kg m s

−11 3 2 3
= 6.67 × 10 × 10 × (10 )

−8 −1 3 −2
= 6.67 × 10 g cm s

19. Let m = K F a b
L T
c

Substituting the dimension of, [F ] = [M LT −2

] , [L] = [L] and [T ] = [T ] , we have
[M] = [MLT-2]a[L]b[T]c
[M] = MaLa+ bT-2a + c
On equating the powers on both sides, we get
a = 1, a + b = 0, -2a + c = 0
Solvign these equations, we get
a = 1, b = -1 and c = 2
Hence, dimensions of mass M are [F1L-1T2].
20. The speed will be same for both block
so let us consider the block 1
Here the force on the block is
F = (m1-m2) g = (12 - 10) × 9.8 = 19.6 N
F
So the acceleration of the system is a = m1 − m2
= 0.6125
So the speed after 3 s will be 0.6125 × 3 = 1.84ms-1

Page 10 of 17
 −GMm
21. Potential energy of the body on the surface of the earth = R

Potential energy at a height h from the surface of the earth = - GMm

(R+h)

W ork done = (−
GMm

R+h
) - (− GMm

R
)

= GMm

R
- GMm

R+h

1 1
= GM m ( − )
R R+h

2
GMmh Mg R h GM
= R(R+h)
= R(R+h)
[∵ g =
2
]
R

(Mgh)R Mgh
= (R+h)
= h
1+
R

OR
Given ρ = 5.5 g/cc
−3

= 5.5 × 103 kg/m3

5.5× 10 Kg
=
−2 3
(10 m)

R = 6400 Km = 6.4 × 106 m

3×9.8
∴ G =
6 3
4×3.14×(6.4× 10 )×5.5× 10

10-11
2

= 6.6 × Nm

2
kg

Section C
22. The physical significance of Reynold's number. Consider a narrow tube having a cross-sectional area A Suppose a fluid flows
through it with a velocity v for a time interval Δt.
Length of the fluid = Velocity × time = v Δt
The volume of the fluid flowing through the tube in time Δt = Av Δt
Mass of the fluid,
Δ m = Volume × density = Av Δt × ρ
The inertial force acting per unit area of the fluid
Rate of change of momentum
= F

A
=
A
AvΔtρ×v
= Δm×v
= = ρv
2

Δt×A Δt×A

Viscous force per unit area of the fluid

= η× velocity gradient = η D
v

2
Inertial force per unit area ρv ρvD

Viscous force per unit area

= =
η
= Re
ηv/D

Thus Reynold's number represents the ratio of the inertial force per unit area to the viscous force per unit area.
23. Suppose m1 and m2 be the masses of ice melted at the same time (t = 1 min) in vessels A and B, respectively.
The amounts of heat flowed into the two vessels will be
K1 A( T1 − T2 )t
Q1 = = m1 L
x

K2 A( T1 − T2 )t
Q2 = = m2 L
x

where L is latent heat of ice.

Dividing Equation (i) by Equation (ii)
K1 m1 100g
⇒
K2
=
m2
=
150g
=
2

3
=2:3
24. For the first car:
u = 72 kmh-1 = 20 ms-1, v = 0, a = - 5 ms-2
As v2 - u2 = 2 as
∴ 02 - 202 = 2 (-5) s1
Distance covered by first car, s1 = 40 m
For the second car:
u = 60 kmh-1 = 60 × 5

18

= 50

3
ms-1, v = 0, a = -5 ms-2
As v2 - u2 = 2as
2
50
∴ 0
2
− (
3
) = 2(-5) s2
Distance covered by second car,

Page 11 of 17
 s2 = 2500

9 × 10
= 27.78 m
Total distance covered by the two cars
= s1 + s2 = 40 + 27.78 = 67.78 m
As this distance is less than the initial distance (= 80 m) between the two cars, so the collision will be averted.
5
25. Mass of the railway car,m = 20 tonnes = 20 × 1000 kg=20 × 10 kg , Initial speed ,u = 54 km/hr = 54 × =15 m/s
4

18

Negative acceleration,a = -0.3 m/s2

a. Breaking force acting on the car ,F = -ma
4 −2
F = −(2 × 10 kg) × (−0.3ms )

F = 6000N

b. When the railway car stops, its final velocity is zero.

i.e. v = 0
Using the relation: v − u = at
⇒ 0 = 15 + (−0.3)t

⇒ t = 50s

c. Using the relation : v 2

− u
2
= 2as

2
⇒ 0 − (15) = 2(−0.3)s

⇒ s = 375m

26. A refrigerator or a heat pump is a heat engine working in reverse direction.

In the refrigerator, we have 2 bodies, lower temperature (cold) body which is freezer and higher temperature (hot) body which is
surroundings. It takes heat from the cold reservoir and then some work is done on the refrigerator and then the amount of heat is
transferred to the hot reservoir. Let Q2 be the heat takes from the cold reservoir, W is the work done on the system and then
releases Q1 amount of heat to the hot reservoir.
Mathematically, Q2 + W = Q1
The schematic representation of a refrigerator has been shown in the following Figure. Here the refrigerator extracts heat Q2 from
a cold reservoir at temperature T2, work W is done on it and finally, it rejects Q1 (= Q2 + W) heat to surroundings (hot reservoir)
maintained at a higher temperature T1.

The efficiency of the refrigerator can be calculated from the coefficient of performance of the refrigerator,
Q2
α =
Q −Q
1 2

27. mass of the monkey, m = 40kg,

Tensile strength of the rope, T = 600N (max tension rope can hold without breaking)
Here, the rope will break if reaction (R) exceeds the tension (T) applied, i.e. R > T
a. a = 6m/s2
For upward accelerated motion the net acceleration is (g + a) instead of g, hence R = m (g + a) = 40 (10 + 6) = 640 N.
Therefore the rope will break, as R > T
b. a = 4m/s2
For downward accelerated motion the net acceleration is (g - a) instead of g, hence R = m (g – a) = 40 (10 – 6) = 240 N.
Therefore the rope will not break as R < T
c. v= 5m/s (constant) a = 0
R = mg = 40 × 10 = 400 N. Therefore the rope will not break as R < T
d. For freefall, net acceleration on the body is zero, a = g; R = m (g – a) = m (g – g). Therefore R = zero (Rope will not break)
28. Given, diameter, D = 1.30cm = 1.3 × 10 m −2

Coefficient of viscosity of water, η = 10 P a − s −3

Density of water, ρ = 10 kg/m 3 3

The volume of the water flowing out per second is

r2 = vπ
2
D
V = vA = v × π
4

Page 12 of 17
 ρvD 4pv
Reynold’s number, Re = η
= ηπD
−3 3

Case I When V = 0.58L/min =

0.58×10

1×60s
m

−6 3 −1
= 9.67 × 10 m s
3 −6
4× 10 ×9.67× 10
Re = −3 −2
= 948
10 ×3.14×1.3× 10

∵ Re < 1000 , so the flow is steady or streamline

Case II When V = 4L/min
−3

= 4×10

60
m s
3 −1
= 6.67 ×10
−5
m s
3 −1

3 −5
4× 10 ×6.67× 10
Re = −3 −2
= 6536
10 ×3.14×1.3× 10

∵ Re > 3000, so the flow will be turbulent.

OR
3 3
4π r 4π r

Consider two soap bubbles of radii r and r and volumes as V and V . Thus V
1 2 1 2 1 =
3
1
and V2 =
3
2
. Let S be the
surface tension of the soap solution. If P1 and P2 are excess pressure inside the two soap bubbles then P 1 =
4S

r1
; P2 =
4S

r2
. Let r
be the radius of the new soap bubble formed when the two soap bubble coalesces under isothermal conditions. If V and P are
4S
volume and excess of pressure inside the new soap bubble then V =
4

3
3
πr P =
r
. As the new bubble is formed under
isothermal condition, so Boyle’s law holds good and hence
P1V1 + P2V2 = PV
4S 4 3 4S 4 3 4S 4 3
( × πr ) + ( × πr ) = × πr
r1 3 1 r2 3 2 r 3

2 2 2
(16 × S × π × r ) + (16 × S × π × r ) = 16Sπr
1 2
−−−−−−
2 2
r = √r + r
1 2

Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Potential energy is the energy stored within an object, due to the object's position, arrangement or state. Potential energy is one of
the two main forms of energy, along with kinetic energy. Potential energy depends on the force acting on the two objects.

(i) (a) mechanical energy

Explanation: mechanical energy
(ii) (a) potential energy decreases
Explanation: potential energy decreases
(iii) (c) both only when spring is stretched and compressed
Explanation: both only when spring is stretched and compressed
OR

(b) 5 × 105 J
Explanation: 5 × 105 J
(iv) (b) T-2
Explanation: T-2
30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Root mean square velocity (RMS value)is the square root of the mean of squares of the velocity of individual gas molecules and
the Average velocity is the arithmetic mean of the velocities of different molecules of a gas at a given temperature.

Page 13 of 17
 (i) (c) the r.m.s. velocity of all the gas molecules is more than the escape velocity of the moon’s surface
Explanation: The r.m.s. velocity of all the gas molecules is more than the escape velocity of the moon’s surface.
(ii) (c) > 1
Explanation: > 1
(iii) (b) T(H2) < T(N2)
Explanation: T(H2) < T(N2)
–
(iv) (b) v √6
0

–
Explanation: v 0 √6

OR

(d) v(11)12
Explanation: v(11)12
Section E
31. When the block is pressed downward into the liquid then an upward Buoyant force (B.F.) acts on it which moves the block
upward and it moves upward from its mean position due to inertia and then again come down due to gravity. So the net restoring
force on the block is given by = Buoyant force on the log by the liquid – weight of the log of wood

Say, V is = the volume of liquid displaced by the block

When the block floats then,
Weight of the block is given by, mg = buoyant force by the liquid or mg = V ρg , [V ρg is the weight of the displaced liquid by
the block]
mg = Ax0 ρg ...(i) [x0 = is the depth of the block into the liquid just before the block is pressed and volume displaced by the
liquid, V = Ax0]
A is the area of cross-section
x = is the depth of the block into the liquid due to its own weight
0

Let x height again dip in liquid when pressed into it. Hence total height of block into the liquid = (x + x 0)

So net force acting upward on the block is given by = [A (x + x )] ρ ⋅ g − mg

0

Fnet = Ax0 ρg + Axρg − Ax0 ρg

Frestoring = − Fnet = −Axρg

(as Buoyant force is upward and displacement of the block, x is directed downwards)
∴ Frestoring ∝ −x

So motion is SHM with proportional constant k = Aρg

Again from SHM equation, a = −ω x ....(i) 2

Frestoring = −Aρgx

⇒ ma = −Aρgx
−Aρgx −Aρgx
⇒ a=
m
⇒ −ω x =
2
m
[putting the value of a from equation (i)]
Aρg
2
∴ ω =
m

Page 14 of 17
 with k = Aρg and ω = 2π

T
2
Aρg −−− −−−
​Hence, ( 2π

T
) =
m
⇒
T

2π
= √
m
⇒ T = 2π√
m

Aρg Aρg

OR
The total energy of the system of a block and a spring is equal to the sum of the potential energy stored in the spring plus the
kinetic energy of the block and is proportional to the square of the amplitude.
1 2 2 2 1 2 2
mω (A −x )+ mω x
2 2

mω A2
1
E= 2
2

Hence, the total energy of the particle in SHM is constant and it is independent of the instantaneous displacement. Relationship
between potential energy, kinetic energy, and time in Simple Harmonic Motion at t = 0, when x = ± A.

32. Projectile fired parallel to horizontal. As shown in figure, suppose a body is projected horizontally with velocity u from a point
O at a certain height h above the ground level. The body is under the influence of two simultaneous independent motions:
i. Uniform horizontal velocity u.
ii. Vertically downward accelerated motion with constant acceleration g.
Under the combined effect of the above two motions, the body moves along the path OPA.

Trajectory of the projectile. After the time t, suppose the body reaches the point P (x, y).
The horizontal distance covered by the body in time t is
x = ut ∴ t = x

The vertical distance travelled by the body in time t is given by

s = ut + at 1

2
2

or y = 0 × t + 1

2
gt
2
=
1

2
gt
2
[For vertical motion, u = 0]
1 x 2 g x
or y = 2
g(
u
) = (
2
)x
2
[∵ t =
u
]
2u

or y = kx2 [Here k =
g

2
= a constant]
2u

As y is a quadratic function of x, so the trajectory of the projectile is a parabola.

Time of flight. It is the total time for which the projectile remains in its flight (from O to A). Let T be its time of flight.
For the vertical downward motion of the body, we use
1 1
s = ut +
2
at
2
or h = = 0 × T +
2
gT
2

−−
or T − √
2h

Horizontal range. It is the horizontal distance covered by the projectile during its time of flight. It is equal to OA = R. Thus
R = Horizontal velocity × time of flight = u × T
−−
or R = u√ 2h

Velocity of the projectile at any instant. At the instant t (when the body is at point P), let the velocity of the projectile be v. The
velocity v has two rectangular components:
Horizontal component of velocity, vx = u
Vertical component of velocity, vy = 0 + gt = gt

Page 15 of 17
 ∴ The resultant velocity at point P is
−− −−−−
2 2
−−−−−−−−
2 2 2
v = √vx + vy = √u + g t

If the velocity v makes an angle p with the horizontal, then

vy gt
tan β = =
vx u

gt
or β = tan −1
(
u
)

OR
From the figure resolving the components of v0 and g, we get

vx = v0 sin θ and v y = υ0 cos θ

g = gcosθ ,g = gsinθ acting vertically downwards

x y

Consider the motion of particle from O to A in new YOY’ axis.

1
y = uy t +
2
ay t
2
​
Where, z = 0, vy = v0 cos θ, ay = −g sin θ ​
∴ t = T ( time of flight ) , y = 0​​
⇒ 0 = v0 cos θT −
1

2
g sin θT ​ 2

2v0 cos θ
⇒ T =
g cos θ
​
2v0
T =
g

Now consider the motion along OX axis.​​

2v0
x = L, ux = v0 sin θ, ax = g sin θ, t = T =
g
​
x = ux t +
1

2
ax t
2
​
2
2v5 2v0
L= [
g
] v0 sin θ +
1

2
g sin θ[
g
] ​
2 2
2υ 4v

L=
g
0
sin θ +
1

2
g sin θ ⋅
0

2
​
g

2 2
2v 4v

=
g
0
[sin θ + sin θ] =
g
0
sinθ ​
2
4v

.
0
⇒L = sin θ
g

2
4v

Hence the value of L is​​ g

0
sin θ ​.
33. The centre of mass of an object is the point at which the object can be balanced. Mathematically, it is the point at which the
torques from the mass elements of an object sum to zero. The centre of mass is useful because problems can often be simplified
by treating a collection of masses as one mass at their common centre of mass. The weight of the object then acts through this
point.
To solve this problem, first we assume that the whole disc was present whose centre of mass lies at the origin from which a small
disc was cut out. So CM of remaining portion and cut out disc will lie exactly at the origin i.e Centre of Mass of the original disc
at x = 0
Mass per unit area of the original disc = σ
Radius of the original disc = R
Mass of the original disc, M = πR σ 2

The disc with the cut portion is shown in the following figure:

Page 16 of 17
Radius of the smaller disc = R

2
2

Mass of the smaller disc, M ′

= π(
R

2
) σ =
1

4
2
πR σ =
M

Let O and O' be the respective centers of the original disc and the disc cut off from the original. As per the definition of the centre
of mass, the centre of mass of the original disc is supposed to be concentrated at O, while that of the smaller disc is supposed to be
concentrated at O'.
It is given that:
′ R
OO =
2

After the smaller disc has been cut from the original, the remaining portion is considered to be a system of two masses. The two
masses are:
M (concentrated at O), and
(− M
′
=
M

4
) concentrated at O'
(The negative sign indicates that this portion has been removed from the original disc.)
Let x be the distance through which the centre of mass of the remaining portion shifts from point O.
The relation between the centers of masses of two masses is given as:
m1 r1 + m2 r2
x =
m1 + m2

For the given system

R
M×0−M×( )

(here M' is M/4 )

2
x =
′
M+(− M )

−M R
×
4 2 −MR 4 −R
= = × =
M 8 3M 6
M−
4
R
Note that shift in Centre of Mass is very less(only 0.16 R or 6
) as removed portion has very less mass as compared to the
remaining portion.
(The negative sign indicates that the centre of mass gets shifted toward the left of point O and lies at R

6
left towards origin.)
OR
M.I. of a thin uniform rod about a perpendicular axis through its one end.
Let a thin uniform rod AB of length L and mass M, which can rotate about an axis YY' passing through its one end A and
perpendicular to its length, as shown in Fig.

M
Mass per unit length of the rod = L

Consider a small element of length dx of the rod at a distance x from the end A
Mass of this small length element = dx M

Moment of inertia of the small element about the axis YY',

dl = Mass × (distance)2 = M

L
dx ⋅ x
2

The moment of inertia of the whole rod about the axis YY' can be obtained by as under
L M 2 M L 2
I = ∫ dI = ∫ dx ⋅ x = ∫ x dx
0 L L 0
L
3 L 3 2
M x M M ML ML
=
L
[
3
] =
3L
3
[x ]
0
=
3L
[L
3
− 0] =
3L
or I = 3
0

Radius of gyration. Let k be the radius of gyration of the rod about the axis YY'. Then
2
ML 2
= Mk
3
2

or k 2
=
L

or k = L

√3

Thus the radius of gyration of the rod about an axis passing through its one end and perpendicular to its length is L

√3

Page 17 of 17