UNIT:- 3, PROBABILITY.

3.1 Terminology used in probability:-

We explain some terms which are used in the definition of probability.
Experiment:-
The process which when performed, result different possible outcomes or cases are known as the
experiment. While performing an experiment repeatedly under the same condition if the result obtained is
not unique, but may be any one of the possible outcomes, then the experiment is known as a random
experiment.

Trail and Event:-

Performing of a random experiment is called a trail and outcome or a combination of outcomes of an

experiment is termed as an event.

Drawing card from a deck of 52 cards, is a trail or an experiment and getting any one of the cards is an
event. An event is said to be a sure event if its occurrence is certain and an event which can never occurs
is said to be an impossible event. We use the term “success” whenever event of an experiment under
consideration, takes place and failure whenever it does not.

There are two types of events (i) simple (ii) compound. An event is said to be simple to be simple if
relates to the occurrence or non-occurrence of a single event. On the other hand, when two or more
events occur in connection with each other, their simultaneous occurrence is called a compound event.

Getting a head or a tail when a coin is tossed is simple event. The event that “ the sum of two numbers
shown on the upper faces of two unbiased dice is seven when the two dice are thrown simultaneously is a
compound event.

Exhaustive case:-

The number of cases which include all possible outcomes of a random experiment is said to be the
exhaustive cases for the experiment. In throwing a die, the turning up of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 marked in a
die made exhaustive cases. Thus the total number of exhaustive cases in throwing a die is 6.

Equally likely cases:-

While performing an experiment if any one of the possible outcomes may occur but no one case can be
expected to occur more than the other then the cases are said to be equally likely.

If a die is a rolled, any one of the six numbers marked in the faces of a die, may turn up. So there are 6
equally likely cases in throwing a die.

Mutually exclusive cases (events):-

Two or more events are said to be mutually exclusive if their simultaneous occurrence is not possible. If a
coin is tossed either head or tail will occur, so head and tail are two mutually exclusive events.

Favorable case:-

The cases or the outcomes of a random experiment which entail the happening of an event are known as
the cases favorable to that event. In throwing a die, the cases favorable to “getting an odd numbers” are
3.

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Independent events:-

Two events are said to be independent to each other if happening of one event does not affect the
happening of other events. Ex: Let us drawing a card from a well suffled pack of 52 cards. The probability

of getting an ‘Ace’ is = .

Let us replace the card in to the pack. Let us again draw another card. The probability of getting an ‘Ace’

will be again Here the drawing of an ‘Ace’ in second draw is not affected by the drawing of an ‘Ace’ in

first draw. Here, These two events are said to be independent to each other.

Dependent events:-

Two events are said to be dependent to each other if happening of one event affects the happening of

another events. Let us draw a card from a well suffled pack of 52 cards on ‘Ace’ is Let us again draw a

card without replacing draw it. The probability of getting an ‘Ace’ in second draw will be . In this case

the drawing of an ‘Ace’ in second draw is affected by the drawing of ‘Ace’ in first draw. Hence, these two
events are said to be dependent to each other.

Sample space:-

The set of possible outcomes of a trail is called sample space. It is denoted ‘S’. for ex. If we throw a toss a
coin then sample space will be S= , When we toss three coins simultaneously then the sample space

will be S= = 8.

23= 8.

Combination:-

Combination of a set of objects means the selection of objects without regard to any order of
arrangement.The total number of selections of a set of ‘n’ different objects taken ‘r’ at a time denoted
by C (n, r) or nCr is given by.

n n
Cr = (r≤1), ‘OR’ Cr = nCn-r

Let ‘n’ be the number of observations. Then ‘r’ number of observation out of ‘n’ number of observation
can be selected in ncr ways.

For example,

A, B, C. n =3.
Let us selected r = 2.
Then, the required no. of ways of selection = ncr = 3C2 = 3. (From direct calculator, 3 ‘shift’, ncr .2 = 3.)

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From formula, ncr = , = = = = 3.Ans.

Q. Male, n = 10. & Female, n = 7.

5 Member are selected from (3 Male + 2 Female ).
Soln:- Selection of male,
Here, n (Total no. of Male) =10.
r ( selection member )= 3.
Then, no. of ways of selection of male = ncr = 10C3 = 120.
Again selection of male,
Here, n (Total no. of female) =7.
r ( selection member )= 2.
Then, no. of ways of selection of male = ncr = 7C2 = 21.
:. Hence, the required selection of 5 members consisting of 3 male and 2 female = 120x21. = 2520.
Permutation:-

Permutation of a set of objects means the arrangement of objects in some order. Below, we list some of
the important formula without their proofs.

The total number of permutation of a set of ‘n’ different objects taken ‘r’ at a time denoted by P (n, r) or npr
is given by.

n
pr = (r ≤ n).

Where n ! = factorial n = 1, 2, 3……..n.

In particular, 5! = the continued production from 1 to 5.
= 1.2.3.4.5
= 5x4! = 5x4x3!
Also, npn = n! (0! = 1).
The number of permutation of a set of n objects taken all of them at a time where p of them are of one
kind, q of them the second kind, r of them of the third kind is,

3.2 Introduction & definition of probability:-

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The world “Probability” is the synonym of the world “most likely”, “probably”, “almost certain”, “chance”
which we may consciously or unconsciously use in our daily life by saying that “probably you may get
promotion this time” “it is almost certain that he may pass the examination” etc. All the terms mentioned
above related to the uncertainity. A numerical measure of uncertainity is provided by a very important
branch of statistics known as the “theory of probability.” This theory originated by a gambler Chevalier de
Mere in 17 th century, had its beginning with games of chance such as throwing a dice, tossing of a coin,
drawing a card and so on. But now a days, it has wide application in economics, business, social science
and even in our daily life too.

3.3, Theorem of probability:-

Let ‘m’ be the number of favorable cases and ‘n’ be the member of exhansive cases. Then probability of
happening an event (E) is defined as,

P (E) =

The probability P(E) of happening of an event E satisfies the following property.

0≤P (E) ≤1.
This definition is also known as ‘Mathematical definition of probability’.
Cor. 1. (i) If E is an impossible event then P (E) = 0.
(ii) if E is a sure event then P (E) = 1.
Cor. 2. The sum of the probabilities of the occurrence and non-occurrence of an event is unity.
If the probability of occurrence of an event is denoted by P (E), the probability of its non-
occurrence is denoted by P ( ).

:. P (E) + P ( = 1.

Here E and , the two mutually exclusive events, the sum of whose probabilities is unity are known as
complementary events.

Example:-
Q. 250 balls were found to be defective in a lot of 1000 bulbs. Find the probability that a bulb selected at
random from the lot is a defective one.
Solution:-
n = total number of case = 1000. m= no. of favorable cases = 250.
P (E) = Prob. of getting a defective bulb =?
Now,

P (E) = .= = 0.25

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Two basic law of probability :-
The following two theorems are the basic laws of probability.
1. Addition theorem.
2. Multiplication theorem.

Addition theorem ( Theorem of total probability):-

If A and B are two events with their respective probabilities P(A) and P(B) then the probability of
occurrence of at least one of these two events denoted by P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B).
Where P (A∩B) is the probability of the simultaneous occurrence of the events A and B.

Let ‘n’ be the total number of equally likely and exhaustive outcomes (or cases) of a random experiment.
If u, v and w be the number of cases favorable to the events A, B and A∩B (common to A and B)

respectively, then P (A) = , P (B) = , and P (A∩B) =

Since the outcomes w are common to both events A and B, so the cases favorable to the event A∪B are (u +v- w)
Now,

P (A∪B) = = + + = P (A) + P(B) – P(A∩B).

Cor.1. If A and B are two mutually exclusive events then, P (A∩B) = P (A) + P (B).

Cor. 2. If A, B and C are three events, then the probability of occurrence of at least one of these events is
.

P (A∪B∪C) = P (A) + P (B) + P (C) – P (A∩B) – P (B∩C) – P(A∩C) + P (A∩B∩C).

If the events are mutually exclusive, then P (A∪B∪C) = P (A) + P (B) + P (C)

Note:- (1) The probability of occurrence of at least one of the events A and B can also be written as
P ( A+B) or P(A or B).

Example :-

Q. What is the probability of drawing a heart or an ace from a deck of 52 cards?

Solution:-There are 13 hearts and 4 aces in a deck of 52 cards;One card i.e. an ace of heart being
common.

P (A) = Probability of getting a heart = =

P (B) = Probability of getting an ace = =

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 P (A∩B) = Probability of getting an ace of heart = =

P (A∪B) = Probability of getting an ace of heart = ?

Now, P (A∪B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A∩B)

= + - =

Q. 20 Balls are labeled from 1 to 20 a ball is drawn random. Find the probability that the drawn ball is ,
(i) Multiple of 4 or 7.
(ii) Multiple of 4 or 5.

Solution:- Here, n (Total number of observation) = 20.

(i) Multiple of 4 are , 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20, and Multiple of 7 are 7, 14.

Let, P (A) = Probability of getting a ball which is multiple of 4. = = =

And P (B) = Probability of getting a ball which is multiple of 7. = = =

Then, P (Multiple of 4 or 7) = P (A∪B) = P (A) + P (B) = + = =

(ii) Let P(C ) = Probability of getting a ball multiple of 5 = = = ,

So, P ( Multiple of 4 or 5) = P(A∪C) = P (A) + P (C) – P (A∩C).

= + - = = = =

Multiplicative Law of probability:-

Case I. When the events are independent.

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 Let A and B be two independent events. Then probability of happening A and B denoted by
P(A and B) or P(A∩B) is defined as, P (A∩B) = P(A) x P(B)
For three independent events A , B and C, P (A∩B∩C) = P(A) x P(B) x P(C)

Case II. When the events are dependent.

Let A and B be two dependent events. Then probability of happening A and B denoted by
P (A∩B) is defined as, P (A∩B)= P(A) x P(B/A)
For three dependent events A , B and C, P (A∩B∩C) = P(A) x P(B/A) x P(C/ A∩B).

Where, P (B/A) = Probability of happening of B such that /given that A has already been happened.
P(C/A∩B)= Probability of happening of C such that /given that A & B has already been happened.

Q. Three cards are drawn one by one with replacement from a well suffled pack of 52 cards. Find the
probability of getting three ‘Aces’?
Solution:-

Let A be the events of getting an ace in first drawn. P (A) = = = ,

B be the events of getting an ace in second drawn. P (B) = = = ,

C be the events of getting an ace in third drawn. P (C) = = = ,

P (All Aces) = P (A∩B∩C) = P(A) x P(B) x P(C) = x x = ,

Q. Three cards are drawn one by one without replacement from a well suffled pack of 52 cards. Find the
Probability of getting three ‘Ace’?

Solution:- Let P (A) = Probability of getting on Ace in first drawn = = = ,

P (B/A) = Probability of getting an Ace in second drawn given that one ace has already been drawn. =

= ,

P (C/A∩B)=Probability of getting an Ace in Third drawn given that two ace has already been drawn= =

= ,

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Hence, The required probability of getting 3 aces = P (A∩B∩C) = P (A) x P (B/A) x P(C/ A∩B).

= x x = .

Q. IOF is searching a candidate as an Examiner the chance that it will get computer literate person is
20%; post graduate person is 10%; & women is 30%; find the probability that the institute will get
computer literate, post graduate women?
Solution:- Let, P (A) = Probability of getting a computer literate person = 20% = 0.20
P (B) = Probability of getting a post graduate person = 10% = 0.10
P (C) = Probability of getting a women ……………... = 30% = 0.30
So, P(Computer literate post graduate women)= P(A∩B∩C)= P(A) x P(B) x P(C)= 0.20x0.10x0.30 =0.006
PROBABILITY OF HAPPENING AT LEAST ONE EVENT.

P (A∪B) + P ( =1

P (A∪B) = 1- P .

P (A∪B) = 1- P ∩ ) …………

P (A∪B) = 1- P ) ………

Where, P = 1- P (A), P( = 1- P (B).

For three independent events A, B, C = P (A∪B∪C) = 1- P )x ).

Q. IOF (2066).5. (a). The probability of a male candidate selecting in a job is and that of a female

candidate is . What is the probability that,

(i)Both will be not selected.

(ii)At least one of them will be selected in the job.

Solution:- P (M) = , P = 1- P (M) = 1- , = ,= .

P (F) = , P = 1- P (F) = 1- , = ,= .

Here, (i) P (Both will not be selected) = P ( )=P( )xP( )= x =

(ii) P(At least one of them will be selected).

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= P(M )=P( ) or P ( ) or P ( )

=1- P ( ) x P ( ) x = x = = =

Q. IOF (2065).2. (a). A bag contains 10 books of which 4 are defective and another bag contains 7 books
of which 2 are defective. A book is drawn at random from each bag, what is the probability that,

(i)Both books are defective.

(ii)Booths books are non-defective.
(iii)Probability of getting one defective & one non- defective.

Solution:-Given, In first bag, 4 bag are defective, 6bag are non-defective total are 10 bags.
In second bag, 2 bag are defective, 5 bag are non-defective total are 7 bags.

Both books are defective = P (A B) =?

n (total number of bag) = 10., m( defective book in first bag) = 4.

P (A) = Probability getting a defective book from 1st bag = = =

n (total number of bag) = 7., m( defective book in second bag) = 2.

P (B) = Probability getting a defective book from 2nd bag = =

So, P (A B) = P (A) x P (B). = x = = 0.114

Both books are non- defective = P ( ) =?

n (total number of bag) = 10., m( non-defective book in first bag) = 6.

P ( ) = Probability getting a non-defective book from 1st bag = = =

n (total number of bag) = 7., m( non-defective book in second bag) = 5.

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P ( ) = Probability getting a non-defective book from 2nd bag = =

So, P ( ) = P ( ) x P ( ). = x = = 0.42

Probability of getting one defective & one non- defective = P ( ) or P ( )

=P (A) x P ( + P( x P(B) = x + x = + = = = 0.45

Exercise:- 1(A)

Q.(6). Two fair coins are tossed simultaneously. What is the probability of getting (i) no head (ii) one head
(H) and one tail (T) (iii) at most one tail (iv) at most one head.

Solution:- When two coins are tossed simultaneously, we get the following possible events.
n= = 4.

P(no head),( = =

P (one head & one tail), ( = = = .

P (at most one tail , )b]lv Pp6f 6]n ePsf]), ( = = .

P( at most one head, ) )b]lv Pp6f x]8 ePsf] ( = = .

Q. (7).Three coins are tossed simultaneously. What is the probability of getting (i) one head (ii) at most
one head (iii) at least one head (iv) at most 2 heads (v) at least 2 heads.

Solution:-When three coins are tossed simultaneously, we get the following possible events.

Here, n = = 8.

P(one head)( = =

P(at most one head, ) ;lxt Pp6f x]8 ePsf] ),( = = = .

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P(at least one head, ) afx]s sDtLdf Pp6f;Dd x]8 ePsf]),( = =

P(at most two head, ) ;lxt b'O{6f x]8 ePsf] ),( = = .

P( at least two head, ) afx]s sDtLdf b'O{6f;Dd x]8 ePsf] ), ( = m = 4)= = =

Q. (8) . A bag contains 20 balls numbered from 1 to 20. One ball is drawn at random. Find the probability
that it is a multiple of 2 or 5?

Solution:-When one ball is drawn at random, we get the following possible events.

Multiple of 2 . = 10.

Multiple of 5 . = 4.

Here, m = 10+4-2 = 12, n = 20. :. = = .

Q.(9). A bag contains 30 balls numbered from 1 to 30. If one ball is drawn at random from the bag, what is
the probability that the ball drawn is (i) multiple of 7 (ii) multiple of 5, (iii) multiple of 3, (iv) multiple of 3 and
5, (v) multiple of 5 or 7, (vi) even number, (vii) a prime number.

Solution:-When one ball is drawn at random, we get the following possible events.
Given, n (Total no. of ball) = 30

Multiple of 7 . = = = ,

Multiple of 5 . = = = ,

Multiple of 3 . = = = ,

Multiple of 3 and 5,= Multiple of 3 x Multiple of 5. = x = ,

Multiple of 5 or 7,

Here, m = 6+4 = 10, n = 30. :. = = ,

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Even number = = = = ,

A prime number = = = = ,

Q.(10). What is the chance that a non- leap year, selected at random, should have 53 Sundays?

Solution:- There are 365 days in a non-leap year. No. of weeks = = 52 weeks 1 days.

Number of possible days (Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday)

n = 7. m = (Sunday) = 1. :. P (53 Sunday) = = .

Q.(11). In a 2,000 tosses of a coin, 1060 tails were observed. What is the empirical probability of getting a
head in the next toss?
Solution:- n ( Total number of tosses) = 2,000, m ( probable number of head) = 2,000.- 1060. = 940.

The empirical probability of getting a head in next tosses = = = 0.47

Q.(12).(a). A box contains 7 red, 12 white, and 4 green balls. Three balls are drawn at random. What is
the probability that (i) 3 balls are all white. (ii) 3 balls are one of each colour.
Solution:- Here, Total balls = 7 red ball + 12 white ball + 4 green ball. = 23.
Balls type = 3.

Then, n (no. of observation) = ncr = ,= 1771.

= = = = = = = 1771.Ans.

Or, n = ncr = 23C3 = 1771.

P (3 White) = ?, Total white ball = 12. & Probability = 3
Here, m = ncr = 12C3 =220.

:. P (Probability of getting all 3 white balls.) = = = 0.1242.

P (1 red bal, 1 white bal & 1 green bal.) = ?,

Total red ball = 7. & Probability = 1, m = ncr = 7C1 = 7.
Total white ball = 12. & Probability = 1, m = ncr = 12C1 = 12.
Total green ball = 4. & Probability = 1, m = ncr = 4C1 = 4.
Here, m = 7C1x 12C1x 4C1 = 7x12x4 = 336.

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 :. P (Probability of getting 1 red bal, 1 white bal & 1 green bal.) = = = 0.1897

P (2 white bal & 1 red bal.) = ?,

Total white ball = 12. & Probability = 2, m = ncr = 12C2 = 66.

Total red ball = 7. & Probability = 1, m = ncr = 7C1 = 7.
Here, m = 12C1 x 7C1 = 66x7= 462.

:. P (Probability of getting 2 white bal & 1 red bal) = = = 0.2608

Q.(13).Five men in a group of 20 are graduates. If 3 men are picked out of 20, at random, what is the
probability that they are (i) all graduates. (ii) all none-graduates. (iii) at least one graduate? (iv) 2
graduates (v) 2 non- graduates.

Solution:- Here, Total men (20) = 5 graduate + 15 non-graduate. Picked out of 20. = 3.

Then, n (no. of observation) = ncr = 20C3 = 1140.

P (all graduate) = ?, Total graduate men = 5. & Probability = 3.
Here, m = ncr = 5C3 = 10.

:. P (Probability of getting all 3 are graduates.) = = = = 0.008

P (all non-graduates.)=?, Total non-graduate men = 15. & Probability = 3

Here, m = ncr = 15C3 = 455.

:. P (Probability of getting all non-graduates.) = = = 0.3991

P (at least one graduate.) = ?,

Graduate(5), Non-graduate(15), Total Picked, Combination.

1 2 3 = ncr xncr =5c1 x15c2 = 5x105 = 525.

2 1 3 = ncr x ncr = 5c2 x 15c1 = 10x15 = 150.
3 0 3 = ncr x ncr = 5c3 x 15c0= 10x1 = 10.
Here, m = 5c1 x 15c2 +5c2 x 15c1 +5c3 x 15c0 = 525+ 150+ 10 = 685.

:. P (at least one graduate) = = = 0.6008

P (2 graduate.) = ?,

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Graduate(5), Non-graduate(15), Total Picked, Combination.

2 1 3 = ncr x ncr = 5c2 x 15c1 = 10x15 = 150.

Here, m = 5c2 x 15c1 = 150.

:. P (2 graduate) = = = 0.1315

P(2 Non-graduate.) = ?,
Non-graduate(15), Graduate(5), Total Picked, Combination.
2 1 3 = ncr x ncr = 15c2 x 5c1 = 105x5 = 525.
Here, m = 15c2 x 5c1 = 525.

:. P (2 graduate) = = = 0.4605

Q.(14).Out of a group consisting of 7 male staffs and 4 female staffs, a sub-committee of 6 members is to
be formed, calculate the probability that the sub-committee will consists of (i) exactly 2 female staffs. (ii) 1
female and 5 male staffs.
Solution:- Here, Total staffs (11) = 7 male staffs + 4 females staffs. Member of sub-committee = 6.
n
Then, n (no. of observation) = cr = 11C6 = 462.
P (exactly 2 female staffs) = P( 2 female staffs and 4 male staffs) = ?,
Total female staffs = 4. & Probability = 2, m = ncr = 4C2 = 6.
Total male staffs = 7. & Probability = 4, m = ncr = 7C4 = 35.
Here, m = 4C2 x 7C4 = 6x35= 210.

:. P (exactly 2 female staffs) = = = 0.4545

P( 1 female staffs and 5male staffs) = ?,

Total female staffs = 4. & Probability = 1, m = ncr = 4C1 = 4.
Total male staffs = 7. & Probability = 5, m = ncr = 7C5 = 21.
Here, m = 4C1x 7C5= 4x21= 84.

:. P (1 female staffs and 5male staffs) = = = 0.1818

Q.(15). In a company, out of 20 candidates 14 men and 6 women apply for two vacancies what is the
probability that (i) both men are selected (ii) both women are selected (iii) 1 man and 1 woman are
selected in the vacancies.

Solution:- Here, Total candidates (20) = 14 men candidates + 6 women candidates.

n
Apply for no. of vacancies = 2. Then, n (no. of observation) = cr = 20C2 = 190.
P (both men are selected) = ?, Total men candidates = 14. & Probability = 2, m = ncr = 14C2 = 91.

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Here, m = ncr = 14C2 = 91.

:. P (both men are selected) = = = 0.4789

P (both women are selected) = ?,

Total women candidates = 6. & Probability = 2, m = ncr = 6C2 = 15.
Here, m = ncr = 6C2 = 15.

:. P (both women are selected) = = = 0.0789

P(1 man and 1 woman are selected in the vacancies) = ?,

Total men candidates = 14. & Probability = 1, m = ncr = 14C1 = 14.
Total woman candidates = 6. & Probability = 1, m = ncr = 6C1 = 6.
Here, m = 14C1x 6C1= 14 x 6= 84.

:. P (1 man and 1 woman are selected in the vacancies) = = = =0.4421

Q. (16). A bag contains 4 red, 5 green and 6 white balls. If two balls are drawn at random, what is the
probability that (i) none of them is green (ii) none of them is red.

Solution:- Here, Total ball (15) = 4 red + 5 green + 6 white.

Drawn at random of 15. = 2. Then, n (no. of observation) = ncr = 15C2 = 105.
P (none of them green balls) = ?, Total non-green ball = 10. & Probability = 2.
Here, m = ncr = 10C2 = 45.

:. P (Probability of drawn none of them green balls.) = = = = 0.4285

P (none of them red balls) = ?, Total non-red ball = 11. & Probability = 2.
Here, m = ncr = 11C2 = 55.

:. P (Probability of drawn none of them red balls.) = = = = 0.5238

Q.(17). There are 3 economists, 4 Mathematicians, 2 Statisticians and 1 pilot. A committee of 4 among
them is to be formed. Find the probability that the committee (i) consists of one of each kind (ii) has at
least one mathematician (iii) has the pilot as a member and 3 others.

Solution:-Here,Total member of specialist(10)= 3 economists +4 Mathematicians + 2 Statisticians +1 pilot.

A committee member 4 specialist of 10 = 4. Then, n (no. of observation) = ncr = 10C4 = 210.
P (one of each kind) = ?,
Total economists = 3. & Probability = 1, m = ncr = 3C1 = 3.

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 Total Mathematicians = 4. & Probability = 1, m = ncr = 4C1 = 4.
Total Statisticians = 2. & Probability = 1, m = ncr = 2C1 = 2.
Total pilot = 1. & Probability = 1, m = ncr = 1C1 = 1.

Here, m = 3C1x 4C1x 2C1x 1C1= 3x4x2x1= 24.

:. P (one of each kind) = = = = 0.1142

P (at least one Mathematicians.) = ?,

Mathematicians (4), Other(6), Total member, Combination.
1 3 4 = ncr x ncr = 4c1 x 6c3 = 4x20 = 80.
2 2 4 = ncr x ncr = 4c2 x 6c2 = 6x15 =
90.
3 1 4 = ncr x ncr = 4c3 x 6c1= 4x6 = 24.
4 0 4 = ncr x ncr = 4c4 x 6c0= 1x1 = 1.

Here, m = 4c1 x 6c3 + 4c2 x 6c2 +4c3 x 6c1+ 4c4 x 6c0 = 80+ 90+24 + 1 = 195.

:. P (at least one mathematicians) = = = 0.8285

P (has the pilot as a member and 3 others.) = ?,

Pilot(1), Others(9), Total members, Combination.
1 3 4 = ncr x ncr = 1c1 x 9c3 = 1x84 = 84.
Here, m = 1c1 x 9c3 = 1x84 = 84.

:. P (has the pilot as a member and 3 others) = = = = 0.4

Q. (18). (a) The odds in favour of an events are 3:5 Find the probability of occurrence of the events.

Solution:-Here, m( favour) = 3, n (Total) = 3+5 = 8.

:. P(Probability of occurrence of the events) = = .

The odds against of an event are 9:7 Find the probability of occurrence of the event.
Solution:- Here, m( favour) = 7. n (Total) = 9+7 = 16.

:. P(Probability of occurrence of the events) = = .

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Q.(19). The odds in favour of an event A are 4:5 and the odds against an event B are 7:9. Find the
probability of occurrence of (i) event A (ii) event B.

Solution:- (i)Here, m( favour) = 4, n (Total) = 4+5 = 9.

:. P(Probability of occurrence of the events A.) = = .

(ii)Here, m( favour) = 9. n (Total) = 9+7 = 16.

:. P(Probability of occurrence of the events B.) = = .

Exercise:- 1(B)

Q. What is the probability of drawing a heart or an ace from a deck of 52 cards?

Solution:-
There are 13 hearts and 4 aces in a deck of 52 cards; One card i.e. an ace of heart being common.

P (A) = Probability of getting a heart = =

P (B) = Probability of getting an ace = =

P (A∩B) = Probability of getting an ace of heart = =

P (A∪B) = Probability of getting an ace of heart = ?

Now, P (A∪B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A∩B) = + - =

Q. 20 Balls are labeled from 1 to 20 a ball is drawn random. Find the probability that the drawn ball is ,
(i) Multiple of 4 or 7.
(ii) Multiple of 4 or 5.

Solution:- Here, n (Total number of observation) = 20, Multiple of 4 are , 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20, And Multiple
of 7 are 7, 14.

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Let, P (A) = Probability of getting a ball which is multiple of 4. = = =

And P (B) = Probability of getting a ball which is multiple of 7. = = =

Then, P (Multiple of 4 or 7) = P (A∪B) = P (A) + P (B) = + = =

Let P(C ) = Probability of getting a ball multiple of 5 = = = ,

So, P ( Multiple of 4 or 5) = P(A∪C) = P (A) + P (C) – P (A∩C) = + - = = = =

Q.(3.) A card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards. What is the probability that it is,
(i) an ace, a king or a queen
(ii) a card of red colour or a king
(iii) a dimond or a king
(iv) either an ace of spade or a jack of club.

Solution: Total number of cards, n = 52.

(i) An ace, a king or a queen,

Let ‘A’ be the events of getting an ace . ‘B’ be the event of getting a king & ‘C’ be the events of getting a queen,
Then,

P(A) = Probability of getting an ace = = =

P(B) = Probability of getting a king = = =

P(C) = Probability of getting a queen = = =

So,P(an ace, a king or queen)= P(A or B or C) = P((A∪B∪C) = P(A)+P(B)+P(C) = + + = =

(ii) A card of red colour or a king,

83
Let ‘A’ be the events of getting a card of red colour & ‘B’ be the events of getting a king,

Then, P(A= Red colour) = = = , P(B= A king ) = = =

So, P(a card of red colour or a king) = P((A∪B) = P(A)+P(B)- P(A∩B) ….[Not mutually excludible]

= + -( x )= + - = = =

(iii) A dimond or a king,

Let ‘A & B’ be the events of getting diamond & kings = P(a diamond or a king)

Then, P(A= a diamond) = = , P(B= A king ) = = =

So, P(a diamond or a king) = P((A∪B) = P(A)+P(B)- P(A∩B) ….[Not mutually excludible]

= + -( x )= + - = = = Ans.

(iv) Either an ace of spade or a jack of club,

Let ‘A & B’ be the events of getting an ace of spade & a jack of club.

Then, P(A= An ace) = = , & P(B= A jack of club) = =

So, P(Either an ace of spade or a jack of club) = P((A∪B) = P(A)+P(B) = + = = Ans.

Q.(4) A card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 card. Find the probability of drawing(a) a king or a
queen or a jack. (b) a card which is neither a king nor a queen nor a jack.

Solution:Let ‘A, B & C’ be the event of getting a king, a queen & a jack respectively .

Then, P(A=A king) = = = , P(B= A queen) = = = , & P(C= A jack of club) = = = ,

(i) P(A king or a queen or a jack)=P(A or B or C)= P(A∪B∪C)=P(A)+P(B)+P(C)= + + = =

(ii)P(Neither a king nor a queen nor a jack)=1-P(A king or a queen or jack)=1- = =

Q.(5) A bag contains 20 balls numbered from 1 to 20. One ball is drawn at random from the bag. Find the
probability that the ball drawn is multiple of (a) 5 or 7 (b) 3 or 5.

Solution: The sample space of experiment, S= {1, 2, 3, 4………20}

:. No. of exhaustive cases, n = 20.

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Let‘A’ denotes the events of getting the no.multiple of 5, A={5,10,15,20},i.e,m =4, P(A)= = =

Also,‘B’ denotes the events of getting the no.multiple of 7, B={7,14},i.e,m = 2, P(A)= = =

Again,‘C’ denotes the events of getting the no.multiple of 3, C={3,6,9,12,15,18},i.e, m = 6, P(A)= = =

But, P(A∩C) = {15} i.e, m = 1, P(A∩C) = ,

(a) 5 or 7,= P(A∪B)=Probability that the ball drawn is multiple of 5 or 7,

= P(A)+P(B) ……………[ A & B are mutually exclusive]

= + = = Ans.

(b) 3 or 5,= P(A∪C)=Probability that the ball drawn is multiple of 3or 5,

= P(A)+P(C) – P(A∩C) ……………[ A & B are not mutually exclusive]

= + - = = Ans.

Q.(6) A businessman estimates that the odds against the price of his stocked commodity will go up during
the next week are 2:1 and the odds in favour of the price remaing the same are 1:3. What is the
probability that the price of the stock will go down during the next week?
Solution:- Given, Odds Against.
2 : 1, n = 2+1 = 3.

Let, P (A) = Probability that the stock of the commodity will go up = = .

Again, Odds favour.

1 : 3, n = 1+3 = 4.

Let, P (B) = Probability that the stock of the commodity will remain same = = .

P (C) = Probability that the stock of the commodity will go down = ?

Here, A, B, & C are exhaustive events.

So, P(A)+ P(B) +P(C)= 1,P(C)=1- {P(A)+P(B)},P(C)=1-P(A)-P(B), P(C) = 1 - - .= = Ans.

Q.(7) The odds against a certain event are 5 or 2 and the odds in favour of another independent event are
6 or 5. Find the probability that at least one of the events will happen.

Solution:- Given, Odds Against.

5 : 2, n = 5+2 = 7.

Let, P (A) = Probability that the certain events will happen = = . P( )= 1- P (A) = 1- = =

Again, Odds favour.

6 : 5, n = 6+5 = 11.

P(B)=Probability that the another independent events will happen= = ,P( )=1-P(B)=1- = =

P (A B) = Probability that the at least one of the events will happen = ?

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P (A B) = 1- P( ) x P( ). = 1- x = 1- = = Ans.

Q.(8) A manager of a firm finds that 15% of the firm’s employees are supervisor and 25% are college
graduates. He also discovers that 5% are both supervisors and college graduates. An employee is
selected at random from the firm’s record, what is
(i) Both college graduate and a supervisor
(ii) Neither a supervisor nor a college graduate?
Solution:- Given,
P(A)= P(Supervisors employees are in the firm’s) = 15% = 0.15,
P(B) = P (Graduates employees are in the firm’s) = 25% = 0.25,
P(A B) = P (Both Supervisors & Graduates employees are in the firm’s) = 5% =0.05,
Here,
P(Both Supervisors & Graduates employees are in the firm’s) = 5% =0.05 Ans.

P(Neither a supervisor nor a college graduate) = P ( ) =?

P( ) = 1- P (A B)= 1- 0.35 = 0.65 Ans.

Q.(9) A candidate gives the application in two companies A and B for a job. The probability that he is
rejected in firms A is 0.3 and selected in firm B is 0.5. The probability of at least one of his applications
being selected is 0.4. What is the probability that he will be rejected in one of the companies?

Solution:- Let,
P(A)=Probability that the candidate will be selected in companies,A=1-P( )=1-0.3 = 0.7

P( ) = Probability that the candidate will be rejected in companies A = 0.3,

P(B) = Probability that the candidate will be selected in companies B = 0.5,
P( ) = Probability that the candidate will be rejected in companies B =1- P (B) = 1- 0.5 = 0.5,

P (A B) = Probability of at least one of his applications being selected = 0.4

P( ) =?

We have, P (A B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A B),

P (A B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A B),= 0.7 + 0.5 – 0.4 = 0.12- 0.4 = 0.8,

Then, P ( )=P( ) = 1- P (A B), = 1- 0.8 = 0.2 Ans.

Q.(10) In a locality, milk is supplied at a milk booth in the morning and in the evening of the families in the
area, 10% buy milk in the morning, 40% buy in the evening, while 3% buy milk both the times. What
percentages of the families do not buy milk from the booth at all?

Solution:- Given,
P (A) = Families buy in the morning = 10% = 0.10
P (B) = Families buy in the evening = 40% = 0.40
P (A B) = Families buy in the morning & evening both the times = 3% = 0.03,

P( ) = Percentages of the families do not buy milk from the booth at all=?

Here, P ( )=P( ) = 1- P (A B),= 1–[P (A) + P (B) -P(A B)],= 1- [0.10 + 0.40 -0.3]

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 = 1- 0.47 = 0.53 or 53% Ans.

Q.(11) A salesman has two products, fruits and vegetables. He estimates that when he makes a call 35%
of the time he will sell fruits and 50% of the time he will sell vegetables. He knows that sales of the two
products are independent.
What is the probability, he will sell (i) fruits or vegetables but not both (ii) both fruits & vegetables.

Solution:- Given,
P (A) = Salesman will sell fruits of the time = 35% = 0.35,
P ( ) = Salesman will not sell fruits of the time = 1- 0.35 = 0.65,
P (B) = Salesman will sell vegetables of the time = 50% = 0.50,
P ( ) = Salesman will not sell vegetables of the time = 1- 0.50 = 0.50,
Here,
Salesman will sell fruits or vegetables but not both = P (A ) or P ( ) =?

P (A ) or P ( ) = P (A) x P( ) + P( x P(B),= 0.35 x 0.50 + 0.65 x 0.50 = 0.175 + 0.325 = 0.5

Salesman will sell both fruits and vegetables = P( ) =?

P (A ) = P (A) x P(B),= 0.35 x 0.50= 0.175 Ans.

Q.(12) The probability that a contractor will get a building contract is 2/3 and the probability that he/she
will get road contract is 5/9. If the probability of getting at least one contract is 4/5.what is the probability
that he/she will get.(a) both the contracts (b) neither the contracts.

Solution:-Let,
P(A)=Probability that a contractor will get a building contract =

P(B)=Probability that a contractor will get a road contract =

P(A B) = Probability of getting at least one contract =

(a)P(Both the contractor)=P(A&B), =P(A ,=P(A)xP(B),= x = Ans.

Or, We have, P(A B)= P(A)+P(B) - P(A , P (A = P(A)+P(B) - P(A B),= + = =

(b) P( ) = Probability that the contractor will get neither the contracts =?

We have, P(A B) + P( ) = 1, P( ) = 1- P(A B) = 1- = = Ans.

Q.(13) One bag contains 4 white and 2 black balls. Another bag contains 3 white and 5 black balls. If one is drawn
from each bag. Find the probability that
(i) both are white
(ii) both are black
(iii)one is white and one is black.

Solution:-Let,

87
P(A)= Probability that one bag contain in white balls = = ,

P(B)= Probability that one bag contain in black balls = = ,

P(A1)= Probability that another bag contain in white balls = ,

P(B1)= Probability that another bag contain in black balls = ,

(i) both are white, P( ) = Probability that both ball are white = P(A) x P(A1) = x = Ans.

(ii) both are black, P( ) = Probability that both ball are black = P(B) x P(B1) = x = Ans.

(iii) one is white and one is black, P( one is white & one is black)=P(A&B1) or P(B& A1),

= P( ) P( ), = P(A) x P(B1) + P(B) x P(A1), = x + x = + = = Ans.

Q.(14) The probability that a boy will get a scholarship is 0.9 and that a girl will get is 0.8. What is the
probability that.
(i) both will get the scholarship P ( )
(ii)none of them will get the scholarship
(iii)at least one of them will get scholarship.

Solution:- Let,
P(A)= Probability that a boy will get a scholarship = 0.9,
P( = Probability that a boy will not get a scholarship = 0.1,
P(A)= Probability that a girl will get a scholarship = 0.8,
P( = Probability that a girl will not get a scholarship = 0.2,

(i) both will get the scholarship = P(both will get the scholarship) = P(A&B),
P(A =P(A)xP(B), = 0.9 x 0.8 = 0.72 Ans.

(ii) none of them will get the scholarship,= P( none of them will get the scholarship), =P( )

We have, P(A + P( )=1, P( )=1- P(A = 1- [1- P( x P( ], = 1-[1-0.1x0.2],

=1-[1-0.02], = 1-0.98, = 0.02 Ans.

(iii)at least one of them will get scholarship,=P(at least one of them will get scholarship),
P(A B)= 1- P( x P( ,= 1-0.1x0.2, = 1- 0.02, = 0.98 Ans.

Q.(15) Mr.X and Mr. Y appear in an interview for two vacancies in the same post. The probability of X’s
selection is 1/3 and that of y’s selection is 1/5. What is the probability that
(i) both of them will be selected

88
(ii) none of them will be selected
(iii)Only one of them will be selected
(iv)at least one of them will be selected.

Solution:-Let,

P(X)= Probability that X is selected = , P( )= Probability that X is not selected = 1- =

And,

P(Y)= Probability that Y is selected = , P( )= Probability that Yis not selected = 1- =

(i) both of them will be selected,P(Probability that both of them will be selected) = P(X ,

= P(X) x P(Y), = x = ,

(ii) none of them will be selected, P(none of them will be selected) = P( ),

P( )= 1- P(X )= 1-[1- P( x P( ],=1-[1- x ]= 1-[1- ]=1-[ ]=1- = = ,

(iii) Only one of them will be selected, P (Only one of them will be selected) = P(X& or P( Y),

P(X ) P( Y)= P(X) x P( ) + P( ) x P (Y) = x + x = + = = = Ans.

(iv) at least one of them will be selected,P(at least one of them will be selected)= P(X Y),

P(X Y) = 1- P( x P( ,=1- x = 1- = = Ans.

Q. (16) A & B are asked to solve a problem. The probability of solving it is & that of B solving it is .

Find the Probability that, (i)Both of them will solve the problem.(ii)At least one of them will solve the
problem.(iii)

Solution:- P (A) = ,P =1- P (A) = 1- , = ,= ,

P (B) = ,P =1- P (B) = 1- , = ,= ,

Here,

89
(i) P (Both of them will solve the problem) = P (A∩B) = P (A) x P(B) = x =

(ii) P(At least one of them will solve the problem),P(A B) = P ( ) or P ( ) or P ( )

=1- P ( ) x P ( ) x = x = = = .

Q.(16). ‘A’ and ‘B’ are asked to solve a problem. The probability of A solving it is 2/3 and that of B solving
it is ¾. Find the probability that, (i) both solve the problem, (ii) A can solve but B cannot, (iii) B can solve
but A cannot, (iv) none of them can solve, (v) at least one of them can solve, (vi) only one of them can
solve.

Solution:-Let,P(A) = Probability that ‘A’ is solving problem = ,

P( ) = Probability that ‘A’ is not solving problem =1- = = ,

&, P(B) = Probability that ‘B’ is solving problem = ,

P( ) = Probability that ‘B’ is not solving problem =1- = = ,

(i) both solve the problem, P(Both solve the problem)= P (A∩B) = P (A) x P(B) = x = ,

(ii) A can solve but B cannot, P(A can solve but B cannot) =P(A& )= P(A )=P (A) x P( ) = x = ,

(iii) B can solve but A cannot, P(B can solve but A cannot), P(B& )= P(B )=P (B) x P( ) = x = ,

(iv) none of them can solve, P(none of them can solve)= P( ),

P( )= 1- P(A )= 1-[1- P( x P( ],=1-[1- x ]= 1-[1- ]=1-[ ]=1- = = ,

(v) at least one of them can solve, P(at least one of them can solve)=P(A or B)= P(A )

= 1- P( x P( , = 1- x =1- = = ,

90
(vi) only one of them can solve, P(only one of them can solve) =P(A& ) or P( )

=P(A ) P( ) = P(A) x P( + P( x P(B) = x + x = + = = Ans.

Q.(17) A problem in statistics is given to three students A,B,C whose chance of solving it are , ,

respectively.Find the probability that ,

(i) All of them can solve the problem.

(ii) None of them can solve.
(iii) Problem will be solved.
(iv) One of them will solve the problem.
(v) Two of them will solve the problem.
Solution:- Given,

P (A) = ,P =1- P (A) = 1- , = ,= .

P (B) = ,P =1- P (B) = 1- , = ,= .

P (C) = ,P =1- P (C) = 1- , = ,= .

Here, (i) P (All of them can solve the problem) = P (A∩B∩C) = P (A) x P(B) x P(C) = x x = ,

(ii) P(None of them can solve) = P ( ) = P ( ) x P( ) x P( ) = x x = ,

(iii) P(Problem will be solved), P(At least one will solve the problem)=P(A B C)=1-P ( ) x P( ) x P( )

= = =

(iv) P( One of them will solve the problem) = P ( ) or P ( ) or P ( )

=P( ) or P ( ) or P ( )

=P( )+P ( )+P( ) =P(A)xP( )xP( )+P( )xP(B)xP( )+P( )xP( )xP(C)

= x x + x x + x x = + + = = =

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(v)P(Two of them will solve the problem) = P ( ) or P ( ) or P ( )

= x x + x x + x x = + + = = =

Q.(18). It is 8:5 against a husband who is now 55 years old living till he is 75 and 4:3 against his wife who
is now 48 living till she is 68. Find the probability that,
(i) The couple will be alive 20 years hence,
(ii) At least one of them will be alive 20 years hence:
Solution:- Given, 8 : 5, against, n = 8+5 = 13.

P (H) = Probability that the husband till living = = ,

Again, 4 : 3, against, n = 4+3 = 7.

P (W) = Probability that the wife till living = = ,

(i) The couple will be alive 20 years hence = P( H W) = P(H) x P (W)= x = = 0.164 Ans.

(ii) At least one of them will be alive 20 years hence = P( H W) = P(H) + P (W) - P( H W).

= + - = = = 0.64 Ans.

Q.(19) An article manufactured by a company consists of two parts A and B. In the process of
manufacture of Part A, 9 out of 100 are likely to be defective. Similarly, in the manufacture of part B, 5 out
of 100 are likely to be defective. Calculate the probability that the assembled part will not be defective.

Solution:-Let,P(A)= Probability that ‘A’ part are likely to be defective = ,

P( )= Probability that ‘A’ part are not likely to be defective = 1- = =

Also,P(B)= Probability that ‘B’ part are likely to be defective = = ,

P( )= Probability that ‘B’ part are not likely to be defective = 1- = = ,

P(Assembled part will not be defective)=P( & )= P( )=P(A)xP(B) = x = = 0.8645 Ans.

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Q.(20) From the three components A, B, and C, a product is assembled. The probabilities of these

components being defective are respectively , and . What is the probability that the assembled

product will not be defective?

Solution:- Let, P(A)= Probability that component ‘A’ is being defective = ,

P ( ) = Probability that ‘A’ are not being defective = 1- = =

P (B) = Probability that component ‘B’ is being defective = = ,

P ( ) = Probability that component ‘B’ is not being defective = 1- = = ,

P (C) = Probability that component ‘C’ is being defective = = ,

P ( ) = Probability that component ‘C’ is not being defective = 1- = = ,

P(Assembled part will not be defective)=P( & )= P( )=P( )xP( )xP( ) = x x

= = 0.92169 Ans.

Q.(21) A young boy has to select a girl for marriage from a list of 80 girls, 25 of them are dancer and 55
are not, 10 of them are rich and 70 are poor, 20 of them are non smoker and remaining 60 are smoker.
What is the probability of the boy selecting a non smoking rich, dancer girl?

Solution:- Let, P(A)= Probability that girls are dancer = =

P ( ) = Probability that girls are not dancer = =

P (B) = Probability that girls are rich = = ,

P ( ) = Probability that girls are poor = = ,

P (C) = Probability that girls are non smoker = = ,

93
P ( ) = Probability that girls are smoker = =

P(Probability of the boy selecting a non smoking rich, dancer girl)=P( & )

=P( )=P( )x P( )x P( ) = x x = = 0.009769 Ans.

Q.(22) A director of a company has two advisors and he makes and his decision on the basis of
information given independently by each advisor. The probability that he makes a mistake in his thinking
is 0.007. The probability that a advisor gives wrong information is 0.2 and that of other advisor is 0.4.
assuming that the mistakes made by the director are independent of the information given by the Advisor.
Find the probability that he reaches a wrong decision.

Solution:- Let, P(M)= Probability that manager makes a mistake in his thinking = 0.007

P ( ) = Probability that manager makes a mistake in his thinking = 1-P (M), =1-0.007, = 0.993,

P (A1) = Probability that one advisor gives wrong information=0.2,

P( )= Probability that one advisor does not gives wrong information = 1-P (A1), =1-0.2, = 0.8,
P (A2) = Probability that another advisor gives wrong information=0.4
P( ) = Probability that another advisor does not gives wrong information = 1-P (A2), =1-0.4, = 0.6,

P(Manager reaches a wrong decision)=P(M or A1 or A2 )

= P (M A1 A2) = 1- P( ) x P( ) x P( ) = 1-0.993 x 0.8 x 0.6 =1- 0.47664, = 0.5234 Ans.

Q.(23)A electronic device is made up of three components A, B and C. The probabilities of failure of the
components A, B and C are 0.001, 0.1 and 0.02 respectively, in some fixed period of time. Find the
probability that the device will work satisfactorily during that period of time, assuming that the three
components work independently of one another.

Solution:- Let, P(A)= Probability that component ‘A’ is failure = 0.01

P ( ) = Probability that component ‘A’ is not failure = 1-P (A), =1-0.01, = 0.99,

P (B) = Probability that component ‘B’ is failure = 0.1

P ( ))= Probability that component ‘B’ is not failure = 1-P (B), =1-0.1, = 0.9,

&P(C)= Probability that component ‘C’ is failure = 0.02

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P ( ) = Probability that component ‘C’ is not failure = 1-P (C), =1-0.02, = 0.98,

P(Probability that the device will work satisfactorily)=P( & ) =P( ) =0.99 x 0.9 x 0.98

= 0.87318 Ans.

Q.(24) A speaks truth in 60% cases and B in 70% cases. In what percentage of cases are they likely to
contradict and do not contradict each other in stating the same fact?
Solution:-Let ‘A’ be the events that ‘A’ speaks truth,
& ‘B’ be the events that ‘B’ speaks truth.

Then, P(A) = = , P( ) = 1-P(A) = 1- = = ,

P(B) = = , P( ) = 1-P(A) = 1- = = ,

Case I,
In starting the same fact ‘A’ & ‘B’ contradict each other in the following two mutually exclusive ways:
(i) A speaks truth & B speaks false,
(ii) A speaks false & B speaks truth.

The required probability = P(i) or P(ii), = P(i) P(ii), = P(A & + P( &B) = P(A )+P( B)

= P(A) x P( ) + P( x P(B) = x + x = + = = = 0.46 = 46%

Hence, in 46% cases they are likely to contradict.

Case II,
‘A’ & ‘B’ do not contradict each other in starting the same fact in the following two mutually exchusive
equally,
(i) A speaks truth & B also speaks false,
(ii) A speaks false & B also speaks truth.

The required probability = P(i) or P(ii), = P(i) P(ii), = P(i) + P(ii), =P(A&B) + P( & )

=P(A & B) + P( & ) = P(A )+ P( ) = P(A) x P( ) + P( x P( ) = x + x = +

= = = 0.54 = 54 %

Hence, in 54% cases they do not likely to contradict.

“OR”

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The percentage that they do not contradict each other = 100- percentage that they are likely to contradict
= 100-46 = 56 % Ans.

Q.(25) The odds against A speaking the truth are 4:6 while the odds in favour of B speaking the truth are
7:3 What is the probability that A and B contradict each other in stating the same fact?

Solution:- Let, P(A)= Probability that ‘A’ speaks truth = = = ,

P ( ) = Probability that ‘A’ does not speaks truth = 1 - ,= = , &

P(B)= Probability that ‘B’ speaks truth = = ,

P ( ) = Probability that ‘B’ does not speaks truth = 1 - ,= = ,

P(A & B contradict each other in stating the same fact) = P(A& ) or P( &B) = P(A ) P( B)

= P(A) x P( ) + P( ) x P(B) = x + x = + = = Ans.

Q.(26) The odds against Mr. A solving a problem are 8 to 6 and the odds in favour of Mr.B solving the
same problem are 14 to 10. What is the probability that (a) Both A & B will solve it? (b) Mr. A solve it but
Mr. B fails to solve it?

Solution:- Let, P(A)= Probability that ‘A’ is solving a problem = = = ,

P ( ) = Probability that ‘A’ does not solving a problem = 1 - ,= = , &,

P(B)= Probability that ‘B’ is solving a problem = = = ,

P ( ) = Probability that ‘B’ does not solving a problem = 1 - ,= = ,

(a) Both A & B will solve it = P( both A & B will solve the problem) =P(A&B) = P(A B) = P(A) x P(B),

= x = Ans.

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(b) P (A solves but B fails to solve the problem) = P(A& ) = P(A ) = P(A) xP( ) = x = Ans.

Q.(27) In a MBS first year class, there are three section, each including 20 students. In first section there
are 10 boys and 10 girls, in second section, there are 15 boys and 5 girls and in the third section, there
are 12 boys and 8 girls. Five students are selected from each group to form a committee of 15 students.
What is the probability that all the 15 students selected are girls?
Solution:-Let ‘B’ denotes boy the event of selecting boy,
‘A’ denotes boy the event of selecting girl.
Selection I Selection II Selection III
10 Boy , 10 Girl 15 Boy, 5 Girl 12 Boy, 8 Girl

The probability ‘P’ that all the 15 students selected are girls is,
P= P(5 Girl out of 10 Girl from I) & P ( 5 Girl out of 5 Girl from II) & P( 5 Girl out of 8 Girl from III)

= = x x = 3.79x10-9 = 0.00000000379 Ans.

Q.(28) A bag contains 7 red and 4 blue balls. A ball is drawn and replaced before making second draw.
Find the probability that (i) both balls drawn are red (ii) both the balls drawn are blue (iii) one ball of each
colour.
Solution:- Total balls = 7 + 4 = 11,
Let, R & B denote the events of drawing Red & Blue ball respectly.

P(R) = , & P(B) = ,

(i)both balls drawn are red =P(Both balls drawn are Red) =P(R+R)=P(R R) =P(R)xP(R)= x = ,

(ii) both the balls drawn are blue = P(Both the balls drawn are Blue) =P(B&B)=P(B B)

=P(B)xP(B)………… [ Events are independent ]

= x = ,

(iii) one ball of each colour = P(one ball of each colour)= P(R&B) or P(B&R) = P(R B) P(B R)

=P(R) x P(B) + P(B) x P(R) = x + x = + = Ans.

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