Analog Electronics

Lecture 11
Operational Amplifier
“Op-Amp”

Dr. Roaa Mubarak

The Operational Amplifier Contents:
1. Introduction to Amplifiers
2. Operational Amplifier architecture
3. Operational Amplifier Properties
4. Operational Amplifier Applications
Introduction
Amplification
Develop understanding of linear amplification concepts such as:

• Voltage gain, current gain, and power gain

• Gain conversion to decibel representation

• Two-port representations of amplifiers

 Amplification
• The Function of amplifier is to provide an output which is greater than input.

The Main Types are:

• Voltage Amplifier: Intended to provide Voltage gain
• Current Amplifier: Intended to give current gain without gain in voltage.
• Power Amplifier: Both current and voltage can be amplified.
• Inverting Amplifier: Gives an amplified output out of phase from input.
 Amplification
• The logarithmic decibel or dB scale compresses the huge numeric range of gains
encountered in real systems.
Amplification
Operational Amplifier architecture
 Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)
• An Op-Amp is a very high gain differential amplifier with very high input
impedance (typically a few Mega ohm) and a low output impedance (less than
500Ω)
• An Operational Amplifier is basically a three-terminal device which consists of
two high impedance inputs and one output
• An Operational Amplifier (It is also called an “Op-Amp”) is a device that is used to
amplify a signal using an external power source
• Op-Amps are generally composed of : Transistors, Resistors
Operational Amplifier Block diagram
 Construction of Operational Amplifier
• A small-scale integrated circuit, the 741 op amp shares with most op
amps an internal structure consisting of three gain stages:
• Differential amplifier— provides high differential amplification (gain),
with rejection of common-mode signal, low noise, high input
impedance, and drives a
• Voltage amplifier — provides high voltage gain, a single-pole
frequency roll-off, and in turn drives the
• Output amplifier — provides high current gain (low output
impedance), along with output current limiting, and output short-
circuit protection.
Current mirror (outlined red) bias circuitry and compensation capacitor.
 Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)
𝒗𝒐 = A 𝒗𝒊𝒅
A = open-circuit voltage gain
𝒗𝒊𝒅 = (𝒗+ - 𝒗− ) = differential input signal voltage
𝒗𝒐 = A (𝒗+ - 𝒗− )
𝑹𝒊𝒅 = amplifier input resistance
𝑹𝒐 = amplifier output resistance

• An ideal differential amplifier produces an output that depends on the voltage

difference between its two input terminals.
• Signal developed at amplifier output is in phase with the voltage applied at +
input (non-inverting) terminal and 180o out of phase with that applied at -
input (inverting) terminal.
 Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)

• An Operational Amplifier is basically a three-terminal device (There are two

inputs Inverting and Non-inverting and one output).
• One of the inputs is called the Inverting input, marked with a negative or
“minus” sign, ( – ). The other input is called the Non- inverting input, marked with
a positive or “plus” sign ( + ).
𝒗𝒐 = A (𝒗+ - 𝒗− )
Operational Amplifier (IC 741)
• An operational amplifier, is an integrated circuit primarily designed for
performing analogue computations. It has a very high voltage gain, typically of
the order of 105 (100dB).
• The 741 Op Amp IC is a monolithic integrated circuit, comprising of a general
purpose Operational Amplifier. It was first manufactured by Fairchild
semiconductors in the year 1963.
• The number 741 indicates that this operational amplifier IC has 7 functional pins,
4 pins capable of taking input and 1 output pin.
Operational Amplifier (IC 741)
• Pin4 & Pin7 (Power Supply): Pin7 is the positive voltage supply terminal and
Pin4 is the negative voltage supply terminal. The between 5V and 18V.
• Pin6 (Output): This is the output pin of IC 741. The voltage at this pin depends
on the signals at the input pins and the feedback mechanism used.
• Pin2 & Pin3 (Input): Pin2 is the inverting input and Pin3 is the non-inverting
input. These are input pins for the IC.
• Pin1 & Pin5 (Offset Null): Because of high gain provided by 741 Op-Amp, even
slight differences in voltages at the inverting and non-inverting inputs, caused
due to irregularities in manufacturing process or external disturbances, can
influence the output. To nullify this effect, an offset voltage can be applied at
pin1 and pin5, and is usually done using a potentiometer.
• Pin8 (N/C): This pin is not connected to any circuit inside 741 IC. It’s just a
dummy lead used to fill the void space in standard 8 pin packages.
Operational Amplifier Properties
 Op-Amp Input Modes
Differential Mode
The differential mode occurs if one input is applied while the other input is
grounded (Single-ended)

Or opposite polarity signal are applied to the inputs (Double- ended)

9
 Op-Amp Input Modes
The Common Mode
• In common mode, two signals voltages of the same amplitude, frequency and
phase are applied to the two inputs.
• The same input tend to cancel each other and the output is zero (Common
Mode Rejection Ratio CMRR).
• It is useful to reject unwanted signal that appears to both inputs. It is cancelled
and does not appear at the output
Op-Amp Parameters
Open-Loop Voltage Gain 𝑨𝒐𝒍
• The open-loop voltage gain of an op-amp is the internal voltage gain of the
device and represents the ratio of output voltage to input voltage when there
are no external components, Open-loop voltage gain is in the range of 200,000
(106 dB).
Common-Mode Rejection Ratio CMRR
• The ability of an amplifier to reject the common-mode input is a parameter
called CMRR (common-mode rejection ratio).
• Op-amp have very low common-mode gain, 𝐴𝑐𝑚, (much less than 1) while
providing very high open-loop differential voltage gain 𝐴𝑜𝑙 .
𝐴𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝑀𝑅𝑅 =
𝐴𝑐𝑚
Operational Amplifier (Ideal vs. Actual)
Actual Operational Amplifier
Ideal Operational Amplifier
Ideal Op-Amp

• The input Currents of Op-Amp 𝑰𝐢𝐧 = 0 (𝐑 𝐢𝐧 = ∞)

• Infinite Voltage gain 𝑨 = ∞

• Zero Output Impedance (𝑹𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝟎)

Gulden Rules of Op-Amp
• The inputs to the op-amp draw or source no current (true whether
negative feedback or not)

• The output attempts to do whatever is necessary to make the voltage

difference between the inputs zero

• The op-amp with negative feedback forces the two inputs v+ and v- to
have the same voltage, even though no current flows into either
input. This is sometimes called a “Virtual short”
Negative Feedback

• Negative feedback is the process whereby a portion of the output voltage of an

amplifier is returned to the input with a phase angle that is opposite to the
input signal.
• The open-loop gain of an op-amp is usually very high (more than 100,000).
• With negative feedback the gain of op-amp (called close-loop gain Acl) can be
reduced and controlled so that an op-amp can function as a linear amplifier.
Op-Amp with Negative Feedback
• Close-Loop Voltage Gain, Acl

❑The close-loop voltage gain is the voltage of an op-amp with external feedback.

❑The amplifier circuit consists of an op-amp and an external negative feedback

circuit.

❑The feedback from the output is connected to the inverting input of the op-
amp.

❑The negative feedback is determined and controlled by external components.

Op-Amp Applications
Linear Applications
1- The Inverting Amplifier
2-The Noninverting Amplifier
3- Summing Amplifier
4- Subtractor
5- Voltage Follower
Op-Amp Applications
1-Inverting Amplifier
1-Inverting Amplifier
We Have

Since 𝐼𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼𝑓

The closed loop gain

1-Inverting Amplifier
1-Inverting Amplifier example
2- Noninverting Amplifier
• A noninverting amplifier is a configuration in which the signal is on the
noninverting input and a portion of the output is returned to the inverting input.
• The feedback circuit is formed by input resistance Ri and feedback resistance Rf.
• This feedback creates a voltage divider circuit which reduces Vout and connects
the reduced voltage Vf to the inverting input
2- Noninverting Amplifier

Vin
Vout
2- Noninverting Amplifier
2-Noninverting Amplifier example