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Numerical_Analysis_Chapter1

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5 views14 pages

Numerical_Analysis_Chapter1

Uploaded by

christal133000000
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Part 1

Chapter 1
Mathematical Modeling,
Numerical Methods,
and Problem Solving
Chapter Objectives
• Learning how mathematical models can be formulated
on the basis of scientific principles to simulate the
behavior of a simple physical system.
• Understanding how numerical methods afford a means
to generalize solutions in a manner that can be
implemented on a digital computer.
• Understanding the different types of conservation laws
that lie beneath the models used in the various
engineering disciplines and appreciating the difference
between steady-state and dynamic solutions of these
models.
• Learning about the different types of numerical methods
we will cover in this book.
A Simple Mathematical Model
• A mathematical model can be broadly
defined as a formulation or equation that
expresses the essential features of a
physical system or process in mathematical
terms.

• Models can be represented by a functional


relationship between dependent variables,
independent variables, parameters, and
forcing functions.
Model Function
Model Function Example
a=dv/dt=F/m
F=F D+Fv -> dv/dt=g-c d/m x v^2
F=ma F=mg-c d x v^2

• Dependent variable - velocity v


• Independent variables - time t
• Parameters - mass m, drag coefficient cd
• Forcing function - gravitational
acceleration g
Model Results
• Using a computer (or a calculator), the model can be used
to generate a graphical representation of the system. For
example, the graph below represents the velocity of a
68.1 kilogram jumper, assuming a drag coefficient of 0.25
kilograms per mile
Numerical Modeling
• Some system models will be given as implicit
functions or as differential equations - these can be
solved either using analytical methods or numerical
methods.
• Example - the bungee jumper velocity equation
from before is the analytical solution to the
differential equation
 gc 
dv cd 2 vt 
gm
tanh d
t 
 g v cd  m 
dt m
where the change in velocity is determined by the
gravitational forces acting on the jumper versus the
drag force.
Numerical Methods
• To solve the problem using a numerical
method, note that the time rate of change of
velocity can be approximated as:
⑧
dv v vti1  vti 
 
dt t ti1  ti
Euler's Method
• Substituting the finite difference into the
differential equation gives
dv 9.8 cd 2
=g v

tt
dt m
v(ti+1)  v(ti) cd
ti+1  ti = g  v 2
m
• Solve for
cd
v(ti+1) = v(ti) + g  v(ti)2 (ti+1  ti)
m
new = old + slope  step
Numerical Results
• Applying Euler's method in 2 s intervals yields:

• How do we improve the solution?


– Smaller steps
Bases for Numerical Models
• Conservation laws provide the foundation for many
model functions.
• Different fields of engineering and science apply
these laws to different paradigms within the field.
• Among these laws are:
 Conservation of mass
 Conservation of momentum
 Conservation of charge
 Conservation of energy
Summary of Numerical Methods
• The book is divided into five categories of
numerical methods:
σ ^

σ
9

⑦
Summary of Numerical Methods
• The book is divided into five categories of
numerical methods:
Summary of Numerical Methods
• The book is divided into five categories of
numerical methods:

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