APPLIED PHYSICS-T-2-BT&BI

Biotechnology
Batch-1

1. (a) What is the fundamental structure of a crystal, and how does it differ from
other forms of matter?

(b) What is the significance of unit cells in crystallography, and how are they used
to describe crystal structure?

(c) How do crystals exhibit properties like anisotropy and symmetry, and why are
these properties important in crystal physics?

(d) What are crystal systems, and how do they help classify different types of
crystals?

(e) What is the definition and significance of Bravais lattices, in the context of
crystallography and solid-state physics?

Batch-2

2. (a) Provide the formula used to compute the Atomic Packing Factor (APF) for a
Simple Cubic (SC) crystal structure.

(b) Explain the method for determining the APF of a Body-Cantered Cubic (BCC)
crystal lattice, and clarify the significance of this APF value in materials science.

(c) Contrast the APF values of a Simple Cubic (SC) lattice and a Face-Cantered
(FCC) lattice. What insights can be gathered from the relative values of their
APFs?

(d) How does the arrangement of atoms in the unit cell affect the calculation of
APF in different crystal structures, and why is it important to consider this
arrangement when calculating APF?
Batch-3

3. (a) What are Miller Indices, and why are they important in crystallography?

(b) How do you determine the Miller Indices for a plane in a crystal lattice?

(c) In crystallography, how would you identify and describe the orientation of the
(110) and (011) crystallographic planes within a given crystal lattice, and what are
their characteristics in terms of their orientation with respect to the crystallographic
axes?

(d) How can you find the distance between two parallel crystal planes given their
Miller Indices?

Batch-4

4. (a) What is Bragg’s Law, and what is its significance in X-ray crystallography?

(b) What are the key components of Bragg’s Law equation, and how do they
contribute to the calculation of diffraction angles?

(c) A crystal lattice has spacing between its atomic planes of 0.2 nanometres. If X-
rays with a wavelength of 0.1 nanometres are incident on the crystal, what is the
Bragg angle for the first-order diffraction peak?

(d) A crystal has a known interplanar spacing (d) of 0.25 nanometres. If X-rays
with a wavelength 0.12 nanometres are used, calculate the angle at which the first-
order diffraction peak will occur according to Bragg’s Law.

Batch-5

5. (a) How does the Debye-Scherrer method work in determining the crystal
structure of a material?

(b) What are the key components and instruments used in the Debye-Scherrer
method?

(c) What are the advantages of using Debye-Scherrer analysis over other
techniques for crystal structure determination?
(d) Calculate the interplanar spacing (d) for the (200) plane of the crystal using
powder method. The first-order diffraction angle (θ) for the (200) plane is
measured as 30 degrees and the X-ray wavelength (λ) used in 1.5406 Angstroms?

Batch-6

6. (a) What is the top-down approach in nanotechnology, and how does it involve
the miniaturization of structures and materials from larger scales?

(b) What is the bottom-up approach in nanotechnology, and how does it involve
the assembly of nanoscale structures from atomic or molecular components?

(c) Explain the concept of surface to volume ratio and its relationship with the size
of an object?

(d) Describe quantum confinement and its occurrence in materials when they are at
the nanoscale?

Batch-7

7. (a) What is ball milling, and how does it work as a mechanical processing
technique for materials? How does the choice of ball milling parameters, such as
ball size and milling time, affect the final properties of the milled materials?

(b) What is the sol-gel process, and how does it enable the synthesis of materials
through chemical transformation of precursor sols?

(c) Describe the role of hydrolysis and condensation reactions in the sol-gel
process and how they impact material formation?

(d) Explain the role of heat treatment or calcination in transforming gels into solid
materials and the effects on their properties?
Bio-informatics

Batch-1

8. (a) Calculate the surface area and volume of a cube with sides of length 5
centimetres. Then, find the surface-to-volume ratio?

(b) For a spherical particle with a radius of 2 micrometres, compute the surface
area and volume. Determine the surface-to-volume ratio for the sphere?

(c) How do Nanomaterials find practical applications across various industries, and
what are some notable examples of their contributions to technology, healthcare,
and environmental sustainability?

(d) What are the fundamental principles that govern the behavior and properties of
Nanomaterials, and how do these principles differ from those of bulk materials at
larger scales?

Batch-2

9. (a) What are the primary differences between SEM and optical microscopes in
terms of imaging and resolution?

(b) How do the electron source, electron gun, and electron detectors contribute to
the imaging process in an SEM?

(c) Explain the principles of electron beam-sample interaction that result in the
formation of SEM images?

(d) How does electron beam energy impact the achievable resolution in SEM
imaging?

(e) Describe how energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS or EDX) works in
conjunction with SEM for elemental analysis?
Batch-3

10. (a) What is the basic principle behind Transmission Electron Microscopy, and
how does it differ from other microscopy techniques?

(b) How is an electron gun constructed in a TEM, and what role does it play in the
imaging process? What is electron diffraction, and how is it utilized in TEM to
gather information about crystal structures?

(c) What is Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and how does it differ from other
microscopy techniques in terms of its working principle?

(d) Explain the operation of the feedback loop in an AFM and how it maintains a
constant force between the tip and the sample during scanning?

(e) What are the various interaction forces that AFM can measure, and how are
these forces detected and quantified?