Michael Faraday

Michael Faraday (/ˈfærədeɪ, -di/; 22 September

1791 – 25 August 1867) was an English physicist and Michael Faraday
FRS
chemist who contributed to the study of
electromagnetism and electrochemistry. His main
discoveries include the principles underlying
electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and
electrolysis. Although Faraday received little formal
education, as a self-made man, he was one of the most
influential scientists in history.[1] It was by his research
on the magnetic field around a conductor carrying a
direct current that Faraday established the concept of
the electromagnetic field in physics. Faraday also
established that magnetism could affect rays of light
and that there was an underlying relationship between
the two phenomena.[2][3] He similarly discovered the
principles of electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism,
and the laws of electrolysis. His inventions of
Faraday, c. 1850s
electromagnetic rotary devices formed the foundation
of electric motor technology, and it was largely due to Born 22 September 1791
his efforts that electricity became practical for use in Newington Butts, Surrey, England

technology.[4] Died 25 August 1867 (aged 75)

Hampton, Middlesex, England
As a chemist, Faraday discovered benzene, Known for See list
investigated the clathrate hydrate of chlorine, invented
Discovery of benzene
an early form of the Bunsen burner and the system of
Faraday balance
oxidation numbers, and popularised terminology such
Faraday cage
as "anode", "cathode", "electrode" and "ion". Faraday
Faraday constant
ultimately became the first and foremost Fullerian
Faraday cup
Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution, a
Faraday effect
lifetime position.
Faraday-efficiency effect
Faraday was an experimentalist who conveyed his Faraday's ice pail experiment
ideas in clear and simple language. His mathematical Faraday's laws of electrolysis
abilities did not extend as far as trigonometry and were Faraday's law of induction

limited to the simplest algebra. James Clerk Maxwell Faraday paradox

Faraday paradox
took the work of Faraday and others and summarised it
(electrochemistry)
in a set of equations which is accepted as the basis of
Faraday rotator
all modern theories of electromagnetic phenomena. On
Faraday wave
Faraday's uses of lines of force, Maxwell wrote that
Faraday wheel
they show Faraday "to have been in reality a
Adsorption refrigeration
Balloon
mathematician of a very high order – one from whom Colloidal gold
the mathematicians of the future may derive valuable Homopolar motor
and fertile methods."[5] The SI unit of capacitance is Lines of force
named in his honour: the farad. Magnetic separation
Magnetohydrodynamic converter
Albert Einstein kept a portrait of Faraday on his study Premelting
wall, alongside those of Isaac Newton and James Clerk Regelation
Maxwell.[6] Physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, "When Farad
we consider the magnitude and extent of his
Spouse Sarah Barnard ​(m. 1821)​
discoveries and their influence on the progress of
Awards FRS (1824)
science and of industry, there is no honour too great to
pay to the memory of Faraday, one of the greatest Bakerian Medal (1829, 1832,
scientific discoverers of all time."[1] 1849, 1851, 1857)
Royal Medal (1835, 1846)
Copley Medal (1832, 1838)
Biography Rumford Medal (1846)
Albert Medal (1866)

Early life Scientific career

Fields Physics
Michael Faraday was born on 22 September 1791 in
Chemistry
Newington Butts,[7] Surrey, which is now part of the
London Borough of Southwark.[8] His family was not Institutions Royal Institution
well off. His father, James, was a member of the Signature
Glasite sect of Christianity. James Faraday moved his
wife, Margaret (née Hastwell),[9] and two children to
London during the winter of 1790 from Outhgill in
Westmorland, where he had been an apprentice to the
village blacksmith.[10] Michael was born in the autumn of the following year, the third of four children.
The young Michael Faraday, having only the most basic school education, had to educate himself.[11]

At the age of 14, he became an apprentice to George Riebau, a local bookbinder and bookseller in
Blandford Street.[12] During his seven-year apprenticeship Faraday read many books, including Isaac
Watts's The Improvement of the Mind, and he enthusiastically implemented the principles and suggestions
contained therein.[13] During this period, Faraday held discussions with his peers in the City
Philosophical Society, where he attended lectures about various scientific topics.[14] He also developed an
interest in science, especially in electricity. Faraday was particularly inspired by the book Conversations
on Chemistry by Jane Marcet.[15][16]

Adult life
In 1812, at the age of 20 and at the end of his apprenticeship, Faraday attended lectures by the eminent
English chemist Humphry Davy of the Royal Institution and the Royal Society, and John Tatum, founder
of the City Philosophical Society. Many of the tickets for these lectures were given to Faraday by William
Dance, who was one of the founders of the Royal Philharmonic Society. Faraday subsequently sent Davy
a 300-page book based on notes that he had taken during these lectures. Davy's reply was immediate,
kind, and favourable. In 1813, when Davy damaged his eyesight in an accident with nitrogen trichloride,
 he decided to employ Faraday as an assistant. Coincidentally one of the
Royal Institution's assistants, John Payne, was sacked and Sir Humphry
Davy had been asked to find a replacement; thus he appointed Faraday as
Chemical Assistant at the Royal Institution on 1 March 1813.[2] Very
soon, Davy entrusted Faraday with the preparation of nitrogen trichloride
samples, and they both were injured in an explosion of this very sensitive
substance.[17]

Faraday married Sarah Barnard (1800–1879) on 12 June 1821.[18] They

met through their families at the Sandemanian church, and he confessed
his faith to the Sandemanian congregation the month after they were
Portrait of Faraday in 1842 married. They had no children.[7] Faraday was a devout Christian; his
by Thomas Phillips Sandemanian denomination was an offshoot of the Church of Scotland.
Well after his marriage, he served as deacon and for two terms as an elder
in the meeting house of his youth. His church was located at Paul's Alley
in the Barbican. This meeting house relocated in 1862 to Barnsbury Grove, Islington; this North London
location was where Faraday served the final two years of his second term as elder prior to his resignation
from that post.[19][20] Biographers have noted that "a strong sense of the unity of God and nature
pervaded Faraday's life and work."[21]

Later life
In June 1832, the University of Oxford granted Faraday an
honorary Doctor of Civil Law degree. During his lifetime, he was
offered a knighthood in recognition for his services to science,
which he turned down on religious grounds, believing that it was
against the word of the Bible to accumulate riches and pursue
worldly reward, and stating that he preferred to remain "plain Mr
Faraday to the end".[22] Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in
1824, he twice refused to become President.[23] He became the
first Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution in Three Fellows of the Royal Society
1833.[24] offering the presidency to Faraday
(right) in 1857
In 1832, Faraday was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[25] He was elected a
foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1838. In 1840, he was elected to the
American Philosophical Society.[26] He was one of eight foreign members elected to the French Academy
of Sciences in 1844.[27] In 1849 he was elected as associated member to the Royal Institute of the
Netherlands, which two years later became the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and he
was subsequently made foreign member.[28]

Faraday had a nervous breakdown in 1839 but eventually returned to his investigations into
electromagnetism.[29] In 1848, as a result of representations by the Prince Consort, Faraday was awarded
a grace and favour house in Hampton Court in Middlesex, free of all expenses and upkeep. This was the
Master Mason's House, later called Faraday House, and now No. 37 Hampton Court Road. In 1858
Faraday retired to live there.[30]
 Having provided a number of
various service projects for the
British government, when asked by
the government to advise on the
production of chemical weapons
for use in the Crimean War (1853–
1856), Faraday refused to
participate, citing ethical
reasons. [31] He also refused offers
Faraday House in Hampton Court
where Faraday lived between 1858 to publish his lectures, believing
and 1867 that they would lose impact if not
accompanied by the live
experiments. His reply to an offer
Faraday's grave at
from a publisher in a letter ends with: "I have always loved science more Highgate Cemetery, London
than money & because my occupation is almost entirely personal I cannot
afford to get rich."[32]

Faraday died at his house at Hampton Court on 25 August 1867, aged 75.[33] He had some years before
turned down an offer of burial in Westminster Abbey upon his death, but he has a memorial plaque there,
near Isaac Newton's tomb.[34] Faraday was interred in the dissenters' (non-Anglican) section of Highgate
Cemetery.[35]

Scientific achievements

Chemistry
Faraday's earliest chemical work was as an assistant to Humphry Davy.
Faraday was involved in the study of chlorine; he discovered two new
compounds of chlorine and carbon: hexachloroethane which he made via
the chlorination of ethylene and carbon tetrachloride from the
decomposition of the former. He also conducted the first rough
experiments on the diffusion of gases, a phenomenon that was first
pointed out by John Dalton. The physical importance of this
phenomenon was more fully revealed by Thomas Graham and Joseph
Loschmidt. Faraday succeeded in liquefying several gases, investigated
the alloys of steel, and produced several new kinds of glass intended for
optical purposes. A specimen of one of these heavy glasses subsequently
became historically important; when the glass was placed in a magnetic
field Faraday determined the rotation of the plane of polarisation of
Equipment used by Faraday light. This specimen was also the first substance found to be repelled by
to make glass on display at the poles of a magnet.[36][37]
the Royal Institution in
London Faraday invented an early form of what was to become the Bunsen
burner, which is still in practical use in science laboratories around the
world as a convenient source of heat.[38][39] Faraday worked extensively
in the field of chemistry, discovering chemical substances such as benzene (which he called bicarburet of
hydrogen) and liquefying gases such as chlorine. The liquefying of gases helped to establish that gases
are the vapours of liquids possessing a very low boiling point and gave a more solid basis to the concept
of molecular aggregation. In 1820 Faraday reported the first synthesis of compounds made from carbon
and chlorine, C2Cl6 and CCl4, and published his results the following year.[40][41][42] Faraday also
determined the composition of the chlorine clathrate hydrate, which had been discovered by Humphry
Davy in 1810.[43][44] Faraday is also responsible for discovering the laws of electrolysis, and for
popularising terminology such as anode, cathode, electrode, and ion, terms proposed in large part by
William Whewell.[45]

Faraday was the first to report what later came to be called metallic nanoparticles. In 1847 he discovered
that the optical properties of gold colloids differed from those of the corresponding bulk metal. This was
probably the first reported observation of the effects of quantum size, and might be considered to be the
birth of nanoscience.[46]

Electricity and magnetism

Faraday is best known for his work on electricity and magnetism. His first recorded experiment was the
construction of a voltaic pile with seven British halfpenny coins, stacked together with seven discs of
sheet zinc, and six pieces of paper moistened with salt water.[47] With this pile he passed the electric
current through a solution of sulfate of magnesia and succeeded in decomposing the chemical compound
(recorded in first letter to Abbott, 12 July 1812).[47]

In 1821, soon after the Danish physicist and chemist Hans Christian
Ørsted discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetism, Davy and
William Hyde Wollaston tried, but failed, to design an electric motor.[3]
Faraday, having discussed the problem with the two men, went on to build
two devices to produce what he called "electromagnetic rotation". One of
these, now known as the homopolar motor, caused a continuous circular
motion that was engendered by the circular magnetic force around a wire
that extended into a pool of mercury wherein was placed a magnet; the
wire would then rotate around the magnet if supplied with current from a
Electromagnetic rotation
chemical battery. These experiments and inventions formed the foundation
experiment of Faraday,
of modern electromagnetic technology. In his excitement, Faraday
1821, the first
demonstration of the published results without acknowledging his work with either Wollaston
conversion of electrical or Davy. The resulting controversy within the Royal Society strained his
energy into motion[48] mentor relationship with Davy and may well have contributed to Faraday's
assignment to other activities, which consequently prevented his
involvement in electromagnetic research for several years.[49][50]

From his initial discovery in 1821, Faraday continued his laboratory work, exploring electromagnetic
properties of materials and developing requisite experience. In 1824, Faraday briefly set up a circuit to
study whether a magnetic field could regulate the flow of a current in an adjacent wire, but he found no
such relationship.[51] This experiment followed similar work conducted with light and magnets three
years earlier that yielded identical results.[52][53] During the next seven years, Faraday spent much of his
time perfecting his recipe for optical quality (heavy) glass, borosilicate of lead,[54] which he used in his
future studies connecting light with magnetism.[55] In his spare time, Faraday continued publishing his
experimental work on optics and electromagnetism; he conducted
correspondence with scientists whom he had met on his journeys
across Europe with Davy, and who were also working on
electromagnetism.[56] Two years after the death of Davy, in 1831,
he began his great series of experiments in which he discovered
electromagnetic induction, recording in his laboratory diary on 28
October 1831 that he was "making many experiments with the
great magnet of the Royal Society".[57]
One of Faraday's 1831 experiments
Faraday's breakthrough came when he wrapped two insulated coils
demonstrating induction. The liquid
of wire around an iron ring, and found that, upon passing a current battery (right) sends an electric
through one coil, a momentary current was induced in the other current through the small coil (A).
coil.[3] This phenomenon is now known as mutual inductance.[58] When it is moved in or out of the
The iron ring-coil apparatus is still on display at the Royal large coil (B), its magnetic field
Institution. In subsequent experiments, he found that if he moved a induces a momentary voltage in the
magnet through a loop of wire an electric current flowed in that coil, which is detected by the
galvanometer (G).
wire. The current also flowed if the loop was moved over a
stationary magnet. His
demonstrations established that a
changing magnetic field produces
an electric field; this relation was
modelled mathematically by James
Clerk Maxwell as Faraday's law, A diagram of Faraday's iron ring-coil
which subsequently became one of apparatus
the four Maxwell equations, and
Built in 1831, the Faraday which have in turn evolved into the
disc was the first electric
generalization known today as field theory.[59] Faraday would later use the
generator. The horseshoe-
shaped magnet (A) created
principles he had discovered to construct the electric dynamo, the ancestor
a magnetic field through the of modern power generators and the electric motor.[60]
disc (D). When the disc was
turned, this induced an In 1832, he completed a series of
electric current radially experiments aimed at investigating the
outward from the centre fundamental nature of electricity; Faraday
toward the rim. The current used "static", batteries, and "animal
flowed out through the
electricity" to produce the phenomena of
sliding spring contact m,
electrostatic attraction, electrolysis,
through the external circuit,
and back into the centre of magnetism, etc. He concluded that,
the disc through the axle. contrary to the scientific opinion of the
time, the divisions between the various
"kinds" of electricity were illusory. Faraday (right) and John
Faraday instead proposed that only a single "electricity" exists, and the Daniell (left), founders of
changing values of quantity and intensity (current and voltage) would electrochemistry
produce different groups of phenomena.[3]

Near the end of his career, Faraday proposed that electromagnetic forces extended into the empty space
around the conductor.[59] This idea was rejected by his fellow scientists, and Faraday did not live to see
the eventual acceptance of his proposition by the scientific community. It would be another half a century
before electricity was used in technology, with the West End's Savoy Theatre, fitted with the incandescent
light bulb developed by Sir Joseph Swan, the first public building in the world to be lit by
electricity.[61][62] As recorded by the Royal Institution, "Faraday invented the generator in 1831 but it
took nearly 50 years before all the technology, including Joseph Swan's incandescent filament light bulbs
used here, came into common use".[63]

Diamagnetism
In 1845, Faraday discovered that many materials exhibit a weak repulsion
from a magnetic field: an effect he termed diamagnetism.[65]

Faraday also discovered that the plane of polarization of linearly polarised

light can be rotated by the application of an external magnetic field
aligned with the direction in which the light is moving. This is now
termed the Faraday effect.[59] In Sept 1845 he wrote in his notebook, "I
have at last succeeded in illuminating a magnetic curve or line of force
and in magnetising a ray of light".[66]
Faraday holding a type of
glass bar he used in 1845
Later on in his life, in 1862, Faraday used a spectroscope to search for a
to show magnetism affects
different alteration of light, the change of spectral lines by an applied
light in dielectric material[64]
magnetic field. The equipment available to him was, however, insufficient
for a definite determination of spectral change. Pieter Zeeman later used
an improved apparatus to study the same phenomenon, publishing his results in 1897 and receiving the
1902 Nobel Prize in Physics for his success. In both his 1897 paper[67] and his Nobel acceptance speech,
Zeeman made reference to Faraday's work.[68]

Faraday cage
In his work on static electricity, Faraday's ice pail experiment demonstrated that the charge resided only
on the exterior of a charged conductor, and exterior charge had no influence on anything enclosed within
a conductor. This is because the exterior charges redistribute such that the interior fields emanating from
them cancel one another. This shielding effect is used in what is now known as a Faraday cage.[59] In
January 1836, Faraday had put a wooden frame, 12 ft square, on four glass supports and added paper
walls and wire mesh. He then stepped inside and electrified it. When he stepped out of his electrified
cage, Faraday had shown that electricity was a force, not an imponderable fluid as was believed at the
time.[4]

Royal Institution and public service

Faraday had a long association with the Royal Institution of Great Britain. He was appointed Assistant
Superintendent of the House of the Royal Institution in 1821.[69] He was elected a Fellow of the Royal
Society in 1824.[7] In 1825, he became Director of the Laboratory of the Royal Institution.[69] Six years
later, in 1833, Faraday became the first Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution of Great
Britain, a position to which he was appointed for life without the obligation to deliver lectures. His
sponsor and mentor was John 'Mad Jack' Fuller, who created the position at the Royal Institution for
Faraday.[70]
Beyond his scientific research into areas such as chemistry, electricity, and
magnetism at the Royal Institution, Faraday undertook numerous, and
often time-consuming, service projects for private enterprise and the
British government. This work included investigations of explosions in
coal mines, being an expert witness in court, and along with two engineers
from Chance Brothers c. 1853, the preparation of high-quality optical
glass, which was required by Chance for its lighthouses. In 1846, together
with Charles Lyell, he produced a lengthy and detailed report on a serious
explosion in the colliery at Haswell, County Durham, which killed 95
miners.[71] Their report was a meticulous forensic investigation and
indicated that coal dust contributed to the severity of the explosion.[71]
The first-time explosions had been linked to dust, Faraday gave a Michael Faraday meets
demonstration during a lecture on how ventilation could prevent it. The Father Thames, from Punch
report should have warned coal owners of the hazard of coal dust (21 July 1855).
explosions, but the risk was ignored for over 60 years until the 1913
Senghenydd Colliery Disaster.[71]

As a respected scientist in a nation with strong maritime interests, Faraday

spent extensive amounts of time on projects such as the construction and
operation of lighthouses and protecting the bottoms of ships from
corrosion. His workshop still stands at Trinity Buoy Wharf above the
Chain and Buoy Store, next to London's only lighthouse where he carried
out the first experiments in electric lighting for lighthouses.[72]

Faraday was also active in what would now be called environmental

science, or engineering. He investigated industrial pollution at Swansea
and was consulted on air pollution at the Royal Mint. In July 1855,
Faraday wrote a letter to The Times on the subject of the foul condition of
the River Thames, which resulted in an often-reprinted cartoon in Punch.
Lighthouse lantern room (See also The Great Stink).[73]
from mid-1800s
Faraday assisted with the planning
and judging of exhibits for the Great
Exhibition of 1851 in Hyde Park, London.[74] He also advised the
National Gallery on the cleaning and protection of its art collection,
and served on the National Gallery Site Commission in 1857.[75][76]
Education was another of Faraday's areas of service; he lectured on
the topic in 1854 at the Royal Institution,[77] and, in 1862, he
appeared before a Public Schools Commission to give his views on
education in Great Britain. Faraday also weighed in negatively on the
public's fascination with table-turning,[78][79] mesmerism, and Faraday's apparatus for
seances, and in so doing chastised both the public and the nation's experimental demonstration of
educational system.[80] ideomotor effect on table-turning

Before his famous Christmas lectures, Faraday delivered chemistry

lectures for the City Philosophical Society from 1816 to 1818 in order to refine the quality of his
lectures.[81]
 Between 1827 and 1860 at the Royal Institution in London,
Faraday gave a series of nineteen Christmas lectures for young
people, a series which continues today. The objective of the
lectures was to present science to the general public in the hopes
of inspiring them and generating revenue for the Royal Institution.
They were notable events on the social calendar among London's
gentry. Over the course of several letters to his close friend
Benjamin Abbott, Faraday outlined his recommendations on the
Faraday (standing behind a desk) art of lecturing, writing "a flame should be lighted at the
delivering a Christmas Lecture to commencement and kept alive with unremitting splendour to the
the general public at the Royal end".[82] His lectures were joyful and juvenile, he delighted in
Institution in 1856 filling soap bubbles with various gasses (in order to determine
whether or not they are magnetic), but the lectures were also
deeply philosophical. In his lectures he urged his audiences to
consider the mechanics of his experiments: "you know very well that ice floats upon water ... Why does
the ice float? Think of that, and philosophise".[83] The subjects in his lectures consisted of Chemistry and
Electricity, and included: 1841: The Rudiments of Chemistry, 1843: First Principles of Electricity, 1848:
The Chemical History of a Candle, 1851: Attractive Forces, 1853: Voltaic Electricity, 1854: The
Chemistry of Combustion, 1855: The Distinctive Properties of the Common Metals, 1857: Static
Electricity, 1858: The Metallic Properties, 1859: The Various Forces of Matter and their Relations to
Each Other.[84]

Commemorations
A statue of Michael Faraday stands in Savoy Place, London, outside
the Institution of Engineering and Technology. The Faraday
Memorial, designed by brutalist architect Rodney Gordon and
completed in 1961, is at the Elephant & Castle gyratory system, near
Faraday's birthplace at Newington Butts, London. Faraday School is
located on Trinity Buoy Wharf where his workshop still stands above
the Chain and Buoy Store, next to London's only lighthouse.[85]
Faraday Gardens is a small park in Walworth, London, not far from
his birthplace at Newington Butts. It lies within the local council
ward of Faraday in the London Borough of Southwark. Michael
Faraday Primary school is situated on the Aylesbury Estate in
Walworth.[86]

A building at London South Bank University, which houses the Statue of Faraday in Savoy
institute's electrical engineering departments is named the Faraday Place, London. Sculptor John
Wing, due to its proximity to Faraday's birthplace in Newington Henry Foley.
Butts. A hall at Loughborough University was named after Faraday in
1960. Near the entrance to its dining hall is a bronze casting, which
depicts the symbol of an electrical transformer, and inside there hangs a portrait, both in Faraday's
honour. An eight-storey building at the University of Edinburgh's science & engineering campus is named
for Faraday, as is a recently built hall of accommodation at Brunel University, the main engineering
building at Swansea University, and the instructional and experimental physics building at Northern
Illinois University. The former UK Faraday Station in Antarctica was named after him.[87]

Streets named for Faraday can be found in many British cities (e.g.,
Without such freedom London, Fife, Swindon, Basingstoke, Nottingham, Whitby, Kirkby,
there would have been Crawley, Newbury, Swansea, Aylesbury and Stevenage) as well as in
no Shakespeare, no France (Paris), Germany (Berlin-Dahlem, Hermsdorf), Canada (Quebec
Goethe, no Newton, no City, Quebec; Deep River, Ontario; Ottawa, Ontario), the United States
Faraday, no Pasteur and (The Bronx, New York and Reston, Virginia), Australia (Carlton,
no Lister. Victoria), and New Zealand (Hawke's Bay).[89][90][91]

—Albert Einstein's speech A Royal Society of Arts blue plaque,

on intellectual freedom at unveiled in 1876, commemorates Faraday
the Royal Albert Hall,
London having fled Nazi
at 48 Blandford Street in London's
Germany, 3 October Marylebone district.[92] From 1991 until
1933[88] 2001, Faraday's picture featured on the
reverse of Series E £20 banknotes issued
by the Bank of England. He was portrayed
conducting a lecture at the Royal Institution with the magneto-electric
spark apparatus.[93] In 2002, Faraday was ranked number 22 in the BBC's
list of the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote.[94]

Faraday has been commemorated on postage stamps issued by the Royal

Plaque erected in 1876 by
Mail. In 1991, as a pioneer of electricity he featured in their Scientific the Royal Society of Arts in
Achievements issue along with pioneers in three other fields (Charles Marylebone, London
Babbage (computing), Frank Whittle (jet engine) and Robert Watson-Watt
(radar)).[95] In 1999, under the title "Faraday's Electricity", he featured in
their World Changers issue along with Charles Darwin, Edward Jenner and Alan Turing.[96]

The Faraday Institute for Science and Religion derives its name from the scientist, who saw his faith as
integral to his scientific research. The logo of the institute is also based on Faraday's discoveries. It was
created in 2006 by a $2,000,000 grant from the John Templeton Foundation to carry out academic
research, to foster understanding of the interaction between science and religion, and to engage public
understanding in both these subject areas.[97][98]

The Faraday Institution, an independent energy storage research institute established in 2017, also derives
its name from Michael Faraday.[99] The organisation serves as the UK's primary research programme to
advance battery science and technology, education, public engagement and market research.[99]

Faraday's life and contributions to electromagnetics was the principal topic of the tenth episode, titled
"The Electric Boy", of the 2014 American science documentary series, Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey,
which was broadcast on Fox and the National Geographic Channel.[100]

The writer Aldous Huxley wrote about Faraday in an essay entitled, A Night in Pietramala: "He is always
the natural philosopher. To discover truth is his sole aim and interest ... even if I could be Shakespeare, I
think I should still choose to be Faraday."[101] Calling Faraday her "hero", in a speech to the Royal
Society, Margaret Thatcher declared: "The value of his work must be higher than the capitalisation of all
the shares on the Stock Exchange!" She borrowed his bust from the Royal Institution and had it placed in
the hall of 10 Downing Street.[4]

Awards named in Faraday's honour

In honor and remembrance of his great scientific contributions, several institutions have created prizes
and awards in his name. This include:

The IET Faraday Medal[102]

The Royal Society of London Michael Faraday Prize[103]
The Institute of Physics Michael Faraday Medal and Prize[104]
The Royal Society of Chemistry Faraday Lectureship Prize[105]

Gallery

Portrait of young Michael Faraday in Michael Faraday's Michael Faraday's flat

Michael Faraday, his laboratory, study at the Royal at the Royal
c. 1826 c. 1850s Institution Institution

Artist Harriet Jane

Moore who
documented
Faraday's life in
watercolours

Bibliography
Faraday's books, with the exception of Chemical Manipulation, were
collections of scientific papers or transcriptions of lectures.[106] Since his
death, Faraday's diary has been published, as have several large volumes
of his letters and Faraday's journal from his travels with Davy in 1813–
1815.

Faraday, Michael (1827). Chemical Manipulation, Being

Instructions to Students in Chemistry. John Murray. 2nd ed.
1830 (https://archive.org/details/chemicalmanipula00fararich),
3rd ed. 1842 (https://archive.org/details/chemicalmanipul04fara
goog)
Faraday, Michael (1839). Experimental Researches in
Electricity, vols. i. and ii (https://archive.org/details/experimental
rese00faraiala). Richard and John Edward Taylor.; vol. iii.
Richard Taylor and William Francis, 1855
Chemische Manipulation,
Faraday, Michael (1859). Experimental Researches in 1828
Chemistry and Physics (https://archive.org/details/experimentalr
ese00fararich). Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-0-85066-841-4.
Faraday, Michael (1861). W. Crookes (ed.). A Course of Six Lectures on the Chemical
History of a Candle (https://archive.org/details/chemicalhistoryo00faraiala). Griffin, Bohn &
Co. ISBN 978-1-4255-1974-2.
Faraday, Michael (1873). W. Crookes (ed.). On the Various Forces in Nature (https://archive.
org/details/onvariousforceso00farauoft). Chatto and Windus.
Faraday, Michael (1932–1936). T. Martin (ed.). Diary. G. Bell. ISBN 978-0-7135-0439-2. –
published in eight volumes; see also the 2009 publication (http://www.faradaysdiary.com/) of
Faraday's diary
Faraday, Michael (1991). B. Bowers and L. Symons (ed.). Curiosity Perfectly Satisfyed:
Faraday's Travels in Europe 1813–1815. Institution of Electrical Engineers.
Faraday, Michael (1991). F.A.J.L. James (ed.). The Correspondence of Michael Faraday.
Vol. 1. INSPEC, Inc. ISBN 978-0-86341-248-6. – vol. 2, 1993; vol. 3, 1996; vol. 4, 1999
Faraday, Michael (2008). Alice Jenkins (ed.). Michael Faraday's Mental Exercises: An
Artisan Essay Circle in Regency London. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
Course of six lectures on the various forces of matter, and their relations to each other (http
s://archive.org/details/courseofsixlectu00fararich) London; Glasgow: R. Griffin, 1860.
The Liquefaction of Gases, Edinburgh: W.F. Clay, 1896.
The letters of Faraday and Schoenbein 1836–1862. With notes, comments and references
to contemporary letters (https://archive.org/details/lettersoffaraday00fararich) London:
Williams & Norgate 1899. (Digital edition (http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-1560
0) by the University and State Library Düsseldorf)

See also
Faraday (unit) – Physical constant: Electric charge of one mole of electrons
Forensic engineering – Investigation of failures associated with legal intervention
Nikola Tesla – Serbian-American engineer and inventor (1856–1943)
Timeline of hydrogen technologies
Timeline of low-temperature technology
 Zeeman effect – Spectral line splitting in magnetic field

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Further reading

Biographies
Agassi, Joseph (1971). Faraday as a Natural Philosopher (https://archive.org/details/faraday
asnatural0000agas). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226010465.
Ames, Joseph Sweetman (Ed.) (c. 1900). The Discovery of Induced Electric Currents.
Vol. 2. New York: American Book Company (1890).
Bence Jones, Henry (1870). The Life and Letters of Faraday (https://archive.org/details/lifea
ndlettersf02jonegoog). Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott and Company. "Faraday."
The British Electrical and Allied Manufacturers Association (1931). Faraday. Edinburgh: R. &
R. Clark, Ltd.
Gladstone, J.H. (1872). Michael Faraday (https://archive.org/details/michaelfaraday06gladg
oog). London: Macmillan. "Faraday."
Gooding, David; James, Frank A.J.L. (1985). Faraday rediscovered: essays on the life and
work of Michael Faraday, 1791–1867. Basingstoke, Hants, England; New York: Macmillan
Press; Stockton Press. ISBN 978-0-333-39320-8.
Gooding, David; Cantor, Geoffrey; James, Frank A. J. L. (1996). Michael Faraday. Amherst,
New York: Humanity Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-556-3.
Gooding, David; Tweney, Ryan D. (1991). Michael Faraday's 'Chemical notes, hints,
suggestions, and objects of pursuit' of 1822. London: P. Peregrinus in association with the
Institution of Engineering and Technology. ISBN 978-0-86341-255-4.
Hamilton, James (2002). Faraday: The Life. London: Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-
716376-2.
Hirshfeld, Alan W. (2006). The Electric Life of Michael Faraday. Walker and Company.
ISBN 978-0-8027-1470-1.
Russell, Colin A. (Ed. Owen Gingerich) (2000). Michael Faraday: Physics and Faith (Oxford
Portraits in Science Series) (https://archive.org/details/michaelfaraday00coli). New York:
Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511763-9.
Thomas, John Meurig (1991). Michael Faraday and the Royal Institution: The Genius of
Man and Place. Bristol: Hilger. ISBN 978-0-7503-0145-9.
Tyndall, John (1868). Faraday as a Discoverer (https://archive.org/details/faradayasdiscove
00tyndrich). London: Longmans, Green, and Company.
Williams, L. Pearce (1965). Michael Faraday: A Biography (https://archive.org/details/michae
lfaradaybi00will). New York: Basic Books.

External links

Biographies
Biography at The Royal Institution of Great Britain (https://web.archive.org/web/2004031201
5850/http://www.rigb.org/rimain/heritage/faradaypage.jsp)
Faraday as a Discoverer by John Tyndall, Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org/eb
ooks/1225) (downloads)
 The Christian Character of Michael Faraday (http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1991/PSCF6-
91Eichman.html)
The Life and Discoveries of Michael Faraday (https://archive.org/details/lifediscoverieso00cr
owrich) by J. A. Crowther, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1920

Others
Works by Michael Faraday (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/5541) at Project
Gutenberg
Works by or about Michael Faraday (https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subjec
t%3A%22Faraday%2C%20Michael%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Michael%20Faraday%
22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Faraday%2C%20Michael%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22M
ichael%20Faraday%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Michael%20Faraday%22%20OR%20descri
ption%3A%22Faraday%2C%20Michael%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Michael%20Fa
raday%22%29%20OR%20%28%221791-1867%22%20AND%20Faraday%29%29%20AN
D%20%28-mediatype:software%29) at the Internet Archive
Works by Michael Faraday (https://librivox.org/author/1940) at LibriVox (public domain
audiobooks)
Complete Correspondence of Michael Faraday (https://epsilon.ac.uk/search?sort=date;f1-co
llection=Michael%20Faraday) Searchable full texts of all letters to and from Faraday, based
on the standard edition by Frank James
Video Podcast (https://web.archive.org/web/20060516234558/http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/video/i
ndex.rss) with Sir John Cadogan talking about Benzene since Faraday
The letters of Faraday and Schoenbein 1836–1862. With notes, comments and references
to contemporary letters (1899) (https://archive.org/details/lettersoffaraday00fararich) full
download PDF (https://archive.org/download/lettersoffaraday00fararich/lettersoffaraday00far
arich.pdf)
Faraday School, located on Trinity Buoy Wharf (https://web.archive.org/web/200901062055
02/http://www.newmodelschool.co.uk/faraday) at the New Model School Company Limited's
website
"Profiles in Chemistry: Michael Faraday" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVhiwi6AvQM)
on YouTube, Chemical Heritage Foundation

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