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Sociology

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27 views1 page

Untitled Document

Sociology

Uploaded by

gourav.ufo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Science as a formal action comes in direct contact with the national World to produce

knowledge. This knowledge is systematic in nature that attends to the concept of progress
following a consistent method, that could be flexible and broad in nature. this consistency is
reflected by the ability to perform experiments similarly resulting in the same evidences. If
not the scientist accepts or rejects the hypothesis, considering the same evidence being
proven wrong.

Exactly how science has become a formal activity is subjective in nature where lies the
philosophy of science.. there are 4 philosophical and sociological approaches to science
1.​ In 1930s, Vienna Circle tried to develop a philosophical understanding of science,
expanding scientific World view, they called it logistical positivism.Logical positivism
reflects an expansion of science into social science and philosophy itself in order to
increase the rigor of their work. Empirical and logical consideration of verification and
falsification are inherent methods and important ideas of any scientific theory. A
scientific statement is then, a condensed summary of possible observations. As a
formal activity, positivism is a logical manipulation of observations that are empirical
in nature, that can be verified, proven to be true and falsified when not.

The method of engaging in logical positivism is to move from individual facts to


generalizations or general claims,This method is inductive in nature, for exams
censors data. They go with a hypothesis or a presumptive statement and try to verify
it through logical and empirical observation.
For example, the middle class is determined according to the number of electronic
luxury gadgets inside their household, for instance, television, refrigerator…

Problems of positivism: firstly, to generalize data from individual facts can be a


difficult task. There could be multiple meanings of the same observations.
Second, theories could be too abstract to denote the data it is taken from
Third, it is based on making correct predictions…

2.​ Falsification: Karl popper falsification, believes that the task of the philosophy of
science is to produce genuine scientific theories, which are readily falsifiable, making
risky predictions. The scientific attitude says that if a theory’s prediction is falsified the
theory itself is to be treated as false. According to popper scientific theories are
imaginative creations which are free floating and not simply tight to observation by
positivists. A good theory,is only good till it can make good predictions and until new
evidence comes along and a new theory proves the former false. A pooperian
scientist is skeptical and unwilling to accept anything as proven and willing to throw
away anything that doesn't have evidence or is proven wrong by newer evidence,
conclusively, we can say that falsification entails successive refinements and
enlargement of theories to contribute to increasing correct data and scientific
knowledge.while science may or may not reach the truth it is through claims, counter
claims, debates, refutation and predictions that increasing number of facts can be
analysed, encapsulated and encompassed as developing knowledge.

Problems of falsification:
Since most scientific theory are generally abstract in nature(astro physics) poppers
view would establish most scientific theories as unscientific…

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