College Physics 2

Fluid Mechanics
MPS Department │ FEU Institute of Technology
 College Physics 2

Density and Pressure

MPS Department │ FEU Institute of Technology
 College Physics 2

Archimedes’ Principle
MPS Department │ FEU Institute of Technology
 College Physics 2

Density and Pressure

MPS Department │ FEU Institute of Technology
 OBJECTIVES

§ Define and apply the concepts of density and fluid pressure to solve physical
problems.
§ Define and apply concepts of absolute, gauge, and atmospheric pressures.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
FLUID MECHANICS is the branch of science which deals
with the study of the behavior of fluids (gases or liquids)

FLUID is any substance that can flow either a liquid or a

gas

FLUID STATICS is the study of fluids at rest or equilibrium

situations

FLUID DYNAMICS is the study of fluids in motion.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
DENSITY is defined as mass per unit volume.

A homogenous material such as iron or ice has some density ρ

throughout.

𝒎
𝝆=
𝑽
Where:
m = mass (kg)
V = volume (m3) Figure 1. Two objects with different masses and different
volumes but the same density. From. Sear's & Zemansky's
University Physics With Modern Physics(pp373) by Young, H. D.,
Freedman, R. A. & A. Lewis Ford(2016). England: Pearson.
DENSITIES OF SOME COMMON SUBSTANCES

Table 1. Densities of Some Common Substances. From. Sear's & Zemansky's University Physics With Modern Physics(pp374) by Young, H. D., Freedman, R.
A. & A. Lewis Ford(2016). England: Pearson.
RELATIVE DENSITY

The relative density ρr of a material is the ratio of

its density to the density of water (1000 kg/m3).

rx
rr = 3
1000 kg/m

Steel (7800 kg/m3) ρr = 7.80

Brass (8700 kg/m3) ρr = 8.70
Wood (500 kg/m3) ρr = 0.500
SAMPLE
1. Find the mass and weight of the air at 200C in a
living room with a 4.0 m by 5.0 m and a ceiling at 3.0 m
high.

Solution

V = (4.0m)(5.0m)(3.0) = 60 m3
mair = ρairV = (1.20 kg/m3)(60 m3)
mair = 72 kg
wair = mairg = (72kg)(9.81m/s2) = 706.32 N
wair = 706.32 N
PRESSURE

It is the amount of force

exerted on a given area.
Its SI unit is Pascal (Pa)
𝐹
𝑃=
𝐴 If the applied force is acting on a small
Where: area, then the pressure will be large.
P = pressure ( Pa)
F = force in Newton (N) Figure 2 Pressure Formula . From. https://www.testo.com/en-IN/services/knowledgebase-pressure-physical-
principles

A = area (m2)
Unit: Pascal (Pa)
1Pa = 1 N/m2
 Fluid Pressure
Suppose we have a tank filled with fluid with density ρ.
The tank is filled up to a height “h” with a cross sectional area
“A”
𝑷 = 𝝆𝒈𝒉
Where
ρ = density (Pa)
g = gravitational
acceleration (m/s2)
h = height (m)

Figure 3. Tank filled with fluid. From. https://www.slideshare.net/reastment/pressure-in-fluids

As you go deeper the swimming pool, the

pressure gets higher
 FLUID PRESSURE
A liquid or gas cannot sustain a shearing stress - it is only
restrained by a boundary. Thus, it will exert a force
against and perpendicular to that boundary.

The force F exerted by a fluid on

the walls of its container always
acts perpendicular to the walls.

Figure 4. Fluid exerted by a fluid on the walls.. From.

https://www.slideshare.net/nosuhaila/chapter2-24683465
 FLUID PRESSURE
Fluid exerts forces in many directions. Try to
submerse a rubber ball in water to see that an
upward force acts on the float.

Fluids exert pressure in

all directions.

Figure 5. Fluid exerted in all direction. From. https://www.slideshare.net/nosuhaila/chapter2-24683465

 INDEPENDENCE OF SHAPE AND AREA.

Water seeks its own level,

indicating that fluid
pressure is independent of
area and shape of its
container.
Figure 6. Independent of Shape and Area. From. https://www.slideshare.net/nosuhaila/chapter2-24683465

At any depth h below the surface of the

water in any column, the pressure P is the
same. The shape and area are not factors.
 PROPERTIES OF FLUID PRESSURE
• The forces exerted by a fluid on the walls of its
container are always perpendicular.

• The fluid pressure is directly proportional to the

depth of the fluid and to its density.

• At any particular depth, the fluid pressure is the

same in all directions.

• Fluid pressure is independent of the shape or area of

its container.
 SAMPLE

1. A diver is located 20 m below the surface of a

lake (r = 1000 kg/m3). What is the pressure due
to the water?

The difference in pressure from r = 1000 kg/m3

h
the top of the lake to the diver is:

∆h = 20 m; g = 9.8 m/s2

Figure 7. Diver . From. https://www.slideshare.net/nosuhaila/chapter2-24683465

∆P = ρg∆h =(1000 kg/m3)(9.8 m/s2)(20m)

=196,000 Pa
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
For an open tank, we should include the pressure
outside the tank pressing on the top of the surface of
the fluid, which is the atmospheric pressure Patm.

Patm = 101.3 kPa = 760 torr = 760 mmHg

Ptotal = Patm + ρgh
SAMPLE
2. Compare the total pressure at the bottom of a
swimming pool of depth 3.00m if it’s filled with
fresh water and seawater.
SOLUTION
For freshwater
Ptotal = Patm + ρgh
= 101.3 x103 Pa + (1x103 kg/m3)(9.81)(3.0m)
= 130,730 Pa
For saltwater
Ptotal = Patm + ρgh
= 101.3 x103 Pa + (1.03x103 kg/m3)(9.81)(3.0m)
= 131,612.9 Pa
CONVERSION OF PRESSURE UNITS
HYDRAULIC PRESSURE
Consider a hydraulic jack filled with fluid everywhere.

Pascal’s principle states that “an external pressure

applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted uniformly
throughout the volume of the liquid.”

Figure 8. Hydraulic Jack Filled with Fluid.

From. https://www.chegg.com/homework-
help/questions-and-answers/pascal-s-law-
principle-transmission-fluid-pressure-states-
pressure-exerted-anywhere-confin-
q3033100

Pressure in = Pressure out

HYDRAULIC PRESSURE
The volume also are equal. Supposed pushing it with a
distance d1, on the left , then the amount of fluid
displaced is the volume that that fluid that ends up at
the other side d2.

In other words, the same amount of fluid leaves on the left and
enters on the right side.

A 1 d1 = A 2 d2
SAMPLE
3. A car that weighs 10.0 kN is placed on the 1.00 m radius
piston of a hydraulic press. How much force should be exerted
in 5.0 cm radius piston to lift the car?
Solution:

𝐹!" 𝐹#$%
=
𝐴!" 𝐴#$%
𝐴!" 𝐹#$%
𝐹!" =
𝐴#$%
𝜋 0.05𝑚 & 10000𝑁
𝐹!" = & = 25𝑁
𝜋 1𝑚
Answer: 25 N
 REFERENCES
Serway, R. A., & Jewett, J. W. (2019). Physics for Scientists and
Engineers with Modern Physics Tenth Edition. Australia: Cengage
Learning.

Physics book by Gary B. Conrado and Maria A. Boncodin.

Serway, R. A., & Vuille, C. (2015). College Physics 10th Edition.

Stamford, Connecticut: Cengage Learning.

Young, H. D., & Freedman, R. A. (2016). Sear's & Zemansky's

University Physics With Modern Physics. England: Pearson.
 REFERENCES

https://www.slideshare.net/nosuhaila/chapter2-24683465

https://www.slideshare.net/reastment/pressure-in-fluids

https://www.testo.com/en-IN/services/knowledgebase-pressure-
physical-principles

https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-
answers/pascal-s-law-principle-transmission-fluid-pressure-
states-pressure-exerted-anywhere-confin-q3033100
 College Physics 2

Archimedes’ Principle
MPS Department │ FEU Institute of Technology
 OBJECTIVES

§ Define Buoyant Force

§ State Archimedes’ Principle
§ Solve physical problems involving Archimedes’ Principle
Have you ever tried to push a ball down under water?

It is extremely difficult to do because of large upward force exerted by the water on the
ball.

This upward force is what we call Buoyant force.

Figure 1. a) A swimmer pushes a beach ball under water. b) The forces on a beach ball–sized parcel of water. From. Physics for Scientists
and Engineers with Modern Physics(pp 424) by Serway, R. A., & Jewett, J. W. (2019). Australia: Cengage Learning.
“The magnitude of the buoyant force on
an object always equals the weight of the
fluid displaced by the object.”

Figure 2. Archimedes From. Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics(pp 424) by Serway, R. A., & Jewett, J. W. (2019).
Australia: Cengage Learning.
An object that is completely or partially submerged in a fluid experiences
an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.

The buoyant force is due to

the displaced fluid. The
block material doesn’t
matter.

Figure 3. Buoyant Force. From. https://www.slideshare.net/johnryanrizal/chapter15-

a?qid=783b9047-7f59-405c-8a1e-629327afd5ba&v=&b=&from_search=7
 CALCULATING BUOYANT FORCE
The buoyant force FB is due to the
difference of pressure DP between
the top and bottom surfaces of the
submerged block.
𝐹)
∆𝑃 = = 𝑃& − 𝑃*; 𝐹) = 𝐴 𝑃& − 𝑃*
𝐴
Figure 4. Buoyant Force. Calculation From.

𝐹) = 𝐴 𝑃& − 𝑃* = 𝐴(𝜌+ 𝑔ℎ& − 𝜌+ 𝑔ℎ*)

https://www.slideshare.net/johnryanrizal/chapter15-a?qid=783b9047-7f59-405c-8a1e-
629327afd5ba&v=&b=&from_search=7

𝐹) = (𝜌+ 𝑔)𝐴(ℎ& − ℎ*) Buoyant Force:

𝑭𝑩 = 𝝆𝒇 𝒈 𝑽
𝑭𝑩 = 𝝆𝒇 𝒈 𝑽
V is volume of fluid displaced.
.
1. A 2-kg brass block is attached to a string and submerged underwater. Find
the buoyant force and the tension in the rope
All forces are balanced:
FB + T = mg FB = rwgVw

FB = rgV

Force diagram

mg
Figure 5. Buoyant Force. Sample From. https://www.slideshare.net/johnryanrizal/chapter15-
a?qid=783b9047-7f59-405c-8a1e-629327afd5ba&v=&b=&from_search=7
 FLOATING OBJECTS
When an object floats, partially submerged, the buoyant force
exactly balances the weight of the object.

FB = ρf gVf mx g = ρxVx g

ρf gVf = ρx Vx g

Floating Objects: rf Vf = rxVx

Figure 6.Floating Objects. From. https://www.slideshare.net/johnryanrizal/chapter15-
a?qid=783b9047-7f59-405c-8a1e-629327afd5ba&v=&b=&from_search=7

Relative Density:
If Vf is volume of displaced water
Vwd, the relative density of an r x Vwd
rr = =
object x is given by: r w Vx
2. A student floats in a salt lake with one-third of his body above the surface. If
the density of his body is 970 kg/m3, what is the density of the lake water?

Assume the student’s volume is 3 m3.

Vs = 3 m3; Vwd = 2 m3; rs = 970 kg/m3

1/3
Figure 7.Floating Objects. Sample From.
https://www.slideshare.net/johnryanrizal/chap
ter15-a?qid=783b9047-7f59-405c-8a1e-
629327afd5ba&v=&b=&from_search=7
2/3
ρw = 1460 kg/m3
REFERENCES
Serway, R. A., & Jewett, J. W. (2019). Physics for Scientists and
Engineers with Modern Physics Tenth Edition. Australia:
Cengage Learning.

Physics book by Gary B. Conrado and Maria A. Boncodin.

Serway, R. A., & Vuille, C. (2015). College Physics 10th Edition.

Stamford, Connecticut: Cengage Learning.

Young, H. D., & Freedman, R. A. (2016). Sear's & Zemansky's

University Physics With Modern Physics. England: Pearson.
 REFERENCES

https://www.slideshare.net/nosuhaila/chapter2-24683465

https://www.slideshare.net/johnryanrizal/chapter15a?qid=783b9047-
7f59-405c-8a1e-629327afd5ba&v=&b=&from_search=7