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May 2021 P3 HL TZ02 QP

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28 views15 pages

May 2021 P3 HL TZ02 QP

Uploaded by

Pule Khoatsana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MAY 2021 P3 HL TZ02 QP [55

marks]

This question asks you to explore the behaviour and some key features
of the function fn (x) = xn (a − x)n , where a ∈ R+ and n ∈ Z+ .
In parts (a) and (b), only consider the case where a = 2.
Consider f1 (x) = x(2 − x).

1a. Sketch the graph of y = f1 (x), stating the values of any axes intercepts [3 marks]
and the coordinates of any local maximum or minimum points.
( )= (2 − )n ∈ Z+ , >1
Consider fn (x)= xn (2 − x)n , where n ∈ Z+ , n > 1.

1b. Use your graphic display calculator to explore the graph of y = fn (x) for [6 marks]
• the odd values n = 3 and n = 5;
• the even values n = 2 and n = 4.
Hence, copy and complete the following table.

( )= ( − )n ∈ R+ ∈ Z+ , >1
Now consider fn (x)= xn (a − x)n where a ∈ R+ and n ∈ Z+ , n > 1.

1c. Show that f ′ (x)=


n nxn−1 (a − 2x)(a − x)n−1 . [5 marks]

1d. State the three solutions to the equation fn ′ (x)= 0. [2 marks]


1e. Show that the point ( a , fn ( a )) on the graph of y = fn (x) is always [3 marks]
2 2
above the horizontal axis.

1f. Hence, or otherwise, show that fn ′ ( a )> 0, for n ∈ Z+ . [2 marks]


4

′
(−1)
By using the result from part (f) and considering the sign of fn ′ (−1), show that
the point (0, 0) on the graph of y = fn (x) is

1g. a local minimum point for even values of n, where n > 1 and a ∈ R+ . [3 marks]

1h. a point of inflexion with zero gradient for odd values of n, where n >1 [2 marks]
and a ∈ R+ .

= ( − )n − ∈ Z+ ∈ R+
1i. Consider the graph of y = xn (a − x)n − k, where n ∈ Z+ , a ∈ R+ and [5 marks]
k ∈ R.
State the conditions on n and k such that the equation xn (a − x)n = k has four
solutions for x.
This question asks you to investigate and prove a geometric property
involving the roots of the equation z n = 1 where z ∈ C for integers n,
where n ≥ 2.

The roots of the equation z n= 1 where z ∈ C are 1, ω, ω2 , … , ωn−1 , where


2π i
ω = e n . Each root can be represented by a point P0 , P1 , P2 , … , Pn−1 ,
respectively, on an Argand diagram.
For example, the roots of the equation z 2 = 1 where z ∈ C are 1 and ω. On an
Argand diagram, the root 1 can be represented by a point P 0 and the root ω can
be represented by a point P1 .
Consider the case where n = 3.
The roots of the equation z 3 = 1 where z ∈ C are 1, ω and ω2 . On the following
Argand diagram, the points P0 , P 1 and P 2 lie on a circle of radius 1 unit with
centre O(0, 0).

2a. Show that (ω − 1)(ω2 + ω + 1) = ω3 − 1. [2 marks]

2
2b. Hence, deduce that ω2 + ω + 1 = 0. [2 marks]

[P P ] [P P ]
Line segments [P0 P1 ] and [P0 P2 ] are added to the Argand diagram in part (a)
and are shown on the following Argand diagram.

P0 P1 is the length of [P0 P1 ] and P0 P2 is the length of [P0 P2 ].

2c. Show that P0 P 1 × P 0 P 2 = 3. [3 marks]

=4
Consider the case where n = 4.
The roots of the equation z 4 = 1 where z ∈ C are 1, ω, ω2 and ω3 .

2d. By factorizing z 4 − 1, or otherwise, deduce that ω3 + ω2 + ω + 1 = 0. [2 marks]

On the following Argand diagram, the points P 0 , P 1 , P 2 and P 3 lie on a circle of


radius 1 unit with centre O(0, 0). [P 0 P 1 ] , [P 0 P 2 ] and [P 0 P 3 ] are line segments.

2e. Show that P0 P 1 × P 0 P 2 × P 0 P 3 = 4. [4 marks]


5 C 2 3
For the case where n = 5, the equation z 5 = 1 where z ∈ C has roots 1, ω, ω2 , ω3
and ω4 .
It can be shown that P0 P1× P 0 P 2 × P 0 P 3 × P 0 P 4 = 5.
Now consider the general case for integer values of n, where n ≥ 2.
The roots of the equation z n = 1 where z ∈ C are 1, ω, ω2 , … , ωn−1 . On an
Argand diagram, these roots can be represented by the points
P0 , P1 , P2 , … , Pn−1 respectively where [P0 P1 ], [P0 P2 ], … , [P0 Pn−1 ] are line
segments. The roots lie on a circle of radius 1 unit with centre O(0, 0).

2f. Suggest a value for P0 P1 × P0 P2 × … × P0 Pn−1 . [1 mark]

P0 P1 can be expressed as |1 − ω|.

2g. Write down expressions for P0 P2 and P0 P3 in terms of ω. [2 marks]

2h. Hence, write down an expression for P 0 P n−1 in terms of n and ω. [1 mark]

−1 −2 C
Consider z n − 1 = (z − 1)(z n−1 + z n−2 + … + z + 1)where z ∈ C.

2i. Express z n−1 + z n−2 + … + z + 1 as a product of linear factors over [3 marks]


the set C.

2j. Hence, using the part (g)(i) and part (f) results, or otherwise, prove your [4 marks]
suggested result to part (e).
© International Baccalaureate Organization 2023
International Baccalaureate® - Baccalauréat International® - Bachillerato Internacional®

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