2.

9 Summary 63

Answer: ShuntFollowing themΩ,

resistors: 50 ammeter setup
505 mΩ, of Fig.
5.556 Ω. 2.61, design an ammeter for the Practice Problem 2.17
following multiple ranges:
(a) 0–1 A (b) 0–100 mA (c) 0–10 mA
Take the full-scale meter current as Im = 1 mA and the internal resistance
2.9 of the ammeter as Rm = 50 Ω.
Summary
1. A resistor is a passi ve element in which the v oltage v across it is
directly proportional to the current i through it. That is, a resistor is
a device that obeys Ohm’s law,
v = iR
where R is the resistance of the resistor.
2. A short circuit is a resistor (a perfectly , conducting wire) with zero
resistance (R = 0). An open circuit is a resistor with infinite resis-
tance (R = ∞).
3. The conductance G of a resistor is the reciprocal of its resistance:

1
G = __
R
4. A branch is a single tw o-terminal element in an electric circuit. A
node is the point of connection between tw o or more branches. A
loop is a closed path in a circuit. The number of branches b, the
number of nodes n, and the number of independent loops l in a net-
work are related as

b=l+n−1
5. Kirchhoff’s current la w (KCL) states that the currents at an y node
algebraically sum to zero. In other w ords, the sum of the currents
entering a node equals the sum of currents leaving the node.
6. Kirchhoff’s v oltage la w (KVL) states that the v oltages around a
closed path algebraically sum to zero. In other w ords, the sum of
10. The voltage division principle for two resistors in series is
voltage rises equals the sum of voltage drops.
7. Two elements are in series when the y are connected sequentially , R1 R2
v1 = _____ v, v2 = _____ v
end to end. When elements are in series, the same current flows R 1 + R2 R 1 + R2
through them (i1 = i2). They are in parallel if the y are connected to 11. The current division principle for two resistors in parallel is
the same two nodes. Elements in parallel always have the same volt-
R2 R1
age across them (v1 = v2). i1 = _____ i, i2 = _____ i
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
8. When two resistors R1 (=​1/G1) and R2 (=​1/G2) are in series, their
equivalent resistance Req and equivalent conductance Geq are 12. The formulas for a delta-to-wye transformation are
G1G2 Rb Rc Rc Ra
Req = R1 + R2, Geq = _____ R1 = _______ , R2 = _______
G1 + G2 Ra + Rb + Rc Ra + Rb + Rc
9. When two resistors R1 (=​1/G1) and R2 (=​1/G2) are in parallel, their Ra Rb
R3 = _______
equivalent resistance Req and equivalent conductance Geq are Ra + Rb + Rc

R1R2 13. The formulas for a wye-to-delta transformation are

Req = _____ , Geq = G1 + G2
R1 + R2
R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1 R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
Ra = _____________ , Rb = _____________
R1 R2

R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
Rc = _____________
R3
14. The basic laws covered in this chapter can be applied to the prob-
lems of electrical lighting and design of dc meters.
 Review Questions
2.1 The reciprocal of resistance is: 2.9 Which of the circuits in Fig. 2.66 will give you
(a) voltage (b) current Vab =​7​V?
(c) conductance (d) coulombs
5V 5V
2.2 An electric heater draws 10 A from a 120-V line.
+– a –+ a
The resistance of the heater is:
(a) 1200 Ω (b) 120 Ω
(c) 12 Ω (d) 1.2 Ω 3V +
– 3V +
–
2.3 The voltage drop across a 1.5-kW toaster that draws
12 A of current is: +– b +– b
(a) 18 kV (b) 125 V 1V 1V
(c) 120 V (d) 10.42 V (a) (b)
2.4 The maximum current that a 2W, 80 kΩ resistor can
5V 5V
safely conduct is:
+– a –+ a
(a) 160 kA (b) 40 kA
(c) 5 mA (d) 25 μA
3V +
– 3V +
–
2.5 A network has 12 branches and 8 independent loops.
How many nodes are there in the
network? –+ b –+ b
(a) 19 (b) 17 (c) 5 (d) 4 1V 1V

2.6 The current I in the circuit of Fig. 2.63 is: (c) (d)

(a) −0.8 A (b) −0.2 A Figure 2.66

For Review Question 2.9.
(c) 0.2 A (d) 0.8 A
4Ω I

3V +
–
+ 5V
–
Figure 2.63 6Ω
2.10 In the circuit of Fig. 2.67, a decrease in R3 leads to a
For Review Question 2.6.
decrease of, select all that apply:

2.7 The current Io of Fig. 2.64 is: (a) current through R3

(a) −4 A (b) −2 A (c) 4 A (d) 16 A (b) voltage across R3

(c) voltage across R1
10 A
(d) power dissipated in R2
(e) none of the above
2A 4A
R1

Figure 2.64 Vs + R2 R3
–
For Review Question 2.7. Io

Figure 2.67
2.8 In the circuit in Fig. 2.65, V is: For Review Question 2.10.
(a) 30 V (b) 14 V (c) 10 V (d) 6 V
10 V
+ –

12 V +
–
+ 8V
–

Figure 2.65
For Review Question 2.8. + –
V
 Problems
Section 2.2 Ohm’s Law Section 2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws
2.4 (a) Calculate current i in Fig. 2.68 when the switch
is in position 1.
(b) Find the current when the switch is in position 2. 2.9 Find i1, i2, and i3 in Fig. 2.73.

–4 A
1 2

1A i2
i
100 Ω 250 Ω –3 A A B i3
+ 40 V
–
i1 –6 A
2A

Figure 2.68 C
For Prob. 2.4. –2 A
Figure 2.73
Section 2.3 Nodes, Branches, and Loops For Prob. 2.9.

2.5 For the network graph in Fig. 2.69, find the number
2.10 Determine i1 and i2 in the circuit of Fig. 2.74.
of nodes, branches, and loops.

–8 A 4A
i2
i1

–6 A

Figure 2.74
Figure 2.69 For Prob. 2.10.
For Prob. 2.5.

2.11 In the circuit of Fig. 2.75, calculate V1 and V2.

2.6 In the network graph shown in Fig. 2.70, determine
the number of branches and nodes. 1V 2V
+ – + –

+ + +
V1 5V V2
– – –

Figure 2.75
For Prob. 2.11.

Figure 2.70
For Prob. 2.6.

2.7 Determine the number of branches and nodes in the

circuit of Fig. 2.71.
1Ω 4Ω

12 V +
– 8Ω 5Ω 2A

Figure 2.71
For Prob. 2.7.
 Problems 67

2.12 In the circuit in Fig. 2.76, obtain v1, v2, and v3. 2.16 Determine Vo in the circuit in Fig. 2.80.
+ 30 V –

16 Ω 14 Ω
– 50 V + + 20 V – + v2 –
+

10 V +
– Vo + 25 V
–
+ + +
40 V v1 v3 –
– – –

Figure 2.80
For Prob. 2.16.
Figure 2.76
For Prob. 2.12.

2.13 For the circuit in Fig. 2.77, use KCL to find the 2.17 Obtain v1 through v3 in the circuit of Fig. 2.81.
branch currents I1 to I4.
+ v1 –
2A

v2 – +
24 V +
– +
v3 + 10 V
–
I2 7A I4 –

–+

3A I3 4A 12 V
I1
Figure 2.81
For Prob. 2.17.
Figure 2.77
For Prob. 2.13.
2.18 Find I and V in the circuit of Fig. 2.82.

2.14 Given the circuit in Fig. 2.78, use KVL to find the I
branch voltages V1 to V4.
+
3A 20 Ω 10 Ω 4A 20 Ω –2 A V
+ + –
–
3V V1 V2
– – +2 V – +
– +
V3
– + + Figure 2.82
4V V4 5V For Prob. 2.18.
+ – –

Figure 2.78
For Prob. 2.14. 2.19 From the circuit in Fig. 2.83, find I, the power dis-
sipated by the resistor, and the power supplied by
each source.
2.15 Calculate v and ix in the circuit of Fig. 2.79.

10 V
12 Ω + 16 V – +–
I
+v– ix
+ 12 V +
– 3Ω
10 V +
– 4V + 3i
– x
– +–
–8 V
Figure 2.79 Figure 2.83
For Prob. 2.15. For Prob. 2.19.
68 Chapter 2 Basic Laws

2.20 Determine io in the circuit of Fig. 2.84. 2.24 For the circuit in Fig. 2.88, find Vo / Vs in terms of α,​
R1, R2, R3, and R4. If R1 = R2 = R3 = R4, what value
of α will produce |Vo / Vs| =​10?
io 22 Ω

Io R1
54 V + + 5i
– – o
+
Vs + R2 𝛼Io R3 R4 Vo
–
–
Figure 2.84
For Prob. 2.20. Figure 2.88
For Prob. 2.24.

2.21 Find Vx in the circuit of Fig. 2.85.

2.25 For the network in Fig. 2.89, find the current, volt-
age, and power associated with the 20-kΩ resistor.
2 Vx
1Ω
+ –

+
+ 5 mA 10 kΩ Vo 0.01Vo 5 kΩ 20 kΩ
15 V +
– 5Ω Vx –
–
Figure 2.89
For Prob. 2.25.
2Ω
Figure 2.85
For Prob. 2.21. Sections 2.5 and 2.6 Series and Parallel Resistors
2.26 For the circuit in Fig. 2.90, io = 3 A. Calculate ix and
2.22 Find Vo in the circuit in Fig. 2.86 and the power the total power absorbed by the entire circuit.
absorbed by the dependent source.

10 Ω ix io
25 Ω
+ Vo –

10 Ω 25 A 2 Vo
20 Ω 10 Ω 5Ω 40 Ω

Figure 2.86
For Prob. 2.22. Figure 2.90
For Prob. 2.26.

2.23 In the circuit shown in Fig. 2.87, determine Vx and

the power absorbed by the 60-Ω resistor. 2.27 Calculate Io in the circuit of Fig. 2.91.

5Ω 6Ω
8Ω
+ v –
x
20 Ω
Io
60 A 10 Ω 40 Ω 60 Ω
10 V +
– 3Ω 6Ω

15 Ω 30 Ω

Figure 2.87 Figure 2.91

For Prob. 2.23. For Prob. 2.27.
 Problems 69

2.32 Find i1 through i4 in the circuit in Fig. 2.96.

i4 i2 200 Ω
60 Ω

40 Ω 50 Ω

i3 i1
16 A

Figure 2.96
For Prob. 2.32.

2.29 All resistors (R) in Fig. 2.93 are 10 Ω each. Find Req.
R
2.33 Obtain v and i in the circuit of Fig. 2.97.

Req R i 4S 6S

+
R R R R 9A v 1S 2S 3S
–
R
Figure 2.97
Figure 2.93 For Prob. 2.33.
For Prob. 2.29.

2.30 Find Req for the circuit in Fig. 2.94. 2.34 Using series/parallel resistance combination, find the
equivalent resistance seen by the source in the circuit
of Fig. 2.98. Find the overall absorbed power by the
resistor network.
25 Ω 180 Ω
50 Ω 70 Ω 150 Ω
60 Ω

Req 60 Ω
600 V +
– 400 Ω 400 Ω 200 Ω

Figure 2.94 130 Ω 50 Ω

For Prob. 2.30.
Figure 2.98
For Prob. 2.34.

2.31 For the circuit in Fig. 2.95, determine i1 to i5.

2.35 Calculate Vo and Io in the circuit of Fig. 2.99.
i1
3Ω
i3
i2 70 Ω 30 Ω
Io
200 V +
– 4Ω i4 2 Ω i5 200 V +
–
1Ω +
20 Ω Vo 5Ω
–

Figure 2.95 Figure 2.99

For Prob. 2.31. For Prob. 2.35.
 2.36 Find i and Vo in the circuit of Fig. 2.100. 2.39 Evaluate Req looking into each set of terminals for
each of the circuits shown in Fig. 2.103.

i 80 Ω 24 Ω 50 Ω 3 kΩ

6Ω
25 Ω 3Ω 2 kΩ 6 kΩ
+
20 V +
– 20 Ω 30 Ω Vo
– 6Ω 3Ω 6 kΩ

60 Ω 20 Ω
(a) (b)
Figure 2.103
Figure 2.100 For Prob. 2.39.
For Prob. 2.36.
2.40 For the ladder network in Fig. 2.104, find I and Req.

2.37 Given the circuit in Fig. 2.101 and that the resis- I 8Ω 2Ω 1Ω
tance, Req, looking into the circuit from the left is
equal to 100 Ω, determine the value of R1.
15 V + 4Ω 6Ω 2Ω
–

R1 R1 Req

Figure 2.104
For Prob. 2.40.
R1 R1

2.41 If Req = 50 Ω in the circuit of Fig. 2.105, find R.

Figure 2.101
For Prob. 2.37.
10 Ω R
30 Ω

Req 12 Ω 12 Ω 12 Ω
60 Ω
2.38 Find Req and io in the circuit of Fig. 2.102.

Figure 2.105
For Prob. 2.41.
60 Ω

12 Ω 2.42 Reduce each of the circuits in Fig. 2.106 to a single

resistor at terminals a-b.
io 2.5 Ω 6Ω 5Ω
80 Ω
a b
35 V +
– 15 Ω 20 Ω 8Ω 20 Ω

Req
30 Ω
Figure 2.102
For Prob. 2.38. (a)

2Ω 4Ω 5Ω
a b

5Ω 3Ω 10 Ω
 30 Ω
(a)
2.45 Find the equivalent resistance at terminals a-b of
2Ω 4Ω 5Ω
a
each circuit in Fig. 2.109.
b

5Ω 3Ω 10 Ω 10 Ω

8Ω 4Ω 40 Ω

20 Ω
(b)
Figure 2.106 a
For Prob. 2.42.
30 Ω 5Ω

50 Ω
b
2.43 Calculate the equivalent resistance Rab at terminals
a-b for each of the circuits in Fig. 2.107. (a)

5Ω 30 Ω

a
12 Ω
20 Ω 10 Ω 40 Ω
5Ω 20 Ω
b
(a)
25 Ω 60 Ω

15 Ω 10 Ω
10 Ω
a
(b)

80 Ω
Figure 2.109
60 Ω 20 Ω 30 Ω For Prob. 2.45.

b
(b)
Figure 2.107
For Prob. 2.43.

2.44 For the circuits in Fig. 2.108, obtain the equivalent 2.46 Find I in the circuit of Fig. 2.110.
resistance at terminals a-b.

20 Ω 72 Ω 80 Ω
I

30 Ω 24 Ω 20 Ω
a
140 V +
– 36 Ω 10 Ω
30 Ω 8Ω
14 Ω 36 Ω

36 Ω
b

Figure 2.108 Figure 2.110

For Prob. 2.44. For Prob. 2.46.
 2.47 Find the equivalent resistance Rab in the circuit of
Fig. 2.111.

5Ω 6Ω

10 Ω 8Ω
d a b e

20 Ω 3Ω

2.51 Obtain the equivalent resistance at the terminals a-b

Figure 2.111 for each of the circuits in Fig. 2.115.
For Prob. 2.47.
a

10 Ω 20 Ω
10 Ω
30 Ω
Section 2.7 Wye-Delta Transformations
2.48 Convert the circuits in Fig. 2.112 from Y to Δ. 10 Ω 20 Ω
b
(a)
10 Ω 10 Ω 30 Ω 20 Ω
a b a b 30 Ω

10 Ω 50 Ω
25 Ω 10 Ω 20 Ω
a
c c
5Ω 15 Ω
(a) (b)
Figure 2.112 b
For Prob. 2.48. (b)
Figure 2.115
For Prob. 2.51.

2.49 Transform the circuits in Fig. 2.113 from Δ to Y.

* 2.52 For the circuit shown in Fig. 2.116, find the equiva-
lent resistance. All resistors are 3Ω.
60 Ω 75 Ω
a b a b

60 Ω 60 Ω 150 Ω 25 Ω

c c
(a) (b)
Figure 2.113 Req
For Prob. 2.49. Figure 2.116
For Prob. 2.52.

* An asterisk indicates a challenging problem.

 * 2.53 Obtain the equivalent resistance Rab in each of the 2.56 Determine V in the circuit of Fig. 2.120.
circuits of Fig. 2.117. In (b), all resistors have a
value of 30 Ω. 30 Ω

16 Ω 15 Ω 10 Ω
30 Ω 40 Ω
+
20 Ω 100 V +
– V 35 Ω 12 Ω 20 Ω
–
a 10 Ω
Figure 2.120
80 Ω For Prob. 2.56.
60 Ω 50 Ω

b
* 2.57 Find Req and I in the circuit of Fig. 2.121.
(a)

a I 10 Ω 25 Ω
30 Ω

10 Ω 5Ω
10 Ω

b
(b) 50 V +
–
10 Ω 20 Ω
80 Ω
Figure 2.117
For Prob. 2.53.
10 Ω 15 Ω
25 Ω
2.54 Consider the circuit in Fig. 2.118. Find the equiva-
Req
lent resistance at terminals: (a) a-b, (b) c-d.
Figure 2.121
10 Ω 450 Ω
For Prob. 2.57.
a c

300 Ω 300 Ω

b d
450 Ω 60 Ω
Figure 2.118
For Prob. 2.54.

2.55 Calculate Io in the circuit of Fig. 2.119.

Io

400 Ω 700 Ω
200 Ω
100 V +
–
800 Ω 1.7 kΩ

400 Ω

Figure 2.119
For Prob. 2.55.
Section 2.8 Applications
2) The potentiometer (adjustable resistor) Rx in
1) The 150 W light bulb in Fig. 2.122 is rated at Fig. 2.126 is to be designed to adjust current ix from
110 volts. Calculate the value of Vs to make the light 10 mA to 1 A. Calculate the values of R and Rx to
bulb operate at its rated conditions. achieve this.
150 Watt

ix R

100 Ω + Rx
Vs +
– 50 Ω 110 V – ix

Figure 2.122
For Prob. 2.58. Figure 2.126
For Prob. 2.64.

An enterprising young man travels to Europe 4) A voltmeter is used to measure Vo in the circuit in
3) carrying three light bulbs he had purchased in North Fig. 2.129. The voltmeter model consists of an ideal
America. The light bulbs he has are a 100-W light voltmeter in parallel with a 250-kΩ resistor. Let
bulb, a 60-W light bulb, and a 40-W light bulb. Each Vs = 95 V, Rs = 25 kΩ, and R1 = 40 kΩ. Calculate
light bulb is rated at 110 V. He wishes to connect Vo with and without the voltmeter when
these to a 220-V system that is found in Europe. For (a) R2 = 5 kΩ (b) R2 = 25 kΩ
reasons we are not sure of, he connects the 40-W
(c) R2 = 250 kΩ
light bulb in series with a parallel combination of the
60-W light bulb and the 100-W light bulb as shown
in Fig. 2.123. How much power is actually being
Rs
delivered to each light bulb? What does he see when
he first turns on the light bulbs?
Is there a better way to connect these light bulbs in R1
order to have them work more effectively? Vs +
–
+
R2 Vo 250 kΩ V
–
40 W 100 W
Figure 2.129
For Prob. 2.69.
60 W

Figure 2.123
For Prob. 2.59. Find Rab in the four-way power divider circuit in
Fig. 2.135. Assume each R = 4 Ω.

Find Vo in the two-way power divider circuit in R R

Fig. 2.132.

R R
R R
1Ω 1Ω
R
a R R R
1Ω
Vo 2Ω
R R
R R
10 V +
– 1Ω 1Ω
b
Figure 2.135
For Prob. 2.75.
Figure 2.132
For Prob. 2.72.
 Comprehensive Problems
1) Repeat Prob. 2.75 for the eight-way divider shown in 2) For a specific application, the circuit shown in
Fig. 2.136.
Fig. 2.140 was designed so that IL = 83.33 mA and
1 1 that Rin = 5 kΩ. What are the values of R1 and R2?

1 1
IL
1 1 R1

1 1 1 1A 5 kΩ Rin 10 kΩ R2 10 kΩ

1 1
1 Figure 2.140
1 1 For Prob. 2.81.
1
a 1 1 1

1 1
1
1 1

1 1 1

1 1
1 1