CHANGE IN MODE OF PACKAGING

AND ITS ECONOMIC IMPACT

INTRODUCTION
Packaging is one of most important parts of marketing. As clothing is for

humans ,packaging is for products.

Packaging refers to the act of designing and producing the container or

wrapper of a product. Packaging plays an important role in determining

customers attitude towards the product sometimes by looking at the

packaging the customer tries to access the product quality. Attractive

packaging is one of the important factors in success of a product and

perform better
IMPORTANCE OF PACKAGING
Packaging plays a crucial role in the overall product experience and serves several important
functions:
1. Protection: Packaging safeguards the product from damage during transportation and
storage.
2. Preservation: It helps in maintaining the quality and freshness of perishable goods.
3. Information: Packaging provides essential information about the product, such as ingredients,
usage instructions, and expiration dates.
4. Marketing: Attractive packaging can enhance the product’s appeal and help it stand out on
the shelf.
5. Convenience: Well-designed packaging makes it easier to handle, transport, and use the
product.
6. Sustainability: Eco-friendly packaging helps reduce environmental impact and meets
consumer demand for sustainable practices.
Overall, packaging is integral to product safety, brand identity, consumer convenience, and
environmental responsibility.
ADVANTAGE OF PACKAGING
Packaging offers several advantages that are beneficial for both consumers and manufacturers:

1. Product Protection: It shields the product from physical damage, contamination, and tampering.
2. Extended Shelf Life: Packaging can help preserve the quality and extend the shelf life of perishable items.
3. Brand Recognition: Custom packaging helps in building brand identity and recognition in the market.
4. Convenience: It provides ease of transport, storage, and usage for consumers.
5. Information Delivery: Packaging is a medium to convey important product information, instructions, and
legal requirements.
6. Marketing Tool: Attractive packaging can influence purchasing decisions and enhance customer
experience.
7. Environmental Protection: Sustainable packaging reduces waste and minimizes environmental impact.

These advantages highlight the multifaceted role of packaging in enhancing product value and consumer
satisfaction.
DISADVANTAGE OF PACKAGING
While packaging has many benefits, it also comes with certain disadvantages:

1. Environmental Impact: Non-biodegradable and single-use packaging contribute to pollution and waste.
2. Cost: Packaging materials and design can add to the overall cost of the product.
3. Resource Consumption: Production of packaging materials often requires significant amounts of
resources and energy.
4. Waste Management: Disposing of packaging, especially non-recyclable materials, can be challenging and
costly.
5. Over-Packaging: Excessive packaging can lead to unnecessary waste and environmental concerns.
6. Chemical Leaching: Some packaging materials may leach chemicals into the product, potentially affecting
its safety.

Addressing these disadvantages is crucial for creating a more sustainable and responsible approach to
packaging.
LEVEL OF PACKAGING
1. Primary Packaging
2. Secondary Packaging
3. Transportation Packaging
PRIMARY PACKAGING
Primary packaging is the material that directly encloses and protects the product. It’s the
first layer of packaging that is in contact with the product itself and is often designed to
contain a single retail unit of the product. Primary packaging serves several important
functions:

● Protection: Shields the product from damage, contamination, and tampering.

● Preservation: Helps maintain the quality and integrity of the product during storage
and transportation.
● Information: Provides consumers with important information about the product,
such as usage instructions, ingredients, and expiration date.
● Convenience: Designed for easy handling, opening, and use by the consumer.

Examples of primary packaging include a toothpaste tube, a blister pack for pills, or a bottle
for beverages.
SECONDARY PACKAGING
Secondary packaging is the second layer of packaging that holds together primary packages. It serves to
group primary packages and provide additional protection during storage and transportation. Here are
some key functions of secondary packaging:

● Grouping: Holds multiple units of the product, making it easier to handle and transport.
● Protection: Offers additional protection to the primary packaging and can help prevent theft.
● Branding: Provides space for branding and marketing, allowing for more information or
promotional content.
● Information: Can include instructions for retailers on how to display the product or additional
product information.

An example of secondary packaging would be a cardboard box containing multiple toothpaste tubes or a
carton holding a number of blister packs of pills.
TRANSPORTATION PACKAGING
Transportation packaging, also known as tertiary packaging, is the outermost layer of packaging used for
shipping and handling large quantities of goods. It’s designed to provide protection during the
transportation process and is typically not seen by consumers. Here are some key functions of
transportation packaging:

● Protection: Ensures the safety of goods during transit, handling, and storage.
● Efficiency: Facilitates the efficient handling and transport of large quantities of products.
● Stability: Provides structural support to prevent shifting or damage to the products inside.
● Storage: Designed for easy stacking and palletization, optimizing space in warehouses and vehicles.

Examples of transportation packaging include pallets wrapped in stretch film, large shipping containers,
or crates.
FUNCTIONS OF PACKAGING
Packaging serves several important functions across its various forms, from primary to transportation packaging:

● Protection: Shields products from physical damage, contamination, and tampering.

● Preservation: Helps maintain product quality and integrity throughout its shelf life.
● Information: Provides essential information about the product, usage instructions, ingredients, and legal
information.
● Convenience: Designed for ease of use, storage, opening, and resealing by consumers.
● Marketing: Acts as a medium for branding and communication to attract consumers and provide product
differentiation.
● Efficiency: Facilitates efficient distribution, handling, and storage of products.
● Security: Helps prevent theft and ensures product authenticity.

Overall, packaging plays a crucial role in the safe delivery of products to the end consumer while also serving as a
key marketing tool.
MEANS OF ADVERTISEMENT
Packaging can be a powerful means of advertising in several ways:

1. Enhancing the Shopping Experience: Well-designed packaging makes a product easy to identify
and appealing, which can improve the consumer’s shopping experience.
2. Brand Image: The aesthetic and functional aspects of packaging can profoundly influence a brand’s
image, making it more recognizable and memorable.
3. Conveying Information: Packaging highlights crucial information about the product, which can
communicate key messages and branding to consumers.
4. Influencing Purchasing Decisions: Attractive and informative packaging can sway customers’
purchasing decisions at the point of sale.
5. Realistic Advertising: Including packaging in ads makes them more realistic and attractive, helping
customers identify the product and setting expectations for what they will receive.

These elements combine to make packaging an integral part of a product’s marketing strategy,
contributing significantly to advertising effectiveness.
EVOLUTION OF PACKAGING
The evolution of packaging has been a continuous process, adapting to the needs of society, advancements in
materials, and changes in consumer behavior. Here’s a brief overview:

● Early Packaging: Initially, natural materials like leaves, gourds, and animal skins were used to store
and transport food and water.
● Industrial Revolution: The 18th and 19th centuries saw the introduction of glass bottles, tin cans,
and paperboard boxes.
● 20th Century: The development of plastics revolutionized packaging with the introduction of
materials like polyethylene, PVC, and PET.
● Post-War Era: Convenience became a focus with the advent of single-use packages, stand-up
pouches, and microwaveable containers.
● Environmental Awareness: Recent decades have seen a shift towards sustainable packaging, with
an emphasis on recyclability, biodegradability, and reduced material use.

Today’s packaging continues to evolve with smart technologies, such as QR codes for traceability and freshness
indicators for perishable goods.
Time line of maior development
and innovation in Packaging.
WOODEN CRATES
Wooden crates are a sturdy form of transportation
packaging used for shipping heavy and bulky items. They
provide excellent protection against impacts and are often
used for international shipping due to their strength and
durability. Wooden crates can be custom-built to fit
specific items and can be reused or recycled, making them
a sustainable packaging option.
DISADVANTAGE OF WOODEN CRATES
Wooden crates, while sturdy and often used for heavy items, have several disadvantages in packaging:

1. Weight: Wooden crates are heavier than other packaging materials, which can increase transportation
costs.
2. Pest Concerns: Wood can be a breeding ground for pests, which may require treatment before
international shipping.
3. Moisture Sensitivity: Wood can absorb moisture, which can compromise the integrity of the crate and
potentially damage the contents.
4. Durability: While strong, wood can break or splinter, especially if not properly maintained or handled.
5. Sustainability Issues: The use of wood raises concerns about deforestation and the environmental impact
of logging.
6. Cost: High-quality wood can be expensive, and the cost of wooden crates may be higher compared to other
materials.

These factors need to be considered when choosing wooden crates for packaging purposes.
ADVANTAGE OF WOODEN CRATES
Wooden crates offer several advantages for packaging, including:

1. Strength and Durability: They can support heavy loads and protect contents during shipping and
handling.
2. Stackability: Wooden crates can be easily stacked, maximizing space in storage and transport.
3. Customizability: They can be custom-built to fit specific product dimensions and requirements.
4. Reusability: Wooden crates can often be reused multiple times, reducing the need for new
materials.
5. Repairability: Damaged crates can be repaired relatively easily compared to other materials.
6. Recyclability: At the end of their life, wooden crates can be recycled or repurposed.

These benefits make wooden crates a popular choice for shipping a variety of goods, especially heavy or
fragile items.
CARDBOARD CRATES
Cardboard crates, often made from corrugated fiberboard, are a
lightweight and cost-effective form of packaging used for transporting
a variety of goods. They are easy to assemble, can be recycled, and
provide a moderate level of protection for the contents. Cardboard
crates are commonly used for less heavy items and can be printed with
branding or handling instructions.
ADVANTAGE OF CARDBOARD CRATES
Cardboard crates, also known as corrugated boxes, have several advantages in packaging:

1. Lightweight: They are much lighter than wooden crates, which can reduce shipping costs.
2. Cost-Effective: Cardboard is generally less expensive than wood and other packaging materials.
3. Customizable: They can be easily customized in size, shape, and printing to fit various needs.
4. Recyclable: Cardboard is widely recyclable, making it an environmentally friendly option.
5. Easy to Assemble: Cardboard crates can be flat-packed and assembled quickly when needed.
6. Protection: Corrugated cardboard has a cushioning effect that can protect contents during transit.

These advantages make cardboard crates a popular choice for a wide range of packaging needs.
DISADVANTAGE OF CARDBOARD CRATES
Cardboard crates have several disadvantages in the packaging industry:

1. Durability: Cardboard is less robust than alternatives like plastic and can be subject to
damage from mould, fire, and water caused by weather conditions.
2. Weight Limitations: Cardboard cannot withstand as much weight as materials like plastic,
making it less suitable for stacking heavy items without risk of breaking.
3. Weatherproofing: Cardboard is not the best material for weatherproofing as it can allow
water and other liquids to penetrate and reach the contents.
4. Structural Integrity: Despite its strength, cardboard can be crushed, dented, or otherwise
damaged under certain conditions.

These factors can affect the choice of using cardboard crates for shipping and storing various
products in the packaging industry.
PLASTIC CRATE
Plastic crates are durable, reusable, and often stackable containers
used for transporting and storing a wide range of products. They are
resistant to moisture, chemicals, and impacts, making them suitable
for various industries, including food and beverage, pharmaceuticals,
and agriculture. Plastic crates are also easy to clean and maintain,
which is beneficial for hygiene-sensitive applications.
ADVANTAGE OF PLASTIC CRATE
Plastic crates offer several advantages for packaging purposes:

1. Durability: They are resistant to impact, moisture, and many chemicals, providing good protection
for contents.
2. Reusability: Plastic crates can be used multiple times, which can be cost-effective in the long run.
3. Hygiene: They are easy to clean and sanitize, making them suitable for food and medical supplies.
4. Weather Resistance: Plastic crates can withstand various weather conditions without deteriorating.
5. Lightweight: They are lighter than wooden crates, which can reduce transportation costs.
6. Variety: Available in various sizes and designs to accommodate different packaging needs.

These benefits make plastic crates a versatile option for transporting and storing a wide range of products.
DISADVANTAGE OF PLASTIC CRATE
Plastic crates, while useful, have some disadvantages:

1. Environmental Impact: They are often made from non-biodegradable materials, contributing
to plastic pollution.
2. Recycling Issues: Not all plastic crates are easily recyclable, and they can end up in
landfills.
3. Cost: High-quality plastic crates can be more expensive than other materials like cardboard.
4. Temperature Sensitivity: Some plastics can warp or become brittle in extreme
temperatures.
5. Weight: Although lighter than wood, they can be heavier than cardboard, potentially
increasing shipping costs.
6. Chemical Exposure: Certain goods may be sensitive to chemicals in the plastic, which could
lead to contamination.

These factors are important to consider when choosing plastic crates for packaging needs.
PAPER BAG
Before there were paper bags , people would
bring a container to hold the things they
bought in the market, possibly a basket. If the
customer did not have a container, the
storekeeper would twist sumo paper together
to hold the purchase. This was called
cornucopia they were the first paper bag.
ADVANTAGE OF PAPER BAG
Paper bags have several advantages as a packaging option:

1. Biodegradability: They are made from a renewable resource and can decompose naturally.
2. Recyclability: Paper bags can be easily recycled, reducing their environmental impact.
3. Sustainability: They are often made from recycled materials and contribute to sustainable
practices.
4. Customization: Paper bags can be printed with designs and branding, enhancing marketing
efforts.
5. Cost-Effectiveness: They are generally inexpensive to produce, especially in large
quantities.
6. Lightweight: Paper bags are light, which can help minimize transportation costs.

These benefits make paper bags a popular choice for retail and grocery packaging, among other
uses.
DISADVANTAGE OF PAPER BAG
Paper bags, while environmentally friendly, have some disadvantages:

1. Strength: They are not as strong as plastic bags and can tear easily, especially when wet.
2. Durability: Paper bags have a limited lifespan and can degrade with use, particularly in adverse
weather conditions.
3. Cost: While generally inexpensive, high-quality or custom-printed paper bags can be more costly.
4. Resource Intensive: The production of paper bags requires significant amounts of water and
energy.
5. Environmental Impact: If not sourced from recycled materials, they can contribute to
deforestation.
6. Storage Space: Paper bags take up more space than plastic bags when stored flat or unfolded.

These factors should be considered when choosing paper bags for packaging or carrying goods.
PLASTIC BAG

Plastic shopping bag carries bags or plastic grocery bag are a type of
shopping bag made from various kinds of plastic. I use by consumer
worldwide. Since the 1960 these bags are sometime called single use
bags referring to carrying out items from store to home
ADVANTAGE OF PLASTIC BAG
Plastic bags offer several advantages for packaging and carrying items:

1. Durability: They are strong and can carry heavy items without tearing easily.
2. Waterproof: Plastic bags protect contents from rain and spills.
3. Reusability: Many plastic bags can be reused for various purposes.
4. Cost-Effective: They are generally cheaper to produce than paper bags.
5. Lightweight: Plastic bags are very light, adding negligible weight to the carried items.
6. Compactness: They can be folded or rolled into a small size for convenient storage.

These benefits contribute to the widespread use of plastic bags in retail and grocery stores.
DISADVANTAGE OF PLASTIC BAG
Plastic bags have several disadvantages:

1. Environmental Harm: They contribute significantly to pollution and can take hundreds of years to
decompose.
2. Wildlife Risk: Discarded plastic bags can pose a threat to wildlife, both on land and in marine
environments.
3. Recycling Challenges: Not all plastic bags are recyclable, and many end up in landfills or as litter.
4. Resource Intensive: Their production relies on non-renewable resources like petroleum.
5. Legal Restrictions: Many places have bans or taxes on plastic bags to reduce their use and environmental
impact.
6. Public Perception: Growing environmental awareness has led to negative perceptions of plastic bags.

These issues have led to increased interest in alternative materials and reusable bags.
CLOTH BAG

Cloth bags are promoted as the " greenest option for

carrying bag compare to plastic and paper bags
These bag can reuse and last long. However one time
purchase cost is high. Compare to paper or plastic bags
even though lifetime cost may be lower
ADVANTAGE OF CLOTH BAG
Cloth bags have several advantages as a sustainable packaging and carrying option:

1. Reusability: They can be used repeatedly, reducing the need for single-use bags.
2. Durability: Cloth bags are typically stronger and more durable than plastic or paper bags.
3. Eco-Friendly: They are made from natural or recycled fibers, contributing to environmental
sustainability.
4. Washability: Cloth bags can be easily washed and kept clean for food safety.
5. Aesthetics: They often come in various designs and can be more visually appealing than
other bag types.
6. Versatility: Cloth bags can be used for a wide range of purposes beyond just shopping.

These benefits make cloth bags a popular choice for those looking to reduce their environmental
footprint.
DISADVANTAGE OF CLOTH BAG
Cloth bags, while eco-friendly, have some disadvantages:

1. Cost: They are generally more expensive to produce than plastic bags.
2. Maintenance: Cloth bags need to be washed regularly to prevent bacterial growth and odors.
3. Weight: They are heavier than plastic or paper bags, which can be a consideration for
transportation.
4. Resource Intensive: The production of cloth bags can be resource-intensive, particularly if made
from new materials.
5. Water Usage: Washing cloth bags requires water, which can be an environmental consideration in
areas with water scarcity.
6. Less Compact: Cloth bags take up more space than folded plastic bags when not in use.

These factors should be considered when choosing cloth bags for personal or business use.
CHANGING MILK PACKAGING
The innovation of packaging of milk has been dependent upon changes in technology for
old chain supply
Mílk in bottles-
*Advantages:
1. Bottles can be reuse
2 Easy to sanitize
"Disadvantages:
1 Heavy
2. Easy to break
Milk in Plastic Container & Pouch

1 Easy to mould & transport.

2 Lighter than glass
3 Cheaper to produce.
4 Convenient.
5 Shelter Proof.
Milk in tetra pack
● Can be recycled
● Userfriendly
● Attractive design possible , then effective use of space & materials efficiency
and in storage
Milk through vending machine
● More suitable for distribution in a cluster of consumer.
● Reduced cost of packaging & transport.

The first significant development in packaging of milk for retail sail came at
the very beginning of last sanctuary with introduction of the process of
sterilized milk in which the retailcantainer. the glass bottle , formed an
integral & essential part.
VENDING MACHINE
PYRAMID PACKAGING FOR MILK
Pyramid packaging, also known as tetra packing, is a
method used for milk packaging that involves multi-layered
cartons. This design protects the milk from external
elements like moisture and oxygen, aiding in its
preservation for an extended period without refrigeration
until it’s opened. It’s a common and effective packaging
technique in the dairy industry.
TECHNOLOGY ADVANCEMENT
dvancements in packaging technology are focused on enhancing consumer and brand experience while being
A

environmentally friendly. Some of the key trends include:

1. Internet of Packaging: This involves using technologies like QR codes, RFID, and NFC to transform
conventional packaging and enhance brand-consumer interaction.
2. Biodegradable Packaging: Development of packaging materials that can decompose naturally and reduce
environmental impact.
3. Digital Printing: Improved printing techniques for more vibrant and detailed packaging designs1.
4. Packaging Automation: Use of robotics and machine learning to streamline packaging processes.
5. Active Packaging: Packaging that can interact with the product to extend its shelf life or improve safety.
6. Custom Packaging: Tailoring packaging to specific products or consumer preferences.
7. Recyclable Packaging: Creating packaging that can be easily recycled to minimize waste.
8. Edible Packaging: Innovations in packaging that can be consumed along with the product to eliminate
waste .

These trends are shaping the future of the packaging industry, making it smarter and more sustainable.
REUSE OF PACKAGING
Reuse is to use an item again after it has been used. This include
conventional reuse where the item is used again for the same function.
Tin boxes, glass jars , plastic bottles are example of packaging which can
be reused for storage of various hints after the primary product
contained in package is finished.
There are two dominant consumer maintained i.e. one like to consult
and reuse and other tend to use and throw. The dominant behavior
depend on lifestyle and income endorse with busy lifestyle & higher
income tend to leave towards the latter category.
COST OF PACKAGING & WHO PAYS IT
Cost of packaging is an important factor in determining the
type of packaging used other than the cost of manufacturing
the package , the type of package also influences the cost of
storage and transportation. The type of container or
package can also increase cost due to high spoilage more
space greater weight ,breakage etc.
The average packaging cost comes to about 9%
of amount once spent on ones product
The extent to which the cost is shared between
the consumer and manufacturer depends
upon-

● type of materials used & possibility for reuse.

● Type of competition in market.
● Consumer are now better educated
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN
Environmental concerns in packaging are significant and include:

1. Waste Accumulation: Packaging, especially non-recyclable and non-biodegradable, contributes to

landfill waste.
2. Resource Depletion: The production of packaging materials often involves the consumption of finite
resources like oil and water.
3. Carbon Footprint: The manufacturing, transportation, and disposal of packaging materials generate
greenhouse gases.
4. Pollution: Improper disposal of packaging can lead to pollution of land and water bodies.
5. Wildlife Impact: Packaging waste can harm wildlife, both on land and in the oceans.
6. Recycling Challenges: Not all packaging is easily recyclable, leading to difficulties in waste management.

To mitigate these concerns, the industry is focusing on sustainable practices like using recyclable and
biodegradable materials, reducing packaging size, and improving recycling processes.
conclusion
It has been observed from above that -

● scope of marketing of products has increase due to new innovation in their

packaging.

● increase in cost of packaging increase the price of the product. So due care

should be taken while planning the nature & type