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Module 1

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22 views3 pages

Module 1

Uploaded by

ryunosukediablo09
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Module 1 - Democratic Interventions

DEMOCRACY

- a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly
by them or by their elected agents under free electoral system or a state of society characterized
by formal equality of rights and privileges
- originates from the Greek word demos, which means “people”, and kratos, which means ‘strength
or power.”

Democratic Practice

- a set of principles and practices that guide how people interact and work together every day to
improve their community and to create a more just society
o Suffrage or the right to vote. - It gives the people the opportunity to exercise sovereignty
by choosing the candidates who will govern and serve them. Eligible voters have the right
to elect the government of his/her country by secret vote. It is only fair that they have a
direct hand in choosing the officials.
o Public assembly and consultation. - “The Public Assembly Act of 1985,” makes sure that
the people’s exercise their right to a peaceful assembly. Citizens have a set of rights and
responsibilities, including the right to participate in decisions that affect public welfare.
This act stipulates that rallies, demonstrations, marches, public meetings, processions, or
parades (collectively referred to as public assembly) can be held in public places to express
opinion, to protest against, or to air grievances on certain issues.
o Majority rule and minority rights. - It is the making of binding decisions by a vote of more
than one-half of all persons who participate in an election. Thomas Jefferson, third
President of the United States, expressed the concept of democracy in 1801 in his first
Inaugural Address. He said “All…will bear in mind this sacred principle. That though the will
of the majority is in all cases to prevail, that will to be rightful must be reasonable; that the
minority possess their equal rights, which equal law must protect and to violate would be
oppression”.
o Conduct of plebiscite to amend a constitutional provision. - The Constitution embodies
the fundamental laws of the land from which all other laws should be in accord with. The
change in a provision of the constitution, such as increasing the number of years of term
of office of the president, cannot be carried without the approval of the people or general
constituencies in a process called plebiscite. A plebiscite is an electoral process for
approving or rejecting a change or amendment in the Constitution. It is in the process of
direct vote-say yes or no; accept or reject.
Democratic participation is the involvement or engagement with something

which is freely done, without coercion, and without threat or fear.

Parallelism Between Neural and Social Networks


NEURAL NETWORK

- connectionist systems (Garson, 2018)


- a computational approach, which is based on a large collection of neural units (AKA
artificial neurons)
- loosely modeling how the brain of a human solves problems with a large cluster of
biological neurons connected by axons (Garson, 2018).
- Each neural unit is linked with many others, and links can be enforcing or inhibitory in
their effect on the activation state of connected neural units.
- Each individual neural unit may have a summation function which combines the values
of all its inputs together.
- There may be a threshold function or limiting function on each connection and on the
unit itself; such that the signal must surpass the limit before propagating to other
neurons.
- These systems are self-learning and trained, rather than explicitly programmed, and
excel in areas where the solution or feature detection is difficult to express in a
traditional computer program.
- Neural networks typically consist of multiple layers or a cube design, and the signal path
traverses from front to back.
- Back propagation is where the forward stimulation is used to reset weights on the
"front" neural units and this is sometimes done in combination with training where the
correct result is known.
- More modern networks are a bit freer flowing in terms of stimulation and inhibition with
connections interacting
- Dynamic neural networks are the most advanced in that they dynamically can, based on
rules, form new connections and even new neural units while disabling others.
- The goal of the neural network is to solve problems in the same way that the human
brain would, although several neural networks are more abstract. Modern neural
network projects typically work with a few thousand to a few million neural units and
millions of connections, which is still several orders of magnitude less complex than the
human brain and closer to the computing power of a worm.
SOCIAL NETWORK

A social network is a social structure made up of a set of social actors (such as

individuals or organizations), sets of dyadic ties, and other social interactions between

actors. The social network perspective provides a set of methods for analyzing the

structure of whole social entities as well as a variety of theories explaining the patterns

observed in these structures. The study of these structures uses social network

analysis to identify local and global patterns, locate influential entities, and examine

network dynamics.

Social networks and the analysis of them is an inherently interdisciplinary

academic field which emerged from social psychology, sociology, statistics, and graph

theory. Georg Simmel authored early structural theories in sociology emphasizing the

dynamics of triads and "web of group affiliations". Jacob Moreno is credited with

developing the first sociograms in the 1930s to study interpersonal relationships.

These approaches were mathematically formalized in the 1950s and theories and

methods of social networks became pervasive in the social and behavioral sciences

by the 1980s. Social network analysis is now one of the major paradigms in

contemporary sociology, and is also employed in a number of other social and formal

sciences. Together with other complex networks, it forms part of the nascent field of

network science.

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