Electrical & Electronic

Engineering

Course Code: EEE 371

Aditta Chowdhury
Lecturer
Department of EEE, CUET
Electric
Transformer
A transformer is a device
that transfers electric
energy from one
alternating-current circuit
to one or more other
circuits, either increasing
(stepping up) or reducing
(stepping down) the
voltage.
 Electric
Transformer
• Static Device
• Raise or Lower Voltage
• Based on mutual induction
• Transfers Electrical
energy from one circuit to
other
• Transfers energy without
changing frequency
Working Principle
Let one winding (also known as a coil) is supplied by an
alternating electrical source. The alternating current
through the winding produces a continually changing and
alternating flux that surrounds the winding.
If another winding is brought close to this winding, some
portion of this alternating flux will link with the second
winding. As this flux is continually changing in its
amplitude and direction, there must be a changing flux
linkage in the second winding or coil.
According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction,
there will be an EMF induced in the second winding. If
the circuit of this secondary winding is closed, then a
current will flow through it. This is the basic working
principle of a transformer.
Let us use electrical symbols to help visualize this. The
winding which receives electrical power from the source
is known as the ‘primary winding’. In the diagram below
this is the ‘First Coil’.
Working Principle
The winding which gives the desired output voltage due
to mutual induction is commonly known as the
‘secondary winding’. This is the ‘Second Coil’ in the
diagram above.
A transformer that increases voltage between the primary
to secondary windings is defined as a step-up transformer.
Conversely, a transformer that decreases voltage between
the primary to secondary windings is defined as a step-
down transformer.
Whether the transformer increases or decreases the
voltage level depends on the relative number of turns
between the primary and secondary side of the
transformer.
If there are more turns on the primary coil than the
secondary coil than the voltage will decrease (step down).
If there are less turns on the primary coil than the
secondary coil than the voltage will increase (step up).
Types
vAccording to Supply-
I. Single-phase transformer
II. Three-phase transformer
vAccording to Construction-
I. Core-type transformer
II. Shell-type transformer
vAccording to Application-
I. Step Up/Down transformer
II. Instrument transformer
III. Auto transformer
IV. Isolation transformer

6
Core-type and Shell-type transformer

vIn core-type transformer, the windings surround a

considerable part of the core.
vIn shell-type transformer, the core surrounds a
considerable portion of the windings
7
Step-up and step-down transformer

8
EMF in Transformer
Let,
N1 = Number of turns in primary winding
N2 = Number of turns in secondary winding
Φm = Maximum flux in the core (in Wb) = (Bm x A)
f = frequency of the AC supply (in Hz)
As, shown in the fig., the flux rises sinusoidally to its maximum value Φm from 0. It reaches to the
maximum value in one quarter of the cycle i.e in T/4 sec (where, T is time period of the sin wave of the
supply = 1/f).
Therefore,
average rate of change of flux = Φm /(T/4) = Φm /(1/4f)
Therefore,
average rate of change of flux = 4f Φm ....... (Wb/s).
Now,
Induced emf per turn = rate of change of flux per turn
Therefore, average emf per turn = 4f Φm ..........(Volts).
Now, we know, Form factor = RMS value / average value
Therefore, RMS value of emf per turn = Form factor X average emf per turn.
As, the flux Φ varies sinusoidally, form factor of a sine wave is 1.11
EMF in Transformer
• Therefore, RMS value of emf per turn = 1.11 x 4f Φm = 4.44f Φm.

RMS value of induced emf in whole primary winding (E1) = RMS value of emf per turn X Number
of turns in primary winding

E1 = 4.44f N1 Φm ............................. eq 1

Similarly, RMS induced emf in secondary winding (E2) can be given as

E2 = 4.44f N2 Φm. ............................ eq 2

from the above equations 1 and 2,

Voltage Transformation Ratio (K) =

 Practice 32.2,32.3,32.4,32.5,32.6 [Ref: Theraja]
Math Examples
Ideal Transformer
Definition: The transformer which is free from all types of losses is known as an ideal
transformer. It is an imaginary transformer that has no core loss, no ohmic resistance, and no
leakage flux. The ideal transformer has the following important characteristic.
1.The resistance of their primary and secondary winding becomes zero.
2.The core of the ideal transformer has infinite permeability. The infinite permeable means less
magnetizing current requires for magnetizing their core.
3.The leakage flux of the transformer becomes zero, i.e. the whole of the flux induces in the core of
the transformer links with their primary and secondary winding.
4.The ideal transformer has 100 percent efficiency, i.e., the transformer is free from hysteresis
and eddy current loss.
Ideal Transformer
The voltage source V1 is applied across the primary
winding of the transformer. Their secondary winding is kept
open. The N1 and N2 are the numbers of turns of their
primary and secondary winding.
The current Im is the magnetizing current flows through the
primary winding of the transformer. The magnetizing
current produces the flux φm in the core of the transformer.
As the permeability of the core is infinite the flux of the
core link with both the primary and secondary winding of
the transformer.
The flux link with the primary winding induces the emf
E1 because of self-induction. The direction of the induced
emf is inversely proportional to the applied voltage V1. The
emf E2 induces in the secondary winding of the transformer
because of mutual induction.
Transformer on no load
The no-load current consists of two components:
•Reactive or magnetizing component Im
(It is in quadrature with the applied voltage V1. It
produces flux in the core and does not consume any
power).
•Active or power component Iw, also know as a working
component
(It is in phase with the applied voltage V1. It supplies the
iron losses and a small amount of primary copper loss).
Transformer on Load
When the load is connected to the secondary of the transformer,
I2 current flows through their secondary winding. The secondary
current induces the magnetomotive force N2I2 on the secondary
winding of the transformer. This force set up the flux φ2 in the
transformer core. The flux φ2 opposes the flux φ, according
to Lenz’s law.
•As the flux φ2 opposes the flux φ, the resultant flux of the transformer decreases and this flux reduces the induced EMF
E1. Thus, the strength of the V1 is more than E1 and an additional primary current I’1 drawn from the main supply.
The additional current is used for restoring the original value of the flux in the core of the transformer so that V1 = E1.
The primary current I’1 is in phase opposition with the secondary current I2. Thus, it is called the primary counter-
balancing current.
•The additional current I’1 induces the magnetomotive force N1I’1. And this force set up the flux φ’1. The direction of the
flux is the same as that of the φ and it cancels the flux φ2 which induces because of the MMF N2I2
Now, N1I1’ = N2I2
Therefore,