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4 - Transformers Construction&eqn

1. Transformers work by mutual induction between two coils wound around a magnetic core. An alternating current in the primary winding induces a voltage in the secondary winding through electromagnetic induction. 2. Transformers are classified based on their voltage ratio as step-up transformers (increase voltage) or step-down transformers (decrease voltage). 3. The basic components of a transformer are the primary and secondary coils wound around an iron core. The voltage transformation ratio depends on the turn ratio of the coils.

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17 views9 pages

4 - Transformers Construction&eqn

1. Transformers work by mutual induction between two coils wound around a magnetic core. An alternating current in the primary winding induces a voltage in the secondary winding through electromagnetic induction. 2. Transformers are classified based on their voltage ratio as step-up transformers (increase voltage) or step-down transformers (decrease voltage). 3. The basic components of a transformer are the primary and secondary coils wound around an iron core. The voltage transformation ratio depends on the turn ratio of the coils.

Uploaded by

sivagrnthn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Transformers

Construction and Working


Transformer - Introduction
• Transforms AC power from one circuit to another circuit by changing
its voltage or current magnitudes maintaining the same frequency
and power on both sides.
• It is called a Static machine as it has no moving parts.
• Classified based on Voltage – Step up transformer (low to high voltage
levels) and step down transformer (high to low voltage levels)
• other types – power transformers, distribution transformers, isolation
transformers, auto transformer, radio transformers
Components of Transformer
• It has two set of windings - Primary and secondary windings
• Both windings wound on a ferro magnetic laminated core.
• Primary winding – Input given to the transformer
• Secondary winding – Output taken for the load
Symbol of Transformer
Construction of Transformer
• Based on construction Transformers can be Core type or Shell type.
• Windings and Core common for both types.
• Core type – Windings surround the iron core
• Shell type – Core surrounds the windings
• Windings – insulated copper conductors
• Laminated Core – high grade silicon steel - different cross sections like
square, rectangular, cruciform

Shell type
Principle of Operation
• Mutual inductance between two coils.
• Mutual induction is the principle of operation of the transformer.
• When primary coil is supplied by an AC source it creates an alternating flux which is
linked to the secondary coil thru the ferro magnetic core that provides a low reluctance
path for the flux.
• The alternating flux when linking with the secondary coil will induce an emf in that coil
by mutual induction.
• When the secondary coil is connected to a load, Alternating current flows in secondary
circuit.
EMF Equation for a Transformer
Terms related to transformer:
N1 – Number of turns in the primary winding
N2 – Number of turns in the secondary winding
Φm – Maximum flux in the core in Webers
f – Frequency of the alternating current in Hertz
Voltage induced is given by the rate of change of flux linkage
𝜑𝑚 𝜑𝑚
Average value of voltage induced/turn = 𝑇 ¿
1
¿ 4 𝑓 𝜑𝑚 Unit : Wb/s or V
4 4 𝑓
RMS value of voltage = form factor x average value Formfactor for Sinusoidal quantity is 1.11

RMS value of induced EMF/turn = 1.11 x


RMS value of induced EMF for N1 turns E1= N1 RMS value of induced EMF for N2 turns E2= N2
Transformation Ratio
• Transformation ratio is the ratio of secondary voltage to the primary
voltage.
• It is denoted by ‘k’ E1= N1 E2= N2
E 2 4.44 𝑓 𝜑 𝑚 N 2 E2 N2
= =𝑘
=
E 1 4.44 𝑓 𝜑 𝑚 N1 E1 N1

V2 N2
For ideal transformer E1=V1 and E2=V2 = =k
V1 N1
Power in both side of the transformer is same in all conditions 𝑉 1 𝐼 1=𝑉 2 𝐼 2
V 2 I1 V 2 N 2 I1
= = = =k
V 1 I2 V 1 N 1 I2
Load on a Transformer
A transformer is loaded if the secondary side is connected to load and current
flows in the secondary coil

• Transformer the flux in the core remains constant at all load conditions.
• As flux remains constant, the core losses of a transformer is also a constant.
Ideal Transformer
• Resistance of both primary and secondary windings is negligible.
• No copper loss or core loss in the machine
• No voltage drops in the windings
• Voltage output from no load to full load is constant.
• Both the windings are purely reactive (inductive)
• Supply voltage and induced voltages is same in primary
• Secondary induced voltage and terminal voltage across load is same.
Ideal Transformer
R1=R2=0
E1=V1
E2=V2
Z1=X1
Z2=X2

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