Module –I

A Transformer is a static device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another circuit
without a change in frequency. Mutual induction is the working principle behind the operation of
transformers. It is most commonly used to increase (‘step up’) or decrease (‘step down’) voltage levels
between circuits.

A single phase transformer is a type of transformer which operates on single-phase power.

For a single phase transformer, there are two types of transformer constructions.

1. core type
2. Shell type.

Core Type Transformer

In core type construction of the transformer, the magnetic circuit consists of two vertical lags (called
limbs) and two horizontal sections called yokes. To minimize the effect of leakage flux, half of each
winding is placed on each limb (see the figure).

The low-voltage winding is placed next to the core while the high-voltage winding over the low-voltage
winding to reduce the insulation requirements. Therefore the two windings are arranged as concentric
coils and known as cylindrical winding.

The laminations of the core type transformer are of U-I shape as shown in the figure.
Shell Type Transformer

In the shell type construction of transformer, the magnetic circuit consists of three limbs, both the
primary and secondary windings are placed on the central limb and the two outer limbs complete the
low reluctance flux path. The each winding is sub-divided into sections viz. the low voltage (LV) section
and the high-voltage (HV) section, which are alternatively put one over the other in the form of
sandwich (see the figure). Therefore, such windings are called sandwich winding or disc winding.

The core of the shell type transformer is made up either U-T shape or E-I shape (see the figure).

Difference between core and shell type transformer

Construction of single phase transformer
Laminated core
Transformer core is made of silicon steel laminations staggered together.
The steel used is of high silicon content to reduce hysteresis loss
Eddy current loss is minimised by laminating the core.
Windings
Transformer consist of two coils having high mutual inductance
The two coils are, insulated from each other and coil the steel core.
The first coil in which electrical energy is fed is called primary.
The other coil in which load is connected is called secondary.
Bushings
Bushings are used for insulating and bringing out the terminals of windings from the tank.
Container
Sheet metal container is used for transformers
Transformer oil
Transformer oil is used for insulation and cooling purpose.

Working Principle of Single Phase Transformer

The working of the transformer is based on the principle of mutual inductance between two coils wound
on the same magnetic core

When an alternating voltage (V1) is applied to the primary winding, an alternating magnetic flux (Φm)
sets up in the core and links with the secondary winding, i.e. the magnetic flux links both the windings of
the transformer magnetically. This magnetic flux induces EMF E1 in the primary winding and E2 in the
secondary winding according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.

Phenomenon Of Mutual Induction

Alternating current flowing in a coil produces alternating magnetic field around it. When two or more
coils are magnetically linked to each other, then an alternating current flowing through one coil causes
an induced emf across the other linked coils. This phenomenon is called as mutual induction.
Lenz's Law

Lenz's law of electromagnetic induction states that, when an emf is induced according to Faraday's law,
the polarity (direction) of that induced emf is such that it opposes the cause of its production.

EMF Equation Of The Transformer

Let,

N1 = Number of turns in primary winding

N2 = Number of turns in secondary winding

Φm = Maximum flux in the core (in Wb) = (Bm x A)

f = frequency of the AC supply (in Hz)

As, shown in the fig., the flux rises sinusoidally to its maximum value Φm from 0. It reaches to the
maximum value in one quarter of the cycle i.e in T/4 sec (where, T is time period of the sin wave of the
supply = 1/f).

Therefore,

average rate of change of flux = Φm /(T/4) = Φm /(1/4f)

Therefore,

average rate of change of flux = 4f Φm ....... (Wb/s).

Now,

Induced emf per turn = rate of change of flux per turn

Therefore, average emf per turn = 4f Φm..........(Volts).

Now, we know, Form factor = RMS value / average value

Therefore, RMS value of emf per turn = Form factor X average emf per turn.
As, the flux Φ varies sinusoidally, form factor of a sine wave is 1.11

Therefore, RMS value of emf per turn = 1.11 x 4f Φm = 4.44f Φm.

RMS value of induced emf in whole primary winding (E1) = RMS value of emf per turn X Number of turns
in primary winding

E1 = 4.44f N1 Φm ............................. eq 1

Similarly, RMS induced emf in secondary winding (E2) can be given as

E2 = 4.44f N2 Φm. ............................ eq 2

Voltage Transformation Ratio (K)

Where, K = constant

This constant K is known as voltage transformation ratio.

If N2 > N1, i.e. K > 1, then the transformer is called step-up transformer.

If N2 < N1, i.e. K < 1, then the transformer is called step-down transformer.

Turns ratio

Ideal transformer on no load

An Ideal transformer has (i) No winding resistance

(ii) No leakage flux

(iii) No iron losses in the core i.e., Hysteresis loss and eddy current loss
 • Consider an ideal transformer whose secondary is open.
• When an alternating voltage (V1) is applied to the primary winding, it draws a small magnetizing
current Im which lags behind the applied voltage by 900 .
• This magnetizing current produces an alternating flux Φ which is in phase with Im .
• The flux links both the winding and induce e.m.f. E1 in the primary and E2 in the secondary.
• At every instant E1 is equal and opposite to V1 (Lenz’s law).
• E1 and E2 lag behind the flux Φ by 900 .

Practical Transformer on no load

Practical transformer has (1) Winding resistance

(2) Magnetic leakage

(3) Iron loss i.e., Hysteresis loss and eddy current loss

• Consider a practical transformer whose secondary is open.

• The primary draw a current I0 which has to supply iron loss so I0 lags V1 by an angle Φ0<900.
• No load primary current I0 has two components.
I. Iw in phase with applied voltage .Known as active component.
Iw=I0cos Φ0
II. Im lagging behind V1 by 900.Known as magnetizing component.
Im=I0sin Φ0

2 + 𝐼2
I0=√𝐼𝑚 𝑤
 No load P.F, cos Φ0= Iw/ I0
No load primary current I0 will be 1% of the full load primary current.

Practical Transformer on load

• When the secondary of a transformer is completed through a load, the transformer said to be
loaded.
• When the transformer is on no load, it draws no load current I0 from the supply.
• The no load current I0 sets up an mmf N1I0 which produces flux Φ in the core.
• When load is connected across the secondary terminals current I2 flows through the secondary
winding.
• I2 creates a secondary flux Φ2.
• Φ2 opposes the main flux Φ momentarily .
• More current is drawn from the source to obtain original value of flux Φ.
• The additional primary current is known as load component of primary current I2I .
• This current is in, phase opposition with I2.
• I2I sets up an mmf N1 I2I producing flux Φ 2I .
• Φ 2I cancels Φ 2 .
• Net flux becomes same as flux at no load.
• Total primary current is the vector sum of I0 and I2I .
• Core loss is also practically same under all conditions.
Transformer phasor diagram neglecting internal voltage drop for different loads is given in
figure(internal voltage drop neglected)

Transformer with resistance and leakage reactance

Consider a transformer as shown in figure

The primary voltage V1 has now three components

1.I1R1 the drop across the resistance ,in phase with I1

2.I1X1 the drop across the reactance,leadind I1 by 90o

3.-E1 the induced e.m.f. which opposes V1.

V1=-E1+I1R1+jI1X1

V1=-E1+I1(R1+jX1)

V1=-E1+I1Z1

The secondary induced e.m.f. also has three components.

1. I2R2 the drop across the resistance ,in phase with I2

2. I2X2 the drop across the reactance,leadind I2 by 90o
3. V2 the terminal voltage across the load
 E2=V2+I2R2+jI2X2
E2=V2+I2(R2+jX2)
E2=V2+I2Z2
we know that I2=I2’+IO

The phasor diagram for the transformer on load depends on the nature of the load power factor.let
us consider the various cases of the load power factor.

Resistive load

Unity power factor load .cos Φ 2=1, V2I2 are in phase

Capacitive load
Leading power factor load . I2 leads V2 by Φ 2

Inductive load

Lagging power factor load . I2 lags V2 by Φ 2

EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE AS REFERRED TO BOTH PRIMARY AND SECONDARY

TRANSFORMER WITH RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE

• Resistance of primary winding is represented by R1and that of secondary is represented by

R2,it represent the voltage drop in the transformer.
• The reactance of primary winding is represented by X1 and that of secondary is represented
by X2,it represents the leakage flux in the transformer.

Two independent circuit can be resolved in to single circuit to make calculation simpler
Equivalent resistance and reactance referred to primary.

X2’=X2/K2 and X1’=K2X1

XO1 =X1+X2’ =X1+X2/K2

RO1=R1+R2’=R1+R2/K2

2 2
ZO1=√(𝑅𝑂1 + 𝑋𝑂1

Equivalent resistance and reactance referred to secondary.

X2’=X2/K2 and X1’=K2X1

XO2 =X2+X1’ =X2+K2 X1

RO2=R2+R1’=R2+K2 R1

2 2
ZO2=√(𝑅𝑂2 + 𝑋𝑂2
Exact Equivalent circuit of transformer

I1 = Primary current I2 = Secondary current

V1=Primary voltage V2= Secondary terminal voltage

E1= Primary induced e.m.f. E2=Secondary induced e.m.f

R1 =Primary resistance R2= secondary resistance

X1= Primary reactance X2= Secondary reactance

I0= No load current

Equivalent circuit of transformer referred to primary.

XO1 =X1+X2’ =X1+X2/K2 (Equivalent reactance referred to primary)

RO1=R1+R2’=R1+R2/K2 (Equivalent resistance referred to primary)

Equivalent circuit of transformer referred tsecondary.

XO2 = X2+X1’ = X1 K2+X2 (Equivalent reactance referred to secondary)

RO2 = R2+R1’= R1 K2 +R2 (Equivalent resistance referred to secondary)

Approximate equivalent circuit of transferred to primary

Approximate equivalent circuit of transformer referred to secondary