SCHEME OF SALT ANALYSIS

1) PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
Experiment Observation Inference
1) Color and appearance of the a) White a) Absence of
salt is noted. b) Blue Cu2,Mn2+etc
c) Light pink b) Presence of Cu2+
c) Presence of Mn2+
ion
Flame test
2 To a little of the salt in a a)brick red a) Presence of Ca2+
watch glass, add con.HCl and b)apple green b) Presence of Ba2+
make a paste. Introduce a
little of this paste into a c) no characteristic c) Absence of Ca2+,Ba2+
nonluminous flame using a observation and Sr2+
glass rod and flame colour is
noted.
Ash test a)blue ash a)Presence of Aluminium
ion
3 To a little of the salt solution b)green ash
add con.HNO3 and cobalt b)Presence of Zinc ion
nitrate solution and boil. Dip
a filter paper in this solution c) pink ash
and burn it into ashes. c)Presence of Magnesium
d) no characteristic ion
observation
d) Absence of Zinc,
Magnesium and
Aluminium ions.

II ) IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS
1 To a little of the salt solution a) Brisk a) Presence of CO3 2-
add dil HCl. effervescence ion
b) No characteristic b) Absence of
observation Carbonate
2 A little of the salt is rubbed with a) Smell of Vinegar a) Presence of acetate
dil H2SO4. b) No Characteristic (CH3 COO- ion)
observation b) Absence of acetate
3 To a little of the salt add Conc. a) Colorless pungent a) Presence of Cl- ion
H2SO4 and Warm. smelling gas is

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 evolved
b) No Characteristic b) Absence Cl-, Br- and
observation I- ions

4 The above solution is heated a) Plenty of brown a) Presence of NO3-

strongly and a paper ball is gas is evolved
dropped into it. b) No characteristic b)Absence of NO3-
observation
5 To a little of the salt solution a) White precipitate a) Presence of SO4 2-
add dil HCl and BaCl2 insoluble in Conc
solution. HCl
b) No characteristic b) Absence of SO4 2-
observation
6 To a little of Salt solution add a) Yellow precipitate a) Presence of PO4 3-
conc HNO3 and heated till
boiling followed by cooling b) No characteristic b) Absence of PO4 3-
then add Ammonium observation
molybdate solution.

III) CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ANION

Note: {once the presence of an anion is identified, proceed to do the corresponding
confirmatory test.}

1 CARBONATE
To a little of the salt add dil Lime water turns milky. Presence of carbonate is
HCl. The gas evolved is passed confirmed.
into lime water which is taken
in another test tube .
2 ACETATE
To a little of the salt solution A red colored solution is Presence of Acetate is
add neutral Ferric chloride obtained. confirmed.
solution.
3 CHLORIDE
To a little of the salt solution White curdy precipitate Presence of Chloride is
add dil HNO3 and AgNO3 soluble in excess NH4OH. confirmed.
solution.
4 NITRATE
To a little of salt solution equal A brown ring is formed at Presence of Nitrate is
volume of freshly prepared the junction of the two confirmed.
FeSO4 solution is added. layers.
Conc H2SO4 is added to the test
tube through its side without
shaking.
5 SULPHATE
To a little of salt solution add A white precipitate Presence of Sulphate is
acetic acid and lead acetate soluble in ammonium confirmed.
solution. acetate is obtained.

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ANALYSIS OF CATION

IV) IDENTIFICATION OF GROUP OF THE CATION

1) To a little of salt solution add a) No Precipitate. a) Presence of Zero
Na2CO3 solution. group.
b) White precipitate is b) Absence of Zero group
formed.
2 To a little of the salt solution a) A white Precipitate a) Presence of group I.
add dil HCl
b) No Precipitate. b) Absence of group I.
3) To a little of the salt solution a) A black precipitate a) Presence of group II.
add dil HCl and then pass
H2S gas b) No precipitate. b) Absence of group II.
4) To a little of the solution a) A white gelatinous a) Presence of group III.
add solid NH4Cl and shake precipitate.
well. Then add excess b) No Precipitate. b) Absence of Group III.
NH4OH solution
5) To a little of the salt solution a) A dirty white a) Presence of Zinc
add solid NH4Cl and then precipitate. (group IV).
add NH4OH.Pass H2S b) A flesh coloured b) Presence of
through the above solution precipitate. manganese (Group IV)
c) Absence of group IV.
c) No Precipitate.
6 To a little of the salt solution a) White precipitate. a) Presence of
add solid NH4 Cl followed group V.
by NH4 OH and (NH4)2 b) No precipitate. b) Absence of Group V.
CO3 solutions.
7 To a little of the salt solution a) White precipitate. a) Presence of group VI
add solid NH4Cl by excess
NH4OH and disodium
hydrogen phosphate
solution

V) ANALYSIS OF GROUP

Group Zero

1.Few drops of Nessler’s A brown precipitate. Presence of NH4 + is

reagent is added to the salt confirmed.
solution.

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2.To a little of the salt Smell of ammonia and Presence of NH4 + is
solution add NaOH gives white dense fumes confirmed.
solution and heated when a glass rode dipped in
Con.HCl is shown on the
mouth of the test tube.

Group- I

1.To a little of the salt so Yellow precipitate which Presence of lead, (Pb2+) is
lution KI solution is added dissolves on heating and confirmed.
reappears as golden
spangles on cooling

2. To little of the salt

solution add acetic acid and
potassium chromate Yellow precipitate Presence of lead, (Pb2+) is
solution confirmed.
Group II

To a little of the salt A chocolate brown Presence of copper, Cu2+ ion

solution add acetic acid precipitate. is confirmed.
and potassium
ferrocyanide solution.
Group III

1) To a little of the salt Blue ashes. Presence of Al 3+ is

solution add conc HNO3 confirmed.
and cobalt nitrate solution
and boil. A filter paper
dipped in this solution and
burn into ashes.

2) To a little of the salt Blue precipitate floats in Presence of Al 3+ is

solution add 3 to 4 drops colourless soluion. confirmed.
blue litmus solution and
NH4 OH till a blue colour
develops.
Group IV

1)To a little of the salt A green tinted ash. Presence of Zn 2+ is

solution add conc HNO3 confirmed.
and cobalt nitrate solution
and boil .A filter paper
dipped in this solution and
burn into ashes.

2)To a little of the salt add Violet Colouration to the Presence of manganese

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 conc HNO3 and a pinch of solution. Mn2+ is confirmed.
lead dioxide and boil well
dilute with water and leave
it undisturbed for some
time.
{Note : Do the test
according to the ion
detected in group
identification)
Group V
1)
1)To a little of the salt A yellow precipitate Presence of Ba2+ is
solution add acetic acid confirmed.
and potassium chromate
solution

2) To a little of the salt in a

watch glass, add con.HCl
and make a paste. Apple green flame colour Presence of Ba2+ is
Introduce a little of this confirmed
paste into a nonluminous
flame using a glass rod and
flame colour is noted.

{ NOTE : IF
BARIUM IS ABSENT
2)
DO THE TEST FOR
CALCIUM,which is
given below}
1)To a little of the salt
solution add solid NH4Cl,
NH4OH and ammonium A white precipitate Presence of Ca2+ ion is
oxalate solution confirmed.

2) To a little of the salt in a

watch glass, add con.HCl
and make a paste.
Introduce a little of this Brick red flame colour Presence of Ca2+ ion is
paste into a nonluminous confirmed
flame using a glass rod and
flame colour is noted.

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Group VI

To a little of the salt A pink ash Presence of Mg2+ is

solution add conc HNO3 confirmed
and cobalt nitrate solution.
A filter paper dipped in this
solution is burn into ashes

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