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Matrix Basic

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22 views16 pages

Matrix Basic

Uploaded by

ro ji
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Solutions to Linear

Equations
Matrix
A rectangular array of numbers
Element / Entry
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 Row
𝑨 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
m x n matrix Column
m = no. of rows
n = no. of columns
Vector
Matrix with single row or single column.

Row vector
𝒂 = 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
Column vector
𝑏1
𝒃 = 𝑏2
𝑏3
Other types of Matrices
Square Matrix
2 3 4
−1 2 5
1 4 8
Diagonal Matrix
4 0 0
0 −5 0
0 0 1
Other types of Matrices
Triangular Matrix
9 4 5
0 −2 −5
0 0 −8
Zero or Null Matrix
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
Other types of Matrices
Identity Matrix
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
Addition of Matrix
The sum of two matrices A and B of the same
size is obtained by adding corresponding
entries of A and B.
4 2 0 −1 5 2
𝑨= 𝑩=
7 −3 1 −7 4 0
4 + (−1) 2+5 0+2
𝑨+𝑩=
7 + (−7) −3 + 4 1+0
3 7 2
𝑨+𝑩=
0 1 1
Scalar Multiplication of Matrix
The product of any m x n matrix A and any
scalar c is obtained by multiplying each
entry of A by c.
1 −2
4 2 0
𝑨= 𝑩 = −4 5
7 −3 1
3 1
3(4) 3(2) 3(0) −1 2
𝟑𝑨 =
3(7) 3(−3) 3(1) −𝑩 = 4 −5
12 6 0 −3 −1
𝟑𝑨 =
21 −9 3
Properties of Addition and Scalar
Multiplication
𝑨+𝑩=𝑩+𝑨
𝑨+𝑩 +𝑪=𝑨+ 𝑩+𝑪
𝑨+𝟎=𝑨
𝑨 + −𝑨 = 𝟎
𝑐 𝑨 + 𝑩 = 𝑐𝑨 + 𝑐𝑩
𝑐 + 𝑘 𝑨 = 𝑐𝑨 + 𝑘𝑨
𝑐(𝑘𝑨) = (𝑐𝑘)𝑨
Matrix Multiplication
The product of an m x n matrix A and an r x
p matrix B is defined if an only if r = n, and
is then the m x p matrix C with entries
𝑛
𝑐𝑗𝑘 = 𝑎𝑗𝑙𝑏𝑙𝑘 = 𝑎𝑗1𝑏1𝑘 + 𝑎𝑗2𝑏2𝑘 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑗𝑛𝑏𝑛𝑘
𝑖=1

𝑗 = 1, … , 𝑚
𝑘 = 1, … , 𝑝.
Properties of Matrix Multiplication
𝑘𝑨 𝑩 = 𝑘 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑨(𝑘𝑩)
𝑨 𝑩𝑪 = 𝑨𝑩 𝑪
𝑨 + 𝑩 𝑪 = 𝑨𝑪 + 𝑩𝑪
𝑪 𝑨 + 𝑩 = 𝑪𝑨 + 𝑪𝑩

𝑨𝑩 ≠ 𝑩𝑨
Problem #1
Given the following matrices:
−1 3 −2 2 −1
𝐴= 4 1 −3 , 𝐵 = −3 1
1 −1 2 1 −2
−2
𝐶 = 1 −1 2 , 𝐷 = 0
1
Determine the values of the following:
(a) 2A, (b) AB, (c) -3BA, (d) AD, (e) -CD, (f) CB
Determinants
A determinant of order n is a scalar associated
with an n x n matrix A = [ajk], and is denoted by
𝒂𝟏𝟏 ⋯ 𝒂𝟏𝒏
𝐷 = det 𝑨 = ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝒂𝒏𝟏 ⋯ 𝒂𝒏𝒏
𝑛

𝐷= −1 𝑗+𝑘 𝑎 𝑀
𝑗𝑘 𝑗𝑘
𝑘=1

𝑀𝑗𝑘 = minor of 𝑎𝑗𝑘


Minor of a square matrix
A minor of a matrix A is the determinant of some
smaller square matrix, cut down from A by
removing one or more of its rows or columns.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝑨 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎23
𝑀11 = 𝑎 𝑎33 , 𝑀12 = 𝑎31 𝑎33
32
Cofactor of a square matrix
The cofactor of a matrix can be determined by:
𝑗+𝑘 𝑀
𝐶𝑗𝑘 = −1 𝑗𝑘

By this definition, the determinant of a square


matrix can be expressed as:
𝑛

𝐷= 𝑎𝑗𝑘 𝐶𝑗𝑘
𝑘=1

This is known as the Laplace expansion.


Problem #1
Given the following matrices:
−1 3 −2 2 −1
𝐴= 4 1 −3 , 𝐵 = −3 1
1 −1 2 1 −2
−2
𝐶 = 1 −1 2 , 𝐷 = 0
1
Determine the values of the following:
(a) 2A, (b) AB, (c) -3BA, (d) AD, (e) -CD, (f)
CB, (g) det(A), (h) det(B)

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