úoHdj

I fldgi

10 fY%aKsh

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

m%:u uqøKh - 2014
fojk uqøKh - 2015
f;jk uqøKh - 2016
isõjk uqøKh - 2017
miajk uqøKh - 2018
ihjk uqøKh - 2019
i;ajk uqøKh - 2020

ish¨ ysñlï weúßKs'

ISBN 978-955-25-0384-9

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska

le,Ksh" kqx.uqf.dv mdr" wxl 77 ork ia:dkfhys msysá
m%skaÜflhd¾ hqksj¾i,a ^mqoa.,sl& iud.fuys
uqøKh lrjd m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,È'

Published by : Educational Publications Department

Printed by : Printcare Universal (Pvt.) Ltd.

ii
 Y%S ,xld cd;sl .Sh

Y%S ,xld ud;d

wm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;d
iqkaor isßnßkS" iq/`os w;s fidanudk ,xld
OdkH Okh fkl u,a m,;=re msß ch N+ñh ruHd
wmyg iem isß fi; iokd Ôjkfha ud;d
ms<s.kq uek wm Nla;s mQcd
kfuda kfuda ud;d
wm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;d
Tn fõ wm úoHd - Tn u h wm i;Hd
Tn fõ wm Yla;s - wm yo ;=< Nla;s
Tn wm wdf,dafla - wmf.a wkqm%dfKa
Tn wm Ôjk fõ - wm uqla;sh Tn fõ
kj Ôjk foñfka ks;sk wm mqnqÿ lrka ud;d
{dk ù¾h jvjñk /f.k hkq uek ch N+ñ lrd
tl ujlf. ore le, neúkd
huq huq ù fkdmud
fm%au jvd ieu fNao ÿ/r Þ kfuda kfuda ud;d
wm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;d

iii
wms fjuq tl ujlf. orefjda
tl ksjfiys fjfikd
tl mdge;s tl reêrh fõ
wm lh ;=< ÿjkd

tneúks wms fjuq fidhqre fidhqßfhda

tl f,i tys jefvkd
Ôj;a jk wm fuu ksjfia
fid¢k isáh hq;= fõ

ieug u fu;a lreKd .=fKkS

fj<S iu.s oñkS
rka ñKs uq;= fkd j th u h iem;d
lsis l, fkdu Èrkd

wdkkao iurfldaka

iv
 fmrjok
ÈhqKqfõ ysKsfm; lrd .uka lrkd j;auka f,djg" ks;e;skau wjeis jkqfha
jvd;a kjH jQ wOHdmk l%uhls' tu`.ska ks¾udKh l< hq;af;a ukq.=Koï
imsreKq yd l=i,;dj,ska hqla; oremrmqrls' tlS W;a;=x. fufyjrg cj n,h
imhñka" úYaùh wNsfhda. i`oyd Èßfhka uqyqK Èh yels isiq mrmqrla ks¾udKh
lsÍu i`oyd iydh ùu wmf.a mru j.lSu jkafka h' bf.kqï wdOdrl iïmdok
ld¾hh fjkqfjka il%Sh f,i ueÈy;a fjñka wm fomd¾;fïka;=j ta fjkqfjka
odhl;ajh ,nd fokafka cd;sfha oreoeßhkaf.a keK myka o,ajd,Sfï W;=ï
wÈgfkks'

fm<fmd; úfgl oekqï fldaIaGd.drhls' th ;j;a úfgl wm úkaokd;aul

f,djlg o le`ojdf.k hhs' tfiau fï fm<fmd;a wmf.a ;¾l nqoaêh
jvjd,kafka wfkalúO l=i,;d mqnqÿ lrjd.kakg o iqúi,a t<s oyrla fjñks'
úÿìfuka iuq.;a Èkl jqj wmßñ; wdorfhka iaurKh l< yels u;l" fm<
fmd;a msgq w;r oejà Tn iu`.ska w;aje,a ne`o tkq fkdwkqudk h' fï fm<fmd;
iu`.u ;j ;j;a oekqï wjldY msß biõ fj; ks;s mshuksñka mßmQ¾K;ajh w;a
lr.ekqug Tn ieu ksr;=rej wem lem úh hq;= h'

ksoyia wOHdmkfha uydk¾> ;Hd.hla fia fï mqia;lh Tn foda;g msßkefï'

fm<fmd;a fjkqfjka rch jeh lr we;s iqúi,a OkialkaOhg w¾:iïmkak
w.hla ,nd Èh yelafla Tng muKs' fuu mdGH .%ka:h ukdj mßYS,kh
lrñka keK .=K msß mqrjeishka ù wkd.; f,dj taldf,dal lrkakg oefha
ish¨ ¥ orejka fj; Èßh iúh ,efíjdhs yoj;ska iqn m;ñ'

fm<fmd;a iïmdok ld¾hh fjkqfjka wm%udK jQ iïm;Aodhl;ajhla iemhQ

f,aLl" ixialdrl yd we.hqï uKav, idudðl msßjrg;a wOHdmk m%ldYk
fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ld¾h uKav,fha ieug;a udf.a yomsß m%Kduh mqolrñ'

mS' tka' whs,mafmreu"

wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a"
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j"
biqremdh"
n;a;ruq,a,'
2020'06'26

v
kshdukh yd wëlaIKh
mS' tka' whs,mafmreu - wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
fufyhùu
ví,sõ' ta' ks¾u,d mshiS,S - wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ^ixj¾Ok&
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
iïnkaëlrKh
fla' ã' nkaÿ, l=udr - ksfhdacH flduidßia
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
tÉ' pkaÈud l=udß o fidhsid - ksfhdacH flduidßia
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
jhs' tï' ms%hx.sld l=udß hdmd - iyldr flduidßia
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
ixialdrl uKav,h
1' wdpd¾h tï' fla' chkkao - fcHaIAG lÓldpd¾h
fN!;sl úoHd wOHhkdxYh
fld<U úYajúoHd,h'
2' wdpd¾h tia' ã' tï' Ñka;l - fcHaIAG lÓldpd¾h
ridhk úoHd wOHhkdxYh
YS% chj¾Okmqr úYaajúoHd,h
3' wdpd¾h wd¾' wd¾' tï' fla' rK;=x. - fcHaIAG lÓldpd¾h
i;a;aj úoHd wOHhkdxYh
YS% chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h
4' uydpd¾h pQ,d wfír;ak - fcHaIAG lÓldpd¾h
fN!;sl úoHd wOHhkdxYh
YS% chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h
5' wdpd¾h wd¾' fika;s,aks;s - fcHaIAG lÓldpd¾h
ridhksl úoHd wOHhkdxYh
w.aksÈ. úYajúoHd,h
6' tï' mS' úmq,fiak - wOHlaI ^úoHd&
wOHdmk wud;HdxYh
vii
7' wfidal o is,ajd - fcHaIAG lÓldpd¾h
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
8' mS' u,úm;srK - fcHaIAG lÓldpd¾h
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
9' fla' ã' nkaÿ, l=udr - ksfhdacH flduidßia"
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
10' tÉ' pkaÈud l=udß o fidhsid - ksfhdacH flduidßia
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
11' jhs' tï' ms%hx.sld l=udß hdmd - iyldr flduidßia
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
f,aLl uKav,h
1' wdpd¾h fla' wdßhisxy - m%ùK úoHd f,aLl
2' tia' tï' i¿jvk - úoHd úIh iïnkaëldrl
W;=reueo m<d;a wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j
3' ví' Ô' tA' rùkaø fõrf.dv - .=re fiajh
Y%S rdyq, cd;sl mdi," w,õj
4' Ô' Ô' tia' f.dvl=udr - .=re WmfoaYl
l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" foysw;a;lKaäh
5' tÉ' lS¾;s ch,;a - .=re WmfoaYl
l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" .d,a,
6' ví' tï' j¾Kisß - .=re WmfoaYl
l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" yïnkaf;dg
7' wdkkao w;=fldar< - .=re fiajh
foaú nd,sld úoHd,h" fld<U 08
8' fla' tka' tka' ;s,lj¾Ok - .=re fiajh
wdkkao úoHd,h" fld<U 10
vii
9' B' fla' udfk,a o is,ajd - .=re fiajh
iS;djl cd;sl mdi," wúiaidfõ,a,
10' ta' ví' ta' isßj¾Ok - .=re WmfoaYl ^úY%dñl&
11' tï' ta' mS' uqKisxy - m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ ^úY%dñl&
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
12' ta' tï' à' msf.ard - iyldr wOHdmk wOHlaI ^úY%dñl&
13' fÊ' tïudkqfj,a - .=re WmfoaYl ^úoHd&
l,dm wOHdmk l¾hd,h" fld<U
14' tka' jd.SIuq¾;s - wOHdmk wOHlaI ^úY%dñl&
15' fla' idka; l=ud¾ - .=re WmfoaYl ^úoHd&
l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" yd,swe,

NdId ixialrKh yd fidaÿm;a

1' jhs' mS' tka' mS' úu,isß - .=re WmfoaYl
l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h"
Y%S chj¾Okmqr
Ñ;% yd rEm igyka
1' ud,l ,,kÔj

msgljrh yd msgq ieliqu

ms%kaÜflhd¾ meflaðka ^mqoa.,sl& iud.u

mß.Kl wCIr
1' wixl wrúkao uyl=udrf.a - wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
2' ví' ta' mQ¾Kd chñKs - wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
3' yi, p;=rx. ú;dkf.a - wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

viii
 mgqk
msgqj
1' Ôjfha ridhksl moku 01
1'1 ldfndyhsâf¾g 02
1'2 fm%daàka 07
1'3 ,smsv 10
1'4 kshqlaf,hsla wï, 12
1'5 c,h 15
1'6 Lksc ,jK 16
1'7 úgñka 19

2' ir, f¾Çh p,s;h 23

2'1 ÿr yd úia:dmkh 23
2'2 fõ.h 27
2'3 m%fõ.h 29
2'4 ;ajrKh 32
2'5 úia:dmk - ld, m%ia;dr 36
2'6 m%fõ. - ld, m%ia;dr 37
2'7 .=re;ajc ;ajrKh 44

3' mod¾:fha jHqyh 52

3'1 mrudKqj ms<sn`o .%y wdlD;sh 53
3'2 bf,laafg%dak úkHdih 55
3'3 kQ;k wdj¾;s;d j.=j 57
3'4 iuia:dksl 61
3'5 wdj¾;s;d j.=fõ ±lsh yels rgd 62
3'6 f,day" wf,day iy f,daydf,day 65
3'7 ridhksl iQ;% 74
ix
4' p,s;h ms<sn| ksõgka kshu 82
4'1 n,fha iajNdjh yd tys n,mEï 82
4'2 .uH;dj 91
4'3 ialkaOh yd nr 93

5' >¾IKh 97
5'1 >¾IKfha iajNdjh 97
5'2 >¾IK n,fha iaÓ;sl" iSudldÍ iy .;sl wjia:d 98
5'3 iSudldÍ >¾IK n,h flfrys n,mdk idOl 99
5'4 >¾IK n,fha m%dfhda.sl wjia:d 103

6' Ydl yd i;a;aj ffi,j, jHqyh yd lD;H 108

6'1 Ôjfha uQ,sl ;ekqï tallh 108
6'2 ffi,h ms<sn`o ixl,amh 108
6'3 ffi,j, jHqyh 109
6'4 ffi, bkaøshsld yd jHqy 112
6'5 ffi, j¾Okh yd ffi, úNdckh 115

7' uQ,øjH yd ixfhda. m%udKkh 121

7'1 idfmalaI mrudkql ialkaOh 121
7'2 idfmalaI wkql ialkaOh 124
7'3 wej.dâfrda ksh;h 127
7'4 ujq,h 128

8' Ôúkaf.a ,dlaIKsl 135

8'1 ffi,Sh ixúOdkh 136
8'2 fmdaIKh 139
8'3 Yajikh 141
8'4 Woa§mH;dj yd iudfhdackh 143
8'5 nysiai%djh 144
8'6 p,kh 145
x
 8'7 m%ckkh 146
8'8 j¾Okh yd úlikh 146
9' iïm%hqla; n,h 153
9'1 n, lsysmhl iïm%hqla;h 153
9'2 tal f¾Çh n, foll iïm%hqla;h 154
9'3 iudka;r n, foll iïm%hqla;h 159
9'4 wdk; n, foll iïm%hqla;h 161

10' ridhksl nkaOk 164

10'1 whksl nkaOk 165
10'2 iyixhqc nkaOk 170
10'3 nkaOkj, O%eùh;dj 177
10'4 wka;¾ wkql nkaOk 178
10'5 whksl yd iyixhqc ixfhda.j, .=K 180

11' n,hl N%uK wdprKh 185

11'1 >Q¾Kh 185
11'2 n, hq.auh 193

12' n, iu;=,s;;dj 198

12'1 n, iu;=,s;;dj ye¢kaùu 198
12'2 n, folla hgf;a jia;=jl iu;=,s;;dj 199
12'3 tal;, iudka;r n, ;=kla hgf;a jia;=jl iu;=,s;;dj 202
12'4 iudka;r fkdjk tal;, n, ;=kla hgf;a jia;=jl iu;=,s;;dj 204

xi
 ye`Èkaùu
2015 j¾Ifha isg Y%S ,xldfõ mdi,a moaO;sh ;=< 10 jk fY%a‚fha isiqkaf.a Ndú;h
i|yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska ilia lrk ,o úIh ks¾foaYhg wkql+,j wOHdmk
m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska fuu fm<fmd; iïmdokh lr we;'
cd;sl wOHdmk wruqKq" cd;sl fmdÿ ksmqK;d" úoHdj b.ekaùfï wruqKq yd úIh
ks¾foaYfha wka;¾.;hg wkql+, jk mßÈ úIh lreKq fm<.eiaùug fuys§ W;aidy ord
we;'
ixj¾Okd;aul úoHd;aul Ñka;khla i|yd wjYH oekqu l=i,;d yd wdl,am
cks;jk whqßka YsIHhd il%sh bf.kqï l%shdj,shlg fhduq lsÍu úoHdj úIhh u.ska isÿ
flf¾'
úoHd úIhhg wh;a m%Odk fCIa;% ;=k jk Ôj úoHdj" ridhk úoHdj yd fN!;sl
úoHdj mokï lrf.k tla tla mßÉfþo rpkd fldg we;' wod< úIh ixl,am myiqfjka
wjfndaO lr .; yels mßÈ rEm igyka" j.=" m%ia;dr" ls%hdldrlï yd mejreï wka;¾.;
lr we;'
iEu mßÉfþohla wjidkfha u idrdxYhla bÈßm;a lr we;s w;r tu.ska wod<
mßÉfþofha uQ,l
s ixl,am y`ÿkd .ekSug yd úIh lreKq mqkÍlaIKhg wjia:dj ie,fia'
tfukau iEu mßÉfþohla i`oyd u wNHdi ud,djlao bÈßm;a lr we;' wfmalI
a ;
s bf.kqï
M, lrd <.d ù we;a±hs uek ne,Sug th bjy,a fõ'
ls%hdldrlï" iajhx we.hSfï m%Yak" úi`¥ ksoiqka" mejreï yd wNHdi YsIHhhdf.a
±kqu muKla fkdj wjfndaOh" Ndú;h" úYAf,aIKh" ixYaf,aIKh yd we.hSu jeks Wiia
yelshdo j¾Okh jk mßÈ ie,iqï lr we;'
úIh lreKq ms<sn`oj jeäÿr ±kqu fidhkakg zzwu;r ±kqugZZ jYfhka lreKq
f.dkqlr we;' tu wu;r lreKq úIh m:h mq¿,a lsÍug muKla jk w;r úNd.j,§
m%Yak weiSug fkdjk nj fuys§ wjOdrKh lrkq ,efí'
fuys olajd we;s we;eï ls%hdldrlï ksjfia isÿl< yels w;r we;eï tajd mdi,a
úoHd.drfha§ isÿl< hq;=h' ls%hdldrlï isÿlrñka bf.kSu ;=<ska úoHd úIhhg isiqka ;=<
ms%h;djla we;sjk w;r" ixl,am myiqfjka ;yjqre lr.ekSug yels fõ'
fuu fmd; iïmdokfha § woyia olajñka iyfhda.h ,ndÿka fld<U úYajúoHd,fha
fN!;sl úoHd wOHhkdxYfha uydpd¾h à' wd¾' wdßhr;ak uy;dg;a" fld<U úYajúoHd,fha
fN!;sl úoHd wOHhkdxYfha uydpd¾h fÊ' fla' ã' tia' chfk;a;s uy;dg;a" fld<U
úYajúoHd,fha Ydl úoHd wOHhkdxYfha uydpd¾h Ydu,d ;sßudkak uy;añhg;a" cd;sl
wOHdmk wdh;kfha fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h fma%u,d,a Wvqfmdarej uy;dg;a" fjkakmamqj
fldÜGdY wOHdmk ld¾hd,fha úoHd .=re WmfoaYl t,a' .dïKS chiQßh uy;dg;a" fk¿j
cd;sl mdif,a úoHd .=re wd¾' ta' mS' nKavdr uy;dg;a cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha m%Odk
jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ ^úY%dñl& ví' ã' úfÊisxy uy;dg;a" úY%du ,;a úÿy,am;s tï' tia' fla
úch;s,l uy;dg;a fnfyúka ia;+;sjka; fjuq'

f,aLl yd ixialdrl uKav,h

xii
Ôjfha ridhksl moku Ôj úoHdj

01
Ôj úoHdj

Ôjfha ridhksl moku

Ôùkaf.a foay úúO ridhksl ixfhda. /ilska iukaú; fõ' fuu ixfhda. iE§
we;af;a úúO uQ,øjH úúO wdldrfhka ixfhdackh ùfuks'
iajdNdúl j mj;sk uQ,øjH 92 w;ßka 25la muK Ôù foay ;=< wvx.= fõ' fïjd
úúO wdldrfhka foayfha úúO ia:dkj, we;' tu uQ,øjH w;ßka Ôù foay ks¾udKh
ùu i|yd jeä jYfhka u bjy,a ù we;af;a ldnka" yhsv%cka" Tlaiscka yd khsg%cka hk
uQ,øjH y;rhs' óg wu;r j Ôùkaf.a meje;au i|yd i,a*¾" fmdia*ria" fidaähï"
fmdgEishï" le,aishï" ue.akSishï" whka yd laf,daÍka wd§ uQ,øjH w;HjYH fõ'
udkj foayfha wvx.= m%Odk uQ,øjHj, ialkaOh wkqj m%;sY; 1'1 rEmfha ±lafõ'

3] 4]
10]

18]
65]

1'1 rEmh -¡ udkj foayfha wvx.= úúO uQ,øjH ixhq;sh ^ialkaOh wkqj&

iÔù ffi, tkï iÔj mÞ¾:h ks¾udKh ù we;s ridhksl ixfhda." ldnksl
ixfhda. yd wldnksl ixfhda. f,i ldKav follg fnÈh yels h' ldnka uQ,øjH
wvx.= ixfhda. ldnksl ixfhda. f,i o ldnka wvx.= fkdjk ixfhda. wldnksl
ixfhda. f,i o ye¢kafõ ^ldnka wvx.= ldnkavfhdlaihsâ" ldnkafudfkdlaihsâ"
ldnfkag yd nhsldnfkag wdÈ ixfhda. lsysmhla wldnksl ixfhda. f,i ie,fla&'
iÔj mÞ¾:fha wvx.= uQ,sl ldnksl ixfhda. j¾. y;rls' tAjd kï"
² ldfndyhsâf¾g
² fm%daàka
² ,smsv
² kshqlaf,hsla wï,
fïjd Ôù øjHj, wvx.= m%Odk ffcj wKq f,i ie,fla' óg wu;rj iÔj mod¾:h
;=< we;s úgñka o ldnksl ixfhda. j¾.hls' c,h" Lksc ,jK yd jdhq j¾. iÔj

1 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h

Ôj úoHdj Ôjfha ridhksl moku

mÞ¾:h ;ekSug jeo.;a jk wldnksl ixfhda. iuyrls'

wu;r ±kqug

ialkaOh wkqj
uQ,øjH YÍrfha mj;sk ia:dk
m%;sY;h %
O 65 ish¨u ;r,j," mgl" wiaÓ" fm%daàka
C 18 isref¾ iEu ;eku
H 10 ish¨u ;r,j," mgl" wiaÓ" fm%daàka
N 3 ish¨u ;r,j," mgl" fm%daàka
Ca 1.5 fud<h" fmky¿" jDlal" wlaudj" yDoh"
;hsfrdhsâ .%kaÓh" fmaYs" wiaÓ
P 1.0 uQ;%" wiaÓ
K 0.35 tkaihsuj,
S 0.25 fm%daàkj,
Na 0.15 ish¨u ;r,j," mglj,
Mg 0.05 fud<h" fmky¿" jDlal" wlaudj" yDoh"
;hsfrdhsâ .%kaÓh" fmaYs
Cl 0.2 ifï ffi,j,
Fe 0.007 reêrfha ysfud.af,dìkaj,
I 0.0002 ;hsfrdhsâ .%kaÓ fyda¾fudakj,

1'1 ldfndyhsâf¾g (Carbohydrates)

mDÓúh u;=msg we;s jvd;a u iq,n ldnksl ixfhda.h ldfndyhsâf¾g f,i
ie,lsh yels h' tajd yß; Ydl úiska isÿlrkq ,nk m%NdixYaf,aIK l%shdj,sh
u.ska ksmo fõ' tÈfkod Ôú;fha § wdydrhg .kakd w," n;," OdkH" iSks" msá
wdÈh ldfndyhsâf¾g wvx.= wdydr i|yd ksoiqka fõ'
ldfndyhsâf¾gj, m%Odk uQ,øjH ixhq;sh jkafka ldnka (C)" yhsv%cka (H) yd
Tlaiscka (O) h' fuys yhsv%cka yd Tlaiscka hk uQ,øjH ixfhdackh jkafka
2 ( 1 wkqmd;fhks'

ldfndyhsâf¾gj, fmdÿ wKql iQ;%h

Cx (H2O) y

2
Ôjfha ridhksl moku Ôj úoHdj

ldfndyhsâf¾g ixfhda. iE§ we;s wdldrh wkqj tajd my; ±lafjk mßÈ j¾. l<
yels h'

ldfndyhsâf¾g

fudfkdielrhsv vhsielrhsv fmd,sielrhsv

(C6H12O6) (C12H22O11) (C6H10O5)n
² .aÆfldaia ² fuda,afgdaia ² msIagh
² mDlafgdaia ² iqlafrdaia ² fi,shqf,daia
² .e,elafgdaia ² ,elafgdaia ² .a,hsfldcka
n = fudfkdielrhsv wKq .Kk

• fudfkdielrhsv (Monosaccharides)
fudfkdielrhsv hkq ldfndyhsâf¾gj, ;ekqï tallhhs' tajd fndfyda úg ir,
iSks f,i o y÷kajkq ,efí' tfuka u fïjd iaMál iajrEmhla .kS' fudfkdielrhsv
c,fha Èh fõ' idudkHfhka fïjd meKs ri h' .aÆfldaia" mDlafgdaia yd .e,elafgdaia
fudfkdielrhsv i`oyd ksoiqka fõ'
fudfkdielrhsv ms<sn| f;dr;=re 1'1 j.=fõ olajd we;'
j.=j 1'1 ¡ fudfkdielrhsv j¾." tAjd mj;sk ia:dk yd fjk;a lreKq

fudfkdielrhsv
mj;sk ia:dk fjk;a lreKq
j¾.h
.aÆfldaia bÿKq m,;=re • ish¨u msIaguh wdydr ÔrKfha wka;
ó me‚ M,h .aÆfldaia h' tu .aÆfldaia reêrhg
wjfYdaIKh fõ'
• Ydl m%NdixYaf,aIKfha § ksmojkafka
.aÆfldaia h'
• ffi,Sh Yajikfha § .aÆfldaia ì|
fy<Sfuka Yla;sh ksoyia fõ'

mDlafgdaia bÿKq m,;=re • m,;=re iSks f,i y÷kajhs'

ó me‚ • wuq m,;=re bfok úg tAjd ;=<
mDlafgdaia iEfohs'
jÜglald" lerÜ • me‚ riska jeä u iSks j¾.h fuhhs'
.e,elafgdaia lsß wdydrj, • ,elafgdaia ÔrKfha M, fõ'
• meKs rila ke;'

3
Ôj úoHdj Ôjfha ridhksl moku

• vhsielrhsv (Disaccharides)
fudfkdielrhsv wKq 2 la tl;= ù vhsielrhsv iEfoa' tys § c, wKqjla msgfõ'
tfuka u vhsielrhsv wKqjg c, wKqjla tl;= ù h<s;a wÞ< fudfkdielrhsv
,nd.; yels h' vhsielrhsv c,fha ødjH me‚ ri iaMál fõ'

fudfkdielrhsvh + fudfkdielrhsvh vhsielrhsvh + c, wKqj

2 C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O

fuda,afgdaia" iqlafrdaia" ,elafgdaia" vhsielrhsv i`oyd ksoiqka fõ' tu vhsielrhsv
ms<sn| f;dr;=re 1'2 j.=fõ olajd we;'
j.=j 1'2 ¡ vhsielrhsv j¾." tAjd mj;sk ia:dk yd fjk;a lreKq

vhsielrhsv
mj;sk ia:dk fjk;a lreKq
j¾.h
fuda,afgdaia m%frdayKh • .aÆfldaia wKq 2la tl;= ùfuka fuda,afgdaia
jk îcj, wKqjla iEfoa'
.aÆfldaia ¬ .aÆfldaia fuda,afgdaia ¬ c,h
• msIagh ÔrKfha w;rueÈ M,hls'
iqfl%daia iqÿ yd r;= • mDlafgdaia wKqjla yd .aÆfldaia wKqjla tl;=
iSksj, ùfuka iqfl%daia wKqjla iEfoa'
Wla yd îÜj, mDlafgdaia ¬ .aÆfldaia iqfl%daia ¬ c,h
we;eï
m,;=rej,
Ydlj,
maf,dahóh
hqIfha
,elafgdaia lsß wdydrj, • .e,elafgdaia wKqjla .aÆfldaia wKqjla iu`.
tl;= ùfuka ,elafgdaia wKqjla iEfoa'
.e,elafgdaia ¬ .aÆfldaia ,elafgdaia ¬ c,h
• Ydlj, fkdue;s tl u iSks j¾.h fuhhs'
• iqfl%daia fuka me‚ ri ke;'
• ixhq;sh wkqj t<lsßj, ,elafgdaia m%;sY;h
4] - 6] ls'
• ixhq;sh wkqj uõlsßj, ,elafgdaia m%;sY;h
6] - 7] ls'

4
Ôjfha ridhksl moku Ôj úoHdj

• fmd,sielrhsv (Polysaccharides)
fudfkdielrhsv wKq rdYshla nyqwjhùlrKh ùfuka fmd,sielrhsv iEfoa'
tfuka u fmd,sielrhsv c, úÉfþokh ùfuka kej; fudfkdielrhsv iEfoa'
we,a c,fha wødjHhs' iaMálrEmS fkdfõ' fi,shqf,daia" msIagh yd .a,hsfldcka
fmd,sielrhsv i|yd ksoiqka fõ'
fi,shqf,daia" msIagh yd .a,hsfldcka hk fmd,sielrhsvj, ;ekqï tAllh .aÆfldaia
jk kuq;a mj;sk .aÆfldaia wKq ixLHdj iy wKq iïnkaO jk wdldrh úúO ùu
ksid tAjdfha iajNdjh tlsfklg fjkia fõ'
tu fmd,sielrhsv ms<sn| f;dr;=re 1'3 j.=fõ olajd we;'
j.=j 1'3 ¡- fmd,sielrhsv j¾." tAjd mj;sk ia:dk yd úfYaI lreKq

fmd,sielrhsv
mj;sk ia:dk fjk;a lreKq
j¾.h
fi,shqf,daia Ydl ffi, • ñksia ÔrK moaO;sh ;=< ÔrKhg ,la
ì;a;sfha fkdfõ' u,noaOh j<lajd .ekSug Woõ
Ydl ;=< msysá fjhs'
;ka;=j,

msIagh OdkH j¾." w, • Ydlj, .nvd flfrk ldfndyhsâf¾g

j¾." fldia" j¾.h msIaghhs'
fo,a
.a,hsfldcka i;a;aj • i;=kaf.a isrere ;=< ldfndyhsâf¾g
wlaudfõ iy ixÑ; lrkq ,nkafka .a,hsfldcka
fmaYsj, f,ihs'

wu;r ±kqug

1'2 rEmh - .aÆfldaia wKqjl jHqyh

5
Ôj úoHdj Ôjfha ridhksl moku

• ldfndyhsâf¾gj, jeo.;alu
y Yla;s m%Njhla f,i
Ôùkaf.a l%shdldrlï i|yd Yla;sh ,nd .kakd m%Odk m%Njh jkafka
ldfndyhsâf¾ghs' fïjd ÔrKfhka iEfok fudfkdielrhsv ffi, ;=< §
ridhksl úm¾hdij,g ,la ùfuka Yla;sh ksoyia fõ'
y ixÑ; wdydrhla f,i
y Ôùkaf.a ffi, ì;a;sh ks¾udKh lsÍug
y kshqlaf,hsla wï,j, ix>glhla f,i

ldfndyhsâf¾g y÷kd .ekSfï mÍlaaId

wm .kakd úúO wdydr ;=< úúO ldfndyhsâf¾g j¾. ;sfí' tajd tu wdydr
;=< wvx.= ±hs y÷kd .ekSu i|yd my; ±lafjk mÍlaIK isÿl< yels h'
msIagh y÷kd .ekSu i|yd mÍlaIdj
y msIaguh wdydr iaj,amhla f.k mÍlaId k<hlg oud c,h iaj,amhla
iuÕ fyd¢ka fmdälr ñY% lsÍu'
y thg whäka ødjKhlska ìxÿjla tl;= lsÍu'
oïmdgg yqre ks,a mdgla ,efí'
.aÆfldaia y`ÿkd .ekSu i`oyd mÍlaIdj
y mÍlaId k<hlg .aÆfldaia ødjKhla .ekSu'
y fnkälaÜ ødjKh iaj,amhla ne.ska tl;= lsÍu'
y ±ka tu k<h c, ;dmlhl nyd l%ufhka r;a lsÍu'
y my; ±lafjk j¾K úm¾hdih ksÍlaIKh l< yels h'
ks,a fld< fld< ly ;eô,s .fvd,a r;=
wjlafIamhla ,efí'
iqlafrdaia y`ÿkd .ekSu i`oyd mÍlaIdj
y mÍlaId k<hlg iSks ødjKhla .ekSu'
y fnkälaÜ ødjKh iaj,amhla ne.ska tl;= lsÍu'
y mÍlaId k<h c, ;dmlhl nyd l%ufhka r;a lsÍu' j¾K úm¾hdihla
isÿ fkdfõ'
y kej; ilid .;a iSks ødjKhlg ;kql i,a*shqßla wï, ìxÿ lsysmhla
oud r;a lsÍu'
y tu udOH WodiSk lsÍug fidaähï yhsfv%dlaihsâ ìxÿ lsysmhla tl;=
lsÍu'
y miqj tu ødjKhg fnkälaÜ ødjKh iaj,amhla ne.ska tl;= lsÍu'
y my; ±lafjk j¾K úm¾hdih ksÍlaIKh l< yels h'
ks,a fld< fld< ly ;eô,s .fvd,a r;=
wjlafIamhla ,efí'

6
Ôjfha ridhksl moku Ôj úoHdj

1'2 fm%daàka (Proteins)

fm%daàka ish¨ u iÔù ffi,j, w;HjYH ix>glhla fõ' fm%daàkaj, iEuúg u
ldnka (C)" yhsv%cka (H)" Tlaiscka (O) yd khsg%cka (N) wvx.= fõ' óg wu;r j
we;eï úg i,a*¾ (S) o wvx.= fõ'
mßK; ñksia isref¾ ixhq;sh wkqj 17] la muK iE§ we;af;a fm%daàkuh øjHj,sks'
fm%daàka hkq weuhsfkd wï, keu;s jvd ir, wKq nyqwjhùlrKfhka ;ekqKq
ixlS¾K wKqjls' uia" ud¿" ì;a;r iqÿ uoh" udY fnda. wdÈh fm%daàka wvx.= wdydr
i|yd ksoiqka fõ'

wu;r ±kqug
• weuhsfkd wï,
o¾YSh weuhsfkd wï,hl jHqyh my; ±lafõ'

weuhsfkd ldfndlais,a ldKavh

ldKavh

fuys R u.ska ksrEmKh jkqfha l=uk fyda ldnka yd yhsv%cka wvx.=

ldKavhls' R ldKavh tlsfklg fjkia ùfuka tlsfklg fjkia
jQ weuhsfkd wï, 20la mj;S' nelaàßhd isg udkjhd olajd ish¨u
Ôù foay ;=< we;s úúO fm%daàka iE§ we;af;a tlsfklg fjkia fuu
weuhsfkd wï, 20 úúO wdldrhg ixl,kh ùfuks'
ir,;u weuhsfkd wï,h .a,hsiska h'
tu weuhsfkd wï,fha muKla R f,i yhsv%cka (H) we;'

weuhsfkd wï,j,ska iuyr tajd YÍrfha ksmojd .; fkdyels h'

tajd wdydr u.ska YÍrhg ,nd.; hq;= h' tneúka tAjd w;HjYH
weuhsfkd wï, f,i ye¢kafõ'

7
Ôj úoHdj Ôjfha ridhksl moku

g
r ±kqu
wu;
Ydl yd i;=ka ;=< wvx.= úúO fm%daàka
• udxYfmaYSj, wvx.= fm%daàka - ufhdiSka" welaáka
• wiaÓj, wvx.= fm%daàka - Tfihska
• r;= reêrdKq ;=< wvx.= fm%daàka - ysfud.af,dìka
• flia yd frdauj, wvx.= fm%daàka - flráka
• udYfNda.j, wvx.= fm%daàka - f,.shqñka
• ;sßÕ=j, wvx.= fm%daàka - .a¨gka
• ì;a;r iqÿ uofha wvx.= fm%daàka - we,aìhqñka

• fm%daàkaj, jeo.;alu
y Yla;s m%Njhla f,i
ldfndyhsâf¾g yd fïoj,ska imhk Yla;sh fkdiEfyk úg fm%daàka u.ska o
Yla;sh ksmofõ'
y jHqyd;aul ix>gl iE§u i|yd
ffi, mg,h iE§u i|yd m%Odk ix>glhla f,i fm%daàka jeo.;a fõ'
flia yd l=re¨ msydgq wdÈfha we;af;a flráka kï fm%daàka j¾.hls'
y tkaihsu f,i l%shd lsÍu
Ôùka ;=< isÿ jk ish¨ u ffcj ridhksl m%;sl%shd tkaihsu u.ska W;afm%arKh
lrkq ,efí' fuu tkaihsu iE§ we;af;a fm%daàkj,sks'
y fyda¾fudak f,i l%shd lsÍu
Ôùkaf.a iudfhdackh yd iuiaÓ;sh i|yd yd jeo.;a jk fyda¾fudak"
fm%daàka fõ'
y m%;sfoay f,i l%shd lsÍu
úúO frda.ldrl laIqøÔùkaf.ka wdrlaId ùu i|yd YÍrh ;=< ksmofjk
m%;sfoay o fm%daàka fõ'

8
Ôjfha ridhksl moku Ôj úoHdj

fm%daàka y÷kd .ekSfï mÍlaIdj

nhshqf¾Ü mÍlaIdj
• mßmamq l=vq lr ,nd.;a ødjKhla fyda ì;a;r iqÿuo iys; ødjKhla ,nd
.ekSu'
• thg fidaähï yhsfv%dlaihsâ jeä mßudjla ñY% fldg miqj fldm¾ i,af*aÜ
ìkaÿ lsysmhla ±óu'
ødjKh ;o oï meyehg yefrhs'

• tkaihsu (Enzymes)
Ôùka ;=< isÿ jk ffcj ridhksl m%;sl%shdj, YS>%;dj jeä lsÍu i|yd wjYH jk
Ôùka úiska u ksmojkq ,nk úfYaIs; fm%daàka ^ldnksl W;afm%arl&" tkaihsu f,i
yeÈkafõ'
ksoiqkla f,i iqlafrdaia .a¨fldaia njg m;alsÍug ;kql wï, iu. r;a l< hq;= fõ'
kuq;a wdydr ÔrK moaO;sfha wvx.= tkaihsu u.ska fuu m%;sls%hdj wvq WIaK;ajhl §
b;d myiqfjka isÿ fõ'
tneúka tkaihsuj, ld¾hh jkafka ffcj ridhksl m%;sl%shd W;afm%arKh lsÍuhs'
tkaihsuhl l%shdldß;ajh fmkaùu i|yd my; i|yka l%shdldrlfuys ksr; fjuq'

l%shdldrlu 01
msIagh u; weuhsf,aia tkaihsufha l%shdldß;ajh fmkaùu
wjYH øjH : mdka msá" whäka ødjKh" c,h" mÍlaId k<hla" iqÿ ms`.ka
.fvd,la" úrdu >áldjla
l%uh
y mdka msá c,fha Èh lr idod.;a ñY%Khlska ñ,s ,Sg¾ 2la mÍlaId k<hlg
oukak'
y thg weuhsf,aia tkaihsuh ^m%frdayKh jk uqx îc c,h iaj,amhla iu.
wUrdf.k fmrd.;a ødjKh& iu m%udKhla ^2 ml& tl;= lrkak'
y ñks;a;= follg muK miq ñY%Kfhka ìkaÿj ne.ska iqÿ msÕka .fvd,la
u; ;nkak'
y thg whäka ødjKh ìkaÿjla ne.ska tla lrkak'
y kej;;a ñks;a;= follg miqj" fmr mßÈ ñY%Kfhka ìkaÿjla msÕka
.fvd, u; ;nd whäka ìkaÿjla tla lrkak'
y fufia ñks;a;= 20l muK ld,hla ;=< ñks;a;= foflka folg ,nd.;a
ñY%K ìkaÿj,g whäka ìkaÿ tl;= lrkak'

9
Ôj úoHdj Ôjfha ridhksl moku

jßka jr ,nd.;a ñY%Kfha j¾Kh ks,a meyefha isg l%ufhka ÿUqre meyehg yereKq
w;r wjidkfha whäkaj, j¾Kh ^ly$ÿUqre meyeh& ,nd foa'
msIagh" whäka iu. l¿ ks,a j¾Khla ,nd fohs' ñks;a;= 20lg miq ñY%Kh whäka
ødjKh iu. j¾K fjkila fkdfokafka tys msIagh fkdue;s neúks' tfia jkafka
msIagh u; weuhsf,aia l%shdlr fuda,afgdaia idok ksid h'

1'3 ,smsv (Lipids)

f;,a yd fïo fuu ldKavhg wh;a fõ' ,smsv" ldur WIaK;ajfha § >k f,i mj;sk
úg fïoh f,i;a" øj f,i mj;sk úg f;,a f,i;a y÷kajhs' ldfndyhsâf¾gj,
fuka u fïofhys o wka;¾.; j we;af;a ldnka (C)" yhsv%cka (H) yd Tlaiscka (O) h'
kuq;a ldfndyhsâf¾gj,g idfmalaIj ,smsvj, we;s Tlaiscka m%udKh wvq h' ,smsv"
c,h we;=¿ O%eùh ødjlj, Èh fkdfõ' kuq;a ldnksl ødjlj, Èh fõ'
rglcq" fmd,a" ;," ng¾ iy ud.ßka wdÈh ,smsv nyq, wdydr i`oyd WodyrK fõ'
fïo wï, yd .a,sifrda,a tl;= ùfuka ,smsv iE§ we;'

fïo wï, ¬ .a,sifrda,a ,smsv ¬ c,h

• ,smsvj, jeo.;alu
y Yla;s m%Njhla f,i
Ôù foay ;=< isÿjk mßjD;a;Sh l%shd i|yd wjYH Yla;sh ksmoùug ldfndyhsâf¾g
yd fm%daàka fuka u ,smsv o Yla;s m%Njhla f,i l%shd lrhs' ,smsv oykh lsÍfuka
jvd jeä Yla;s m%udKhla ,efí'
y úúO jHqyd;aul ix>gl iE§u i|yd
ma,diau mg,h we;=¿ ish¨u ffi, mg,j, m%Odk" jeo.;a ixfhda.hla jkafka
,smsvhs ^úfYaIfhka u fmdiaf*d,smsv yd fldf,iafgfrd,a&'
y c, ixrCIKh i|yd
Ydl foayj, u;=msg mDIaGfha we;s lshqáka kï bá ksid c,h msgùu j<lajk
neúka th c, ixrCIK ld¾hh bgqlrhs' fndfyda i;a;ajhkaf.a foaydjrKfha o
bá wvx.= ùu ksid úc,kh ùu je<fla' tkï ,smsv c,hg wmdr.uH fõ'
y foay WIaK;ajh mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd
mlaISka" laISrmdhska wd§ wp,;dmS i;a;ajhskaf.a iug háka we;s wO#p¾óh fïo
ia;rh ;dm mßjdrlhla f,i l%shd lrhs' th Tjqkaf.a foay WIaK;ajh /l
.ekSu i|yd WmldÍ fõ'

10
Ôjfha ridhksl moku Ôj úoHdj

y wNHka;r bkaøshshj, wdrlaIdj i|yd

i;a;aj foayfha wNHka;r bkaøshhka jgd we;s fïo ia;r u.ska tajdg ndysßka
we;sjk lïmk wjfYdaIKh lr .kshs' tu.ska wdrlaIl lD;Hhla bgqlrhs'
y we;eï fyda¾fudak ixYaf,aIKh i|yd
mDIaGjxYSkaf.a we;eï fyda¾fudak ^Biag%cka" fgiafgdiafgfrdka" fldaáfidka
wdÈh& ixYaf,aIKhg o ,smsv jeo.;a fõ'

,smsv y÷kd.ekSfï mÍlaIdj

iqvdka III mÍlaIdj
y ;,f;,a fyda fmd,af;,a iaj,amhla mÍlaId k<hlg ±óu'
y thg iqvdka III m%;sldrlh tl;= lr fyd¢ka fi,ùu'

f;,a ia;rh r;= meye;s fõ'

wu;r ±kqug

fïo wï, my; ±lafjk wdldrhg j¾. l< yels h'

fïo wï,

ika;Dma; fïo wï, wika;Dma; fïo wï,

ika;Dma; fïo wï,

tla tla ldnka mrudKq w;r ;ks nkaOk muKla mj;sk odu iys; fïo
wï, ika;Dma; fïo wï, f,i ye¢kafõ' fïjd ldur WIaK;ajfha §
>k fyda w¾O >k f,i mj;s'

wika;Dma; fïo wï,

ldnka odufha tla tla ldnka mrudKq w;r oaú;aj nkaOk tlla fyda
lsysmhla mj;sk fïo wï, wika;Dma; fïo wï, fõ' fïjd ldur
WIaK;ajfha § øj f,i mj;S'

11
Ôj úoHdj Ôjfha ridhksl moku

1'4 kshqlaf,hsla wï, (Nucleic Acids)

kshqlaf,hsla wï, hkq kshqla,sfhdghsv keue;s ;ekqï tall rdYshla f¾Çh j
iïnkaO ùfuka iEfok ffcj wKq ldKavhls' tajd f¾Çh nyq wjhúl fõ'
kshqlaf,hsla wï,j, ldnka (C)" yhsv%cka (H)" Tlaiscka (O), khsg%cka (N) yd
fmdia*ria (P) wvx.= fõ' iÔj mod¾:fha wvx.= m%Odk ldnksl wKq j¾. w;ßka
m%fõKsl j b;d jeo.;a jkqfha kshqlaf,hsla wï,hs'

wu;r ±kqug

iEu kshqla,sfhdghsvhla u ;ekS we;af;a ix>gl j¾. ;=klsks' tajd kï"

1' khsg%ckSh Niauhla
2' fmkafgdaia iSks ldKavhla
3' fmdiaf*aÜ ldKavhla fmdiaf*aÜ
khsg%ckSh
Niauh
fmkafgdaia iSks

1'3 rEmh- -¡ kshqla,sfhdaghsvhla

kshqlaf,hsla wï, m%Odk wdldr folls'

• DNA - äTlais rhsfnd kshqlaf,hsla wï, (Deoxy ribo Nucleic Acid)
• RNA - rhsfnd kshqlaf,hsla wï, (Ribo Nucleic Acid)

▫ DNA
DNA wKqfjys ;ekqï tallh jkqfha äTlais
rhsfnd kshqla,sfhdaghsvhs' kHIaáh ;=< we;s DNA
wKqfjys m%fõ‚l f;dr;=re .nvd ù we;'

▫ RNA
DNA yereKq úg Ôùka ;=< we;s wfkla
kshqlaf,hsla wï, j¾.h RNA h'
RNA wKqfjys ;ekqï tAll jkqfha
rhsfndkshqla,sfhdghsvhs'
RNA fm%daàka ixYaf,aIK l%shdj,sfha § jeo.;a
lD;Hhla bgqlrhs' 1'4 rEmh ¡ DNA wKqfõ jHqyh

12
Ôjfha ridhksl moku Ôj úoHdj

• kshqlaf,hsla wï,j, jeo.;alu

y Ôùkaf.a m%fõKsl f;dr;=re .nvd lsÍu i|yd jeo.;a fõ'
y Ôùkaf.a m%fõKsl f;dr;=re mrïmrdfjka mrïmrdjg iïfm%aIKh lsÍu i|yd
jeo.;a fõ'
y fm%daàka ixYaf,aIKh lsÍug wod< l%shdj,sh i|yd jeo.;a fõ'
y ffi,fha isÿ jk ish¨ u Ôj ls%hdj,s md,kh lsÍu i|yd jeo.;a fõ' tu Ôj
l%shd md,kh lrkq ,nk f;dr;=re we;=<;a jkafka DNA ;=< h'
y we;eï ffjrij, m%fõKsl f;dr;=re .nvd lr ;nd.ekSug RNA jeo.;a fõ'
y DNA wKqj úlD;sj,g Ndckh ùug yelshdjla we;' tu fjkiaùï ksid
m%fNaok we;s fõ' fuu m%fNaok Ôùkaf.a mßKduh i|yd jeo.;a fõ'
fuys i|yka lrk ,o ffcj wKq ;=< m%Odk jYfhka ldnka ^C&, yhsv%cka ^H&,
Tlaiscka ^O& yd khsg%cka ^N& hk uQ,øjH wka;¾.; fõ' tu uQ,øjH tajd ;=<
wvx.= nj ;yjqre lsÍug my; l%shdldrlïj, ksr; fjuq'

l%shdldrlu -02
wdydrfha ix>glhla f,i c,h wvx.= nj y`ÿkd .ekSu
wjYH øjH
uia" ì;a;r lgq" Ydl m;%" úh<s fldaj
l%uh
y uia" ì;a;r lgq" iy Ydl m;% úh<s ;;a;ajfhka f.k fjk fjk u
fyd¢ka l=vq lrkak'
y tajd fjk fjk u fldafõ oud c,h bj;ajk ;=re r;a lrkak'
y r;a lrk w;r;=r § Bg by<ska ùÿre ;yvqjla w,a,kak'
y ùÿre ;yvqj u; iEfok øj ìkaÿ c,h o hkak y÷kd .ekSug
ks¾c,Sh fldfnda,aÜ laf,darhsâ$ ks¾c,Sh fldm¾ i,af*aÜ Ndú; lrkak'

ks¾c,Sh fldfnda,aÜ laf,darhsâ Ndú; lf<a kï tys j¾Kh ks,a meyefha isg frdai
meyehg yef¾' ks¾c,Sh fldm¾ i,af*aÜ Ndú; lf<a kï tys j¾Kh iqÿ meyefha
isg ks,a meyehg yef¾' ta wkqj ùÿre ;yvqj u; c, ìkaÿ (H2O) iEfok nj
ks.ukh l< yels h'
by; Ndú; l< øjH fldgiaj, ix>glhla f,i c,h we;s nj ;yjqre fõ'

13
Ôj úoHdj Ôjfha ridhksl moku

l%shdldrlu -03
ffcj wKq ;=< ldnka (C) we;s nj y÷kd .ekSu
wjYH øjH
fldaj lsysmhla" ksú;s Ydl l| fldgia" ud¿ lene,a,la" lv,
l%uh
y by; i|yka l< wdydr iaj,amh ne.ska fldajj,g oud ;Èka r;a lrkak'
y wjidkfha § ,efnk M,h iqÿ lvodishla u; w;=,a,kak'

iqÿ lvodish u; wÕ=rej,ska we÷Kq f¾Ld ,efí' ta wkqj by; Ndú; l< Ôù øjH
fldgiaj, ldnka (C) wvx.= nj ks.ukh l< yels h'

l%shdldrlu 04
ffcj wKq ;=< khsg%cka (N) we;s nj y÷kd .ekSu
wjYH øjH
ì;a;r iqÿ uoh" ud¿ lene,a,la mÍlaId k< folla" fidaähï yhsfv%dlaihsâ
ødjKh" fldm¾ i,af*aÜ ødjKh" c,h iaj,amhla
l%uh
y ud¿ lene,a, c,h iaj,amhla iu. fyd¢ka fmdä lr fmrd .kak'
y mÍlaId k< folg ì;a;r iqÿ uoh yd ud¿ lene,a, Ndú; lr iE¥ hqIh
2 ml ne.ska fjk fjk u oukak'
y fidaähï yhsfv%dlaihsâ jeä m%udKhla tl;= lrkak'
y th u;g fldm¾ i,af*aÜ ìkaÿ lsysmhla tl;= lrkak'

by; ødjKj, oï meyehla we;s fõ' tfia jkafka tu wdydrj, fm%daàka wvx.= ù
we;s ksid h' fm%daàkaj, khsg%cka we;' tneúka fuu Ôù fldgia ;=< khsg%cka
;sfnk nj ;yjqre fõ'

14
Ôjfha ridhksl moku Ôj úoHdj

1'5 c,h
Ôùkaf.a foay nßka jeä m%udKhla iukaú; jkafka wldnksl ixfhda.hla jk
c,fhks' fndfyda Ôùkaf.a YÍr nfrka 2 la muK c,h fõ' c,h iÔj mod¾:fha
meje;au i|yd w;HjYH udOHhla fõ' 3
mDÓúfhys Ôjh iïNjh ù we;af;a o c,fha h' c,fha ixhq;sh b;d ir,h' foayh
;=< we;s nyq,; u wldnksl ixfhda.h jk c,h Ôùkaf.a foay ;=< isÿjk lD;H
.Kkdjla i|yd jeo.;a fõ' c,fhys we;s iqúfYaIS .=K yd Ôjh mj;ajd .ekSug
c,fha odhl;ajh ms<sn|j j.=j 1'4ys ±lafõ'
j.=j 1'4- -¡ c,fha we;s iqúfYaIS .=K yd Ôjh mj;ajd .ekSug tAjdfha we;s Þhl;ajh

iqúfYaIS .=Kh Ôjh mj;ajd .ekSug we;s odhl;ajh

ødjl .=Kh y Ôùkaf.a ffi, ;=< ffcj ridhksl m%;sls%hd i|yd
udOHhla imhhs'
y Ôùkaf.a ish¨ u nysiaffi,Sh ;r,j, m%Odk
ix>glh o c,h hs'
y i;a;ajhkaf.a nysiai%dú M, iy u,øjH msg lsÍu
myiqlrhs'
y c,fha Tlaiscka Èhù ;sîu ksid c,c Ôùkaf.a
Yajikhg jeo.;a fõ'
isis,k ldrl .=Kh y c,fha úYsIag ;dm Odß;dj ^c,h 1kg
0
WIaK;ajh 1 Clska by< kexùug wjYH ;dmh&
wêl ksid YÍrfha WIaK;ajh mßirfha WIaK;aj
fjkialï wkqj blaukska by< my< fkdhhs' fuh
foay WIaK;aj hdukhg jeo.;a fõ'
c,fha wêl ixYla;s y reêrfha m%Odk ix>glhla f,i ls%hdlrñka úúO
yd wdYla;s n, ;sîu fmdaIl øjH" úgñka' fyda¾fudak wdÈh wod< ia:dk
^c, wKq - c, wKq lrd mßjykh lrhs'
yd c, wKq - fjk;a y Wi Ydlj, l| ;=<ska c,h by<g mßjykh fõ'
wKq w;r o mj;sk
wdl¾Yk n,h&

c,h ñ§fï § isÿjk y c,fha >k;ajh whsiaj, >k;ajhg jvd jeä h'
wiudldr m%idrKh fï ksid c,h whsia njg m;a ùfï § iEfok whsia
c,fha u;=msg ia;rj,g meñfKa' túg m;=f,a c,h
øjhla f,ig u mj;S' fuh c,c Ôùkag Ôj;a ùug
mßirh ilihs'

15
Ôj úoHdj Ôjfha ridhksl moku

mejreu - 1'1
isiqka lKavdhï f,i tl;= ù wka;¾ cd,fhka" mqj;am;aj,ska fyda
fjk;a fmd;a mßYS,kfhka iy wdh;ksl f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfuka
Ôjh mj;ajd .ekSug jeo.;a jk c,fha iqúfYaIS .=K ms<sn| f;dr;=re
/ia lrkak' /ialr .;a f;dr;=re ks¾udKYS,sj mka;shg bÈßm;a
lrkak'

1'6 Lksc ,jK

Ôùkaf.a Ôj l%shd mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd fmdaIK ix>glhla f,i Lksc ,jK
jeo.;a fõ' tAjd wêud;% uQ,øjH yd wxY=ud;% uQ,øjH f,i foayhg wjfYdaIKh fõ'
jeä m%udKfhka wjYH jk uQ,øjH wêud;% uQ,øjH f,i;a iq¿ m%udKj,ska wjYH
uQ,øjH wxY=ud;% uQ,øjH f,i;a ye¢kafõ' ñksia isref¾ nßka 7]la muK Lksc
,jK fõ' tu m%udKfhka 3$4 muK le,aishï yd fmdia*ria h' Bg wu;rj
fmdgEishï" hlv" ue.akSishï" ;U" whäka wdÈh o we;=<;a h' fuu uQ,øjH wjYH
m%udKj,ska fkd,enqKq úg Ydl iy i;=ka úúO W!k;d ,laIK fmkajhs'
udkj foayh ;=< iuyr Lksc ,jKj, ld¾hNdrh yd tAjd ysÕùfuka we;s jk
W!k;d ,CIK my; ±lafõ'

j.=j 1'5- ¡ udkj foayh ;=< Lksc ,jKj, ld¾hNdrh iy tAjd ysÕùfuka we;sjk W!k;d ,laIK

uQ,øjHh ld¾hNdrh W!k;d ,laIK

y ffi, ;=< ;r,j, iunr nj

md,kh lsÍug wjYH fõ'
y fmaYS ÿ¾j, ùu
fmdgEishï y yDoh iy udxY fmaYsj,
y udkisl jHdl+,;d we;sùu
l%shdldß;ajh i|yd wjYH fõ'
y iakdhq wdfõ. iïfm%aIKfha §
jeo.;a fõ'

y tkaihsuj, ls%hdldß;ajh we;s

lrhs' y Yajik wdndO yg.ekSu
y ÔrK hqIj, ix>glhls' y flKavd fmr<Su

fidaähï y ffi, ;=< wdi%e;s mSvkh y Tlaldrh

ksh; j mj;ajd .kS' y mdpkh
y iakdhq wdfõ. iïfm%aIKfha §
jeo.;a fõ'

16
Ôjfha ridhksl moku Ôj úoHdj

y wiaÓj, yd o;aj, ix>glhls'

y wêl f,i yDo iamkaokh
y lxld, fmaYsj, iakdhqj,
isÿ ùu'
ue.akSishï lD;H md,khg jeo.;a fõ'
y iakdhq ÿn,;d we;s ùu'
y mßjD;a;Sh l%shdj, §
WmldÍ fõ'

y o;a yd wiaÓ j¾Okhg

wjYH fõ'
y reêrh leá .eiSfï § jeo.;a y o;a yd wiaÓ ÿ¾j, ùu'
fõ'
y j¾Ok W!k;d we;s ùu'
le,aishï y iakdhqj, ukd l%shdldß;ajhg
WmldÍ fõ' y jeäysáhkaf.a
y lsßj, ix>glhls' wiaÓ ì£ hdu
y úgñka B wjfYdaIKhg ^Tiaáfhdfmdfrdisia&'
jeo.;a fõ'

y o;a yd wiaÓ j¾Okhg

w;HjYH fõ'
y kshqlaf,hsla wï,fha w;HjYH
ix>glhls'
y wiaÓ ÿ¾j, ù myiqfjka
fmdia*ria y ldfndayhsâf¾Ü yd fïo leãu isÿ fõ'
mßjD;a;sfha § jeo.;a fõ'
y fmaYsj, yd iakdhqj, Yla;sh
laIKslj uqod yeÍug
WmldÍ fõ'
y ysfuda.af,dìka ixYaf,aIKhg y rla;ySk;dj'
w;HjYH fõ'
y ksødYS,sNdjh'
y udxY fmaYsj, Tlaiscka
hlv y l%shdldß;ajh wvq ùu'
.nvdlr .ekSug wjYH fõ'
y tkaihsu iE§fï § ix>glhla y udkisl ixj¾Okfha
f,i ls%hd lrhs' ÿ¾j,;d we;s ùu'

y nqoaê ixj¾Okhg ndOd

y ;hsfrdlaiska fyda¾fudakh we;s ùu'
whäka ksIamdokh lsÍug w;HjYH fõ' y bf.kSug ue<s njla
oelaùu'
y Wi hdu iSud ùu'

17
Ôj úoHdj Ôjfha ridhksl moku

Ydl ;=< Lksc ,jKj, ld¾hNdrh yd tAjd ys`. ùfuka we;s jk W!k;d ,laIK
1'6 j.=fjys ±lafõ'

j.=j 1'6 -¡ Ydl ;=< Lksc ,jKj, ld¾hNdrh iy tAjd ysÕùfuka we;sjk W!k;d ,laIK

uQ,øjHh ld¾hNdrh W!k;d ,laIK

weuhsfkd wï," fm%daàka j¾Okh ySkùu" mßK;
kshqlaf,hsla wï," tkaihsu m;%j, yß;laIh we;s fõ'
khsg%cka
iy yß;m%oj, ix>glhla
f,i ls%hd lsÍu'

fmdia*ria kshqlaf,hsla wï, iy ATP uq,aj, j¾Okh laISK ùu'

^weäfkdiSka g%hsfmdiafmaÜ& ys m;% u; r;= yd oï j¾K ,m
ix>glhla f,i ls%hd lsÍu' u;= ùu'
fm%daàka ixYaf,aIKh mqáld m;%j, yß;laIh" m;%j,
fmdgEishï újD; ùu yd jeiSu md,kh ly fyda ÿUqremeye j¾K
lsÍu' we;s ùu'
m;% kdrá yd kdrá wi,
weuhsfkd wï, yd fm%daàkaj,
i,a*¾ fmfoiaj, yß;laIh we;s
ix>gl f,i ls%hd lsÍu'
ùu'
yß;m%o ixYaf,aIKh lsÍu'
<má m;%j, yß;laIh we;s
whka Yajik tkaihsu ixYaf,aIKh ùu'
lsÍu'
ffi, ì;a;sfha ix>glhls'
ma,diau mg,fha jHqyh yd lD;H
le,aishï mj;ajd .ekSug jeo.;a fõ' m;% w.%ia:h ñh hdu'
tkaihsuj, ukd
l%shdldß;ajhg jeo.;a fõ'
fndfyda tkaihsuj,
ls%hdldß;ajhg jeo.;a fõ' Ydlh mqrd uereKq ffi,
iskala mgl we;sùu' m;% wkjYH
yß;m%o ixYaf,aIKhg wjYH .klulska hq;= ùu'
fõ'

18
Ôjfha ridhksl moku Ôj úoHdj

khsg%cka W!k;d ,laIK iskala W!k;d ,laIK

^mßK; m;%j, yß;laIh fmdia*ria W!k;d ,laIK
^m;% wkjYH .klulska ^r;= yd oï j¾K ,m u;= ùu&
we;s fõ& hq;= ùu&

fmdgEishï W!k;d ,laIK le,aishï W!k;d ,laIK

^ly fyda ÿUqremeye j¾K we;s ùu& ^m;% w.%ia:h ñh hdu&
1'5 rEmh -¡ Ydlj, Lksc W!k;d ,laIK

mejreu - 1'2
j.d N+ñhla fyda f.dúfmd<la ksÍlaIKh lrñka tys úúO W!k;d
fmkajk frda.S Ydl fldgia tl;=jla ilia lrkak' tA tA frda.S
;;a;ajh i|yd ysÕ ù we;s Lksc øjH y÷kd .kak ^fuys § j.djg
ydks fkdjk whqßka kso¾Yl /ia lrkak&'

1'7 úgñka
úgñka hkq ldnksl ixfhda. j¾.hls' fïjd YÍrh ;=< isÿjk ffcj ridhksl
m%;sls%hdj,g iyNd.s jk w;r ksfrda.Snj mj;ajd .ekSug jeo.;a fõ' úgñka j¾.
c,fha ødjH;dj u; ldKav follg fjka l< yels h' úgñka B yd C c,fha
ødjH jk w;r úgñka A" D" E yd K c,fha wødjH fõ' kuq;a tajd fïofha Èh fõ'
ñksidf.a foay l%shdldß;ajhg wjYH úgñka j¾. tajdfha m%fhdack yd W!k;d
,laIK 1'7 j.=fjys ±lafõ'

19
Ôj úoHdj Ôjfha ridhksl moku
j.=j 1'7 ¡- udkj foay l%shdldÍ;ajhg wjYH úgñka j¾." tAjdfha m%fhdack yd W!k;d ,laIK

úgñkh m%fhdackh W!k;d ,CIK

y fmkSug jeo.;a jk oDIaá y rd;%s wkaO;dj
j¾Kl iE§ug w;HjYH fõ' y wefia ìfgda ,m we;sùu
úgñka A y iu meyem;a j yd ksfrda.S j y ifï úh<ss nj
mj;ajd .ekSug jeo.;a fõ' y je,ñg oKysi wdÈfha lgq jeks
ìì,s u;=ùu
y Yajik moaO;sh wdY%s; frda.
y iakdhq mglj, ksis meje;aug y fnß fnß frda.h
wjYH fõ' y uqL fldka jKùu
y r;= reêrdKq iE§ug wjYH y rla;ySk;dj
ix>glhls' y ifï úh<s nj iy j¾K fjkia ùu
úgñka B y iu ksfrda.Sj mj;ajd .ekSug y m%;sfoay iE§u wju ùu
jeo.;a fõ'
y fïo mßjD;a;sh i|yd jeo.;a
fõ'
y wegñÿ¿ ks¾udKhg wjYH
fõ'
y rla;dKqj, mßK;shg
jeo.;a fõ'
y m%;sfoay iE§ug w;HjYH fõ'
y ifï ksfrda.SNdjh i`oyd
jeo.;a fõ' y úÿreuia ÿ¾j, ùu
y o;aj, tkeu,h iE§ug y wNHka;r reêr .e,Sï we;s ùu
úgñka C
wjYH fõ' y frda. iqj ùug l,a .; ùu
y fld,ecka ;ka;= ixYaf,aIKh y ial¾ú frda.h
i`oyd iyNd.s fõ'
y le,aishï yd fmdia*ria y ßlÜishdj ^wia:s úlD;sùu&
úgñka D wjfYdaIKh md,kh lrhs'
y mgl iy ffi, j¾Okh ùu y mßK; fkdjQ ore Wm;a isÿùu
i|yd wjYH fõ' y r;= reêrdKq ì£ hdu fõ.j;a ùu
úgñka E y ffi, úNdckfha ÿ¾j,;d we;s
ùu'
y m%ckkh yd iïnkaO ÿ¾j,;d
y reêrh leá.eiSug wjYH y reêrh leá .eiSu m%udo ùu
úgñka K ix>gl iE§u i`oyd jeo.;a
fõ'

20
Ôjfha ridhksl moku Ôj úoHdj

wu;r ±kqug
úgñka B hkq ixlS¾K úgñkhls' tys úgñka B1" B2, B6, B12 f,i
m%fNao mj;S' fïjd wdydr u.ska YÍrhg ,efnk w;r iuyr úgñka
ñksidf.a wka;%fha Ôj;a jk nelaàßhd úiska ksmojkq ,nhs'

úgñka A W!k;d ,laIK úgñka B W!k;d ,laIK

^weiaj, ìfgda,m we;s ùu& ^ifï j¾Kh fjkia ùu&

úgñka C W!k;d ,laIK úgñka D W!k;d ,laIK

^úÿre uiska f,a .e,Su& ^wiaÓ úlD;s ùu&
1'6 rEmh ¡- úgñka W!k;d ,laIK

21
Ôj úoHdj Ôjfha ridhksl moku

wNHdi
01. § we;s ms<s;=re w;ßka jvd;a ksjerÈ ms<s;=r f;darkak'
1) msIagh jvd;a nyq, j wvx.= wdydrhls"
1) w¾;dm,a 2) rglcq 3) msms[aØ 4) f.dgqfld<
2) fudfkdielrhsv ldKavhg wh;a ixfhda.hls"
1) mDlafgdaia 2) iqlafrdaia 3) fuda,afgdaia 4) ,elafgdaia
3) úfYaIfhka Ydluh wdydrj, nyq,j wvx.= ldfndyhsâf¾Ü j¾.hls"
1) .a,hsfldcka 2) ,elafgdia 3) flráka 4) fi,shqf,daia
4) reêrh leá.eiSfï ls%hdj,shg odhl jk úgñkhls"
1) úgñka A 2) úgñka D 3) úgñka C 4) úgñka K
5) Ôù foay ;=< we;s ldnksl fkdjk ix>glhls"
1) fm%dAàka 2) c,h 3) ldfndyhsâf¾g 4) ,smsv
6) wdydrj, ;ka;= wka;¾.; ùu ksid isÿjk jdishls"
1) uydka;%fha ms<sld iE§fï wjodku wvq lsÍu
2) u, noaOh je<elaùu
3) reêr .aÆfldaia uÜgu md,kh lsÍu
4) by; l%shd ish,a,u fõ
02. tla;rd úoHd,hl 6 jk fYa%Ksfha isiqka i|yd mj;ajk ,o fi!LH
idhkhl § we;eï isiqka ;=< olakg ,enqKq my; i|yka W!k;d
,laIK y÷kd.kakd ,§' tu W!k;d ,laIKj,g fya;=j ljr fmdaIK
W!k;dj ± hs olajkak'
i. weia fmkSfï ÿ¾j,;dj yd weiaj, ìfgda,m we;s ùu - ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
ii. o;aj, j¾Okh ÿ¾j, ùu yd o;a Èrdhdu - ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
iii. úÿreuiska f,a .e,Su - ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
iv. uqL fldka jKùu - '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
v. rla;ySk;dj - ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
03. c,fha iqúfYaI .=K 3 la ,shd olajkak' bka tlla Ôjfha meje;aug odhl
jk whqre fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'

mdßNdIsl jpk
ffcj wKq - Bio molecules
tkaihsu - Enzymes
W;afm%arl - Catalysts

22
ir, f¾Çh p,s;h fN!;sl úoHdj

02
fN!;sl úoHdj

ir, f¾Çh p,s;h

2'1 ÿr yd úia:dmkh
ÿr (distance) hkq Tng yqre mqreÿ ixl,amhls' Tn ksjfia isg mdi,g hk úg hï
ÿrla f.jd hd hq;= h' iuyr úg ksjfia isg mdi,g hd yels ud¾. lsysmhla ;sìh
yels h' bka iuyrla ÿr jeä ud¾. jk w;r iuyrla ÿr wvq tajd úh yels h'
<uhl=g A kï ia:dkfha isg B kï fjk;a ia:dkhla olajd .uka l< yels ud¾.
lsysmhla 2'1 rEmfha oelafõ'
W
P ud¾.h
ÿr 320 m
Q ud¾.h
ÿr 200 m

kef.kysr
A B
ÿr 160 m

R ud¾.h
ÿr 240 m

2'1 rEmh - A isg B olajd .uka l< yels ud¾. lsysmhla

A isg P ud¾.fha .uka l<fyd;a A yd B w;r ÿr 320 m fõ' Q ud¾.fha .uka

l<fyd;a ÿr 200 m fõ' R ud¾.h f;dard.; fyd;a ÿr 240 m fõ' fuhska fmfkkafka
ÿr wdrïNl iy wjidk ia:dk u; muKla fkdj .uka lrk ud¾.h wkqj o
fjkia jk nj h'
A ia:dkfhka mgka f.k B ia:dkhg <`.d ùu i|yd <uhd fï ljr ud¾.h
f;dard.;a; o tys wjidk m%;M
s ,h jkafka <uhd isák ia:dkh A isg ir, f¾Çh
j 160 m ÿrla kef.kysr ÈYdjg msyás B olajd fjkia ùuhs' fï wdldrhg tla
ia:dkhl isg ;j;a ia:dkhla lrd hï ÈYdjlg isÿ jk ir, f¾Çh wE;a ùu
úia:dmkh (displacement) kï fõ' úia:dmkfha úYd,;ajh jkafka ia:dk fol
w;r ir, f¾Çh ÿrhs'
23
fN!;sl úoHdj ir, f¾Çh p,s;h

lsishï fN!;sl rdYshl w.h m%ldY lsÍfï § úYd,;ajhla muKla m%ldY

lsÍu iEfya kï th wÈY rdYshla f,i ye|skafõ'
Wod ( ÿr" fõ.h" ialkaOh" ld,h
lsishï fN!;sl rdYshl w.h m%ldY lsÍfï § úYd,;ajhg wu;rj ÈYdjla
wjYH fõ kï th ffoYsl rdYshla f,i ye|skafõ'
Wod ( úia:dmkh" m%fõ.h" ;ajrKh" nr

by; i|yka WodyrKfhys <uhdf.a úia:dmkh kef.kysrg 160 m fõ' .uka

.kakd ud¾.h wkqj ÿr fjkia jqj o" úia:dmkh tlu w.hla f.k we;' óg
wu;r j ÿr iy úia:dmkh w;r ;j;a jeo.;a fjkila we;' ÿr uekSfï § wm
.uka l< ÈYdj fkdi,lk ksid ÿrg úYd,;ajhla ;snqK o ÈYdjla fkdue;'
tneúka ÿr wÈY rdYshls' kuq;a úia:dmkh uekSfï § l=uk ÈYdjlg úia:dmkh
isÿjQfha o hkak jeo.;a h' tkï úia:dmkhg úYd,;ajhla fukau ÈYdjla o we;'
ta ksid úia:dmkh ffoYsl rdYshls'
• ÿr iy úia:dmkh ms<sn| j my; WodyrK u.ska ;jÿrg;a úuid n,uq'
(i) <uhl= ksjfia isg mdi, fj; .uka l< ud¾.h 2'2 rEmfha l¨ meye;s
B;,fhka olajd we;'

<uhd ksjfia isg mdi, fj; .uka lr

we;s ud¾.fha uq¿ ÿr
= AB + BC + CD = 100 m + 400 m + 200 m
= 700 m
kuq;a r;= B;,h u.ska olajd we;s mßÈ
ksjfia isg mdi, fj;g we;s ir, f¾Çh
ÿr AD ÈYdjg 500 m fõ' tkï <uhdf.a
2'2 rEmh - <uhl= ksjfia isg mdi,g .uka úia:dmkfha úYd,;ajh 500 m jk w;r
.;a ud¾.h ÈYdj AD ÈYdj fõ'
(ii)

oeka 2'3 rEmh n,kak'

<ufhla fuys A j,ska wdrïN lr B

olajd B;,j,ska fmkajd we;s ud¾.h
Èf.a .uka lr B fj; meñfKa'

2'3 rEmh - A isg B olajd jQ ud¾.hla

24
ir, f¾Çh p,s;h fN!;sl úoHdj

fuu ud¾.h Èf.a <uhd .uka l< ÿr 400 m jqj o" Tyqf.a úia:dmkfha úYd,;ajh
120 m jk w;r ÈYdj AB fõ'
(iii) Odjk ;r. i|yd fhdod .kakd 200 m Odjk m:hla 2'4 rEmfha oelafõ'
200 m Odjk m:h
B
X

2'4 rEmh - 200 m Odjk m:hla 2'5 rEmh - Odjlhdf.a ÈYdj fiùu

tys A isg B olajd ÿjk Odjlfhla 200 m ÿr f.jd B ,laIHhg <.d fõ' túg
Odjlhdf.a úia:dmkh AB ir, f¾Ldfjka fmkaúh yels h' úia:dmkfha úYd,;ajh
160 m fõ' th AB ir, f¾Ldfõ È.g iudk h' 2'5 rEmh wkqj Tyqf.a úia:dmkfha
ÈYdj W;=frka 700 la ngysrg hs' tu úia:dmkh my; oelafjk wdldrhg ,súh yels h'

W;=frka 700 la ngysrg 160 m

(iv) oeka 2'6 rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ ir, f¾Çh ud¾.hla Èf.a <ufhla A isg B
olajd 60 m ÿrla .uka lrk wjia:djla i,lkak'

A B C

60 m 40 m
2'6 rEmh - A isg .uka lrk <uhl=f.a .uka ud¾.h

<uhdf.a úia:dmkh AB ÈYdjg 60 m fjhs' bkamiq <uhd tu ÈYdjg u ;j;a

40 m ÿrla .uka lr C fj; meñKshfyd;a iïmQ¾K úia:dmkh fldmuK fõ o@
úia:dmk folla fyda jeä .Kkla tl u ir, f¾Ldfõ ÈYdjg isÿ ù we;s úg tajd
wxl .Kss;h Ndú;fhka tl;= lsÍug fyda wvq lsÍug Tng yels h'
fuys § úia:dmk folu tlu ÈYdjg msysgk neúka"
iïmQ¾K úia:dmkh = 60 m + 40 m = 100 m
tkï oeka <uhd isákafka wdrïNl ia:dkfhka ir, f¾Çh j 100 m wE;sks'
25
fN!;sl úoHdj ir, f¾Çh p,s;h

<uhd A isg B olajd .uka l< ÿr u h<s úreoaO foig .uka lf<a kï" úia:dmkh
60 m + (- 60 m) fõ' tkï úia:dmkh Y=kH ^0& fõ' bka wm oek .kafka <uhd
p,s;h werô ia:dkfha u oeka isák njhs'
oeka" 2'7 rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg <uhd A isg B olajd .uka lr B isg bÈßhg
fkdf.dia wdmiq 40 m .uka lf<a hehs is;kak' túg 40 m g wod< úia:dmkfha
ÈYdj A isg B g wod< úia:dmkfha ÈYdjg m%;súreoaO ÈYdjg nj fmfka' tkï" 2'7
rEmhg wkqj uq¿ úia:dmkh AC u.ska fokq ,nk nj meyeÈ,s fõ' tfiau úYd,;ajh
20 m fõ' tuksid" fuys § o .uka l< ÿr 100 m jqj o iïmQ¾K úia:dmkh jkqfha
60 m + (- 40 m) h' tkï oeka úia:dmkh jkqfha 20 m m%udKhls'
60 m
A C B

40 m

2'7 rEmh -A isg B olajd .uka lr 40 m wdmiq meñŒu

tkï" jia;=jla ir, f¾Çh ud¾.hl p,s; jk úg tla ÈYdjlg tys úia:dmkh
Ok f,i ie,l=jfyd;a tys m%;súreoaO ÈYdjg úia:dmkh RK f,i ie,lsh hq;=
nj h'

2'1 wNHdih
my; 2'8 rEmfhka fmkakqï lrk wkaoug" <ufhla A kï ia:dkfhka p,s;h
wdrïN lr" kef.kysrg 40 m ÿrla .uka lr" B fj; meñK bka miq B isg
W;=re foig 30 m .uka lr C fj; meñfKa'
W
² <uhd .uka l< uq¿ ÿr fldmuK o@
² <uhdf.a úia:dmkh l=ula o@
C

50 m

30 m

A
B
40 m
<uhd msg;ajk
ia:dkh

2'8 rEmh - <uhl= A isg C olajd .uka.;a ud¾.h

26
ir, f¾Çh p,s;h fN!;sl úoHdj

2'2 fõ.h
wêl fõ.fhka .uka lrk
r:jdyk ksid we;s jk
wk;=re ms<sn| wmg ks;r
wikakg ,efí' fï fya;=j
ksid u uyd ud¾.j, tA tA
ia:dkj, § mj;ajd.; hq;=
fõ. iSud kshu lr ;sfí'
wk;=re j<lajd .ekSu i|yd
fuu fõ. iSud wm ms<smeÈh
hq;= h' fõ. iSud wêl jk
wêfõ.S ud¾. i|yd fuh
úfYaIfhka u jeo.;a fõ'
fõ.h (speed) hkafkka wm woyia lrkafka ÿr f.jd hdfï YS>%;dj hs'

ÿr
fõ.h } ld,h

tkï tall ld,hl § jia;=jla p,kh jk ÿr fõ.h hs'

uyd ud¾.j, jdyk .ukd.ukfha §" fndfyda úg jdykj,g tlu fõ.hla

mj;ajd .; fkdyels h' idudkHfhka fudag¾ r:hl fõ. udkfhka oelafjkafka
ta fudfydf;a fudag¾ r:fhys mj;sk fõ.h hss' ud¾.fha fjk;a jdyk b;d jeä
wjia:dj, § fõ.h wvq lsÍug isÿ jk w;r" u.Ska mdr mksk ia:dkj, § jdyk
keje;aùug o isÿ fjhs' kuq;a fjk;a jdyk b;d wvq kï fndfyda ÿrla tlu
fõ.fhka .uka l< yels fjhs' WodyrK lsysmhla u.ska tfia tl u fõ.hla
mj;sk iy tlu fõ.hla fkdmj;sk wjia:d i,ld n,uq'

27
fN!;sl úoHdj ir, f¾Çh p,s;h

tla;rd jia;=jla wdrïNl ia:dkfha isg .uka l< ÿr ld,h;a iu`. fjkia jQ
wdldrh my; j.=fõ olajd we;'

ld,h t (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
.uka l< ÿr d (m) 0 3 6 9 12 15 18

fuu o;a; wkqj"

uq,a ;;amrh ;=< jia;=j .uka l< ÿr = (3 - 0) = 3 m

fojk ;;amrh ;=< .uka l< ÿr = (6 - 3) = 3 m
ta wdldrhgu" ;=kajk" y;rjk" miajk yd yhjk ;;amr ;=< .uka l< ÿr
o 3 m ne.ska fõ'

tkï" jia;=j iEu ;;amrhla mdid u .uka lr we;af;a 3 m ÿrls' fuys § wms
jia;=jg taldldr fõ.hla ke;fyd;a ksh; fõ.hla (constant speed) we;ehs lshuq'

ÿr ógr (m) j,ska o ld,h ;;amr (s) j,ska o olajd we;s

ÿr
fõ.h = ksid fõ.fha tAllh ;;amrhg ógr fõ' fuh ,shk
ld,h flá wdldrh jkafka" m tkï m s-1 h' fï wkqj by;
s
jia;=fõ fõ.h 3 m s-1 fõ'

oeka fjk;a jia;=jl p,s;h ms<sn| my; oelafjk o;a; i,ld n,uq'

ld,h t (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
p,s; jQ ÿr d (m) 0 3 5 9 12 16 18

fuu jia;=j m<uq ;;amrh ;=< 3 m ÿrla o" fojk ;;amrh ;=< 2 m ÿrla o"
;=kajk ;;amrh ;=< 4 m ÿrla o wd§ jYfhka .uka lr we;' ta ksid th tla tla
;;amrh ;=< p,kh ù we;s ÿr tl iudk fkdfõ'
tkï" jia;=j .uka lr we;af;a taldldr fõ.fhka fkdfõ' fujeks taldldr
fkdjk fõ.hlska jia;= .uka lsÍfï § fok ,o ld,hla ;=< jia;=fõ uOHl
fõ.h (average speed) .Kkh lsÍu m%fhdackj;a fõ' jia;=jl uOHl fõ.h
.Kkh lrkqfha" wod< ld,h ;=< jia;=j .uka l< uq¿ ÿr ld,fhka fn§fuks'
uOHl fõ.hg idudkH fõ.h hehs o lshkq ,efí'

uOHl fõ.h fyj;a idudkH fõ.h = .uka l< uq¿ ÿr

.; jQ uq¿ ld,h

28
ir, f¾Çh p,s;h fN!;sl úoHdj

fuu jia;=j ;;amr 6l § .uka lr we;s uq¿ ÿr 18 m fõ' ta ksid ;;amr 1l § .uka
lr we;s idudkH ÿr

tkï jia;=fõ" zzuOHl fõ.hZZ fyj;a idudkH fõ.h

;j;a WodyrKhla f,i fld<U wdikakfha ia:dkhl isg fmardfoKsh olajd

lsf,daógr 100l ÿrla meh 2l ld,hl § .uka l< jdykhla i,luq' fujeks
.ukl §" jdykhlg uq¿ ÿr u tlu fõ.hlska .uka l< fkdyels h' kuq;a
wmg by; wdldrhg uq¿ ÿr jQ lsf,daógr 100" .;jQ ld,h jQ meh 2ka fn§fuka
idudkH fõ.h .Kkh l< yels h' tu w.h mehg lsf,daógr 50la ^50 km h-1& fõ'

2'3 m%fõ.h
wm fõ.h .Kkh lrkafka ÿr wdY%fhka ksid fõ.h .Kkh lsÍfï §" jia;=jla
.uka l< ÈYdj fkdie,fla' ta ksid fõ.h wÈY rdYshla nj fï jk úg Tng
meyeÈ,s úh hq;= h' kuq;a m%fõ.h (velocity) w¾: oelafjkafka úia:dmkh fjkia
ùfï YS>%;dj f,i h' ta ksid m%fõ.h ffoYslhla fõ' tkï m%fõ.hg úYd,;ajhla
fuka u ÈYdjla o we;'
hï jia;=jl úia:dmkh" ld,fhka fn§fuka m%fõ.h ,efí'

m%fõ.h = úia:dmkh
ld,h

iuyr wjia:dj, jiaa;= taldldr fõ. iys; j .uka l< yels nj;a iuyr wjia:dj,
tajd taldldr fkdjk fõ. iys; j .uka l< yels nj;a óg fmr wms bf.k
.;af;uq' fuf,i u" jiaa;=jl m%fõ.h o iuyr wjia:dj, taldldr úh yels w;r
;j;a iuyr wjia:dj, m%fõ.h taldldr fkdúh yels h'

29
fN!;sl úoHdj ir, f¾Çh p,s;h

my; j.=fõ oelafjkafka tlu ÈYdjlg .uka l< jia;=jl wdrïNl ia:dkfha isg
uksk ,o úia:dmkfha tla tla ;;amrh wjidkfha § w.h fõ'

ld,h t (s) 0 1 2 3 4
úia:dmkh s (m) 0 3 6 9 12

iEu ;;amrhla ;=< § u jiaa;=fõ úia:dmkh jeä ù we;af;a 3 m m%udKhlska ksid

tu p,s;h isÿ ù we;af;a ksh; m%fõ.fhka fyj;a taldldr m%fõ.fhks (constant
velocity)'

ksh; m%fõ.fhka p,kh jk jia;=jl m%fõ.fha úYd,;ajh fuka u ÈYdj o

fjkia fkdfõ'

ir, f¾Çh ud¾.hla Èf.a jia;=jla 6 m s-1 l ksh; m%fõ.fhka .uka lrkafka kï
tla tla ;;amrhl § tys úia:dmkh fjkia jkafka 6 m ne.sks' tu p,s;fha ÈYdj
o fkdfjkia j mj;shs' tu ksh; m%fõ.fhka ;;amr 5la .uka l<fyd;a"

jia;=fõ uq¿ úia:dmkh = 6 m s-1 × 5 s = 30 m

tkï" ksh; m%fõ.hlska p,kh jk jia;=jl m%fõ.h" wod< ld,fhka .=K

lsÍfuka jia;=fõ úia:dmkh ,efí'
úia:dmkh } m%fõ.h « ld,h

my; j.=fõ oelafjkafka ir, f¾Çh ud¾.hla Èf.a .uka l< fjk;a jia;=jl tla
tla ;;amrfha § uksk ,o úia:dmkhhs'

ld,h t (s) 0 1 2 3 4
úia:dmkh s (m) 0 4 7 9 12

fuu jiaa;=fõ úia:dmkh m<uq ;;amrh ;< 4 m m%udKhlska o" fojk ;;amrh
;=< 3 m m%udKhlska o" ;=kajk ;;amrh ;=< 2 m m%udKhlska o wd§ jYfhka jeä
ù we;' fuys iEu ;;amrhl § u isÿ ù we;s úia:dmk fjki tl u fkdjk ksid
jia;=fõ m%fõ.h taldldr fkdfõ' tn÷ wjia:dj, wmg uOHl m%fõ.h .Kkh
l< yels h'

30
ir, f¾Çh p,s;h fN!;sl úoHdj

by; jia;=fõ uOHl m%fõ.h = úia:dmkh

ld,h
12 m
= 4s
= 3 m s-1
tkï 3 m s-1 taldldr m%fõ.fhka ;mamr 4 l § by; ÿr f.jd hd yels nj lsh
fõ' kuq;a jia;=j i;H jYfhka p,s;fha úúO fudfyd;j, úúO m%fõ.j,ska p,s;
ù we;'
ksoiqk 1
ir, f¾Çh ud¾.hla Èf.a mdmeÈhlska .uka l< <uhl=f.a úia:dmkh tla tla
;;amrh ;=< úp,kh ù we;s wdldrh my; j.=fõ oelafõ'
ld,h t (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
úia:dmkh s (m) 0 2 4 6 8 8 8 8 8 4 0

(i) uq,a ;;amr 4 ;=< <uhdf.a p,s;h l=uk wdldrfha p,s;hla o@

(ii) uq,a ;;amr 4 ;=< <uhdf.a úia:dmkh fjkia ùfï YS>%;dj fldmuK o@
(iii) —úia:dmkh fjkia ùfï YS>%;dj˜ fjkqjg ;ks jpkhla ,shkak'
(iv) ld,h ;;amr 4 isg ;;amr 8 olajd ld,h ;=< <uhdf.a p,s;h ms<sn| j l=ula
lsj yelso@
(v) ;;amr 8 isg 10 olajd p,s;h isÿù we;af;a flfia o@
(vi) wjidk ;;amr 2 § <uhdf.a m%fõ.h fidhkak'
ms<s;=re
(i) <uhd uq,a ;;amr 4 ;=< taldldr m%fõ.hlska 8 m ÿrla bÈßhg p,kh ù we;'
(ii) uq,a ;;amr 4 ;=< <uhdf.a
úia:dmkh fjkia ùfï YS>%;dj = š úia:dmk fjki
ld,h
wjika úia:dmkh - wdrïNl úia:dmkh
=
ld,h
= (8 - 0) m
4s
= 2 m s-1
(iii) úia:dmkh fjkiaùfï YS>%;dj hkq m%fõ.hhs'
(iv) ;;amr 4 isg 8 olajd ld,h ;=< <uhd p,kh ù ke;'
(v) ;;amr 8 isg 10 olajd ld,h ;=< <uhdf.a p,s;h isÿù we;af;a úreoaO ÈYdjg h'
;;amr 10 ^10 s& jk úg wdrïNl ia:dkhg meñK we;'
31
fN!;sl úoHdj ir, f¾Çh p,s;h

(vi) tu ld,dka;rfha § <uhdf.a m%fõ.h = úia:dmk fjki

ld,h
wjika úia:dmkh - wdrïNl úia:dmkh
= ld,h
(0 - 8) m
=
2s
= - 4 m s-1
tkï wdmiq ÈYdjg m%fõ.h 4 m s-1 fõ'

2'4 ;ajrKh
wmg idudkH Ôú;fha § fndfyda úg olskakg ,efnkafka taldldr fkdjk
m%fõ.j,ska .uka lrk jia;+ka h' uy u. .uka lrk jdykj,g ks;r u fõ.h
wvq jeä lsÍug isÿfjhs' ke;fyd;a .uka lrk ÈYdj fjkia lsÍug isÿfjhs' fï
ish,af,ys u m%;sM,h jkafka m%fõ.h fjkia ùu hs'

my; j.=fõ oelafjkafka ir, f¾Çh ud¾.hl .uka l< tla;rd jia;=jl m%fõ.h
ld,h;a iu. fjkia jQ wdldrhhs'

ld,h t (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
m%fõ.h v (m s-1) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

fuu o;a; wkqj ;;amr 6 l ld,hla ;=< jia;=fõ m%fõ.h 0 isg 12 m s-1 olajd
fjkia ù we;'

fuu ;;amr 6 ;=< ;;amr 6 uq,a

isÿ ù we;s wjidkfha m%fõ.h
m%fõ. fjki m%fõ.h

tu m%fõ. fjki (12 m s-1), ta i|yd .;jQ ld,fhkaa (6 s) fn¥ úg ,efnkafka

m%fõ.h fjkia ùfï YSS>%;dj hs'

m%fõ.h fjkia ùfï YS>%;dj ;ajrKh (acceleration) kñka ye¢kafõ' tkï" tall
ld,hla ;=< § isÿ jk m%fõ. fjki ;ajrKh hs'

m%fõ.fha tall jkafka m s-1 nj wms oekgu;a oksuq' ;ajrKh hkq ;;amrhlg isÿ
-1
jk m%fõ. fjki ksid tys tall jkafka m s tkï" m s-2 h'
s
32
ir, f¾Çh p,s;h fN!;sl úoHdj

fï wkqj by; i|yka jia;=fjys ;ajrKh wmg my; fmkajd we;s wdldrhg
.Kkh l< yelsfõ'
m%fõ. fjki
;ajrKh =
ld,h
wjidk m%fõ.h - wdrïNl m%fõ.h
=
ld,h
( 12 - 0 ) m s-1
=
6s
= 2ms -2

jia;=jl ;ajrKh 2 m s-2 hkafkka woyia jkafka iEu ;;amrhla mdid u tu

jia;=fõ m%fõ.h 2 m s-1 ne.ska jeä jk nj hs' lsishï ksYaÑ; ÈYdjlg fjk
p,khl § ;ajrKh i|yd ,efnk w.h Ok w.hla kï" thska yefÕkafka ld,h
iu`. m%fõ.fha jeä ùuls' th RK w.hla kï ld,h iu`. m%fõ.h wvq jk nj
thska lshefõ'
ir, f¾Çh ud¾.hla Èf.a .uka lrk jia;=jl m%fõ.h wdrïNfha § 12 m s-1 la j
;sî" bka miq" my; oelafjk j.=fõ mßÈ fjkia jQfha hehs i,lkak'

ld,h t (s) 0 1 2 3 4
m%fõ.h v (m s-1) 12 9 6 3 0

fuys § isÿ ù we;af;a m%fõ.h wvq ùuls' fuu jia;=fõ ;ajrKh my; fmkajd we;s
wdldrhg .Kkh l< yels h'

m%fõ. fjki
;ajrKh = ld,h
wjidk m%fõ.h - wdrïNl m%fõ.h
= ld,h
( 0 - 12 ) m s-1
=
4s
= -3 m s-2

fuys § ;ajrKh f,i wmg ,efnkafka RK w.hls' iEu ;;amrhla mdid u

m%fõ.h 3 m s-1 ne.ska wvq jk nj thska lshefõ'
hï jia;=jl ld,h iu. m%fõ.fha wvq ùula we;akï tys ;ajrKh RK w.hla
.kshs" RK ;ajrKhla ukaokhla (deceleration) f,i ye¢kafõ'
hï jia;=jl ;ajrKh - 3 m s-2 kï" tys ukaokh 3 m s-2 fõ'
33
fN!;sl úoHdj ir, f¾Çh p,s;h

jia;=jl m%fõ.h iEu ;;amrhl§ u tl u m%udKhlska jeä fyda wvq jkafka

kï thg taldldr ;ajrKhla fyda ukaokhla we;e hs lshkq ,efí' tfia taldldr
;ajrKfhka p,kh jk jia;+kaf.a úia:dmkh fiùug uOHl m%fõ.h fidhd th
ld,fhka .=K l< hq;= h'

úia:dmkh } uOHl m%fõ.h « ld,h

taldldr ;ajrKhlska p,s; jk

= wdrïNl m%fõ.h + wjidk m%fõ.h
ùu uOHl m%fõ.h 2
ksoiqk 1
ksYap,;dfjka p,s;h wdrïN lrk jia;=jla ;;amr 6la taldldr ;ajrKhlg
Ndckh ù 12 m s-1l m%fõ.hla ,nd .kshs' tu ld,h ;=< jia;=fjys úia:dmkh
fldmuK o@
fuys § taldldr ;ajrKhlska jia;=j p,kh jk ksid wdrïNl m%fõ.fha iy
wjidk m%fõ.fha tl;=j foflka fn§fuka uOHl m%fõ.h fidhd .; yels h'
jia;=fjys úia:dmkh = uOHl m%fõ.h « ld,h
( 0 + 12 )
= m s-1 × 6 s
2
= 36 m

ksoiqk 2
ksYap,;dfjka p,s;h wdrïN lrk jia;=jla ;;amr 4la taldldr ;ajrKhlg
Ndckh ù 12 m s-1l m%fõ.hla ,nd .kshs' bkamiq ;j;a ;;amr 4la 12 m s-1
taldldr m%fõ.fhka p,kh jk tu jia;=j" wjidkfha ;;amr 2 ld,hla taldldr
j ukaokh ù ksYap,;djg m;a fõ'
(i) uq,a ;;amr 4 ;=< ;ajrKh .Kkh lrkak'
(ii) wjidk ;;amr 2 ;=< ukaokh fidhkak'
(iii) uq,a ;;amr 4 ;=< jia;=fõ úia:dmkh fldmuK o@
(iv) fojk ;;amr 4 ;=< jia;=fõ úia:dmkh fldmuK o@
(v) wjidk ;;amr 2 ;=< jia;=fõ úia:dmkh fldmuK o@
(vi) ;;amr 10 ;=< jia;=fõ uq¿ úia:dmkh fldmuK o@
ms<s;=re
(12-0) m s-1
(i) uq,a ;;amr 4 ;=< ;ajrKh =
4s
= 3 m s-2

34
ir, f¾Çh p,s;h fN!;sl úoHdj

(0-12)m s-1
(ii) wka;su ;;amr 2 ;=< § ;ajrKh =
2s
= - 6 m s-2
∴ ukaokh = 6 m s-2

(iii) uq,a ;;amr 4 ;=< § úia:dmkh = uOHl m%fõ.h « ld,h

( 0+12 ) m s-1
= « 4s
2
= 24 m

(iv) fojk ;;amr 4 ;=< § úia:dmkh = tAldldr m%fõ.h « ld,h

= 12 m s-1 « 4 s
= 48 m

(v) wjidk ;;amr 2 ;=< § úia:dmkh = uOHl m%fõ.h « ld,h

( 12 + 0 ) m s-1
= « 2s
2
= 12 m

(vi) ;;amr 10ys § uq¿ úia:dmkh = 24 m + 48 m + 12 m

= 84 m

tkï jia;=fõ wjidk msysàu wdrïNl msysàfuka ir, f¾Çh j 84 m wE;ska fõ'

2'2 wNHdih
1. ;;amr 6la ;=< § jia;=jl m%fõ.h 0 isg 12 m s-1 olajd taldldr j jeä
jQfha kï" tu jia;=fjys ;ajrKh fidhkak'
2. jia;=jl m%fõ.h ;;amr 4la ;=< §" 16 m s-1 isg 4 m s-1 olajd taldldr j wvq
ù kï" tu jia;=fõ ukaokh .Kkh lrkak'
3. ksYap,;dfjka p,s;h wdrïN lrk ,o jia;=jla 0'5 m s-2 ;ajrKhlska
;;amr 10la .uka lf<a kï" tu ;;amr 10 wjidkfha jia;=fjys m%fõ.h
fidhkak'
4. ir, f¾Çh ud¾.hl .uka lrk jia;=jl m%fõ.h tla;rd fudfyd;l § 2 m s-1
úh' th ;;amr 4la taldldr ;ajrKhlg Ndckh ùu ksid m%fõ.h 6 m s-1
olajd fjkia úh' fuu ;;amr 4 ;=< jia;=fjys ;ajrKh .Kkh lrkak'

35
fN!;sl úoHdj ir, f¾Çh p,s;h

2'5 úia:dmk - ld, m%ia;dr

ld,h wkqj hï jia;=jl úia:dmkh úp,kh jk whqre ksrEmKh lrk m%ia;dr
úia:dmk-ld, m%ia;dr (displacement-time graphs) kï fõ'
úia:dmkh y wlaIfha;a ld,h x wlaIfha;a i,l=Kq lr fuu m%ia;dr w¢kq ,efí'
my; oelafjk j.=fõ ld,h;a iu. jia;=jl úia:dmkh fjkia ùu olajd we;'

ld,h t (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5
úia:dmkh s (m) 0 3 6 9 12 15

tu o;a; i|yd m%ia;drh my; § we;'

úia:dmkh
s (m)

15
B
(5,15)
12
(4,12)
9
(3,9)
6
(2,6)
3
A C
(1,3)
ld,h t (s)
0 1 2 3 4 5

2'9 rEmh - úia:dmk - ld, m%ia;drh

fuu m%fõ.h tAldldr ksid fuys§ wmg ,efnkafka ir, f¾Çh m%ia;drhls' by;
ir, f¾Ldfõ wkql%uKh fidhd .ekSfuka m%fõ.h fidhd .; yels h'

ir, f¾Çh m%ia;drhl wkql%uKh .Kkh lrkafka tu f¾Ldj u; msysá ´kEu

,laIH foll y LKavdxl w;r fjki tu ,laIH foflys x LKavdxl w;r
fjkfika fn§fuks'

36
ir, f¾Çh p,s;h fN!;sl úoHdj

x wlaIfhka ksrEmKh lrkafka ld,h ksid x LKaavdxl fol w;r wka;rh hkq
ld, wka;rhls' wod< y LKavdxl fol w;r wka;rh hkq tu ld, wka;rh ;=<
isÿ jQ úia:dmkh hs' úia:dmkh ld,fhka fn¥ úg ,efnkafka m%fõ.h hs'

y wlaIfha LKavdxl w;r fjki

wkql%uKh =
x wlaIfha LKavdxl w;r fjki

úia:dmkh m%fõ.h
wkql%uKh = =
ld,h

fï wkqj by; m%ia;drfha ir, f¾Ldj u; tlsfklg ;rula wE;ska msysá A yd

B ,laIH folla f;dardf.k my; fmkajd we;s wdldrhg tu f¾Ldfõ wkql%uKh
.Kkh lr tu.ska m%fõ.h fidhd .; yels h'

wkql%uKh

tkï fuu m%ia;drfhka ksrEmKh jk p,s;fha m%fõ.h 3 m s-1 fõ'

ir, f¾Ldjl wkql%uKh iEu ia:dkhlu tlu fyhska fuu p,s;fha m%fõ.h
taldldr nj .Kkh lsÍulska f;drj lsj yels h'

2'6 m%fõ. - ld, m%ia;dr

ld,h iu. m%fõ.h úp,kh jk wdldrh ksrEmKh lsÍu i|yd m%fõ. - ld,
m%ia;dr Wmfhda.S lr .kq ,efí' fuys § m%fõ.h y wlaIfha;a ld,h x wlaIfha;a
i,l=Kq lrkq ,efí'
jia;=jl ld,h;a iu. m%fõ.h fjkia ùu my; j.=fõ olajd we;'

ld,h t (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
m%fõ.h v (m s-1) 0 3 6 9 12 15 18

by; o;a; wkqj w¢k ,o m%fõ. - ld, m%ia;drhla 2'10 rEmfha fmkajd we;'
37
fN!;sl úoHdj ir, f¾Çh p,s;h

m%fõ.h
v (m s-1)
18

15

12

ld,h t (s)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

2'10 rEmh - m%fõ. - ld, m%ia;drhla

fuu m%ia;drh ir, f¾Ldjla ùug fya;=j iEu ;;amrhl § u m%fõ.h fjkia ù
we;af;a tl u m%udKhlska ùuhs' tkï fuu p,s;h tAldldr ^ksh;& ;ajrKhlska
isÿ jk p,s;hls'
óg fmr o i|yka l< mßÈ ir, f¾Ldfõ wkql%uKh jkafka f¾Ldj u; msysá ´kE
u ,laIH foll y LKavdxl w;r fjki tu ,laIH foflys x LKavdxl w;r
fjkfika fn§fuka ,efnk w.hhs'
m%fõ.-ld, m%ia;drhl x wlaIfhka ksrEmKh lrkafka ld,h ksid x LKaavdxl
fol w;r wka;rh hkq ld, wka;rhls' wod< y LKavdxl fol w;r wka;rh
jkafka tu ld, wka;rh ;=< isÿ jQ m%fõ. fjkihs' m%fõ. fjki ld,fhka fn¥
úg ,efnkafka ;ajrKhhs'
m%fõ. fjki
wkql%uKh =
ld,h
= ;ajrKh
by; m%ia;drh i|yd
(18 - 0) m s-1
;ajrKh =
6s

= 3 m s-2

38
ir, f¾Çh p,s;h fN!;sl úoHdj

2'11 rEmfha fmkajd we;af;a 6 m s-1 tAldldr m%fõ.fhka p,kh jk jia;=jl

m%fõ. - ld, m%ia;drh hs' tAldldr m%fõ.hla iys; p,s;hl § m%fõ.h fkdfjkia
j mj;sk ksid ,efnk m%ia;drh x wlaIhg iudka;r ir, f¾Ldjls'

fuu m%ia;drfhka olajk p,s;fha m%%fõ.h 6 m s-1 ksid 2'3 fldgfia § Tn bf.k
.;a iQ;%h Ndú;fhka my; oelafjk mßÈ úia:dmkh .Kkh l< yels h'

úia:dmkh
m%fõ.h =
ld,h

úia:dmkh = m%fõ.h « ld,h

= 6 m s-1 « 8 s
= 48 m

m%fõ.h
v (m s-1)

6 ms -1

8s
ld,h t (s)
0 8

2'11 rEmh - taldldr m%fõ.fhka p,kh jk

jia;=jl m%fõ. - ld, m%ia;drh

2'11 rEmfha fmkajd we;s m%ia;drfha ir, f¾Ldjg háka msysgd we;s RcqfldaKdi%dldr
m%foaYfha j¾.M,h = 6 « 8 = 48. j¾.M,h i|yd ,enqK fuu w.h úia:dmkh
i|yd by; .Kkh lrk ,o w.hg iudk nj fmfka' tu j¾.M,h .Kkh
lrkafka x wlaIh Èf.a ÿr ^ld,h& y wlaIh Èf.a we;s Wfika ^úia:dmkfhka& .=K
lsÍu u.sks'
39
fN!;sl úoHdj ir, f¾Çh p,s;h

tkï" taldldr m%fõ.fhka p,kh jk jia;=jl úia:dmkh m%fõ.-ld,

m%ia;drfhka wdjrKh jk m%foaYfha j¾.M,hg iudk fõ'

taldldr ;ajrKfhka p,kh jk jia;=jl úia:dmkh" m%fõ. - ld, m%ia;dr weiqßka

fidhk wdldrh ñ<Õg úuid n,uq'

ksYap,;dfjka p,s;h wdrïN lrk jia;=jla taldldr ;ajrKhlg Ndckh ù 4 s

ld,hla ;=< 12 m s-1 m%fõ.hla ,nd .kshs' fuu p,s;h i|yd w¢k ,o m%fõ.-ld,
m%ia;drhla 2'12 rEmfha fmkajd we;'
m%fõ.h
v (m s-1)
12

0 ld,h t (s)
1 2 3 4
2'12 rEmh - taldldr ;ajrKfhka p,kh jk jia;=jl m%fõ. - ld, m%ia;drhla

m%fõ. ld, m%ia:drh Ndú; lr jia;=fõ úia:dmkh fidhkafka flfia oehs wms
oeka n,uq' 2'12 rEmfha we;s m%i;
a drfha ir, f¾Ldjg háka w÷re lr we;s m%foaYfha
1
j¾.M,h = × 12 × 4 = 24
2

fuu ms<s;=r ,nd.;a wdldrh kej; n,kak'

12 × 4
2

12 $ 2 hkq uOHl m%fõ.hhs'

úia:dmkh } uOHl m%fõ.h « ld,h
oeka wm 2'4 fldgfia § bf.k .;a wdldrhg tAldldr ;ajrKhlska .uka lrk
jia;=jl úia:dmkh iólrKh Ndú; lr o .Kkh lruq'

40
ir, f¾Çh p,s;h fN!;sl úoHdj

jia;=fjys úia:dmkh = uOHl m%fõ.h « ld,h

hk iQ;%h Ndú;fhks' ta ksid by; rEmfhka fmkajk p,s;h i|yd'
12 m s-1
úia:dmkh = ×4s
2
= 24 m

tkï" tAldldr ;ajrKfhka p,kh jk jia;=jl úia:dmkh" m%fõ. ld,

m%ia;drfhka wdjrKh jk j¾.M,fha ixLHd;aul w.hg iudk fõ'

fuf,i m%ia;dßl l%ufhka o jia;=jl úia:dmkh fiúh yels h'

ksoiqk 1
wdrïNl m%fõ.h 8 m s-1 jQ jia;=jla" ;;amr 4la ;=< taldldr ukaokhlg Ndckh
ù" ksYap,;djg m;a fõ' fuu p,s;h ms<sn| m%fõ. - ld, m%ia;drh we| ;;amr 4l
ld,h ;=< jia;=fõ úia:dmkh fidhkak'

m%fõ.h
v (m s-1)

ld,h t (s)
0 4

m%fõ. - ld, m%ia;drh by; rEmfha fmkajd we;' jia;=fõ úia:dmkh iudk
jkafka w÷re lr we;s m%foaYfha j¾.M,hghs'
jia;=fõ úia:dmkh
8 × 4 =
2
= 16 m

41
fN!;sl úoHdj ir, f¾Çh p,s;h

• my; oelafjk .eg¨j i,lkak'

ksYap,;dfjka p,s;h wdrïN lrk jia;=jla ;;amr 6la taldldr ;ajrKhlg
Ndckh ù 15 m s-1 m%fõ.hla ,nd .kshs' bka miq tu m%fõ.fhka taldldr j ;j
;;amr 6la p,s; jk jia;=j wjidkfha § taldldr ukaokhlg Ndckh ù ;;amr
3 lska ksYap,;djg m;afõ'

(i) fuu p,s;h ms<sn| m%fõ. - ld, m%ia;drh w¢kak'

(ii) uq,a ;;amr 6 ;=< § ;ajrKh fidhkak'

(iii) uq,a ;;amr 6 ;=< § úia:dmkh fldmuK o@

(iv) taldldr m%fõ.fhka .uka l< ÿr fldmuK o@

(v) wjidk ;;amr 3 ;=< § ukaokh fldmuK o@

(vi) wjidk ;;amr 3 ;=< § .uka l< ÿr fldmuK o@

(a) fuu uq¿ ld,h ;=< .uka l< uq¿ ÿr fidhd .ekSu i|yd m%fõ. - ld,
(vii)
m%ia;drh weiqßka m%ldYhla ,shkak'

(b) tu m%ldYh weiqßka .uka l< uq¿ ÿr fidhkak'

ms<s;=re
v (m s-1)

A B

O
C
t (s)

(i) m%fõ. - ld, m%ia;drh by; rEmfha fmkajd we;'

(ii) uq,a ;;amr 6 § ;ajrKh = m%ia;drfha OA f¾Ldfõ wkql%uKh

= 15 m s-1
6s
= 2.5 m s-2

42
ir, f¾Çh p,s;h fN!;sl úoHdj

(iii) uq,a ;;amr 6 ;=< úia:dmkh = m%i;

a drfha OA g my< fldgfia j¾.M,h

= 15 « 6
2
= 45 m

(iv) taldldr m%fõ.fhka .uka l< ÿr = m%ia;drfha AB g my< fldgfia

j¾.M,h
= 15 m s-1 « 6 s
= 90 m

-1
(v) wjidk ;;amr 3 ;=< ;ajrKh = (0 - 15) m s
3s
= -5 m s-2

tkï ukaokh = 5 m s-2

-1
(vi) wjidk ;;amr 3 ;=< .uka l< ÿr = (15 + 0) m s « 3 s
2
= 22.5 m

(vii) (a) .uka l< uq¿ ÿr = OABC ;%mSishfï j¾.M,h

(15 + 6) « 15 m s-1
(b) .uka l< uq¿ ÿr =
2
21 « 15 m
=
2
= 157.5 m

ud¾. ;onoh jeä wjia:dj, r:hl fõ.h ks;r wvq lsÍug isÿ fõ' ;onoh
wvq úg msßfyk fõ.h h<s ,nd .ekSug tkaðfuka jeämqr n,hla fhÈh hq;=
fõ' fuhska bkaOk kdia;shla isÿ fõ' yels iEu wjia:djl u ud¾. ;onoh
wvq fõ,dj, fudag¾ r: .uka fhdod .ekSfuka tu bkaOk kdia;sh wvq lr
.ekSug yels fõ'

43
fN!;sl úoHdj ir, f¾Çh p,s;h

2'7 .=re;ajc ;ajrKh

jia;=jla .=re;ajh hgf;a by< isg my<g jefgk úg tys m%fõ.h l%ufhka jeä
jk nj w;aoelSfuka wms oksuq' tkï jia;=j ;ajrKhlg Ndckh fõ' ;ajrKhla
we;s ùug jia;=j u; n,hla l%shd l< hq;=h' jia;=jla by< isg my<g jefgk úg
tu jia;=j u; l%shd lrk n,h fmdf<dfõ .=re;ajdl¾IK n,hhs' .=re;ajdl¾IK
n,h ksid yg.kakd" ;ajrKh" y÷kajkafka z.=re;ajc ;ajrKhZ kñks' tys
ixfla;h g fõ'

fmdf<dj u;=msg ^uqyqÿ uÜgfï& § .=re;ajc ;ajrKh i|yd idudkH w.h 9'8 m s-2
muK fõ' ñka woyia jkqfha jia;=jla by< isg my<g jefgk úg iEu ;;amrhla
mdid u tys m%fõ.h 9.8 m s-1 ne.ska jeä jk njhs'

jia;=jla isria j by<g .uka lrk úg isÿjkafka tys m%fõ.h iEu ;;amrhla
mdid u 9.8 m s-1 ne.ska wvq ùuhs' tneúka jia;=jla isria j by<g .uka lrk úg
.=re;ajc ;ajrKh i|yd w.h - 9.8 m s-2 fõ'
² ksYap,;djfha ;sî isriaj my<g jefgk jia;=jla" ìug jeàug ;;amr 4la
.; jQfha hehs is;kak' ìug jefgk ;=re tys m%fõ.h fjkia jQ whqre fufia
oelaúh yels h'

my<g jeàu wdrïN jk úg m%fõ.h = 0

;;amrhla .; jQ úg m%fõ.h = 9.8 m s-1

;;amr 2la .; jQ úg m%fõ.h = 19.6 m s-1

;;amr 3 lg miq m%fõ.h = 29.4 m s-1

ìug jeàug ;;amr 4la .; jQ ksid"

;;amr 4lg miq" tkï ìu jefgk fudfydf;a m%fõ.h = 39.2 m s-1

-1
= (0 + 39.2) m s « 4 s
2
= 78.4 m

;;amr 4 ;=< jia;=j jegqKq úia:dmkh ^Wi& = uOHl m%fõ.h « ld,h

tu p,s;h i|yd m%fõ. - ld, m%ia;drh 2'13 rEmfha fmkajd we;'

44
ir, f¾Çh p,s;h fN!;sl úoHdj

v (m s-1)

t (s)

2'13 rEmh - isria j my<g ksoyfia jefgk

jia;=jl m%fõ. - ld, m%ia;drh

;;amr 4 ;=< jia;=j jegqKq Wi = m%ia;drhg my<ska fldgfia j¾.M,h

= 39.2 « 4
2
= 78.4 m

² 20 m s-1 l m%fõ.hlska isria j by<g hjk ,o jia;=jla Wmßu Wig keÕSu

ksrEmKh lrk m%fõ. - ld, m%ia;drh ó<Õg wÈuq' ^fuys § .Kkh lsÍfï
myiqj i|yd g = 10 m s-2 f,i i,ld we;'&

m%fõ.h fjkia jQ whqre j.=fõ oelafjk w;r Bg wkqrEm m%fõ.-ld, m%ia;drh

2'14 rEmfha fmkajd we;'

45
fN!;sl úoHdj ir, f¾Çh p,s;h

t (s) 0 1 2
v (m s-1) 20 10 0

v (m s-1)

t (s)

2'14 rEmh - isria j by<g ùisl< jia;=jla Wmßu Wig <`.dùu

olajd m%fõ. - ld, m%ia;drh

fuu m%ia;drh we£fï § isria j by<g m%fõ.h Ok f,i i,ld we;' ta ksid
.=re;ajc ;ajrKh fuu m%ia;drfhka ksrEmKh jkafka RK ;ajrKhla f,i h'

ksoiqk 1
jia;=jla 30 m s-1 l m%fõ.fhka isria j by<g hjk ,È'
(i) tu jia;j
= .uka l< Wmßu Wi olajd tys m%fõ.h fjkia jk whqre fmkaùug
m%fõ.-ld, j.=jla ilia lrkak'
(ii) tu p,s;h ksrEmKh lsÍug m%fõ. - ld, m%ia;drhla w¢kak'
(iii) tu jia;=j by< ke.s Wmßu Wi fidhkak'
.Kkh lsÍfï myiqj i|yd g = 10 m s-2 f,i i,lkak'

ms<s;=re
(i) m%fõ. - ld, j.=j my; oelafõ'

t (s) 0 1 2 3
v (m s-1) 30 20 10 0

46
ir, f¾Çh p,s;h fN!;sl úoHdj

(ii) m%fõ.-ld, m%ia;drh my; rEmfha fmkajd we;'

v (m s-1)

t (s)

(iii) jia;=j .uka l< Wmßu Wi = m%ia;drhg my< fldgfia j¾.M,h

-1
= 30 m s «3s
2
= 45 m

ñY% wNHdih
^1& (i) ÿr yd úia:dmkh w;r fjki myokak'

(ii) tla;rd wjia:djl § <uhl= B yryd" A isg C olajd .uka l< .uka ud¾.h
my; rEmfha oelafõ'
A

15 m

B 90 0 20 m C
47
fN!;sl úoHdj ir, f¾Çh p,s;h

(a) fuys § <uhd .uka l< uq¿ ÿr fldmuK o@

(b) <uhdf.a úia:dmkh fldmuK o@
(c) <uhd A ys isg B yryd C olajd fkdkej;S .uka lf<a kï iy ta
i|yd Tyqg .; jQ ld,h 5 s ù kï" tu ld,h ;=<
(i) <uhdf.a uOHl fõ.h iy
(ii) <uhdf.a uOHl m%fõ.h fidhkak'
2' (i) ffoYsl rdYs yd wÈY rdYs w;r fjki fláfhka myokak.
(ii) my; oelafjk fN!;sl rdYs" ffoYsl rdYs yd wÈY rdYs jYfhka j¾.SlrKh
lrkak.
ÿr" úia:dmkh" fõ.h" m%fõ.h
(iii) ir, f¾Çh ud¾.hla Èf.a jia;=jl p,s;h isÿ jQ wdldrh my; rEmfha § we;s
úia:dmk ld, m%ia;drfha oelafõ.
úia:dmkh
s (m)
10

ld,h
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 t (s)

(a) jia;=j p,s;h wdrïN l, miq, jia;=fõ úia:dmkh fldmuK o@

(b) tu úia:dmkh isÿlr we;af;aa fldmuK ld,hl § o@
(c) tu ld,h ;=< jia;=fõ Wmßu m%fõ.h fidhkak.
(d) ;;amr 4 isg ;;amr 6 olajd ld,h ;=< jia;=fõ p,s;h ms<sn| j
l=ula lsj yels o@
(e) ;;amr 6 isg 8 olajd ld,h ;=< jia;=fõ p,s;h ms<sn| l=ula lsj
yels o@
3' (i) tla;rd jia;=jl m%fõ.h 5 s ld,hla ;=< § 10 m s-1 isg 25 m s-1
olajd taldldr j fjkia ù kï, tu ld,h ;=< tu jia;=fõ ;ajrKh
fldmuK o@
(ii) by; lS p,s;h ms<sn| m%fõ. - ld, m%ia;drh we|, tu.ska tu ;;amr 5
;=< jia;=j isÿ l< úia:dmkh fidhkak.
48
ir, f¾Çh p,s;h fN!;sl úoHdj

(iii) ir, f¾Çh ud¾.hla Èf.a .uka l< tla;rd jia;=jl m%fõ.h, ld,h wkqj
fjkia jQ wdldrh my; m%ia;drfha oelafõ.
v (m s-1)

t (s)
0 3 6 9 12 15

(a) uq,a 6 s ;=< § jia;=fõ ;ajrKh fidhkak.

(b) uq,a 6 s ;=< § jia;=fõ úia:dmkh fldmuK o@
(c) jia;=j taldldr m%fõ.fhka isÿ l< úia:dmkh fldmuK o@
(d) wjidk ;;amr 3 ;=< § jia;=fõ ukaokh .Kkh lrkak.
4' ksYap,;dfjka p,s;h wdrïN lrk jia;=jla ir, f¾Çh ud¾.hla Èf.a
;;amr 8la taldldr ;ajrKfhka .uka lr 12 m s-1l m%fõ.hla ,nd.kshs' bka
miq 12 m s-1 taldldr m%fõ.fhka ;j;a ;;amr 4la .uka lrhs' wjidkfha
§ taldldr ukaokhlg Ndckh ù ;;amr 4la ;=< § ksYap,;djg m;a fõ'

(i) fuu p,s;h ms<sn| m%fõ. - ld, m%ia;drh w¢kak'

(ii) uq,a ;;amr 8 ;=< jia;=fjys ;ajrKh fldmuK o@

(iii) uq,a ;;amr 8 ;=< jia;=j isÿl< úia:dmkh fldmuK o@

(iv) taldldr m%fõ.fhka isÿl< úia:dmkh fldmuK o@

(v) 12 s isg 16 s olajd ld,dka;rfha § jia;=fõ ukaokh fldmuK o@

(vi) ld,h ;;amr 16 jk úg jia;=fõ úia:dmkh fldmuK o@

5' ksYp
a , j ;sî ir, f¾Çh ud¾.hla Èf.a .uka wrUk jia;j
= l m%fõ.h 16 m s-1
olajd jeä ùug ;;amr 8l ld,hla .; fõ' bkamiq tu m%fõ.fhka taldldr
j ;j;a ;;amr 4la .uka lrk tu jia;=j wjidkfha § taldldr ukaokhlg
Ndckh fjñka ;;amr 4la ;=< ksYap,;ajhg m;a fõ'

(i) fuu p,s;h ksrEmKh lrk m%fõ. ld, m%ia;drh w¢kak'

49
fN!;sl úoHdj ir, f¾Çh p,s;h

(ii) uq,a ;;amr 8 § ;ajrKh fidhkak'

(iii) tu ;;amr 8 § jia;=j isÿ l< úia:dmkh fldmuK o@

(iv) 16 m s-1 l taldldr m%fõ.h mej;s ld,h ;=< isÿ l< úia:dmkh fldmuK o@

(v) wka;su ;;amr 4 § ukaokh fidhkak'

(vi) tu ;;amr 4 § isÿ l< úia:dmkh fldmuK o@

6' (i) .il ;snQ f.ähla kgqfjka .e,ù ìug jeàug ;;amr 4l ld,hla .;fõ.
(a) th ìug jefgk fudfydf;a tys m%fõ.h fldmuK o@
(b) th jegqfKa ljr Wil isg o@
(ii) jia;=jla 30 m s-1 l wdrïNl m%fõ.hlska isria j by<g hefõ'
(a) jia;=j k.sk Wmßu Wig hdug .; jk ld,h fidhkak'
(b) jia;=j k.sk Wmßu Wi fldmuK o@
(c) jia;=j Wmßu Wig .uka lsÍu olajd" p,s;h ksrEmKh lrk
m%fõ. - ld, m%ia;drh w¢kak'

ÿr
fõ.h =
ld,h

50
ir, f¾Çh p,s;h fN!;sl úoHdj

mdßNdIsl jpk
ÿr - Distance
úia:dmkh - Displacement
jia;=j - Object
ffoYsl rdYsh - Vector quantity
wÈY rdYsh - Scalar quantity
fõ.h - Speed
m%fõ.h - Velocity
;ajrKh - Acceleration
ukaokh - Retardation / (Deceleration)
.=re;ajc ;ajrKh - Acceleration due to gravity

51
ridhk úoHdj mod¾:fha jHqyh

03
ridhk úoHdj

mod¾:fha jHqyh

wm wjg mßirfha we;s oE mod¾: yd Yla;s f,i m%Odk fldgia follg j¾. l<
yels h' wjldYfha bvla .kakd" ialkaOhla iys; øjH mod¾: f,i ye`Èkafõ'
mod¾: tajdfha fN!;sl iajNdjh yd ridhksl ixhq;sh wkqj j¾. lrk wdldrh
my; igyfka ±lafõ'

mrudKq hkq mod¾:fha ;ekqï tall fõ' mrudKqj Wm mrudKql wxY=j,ska iukaú;
fõ' fm%dafg%dak" bf,lafg%dak yd kshqfg%dak tajd w;=ßka m%uqL Wm mrudKql wxY= fõ'
bf,lafg%dakh hkq RK wdfrdams; wxY=jls' fm%dafgdakhlg Ok wdfrdamKhla
we;' kshqfg%dakj,g wdfrdamKhla fkdue;'mrudKqfõ bf,lafg%dak" fm%dafgdak yd
kshqfg%dak keue;s wxY= we;s nj y÷kd.ekSu;a iu. tu wxY=" mrudKqj ;=< ixúOdkh
ù we;s wdldrh úia;r lsÍug .;a W;aidyfha m%;sM,hla f,i mrudKql wdlD;s
bÈßm;a úh' w¾kiaÜ ro¾*â úiska 1911 § bÈßm;a lrk ,o kHIaál wdlD;shg
wkqj mrudKqjl uOHfha kHIaáh kï ialkaOh talrdYS jQ b;d l=vd m%foaYhla
mj;S' kHIaáfha fm%dafgdak iy kshqfg%dak talrdYS ù mj;sk nj miqj wkdjrKh
úh' kHIaáh Ok wdfrdams;h'
mrudKqj hkq mdmkaÿ l%Svd msÜgkshla kï kHIAáh hkq th ueo msysá lv, weghlg;a
jvd l=vd m%foaYhls' mrudKqjl kHIaáh mrudKqjg idfmalaI j fld;rï l=vd o
hkak by; ksoiqfkka meyeÈ,s fõ'
52
mod¾:fha jHqyh ridhk úoHdj

bf,lafg%dak mj;skqfha kHIaáh jgd jQ wjldY m%foaYhlhs' mrudKqjl wvx.=

bf,lafg%dak .Kk fm%dafg%dak .Kkg iudk h' tkuq;a fm%dafgdak yd bf,lafg%dak
m%;súreoaO wdfrdamKj,ska hqla; h'kshqfg%dak WodiSk wxY= fõ' fï ksid mrudKqj
úoHq;a jYfhka WodiSk h'

3'1 mrudKqj ms<sn`o .%y wdlD;sh

mrudKqj ms<sn`o .%y wdlD;sh bÈßm;a
lrk ,oafoa w¾kiaÜ ro¾*â úisks'
mrudKqj ;=< we;s Ok wdfrdamK talrdYS
jQ kHIaáh jgd bf,lafg%dak p,s;fha
fhfoñka mj;S' th .%yf,dal iQ¾hhd
jgd N%uKh ùug iudk lr ±laúh yels
h ^3'1 rEmh&'
kHIaáfha we;s Ok wdfrdamKh u`.ska
bf,lafg%dak kHIaáh fj;g wdl¾IKh
jk kuq;a tajd kHIaáh u;g m;s; fkd
fõ' Bg fya;=j kHIaáh jgd bf,lafg%dak
b;d fõ.fhka N%uKh ùuhs' 3.1 rEmh - mrudKqj ms<sn| .%y wdlD;sh

ro¾*âf.a wdlD;sh ;jÿrg;a úia;r l< kS,aia fnda¾ m%ldY lf<a Ok wdfrdams;
kHIaáh jgd we;s ksYaÑ; m:j, fyj;a llaIj, bf,lafg%dak p,s;fha fhfok
njhs'
mrudKqj jgd bf,lafg%dak N%uKh jk llaI wh;ajkqfha mrudKqfõ msysá ljp
j,ghs' fuu ljp kHIaáfha isg msg;g ms<sfj<ska 1" 2" 3" 4''' fyda K, L, M, N...
f,i o ye`oskafõ' fïjd Yla;s uÜgï f,i o ye`Èkafõ' tla tla Yla;s uÜgug
kshñ; Yla;shla mj;S' kHIaáfha isg bj;g hk úg fuu Yla;sh o l%ufhka jeä
fõ' kuq;a Yla;s uÜgï w;r mr;rh wvq fõ ^3'2 rEmh&' mrudKqjl ´kE u Yla;s
uÜgul ;sìh yels Wmßu bf,lafg%dak ixLHdjla we;' m<uq Yla;s uÜgï y;frys
mej;sh yels Wmßu bf,lafg%dak ixLHd 3'1 j.=fõ olajd we;'

j.=j - 3'1

mej;sh yels Wmßu

Yla;s uÜgu
bf,lafg%dak ixLHdj
1 (K) 2
2 (L) 8
3 (M) 18
4 (N) 32

53
ridhk úoHdj mod¾:fha jHqyh

N
M
L
K

mejreu - 3'1
.=re;=ud $ ;=ñhf.a Wmfoia wkqj iqÿiq øjH
f;dardf.k" mrudKqfõ ;%sudK rEmSnj ksrEmKh
jk mßÈ" mrudKql wdlD;s ks¾udKh lrkak'
Tfí ks¾udK mka;sfha m%o¾Ykh lrkak
3'2 - rEmh

• mrudKql l%udxlh
uQ,øjH mrudKqjl kHIaáfha wvx.= fm%dafgdak ixLHdj tys mrudKql l%udxlh
(atomic number) f,i ye¢kafõ' tkï"
uQ,øjHfha mrudKql l%udxlh } uQ,øjHfha mrudKqjl kHIaáfha we;s fm%dafgdak ixLHdj

ksoiqkla f,i .;fyd;a fidaähï mrudKqjl kHIAáfha fm%dafgdak 11 la wvx.=

fõ' tu ksid fidaähïj, mrudKql l%udxlh 11 ls' tl u uQ,øjHhl iEu
mrudKqjl u wvx.= fm%dafgdak ixLHdj iudk fõ' tlsfklg fjkia uQ,øjHj,
wvx.= fm%dafgdak ixLHd tlsfklg fjkia h' tneúka tlsfklg fjkia uQ,øjH
mrudKq foll mrudKql l%udxl lsis úfgl;a iudk fkdfõ' fï ksid uQ,øjHhl
mrudKql l%udxlh tu uQ,øjHhg wkkH ,laIKhls' ksoiqkla f,i ie,l=j fyd;a
uQ,øjHhl mrudKql l%udxlh 6 kï bka woyia jkafka tu uQ,øjHh ldnka
njhs' fjk;a lsisÿ uQ,øjHhl mrudKql l%udxlh 6 fkdfõ' uQ,øjHhl mrudKql
l%udxlh Z j,ska ksrEmKh lrhs' WodiSk mrudKqjl wvx.= fm%dafgdak ixLHdj
tys bf,lafg%dak ixLHdjg iudk fõ' tneúka uQ,øjHhl mrudKql l%udxlh tu
uQ,øjH mrudKqjl we;s bf,lafg%dak ixLHdjg o iudk nj ie,lsh yels h'
tfy;a ridhksl m%;sl%shd isÿ ùfï§ mrudKqj,ska bf,lafg%dak bj;a ùula fyda
tajdg bf,lafg%dak tl;= ùula isÿ úh yels h' fujeks wdfrdams; mrudKq y÷kajkq
,nkafka whk hkqfjks' whkhl bf,lafg%dak ixLHdj fm%dafgdak ixLHdjg wvq
fyda jeä úh yels h' tfy;a hï mrudKqjlska iEfok whkhl fm%dafgdak ixLHdj
fjkia fkdjk neúka mrudKql l%udxlh fjkia fkdfõ'

• ialkaO l%udxlh
mrudKqjl wvx.= fm%dafgdak" kshqfg%dak iy bf,lafg%dak hk uQ,sl Wm mrudKql
wxY= w;=ßka bf,lafg%dak b;du;a ieye,a¨ h' fm%dafgdak iy kshqfg%dakj, ialkaO
wdikak jYfhka iudk fõ'
54
mod¾:fha jHqyh ridhk úoHdj

wdikak jYfhka bf,lafg%dakhl ialkaOh fm%dafgdakhl ialkaOfhka 1$1840 ls'

mrudKqjl wvx.= bf,lafg%dakj, ialkaOh fm%dafgdak yd kshqfg%dakj, ialkaO
iu. ieif|k úg fkd.sksh yels ;rï l=vd h' tfyhska mrudKqfõ ialkaOh
flfrys n,mdkafka fm%dafgdak iy kshqfg%dakj, ialkaO muKs' mrudKqjl kHIaáfha
wvx.= fm%dafgdak ixLHdfõ;a kshqfg%dak ixLHdfõ;a ftlHh ialkaO l%udxlh (mass
number) hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'
\ ialkaO l%udxlh } fm%dafgdak ixLHdj ¬ kshqfg%dak ixLHdj
uQ,øjHhl ialkaO l%udxlh A ixfla;fhka ksrEmKh flf¾'
y fidaähïj, mrudKql l%udxlh 11la fõ'
y tneúka fidaähï mrudKqjl fm%dafgdak 11la we;'
y tys wvx.= jkafka kshqfg%dak 12la kï"
fidaähï mrudKqfõ ialkaO l%udxlh } 11 ¬ 12 } 23 ls'
uQ,øjHhl mrudKql l%udxlh yd ialkaO l%udxlh ,shd ±laùfï iïu; l%uhla
we;' wod< uQ,øjHfha ixfla;fha jï mi my<ska mrudKql l%udxlh o jïmi
by<ska ialkaO l%udxlh o fhdokq ,efí'

ksoiqka ( fidaähïj, ialkaO l%udxlh 23

mrudKql l%udxlh 11
A 23
X Na
Z 11
A - ialkaO l%udxlh ialkaO l%udxlh - 23
Z - mrudKql l%udxlh mrudKql l%udxlh - 11

ialkaO l%udxlh yd mrudKql l%udxlh w;r wka;rfhka ,efnkafka mrudKqfõ

wvx.= kshqfg%dak ixLHdjhs'

3'2 bf,lafg%dak úkHdih

±kg ms<s.kakd mrudKql wdlD;sh wkqj ta ta Yla;s uÜgïj, ;sìh yels Wmßu
bf,lafg%dak ixLHd ms<sn`o j l,ska i`oyka lrk ,§' mrudKqjl kHIaáfha isg
msg;g ms<sfj<ska tla tla Yla;s uÜgïj, bf,lafg%dak msÍ we;s wdldrh ksrEmKh
lsÍu bf,lafg%dak úkHdih f,i ye`Èkafõ'
ksoiqkla i,ld n,uq' fidaähïj, mrudKql l%udxlh 11ls' tneúka fidaähï
mrudKqjl fm%dafgdak 11la o bf,lafg%dak 11la o we;' fï wkqj fidaähï mrudKqfõ
tu bf,lafg%dak 11 m<uq Yla;s uÜgfï bf,lafg%dak 2la o" fojk Yla;s uÜgfï
55
ridhk úoHdj mod¾:fha jHqyh

bf,lafg%dak 8la o" ;=kajk Yla;s uÜgfï bf,lafg%dak 1la o jYfhka mj;S' tneúka
fidaähïj, bf,lafg%dak úkHdih my; wdldrhg ,shd ±laúh yels h'
Na - 2, 8, 1

j.=j 3'2 - mrudKql l%udxlh 1 isg 20 olajd jQ uQ,øjHj, bf,lafg%dak úkHdi

mrudKql bf,lafg%dak úkHdih

uQ,øjH ixfla;h
l%udxlh K L M N
yhsârcka H 1 1
yS,shï He 2 2
,s;shï Li 3 2 1
fnrs,shï Be 4 2 2
fndafrdaka B 5 2 3
ldnka C 6 2 4
khsÜrcka N 7 2 5
Tlaiscka O 8 2 6
*a¨fjdÍka F 9 2 7
ksfhdaka Ne 10 2 8
fidaähï Na 11 2 8 1
ue.akSishï Mg 12 2 8 2
we¨ñkshï Al 13 2 8 3
is,slka Si 14 2 8 4
fmdiamria P 15 2 8 5
i,a*¾ S 16 2 8 6
laf,darSka Cl 17 2 8 7
wd.ka Ar 18 2 8 8
fmdgEishï K 19 2 8 8 1
le,aishï Ca 20 2 8 8 2

uQ,øjH mrudKqjl lsishï Yla;s uÜgula tys bf,lafg%dak wka;¾.; wjidk Yla;s
uÜgu jk úg tys ;sìh yels Wmßu bf,lafg%dak ixLHdj 8 ls' tfyhska fmdgEishï
iy le,aishï ys bf,lafg%dak wka;¾.; wjidk Yla;s uÜgfï bf,lafg%dak 9 iy
10 ne.ska fkdmj;S'
56
mod¾:fha jHqyh ridhk úoHdj

3'3 kQ;k wdj¾;s;d j.=j'

fï jk úg uQ,øjH 115 lg jvd jeä ixLHdjla fidhdf.k we;' tajdfha .=K fjka
fjka j wOHhkh lsÍu b;d wmyiq lghq;a;ls' uQ,øjHj, iy tajdfha ixfhda.j,
f;dr;=re f,dalfha úoHd{hska úiska fkdlvjd /ia lrkq ,efí' fï f;dr;=re
iïNdrh fl;rï úYd, o úúO o h;a ish¨ lreKq u;l ;nd .ekSu lsisfjl=g;a
l< fkdyelalls' fï ksid úúO úoHd{hska úiska uQ,øjH úúO l%u wkqj j¾.
lsÍug W;aidy ord we;' tu W;aidyfha w.%.KH m%;sM,hls wdj¾;s;d j¾.SlrKh'
uQ,øjH j¾.SlrKh i`oyd wdj¾;s;d j.=jla uq,ska u bÈßm;a lrk ,oafoa reishdkq
cd;sl úoHd{fhla jk oañ;aÍ fukav,S*a úisks'

• kQ;k wdj¾;s;d kshuh

kQ;k wdj¾;s;d j.=j ^3'3 rEmh& mokï ù we;af;a mrudKql l%udxlh yd bf,lafg%dak
úkHdih u;hs' bka lshefjkafka uQ,øjHj, .=K tajdfha mrudKql l%udxlj,
wdj¾;s;d Y%s;hla njhs' bka woyia jkqfha mrudKql l%udxlh wdfrdayKh jk
ms<sfj<g uQ,øjH ilia l< úg lsishï uQ,øjH mrdihlg miqj iudk .=K iys;
uQ,øjH h<s;a yuqfjk njhs'
1
H VIII / O
2
He
I II III IV V VI VII
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 f,day
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
wf,day
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr f,daydf,day
37 38
Sr
39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
In
50
Sn
51
Sb
52
Te
53
I
54
Xe WÉp jdhq
Rb Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun
.......
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Th 83 Pa 84 U 85 Np 86 Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

3'3 rEmh - kq;k wdj¾;s;d j.=j

fuu fY%aKsfha § wOHhk lrkq ldKav ^I, II, .....)

,nkafka mrudKql l%udxlh 1 - I VIII / O
20 olajd jQ uQ,øjH muKla wvx.= 1 2
wdj¾; ^1"2'''&

1 H He
II III IV V VI VII
kQ;k wdj¾;s;d j.=fõ fldgila 2 Li
3
Be
4
B
5
C
6
N
7
O
8
F
9
Ne
10

muKs' tu fldgi 3'4 rEmfha olajd 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
we;'wdj¾;s;d j.=fõ ;sria fma<s 19 20
wdj¾; hkqfjka o isria fma<s ldKav 4 K Ca 3'4 rEmh - kQ;k wdj¾;s;d j.=fõ
fldgila
hkqfjka o ye`Èkafõ'
57
ridhk úoHdj mod¾:fha jHqyh

• uQ,øjH wdj¾;j,g fn§u

hï uQ,øjHhla wh;a jkafka wdj¾;s;d j.=fõ ljr wdj¾;hg o hkak ;SrKh
jkafka tu uQ,øjHfha mrudKqjl ;sfnk bf,lafg%dak jHdma; j mj;sk zzYla;s
uÜgïZZ ^ljp& .Kfkks'
m<uq Yla;s uÜgfï muKla bf,lafg%dak mj;sk 1 wdj¾;h
m<uq yd fo jk Yla;s uÜgïj, muKla bf,lafg%dak mj;sk 2 wdj¾;h
m<uq" fo jk yd ;=ka jk Yla;s uÜgïj, muKla bf,lafg%dak mj;sk 3 wdj¾;h
m<uq" fojk" f; jk yd y;r jk Yla;s uÜgïj, muKla bf,lafg%dak mj;sk 4 wdj¾;h

H 1 1 wdj¾;h
He 2
Li 2, 1
Be 2, 2
B 2, 3
C 2, 4 2 wdj¾;h
N 2, 5
O 2, 6
F 2, 7
Ne 2, 8
Na 2, 8, 1
Mg 2, 8, 2
Al 2, 8, 3
Si 2, 8, 4 3 wdj¾;h
P 2, 8, 5
S 2, 8, 6
Cl 2, 8, 7
Ar 2, 8, 8
K 2, 8, 8, 1 4 wdj¾;h
Ca 2, 8, 8, 2

• uQ,øjH ldKavj,g fn§u

uQ,øjHhl .=K r|d mj;skafka tys wjidk Yla;s uÜgfï we;s bf,lafg%dak ixLHdj
u;hs' fïjd ixhqc;d bf,lafg%dak hkqfjka ye¢kafõ' uQ, øjHhl .=K fndfyda

58
mod¾:fha jHqyh ridhk úoHdj

ÿrg tys wjidk Yla;s uÜgfï we;s bf,lafg%dak .Kk u; rod mj;S' by;
j.=j wkqj ,s;shï"fidaähï yd fmdgEishïj, wjidk Yla;s uÜgfï bf,lafg%dak
tlla muKla we;' tneúka fmfkkafka ixhqc;d bf,lafg%dak tlla muKla we;s
,s;shï" fidaähï yd fmdgEishïj, ridhksl .=K fndfyda ÿrg iudk njhs' fuu
uQ,øjH ;=ku wdj¾;s;d j.=fõ tlu isria fma<sfha mj;S'
fufia by< ;sria fma<sfha we;s ´kE u uQ,øjHhl .;s.=K Bg my<ska we;s
uQ,øjHfha .;s.=Kj,g iudk jk nj fmfka'
hï uQ,øjHhla wh;a jk ldKavh ;SrKh jkafka tys wjidk Yla;s uÜgfï wvx.=
bf,lafg%dak .Kk wkqj h'

wjidk Yla;s uÜgfï ;sfnk bf,lafg%dak .Kk wh;a jk ldKavh

wjidk Yla;s uÜgfï bf,lafg%dak 1la ;sfnk uQ,øjH I ldKavh
wjidk Yla;s uÜgfï bf,lafg%dak 2la ;sfnk uQ,øjH II ldKavh
wjidk Yla;s uÜgfï bf,lafg%dak 3la ;sfnk uQ,øjH III ldKavh
wjidk Yla;s uÜgfï bf,lafg%dak 4la ;sfnk uQ,øjH IV ldKavh
wjidk Yla;s uÜgfï bf,lafg%dak 5la ;sfnk uQ,øjH V ldKavh
wjidk Yla;s uÜgfï bf,lafg%dak 6la ;sfnk uQ,øjH VI ldKavh
wjidk Yla;s uÜgfï bf,lafg%dak 7la ;sfnk uQ,øjH VII ldKavh
wjidk Yla;s uÜgfï bf,lafg%dak 8la fyda ia:dhs VIII / 0 ldKavh
úkHdihla ;sfnk uQ,øjH

yhsârcka isg le,aishï olajd uQ,øjH 20 wh;a jk ldKav

bf,lafg%dak uQ,øjHh wh;a

uQ,øjH mrudKql l%udxlh
úkHdih ldKavh
H 1 1 I
He 2 2 VIII / 0
Li 3 2, 1 I
Be 4 2, 2 II
B 5 2, 3 III
C 6 2, 4 IV
N 7 2, 5 V
O 8 2, 6 VI

59
ridhk úoHdj mod¾:fha jHqyh

F 9 2, 7 VII
Ne 10 2, 8 VIII / 0
Na 11 2, 8, 1 I
Mg 12 2, 8, 2 II
Al 13 2, 8, 3 III
Si 14 2, 8, 4 IV
P 15 2, 8, 5 V
S 16 2, 8, 6 VI
Cl 17 2, 8, 7 VII
Ar 18 2, 8, 8 VIII / 0
K 19 2, 8, 8, 1 I
Ca 20 2, 8, 8, 2 II

hïlsis uQ,øjHhla wdj¾;s;d j.=fõ ljr ia:dkhlg wh;a ±hs fidhd .kakd wdldrh'
ksoiqka( ue.akSishïj, mrudKql l%udxlh 12
2
bf,lafg%dak úkHdih - 2" 8" 2
8
ue.akSishï mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak mj;sk 2
Yla;s uÜgï 3 ls' tuksid th ;=ka jk wdj¾;fha
uQ,øjHhls'
ue.akSishï mrudKqjl wjidk Yla;s uÜgfï
bf,lafg%dak 2 ls'
\ th fojk ldKavhg wh;a fõ' Mg
wdj¾;s;d j.=fõ ue.akSishï we;af;a ;=kajk 3.5 rEmh
wdj¾;fha fo jk ldKavfha h'

ksoiqka( fmdgEishï mrudKql l%udxlh 19

1
bf,lafg%dak úkHdih - 2" 8" 8" 1 8
8
fmdgEishï mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak mj;sk
2
Yla;s uÜgï 4ls' tu ksid th y;rjk wdj¾;fha
uQ,øjHhls'
fmdgEishï mrudKqjl wjidk Yla;s uÜgfï
bf,lafg%dak 1 ls'
\ th m<uq ldKavhg wh;a fõ' K
wdj¾;s;d j.=fõ fmdgEishï we;af;a 3.6 rEmh
4 jk wdj¾;fha m<uq ldKavfha h'
60
mod¾:fha jHqyh ridhk úoHdj

mrudKql l%udxlh 1 isg 20 olajd jQ uQ,øjH wdj¾;s;d j.=fõ msysgk ia:dk

3'3 j.=j
mrudKql uQ,øjH bf,lafg%dak wh;a jk wh;a jk
l%udxlh úkHdih wdj¾;h ldKavh
1 H 1 1 I
2 He 2 1 VII / 0
3 Li 2, 1 2 I
4 Be 2, 2 2 II
5 B 2, 3 2 III
6 C 2, 4 2 IV
7 N 2, 5 2 V
8 O 2, 6 2 VI
9 F 2, 7 2 VII
10 Ne 2, 8 2 VIII / 0
11 Na 2, 8, 1 3 I
12 Mg 2, 8, 2 3 II
13 Al 2, 8, 3 3 III
14 Si 2, 8, 4 3 IV
15 P 2, 8, 5 3 V
16 S 2, 8, 6 3 VI
17 Cl 2, 8, 7 3 VII
18 Ar 2, 8, 8 3 VIII / 0
19 K 2, 8, 8, 1 4 I
20 Ca 2, 8, 8, 2 4 II

3'4 iuia:dksl'
tl u uQ,øjHfha mrudKqj, jqj o kshqfg%dak ixLHdj fjkia mrudKq ;sìh yels
h' tfy;a tajdfha mrudKql l%udxlh tkï fm%dafgdak ixLHdj iudk fõ' fï
wkqj tl u uQ,øjHfha fjkia ialkaO l%udxl iys; mrudKq ;sìh yels h' tlu
uQ,øjHfha we;s fjkia ialkaO l%udxl iys; mrudKq tu uQ,øjHfha iuia:dksl
(isotopes) f,i ye`Èkafõ'
iuia:dksl i|yd ksoiqka
yhsârckays iuia:dksl ;=kls' tajd fm%daáhï" ähqàßhï yd á%áhï hkqfjka y÷kajkq
,efí'

61
ridhk úoHdj mod¾:fha jHqyh

j.=j 3'4 - yhsv%ckaj, iuia:dksl

iuia:dkslh fm%daáhï ähqÜßhï á%áhï

mrudKql wdlD;sh
bf,lafg%dak 1 bf,lafg%dak 1 bf,lafg%dak 1
fm%dafgdak 1 fm%dafgdak 1 fm%dafgdak 1
kshqfg%dak 0 kshqfg%dak 1 kshqfg%dak 2
mrudKql l%udxlh 1 1 1
ialkaO l%udxlh 1 2 3
1 2 3
iïu; ksrEmkh 1 H 1 H 1 H

laf,daÍkaj, iuia:dksl folls' tkï"

35 37
17 Cl 17 Cl
37
laf,daÍka jdhqj ksheÈhla ;=< 1735
Cl yd 17 Cl iudk m%udKj,ska fkdmj;S' jdhq
35 37
fldgia ishhl 17 Cl fldgia 75 la o" 17 Cl fldgia 25 la o mj;S' fuh tla tla
iuia:dkslj, iq,N;d m%;sY;h f,i ye`Èkafõ'

3'5 wdj¾;s;d j.=fõ oelsh yels rgd'

wdj¾;s;d j.=fõ wdj¾;hla Tiafia jfï isg ol=Kg hk úg iy ldKavhla Èf.a
by< isg my<g hk úg uQ,øjHj, fN!;sl iy ridhksl .=K l%udkql+, rgdjlg
úp,kh jk nj fmfka' tu rgd wOHhkh i`oyd uQ,øjHj, my; i`oyka .=K
i,ld n,uq'
• m<uqjk whkSlrK Yla;sh (first ionization energy)
• úoHq;a RK;dj (electro negativity)

• m<uqjk whkSlrK Yla;sh

mrudKqj ms<sn| kHIaál wdlD;sh wkqj tys bf,lafg%dak kHIaáh jgd N%uKh
fjñka mj;S' RK wdfrdams; bf,lafg%dak fj; Ok wdfrdams; kHIAáh u.ska
wdl¾IKhla we;s lrhs' tneúka mrudKqjlska bf,lafg%dakhla bj;a lsÍug kï
tu wdl¾IKh wìnjd hdug ;rï Yla;shla iemhsh hq;=hs' fufia mrudKqjlska
bf,lafg%dakhla bj;a l< úg th Ok whkhla njg m;a fõ'

62
mod¾:fha jHqyh ridhk úoHdj

jdhquh wjia:dfõ we;s uQ,øjH

I VIII / O
mrudKqjlska bf,lafg%dakhla bj;a
H He
1310 II III IV V VI VII 2372 lr jdhquh tal Ok whkhla iE§ug
Li Be B C N O F Ne iemhsh hq;= wju Yla;sh tys m<uqjk
519 897 799 1085 1406 1314 1682 2080
whkSlrK Yla;shhs'
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
495 738 577 786 1018 1000 1255 1521 jdhquh wjia:dfõ we;s mrudKqjlska
K Ca bf,lafg%dakhla bj;a lr jdhquh
418 590
3.7 rEmh mrudKql l%udxlh 1 - 20 olajd jQ wjia:dfõ mj;sk Ok whkhla iE§u
uQ,øjHj, m<uqjk whkslrK Yla;s w.hhka (kJ mol-1) fï wdldrhg ridhksl iólrKhlska
ksrEmKh l< yels h'
Na(g) Na+(g) + e
mrudKqjla i|yd fuu Yla;sh idfmalaI j l=vd w.hls' tu ksid fuu w.h mrudKq
6.022 x 1023 m%udKhla fyj;a ujq,hla i|yd bÈßm;a lrhs' 3'7 rEmfha olajd
we;af;a mrudKq ujq,hla i|yd bÈßm;a lrk ,o w.hka h' ta wkqj" fidaähïj,
m<uq whkSlrK Yla;sh 495 kJ mol-1 fõ'
wdj¾;hla ie,l+ úg tys wvq u m%:u whkSlrK Yla;sh we;af;a I ldKavfha uQ,-
øjHj,g hs' tfuka u iEu wdj¾;hl u Wmßu m%:u whkSlrK Yla;sh we;af;a VIII
ldKavfha uQ,øjHhghs' wdj¾;hl jfï isg ol=Kg hk úg l%udkql+, rgdjlg
m%:u whkSlrK Yla;sh úp,kh fõ' 2 jk yd 3 jk wdj¾;j, whkSlrK Yla;sj,
úp,k m%ia;drh ^3'8 rEmh& weiqfrka wOHhkh l< úg fï nj ;yjqre fõ'

2800
2600
m<uq whkSlrK Yla;sh $ kJ mol-1

2400 He
2200 Ne
2000
1800 F
Ar
1600
N
1400
Cl
1200 H O P
1000 Be C
S
800 Mg
B Si Ca
600
400 Li Al
Na
K
200

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
mrudKql l%udxlh
3'8 rEmh ¡ mrudKql l%udxlhg tÈß j whkSlrK Yla;s úp,k m%ia;drh

63
ridhk úoHdj mod¾:fha jHqyh

mejreu - 3-'2
3'7 rEmfha we;s mrudKql l%udxlh 1 - 20 olajd jQ uQ,øjHj, m<uqjk
whkSlrK Yla;s w.h mrudKql l%udxlhg tÈßj m%ia;dr.; lrkak'
fï i`oyd m%ia;dr fld<hla Ndú; lrkak' wdj¾;hla Èf.a jfï isg
ol=Kg yd ldKavhla Èf.a by< isg my<g m<uqjk whkSlrK
Yla;sh úp,kh jk wdldrh m%ia;drh weiqfrka úia;r lrkak'

I ldKavfha uQ,øjHj, ldKavfha by< isg my<g m%:u whkSlrK Yla;s w.hka wvq
ù we;s nj fmfka' wfkl=;a ldKavj, w.hka ie,lSfuka o Tng fï nj wjfndaO lr
.; yels h' ta wkqj ldKavhl by< isg my<g hdfï § whkSlrK Yla;sh wvqùula
isÿjk nj ks.ukh l< yels h' ldKavfha my<g hk úg uQ,øjH mrudKqjla i;=
Yla;s uÜgï .Kk jeäjk ksid wjidk Yla;s uÜgfï bf,lafg%dakj,g kHIaáfhka
fhfok wdl¾IKh wvq h' tneúka bf,laafg%dak bj;a lsÍu myiq fõ'

• úoHq;a RK;dj
úoHq;a RK;dj hkafkka woyia jkafka uQ,øjH mrudKqjla ;j;a uQ,øjH mrudKqjla
iu. iyixhqc nkaOkhlska ne£ we;s úg tu nkaOkfha bf,lafg%dak ;ud fj;g
weo.ekSfï yelshdjhs' úoHq;a RK;dj jeä mrudKqjla bf,lafg%dak flfrys olajk
wdl¾IKh úoHq;a RK;dfjka wvq mrudKqjl tu yelshdjg jvd jeä h' ridhksl
nkaOk tallh hgf;a § úoHq;a iDK;dj ms<sn`o j jeäÿrg;a idlÉPd flf¾'
úoHq;a RK;dj m%ldY lsÍu i`oyd úúO mßudK we;s w;r wm fuys § i,ld n,kqfha
fmda,xs mßudKhhs' fmda,xs mßudKh wkqj úoHq;a RK;dfjka by< u uQ,øjH f,i
i,lkafka *a¨fjdÍka h' WÉp jdhq i`oyd úoHq;a RK;d w.hla fmda,xs mßudKfhys
,nd § ke;' ^WÉp jdhq ridhksl nkaOk iE§u flfrys wvq keUqrejla we;'&

I VIII / O
F
H He 4
O
2.1 II III IV V VI VII - Cl
3
úoHq;a>DK;dj

B C N O F Ne N
Li Be
H C P S
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 -
2 Al
B Si
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar Be
0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.0 - Mg
1 Li Ca
3'9 rEmh - mrudKql l%udxlh Na K
K Ca
0.8 1.0
1 - -20 olajd jQ uQ,øjHj, úoHq;a>DK;dj
^fmda,sx mßudKhg wkqj& 0 5 10 15 20
mrudKql l%udxlh
3.10 rEmh - mrudKql l%udxlhg tÈßj
úoHq;a>DK;d úp,k m%ia;drh

64
mod¾:fha jHqyh ridhk úoHdj

uQ,øjHj, úoHq;a RK;dj úp,kh jk wkaou olajd we;s by; m%ia;drh fyd`Èka
wOHhkh lrkak' wdj¾;hla Èf.a jfï isg ol=Kg hk úg úoHq;a RK;dj jeä
jk nj;a ldKavhla Èf.a by< isg my<g hkúg úoHq;a RK;dj wvqjk nj;a
ksÍCIKh l< yelsh'

3'6 f,day wf,day iy f,daydf,day

H VIII / O
He
I II III IV V VI VII
1 Li Be B C N O F Ne
f,day
2 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
wf,day
3 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr f,daydf,day
4 Sr In Sn Sb Te I Xe WÉp jdhq
Rb Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

5 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

6 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

3'11 rEmh ¡- wdj¾;s;d j.=fõ §¾> wdldrh

3.11 rEmfha ±lafjk wdj¾;s;d j.=fõ §¾> wdldrh fyd`Èka wOHhkh lrkak'
tys fndafrdaka (B) isg weiagàka (At) olajd msh.eg fm<la fuka we`o we;s f¾Ldj
i,lkak'
fuu f¾Ldj jï miska we;s ks,amdáka olajd we;s fldgqj, wvx.= uQ,øjH f,day
fõ' ol=Kq mi ;eô,s iy ÿUqre mdáka olajd we;s uQ,øjH wf,day fõ' msh.eg fm<
wjg ,d fld< mdáka olajd we;s uQ,øjHj,g f,day yd wf,dayj,g w;rueÈ .=K
we;s neúka tajd f,daydf,day f,i ye`Èkafõ'

• f,day (metals)
±kg y÷kdf.k we;s uQ,øjH w;ßka ishhg wiQjla muK ixLHdjla f,day fõ'
fïjd iajNdjfha ksoyia f,day f,i fuka u ixfhda. f,i o mj;S' rka" ߧ jeks
f,day ksoyia f,day f,i iajNdjfha yuq jk w;r hlv" we¨ñkshï" ue.akSishï"
fidAähï jeks fndfyda f,day we;af;a tu f,dayj, ixfhda. jYfhks'
f,dayj, fN!;sl .=K
f,dayj, fN!;sl .=K lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
y wdfõ‚l f,dayl Èiakhla ;sîu ^metallic lustre&
65
ridhk úoHdj mod¾:fha jHqyh

y .eàfï§ /õ fok y~la kexùu'

y idudkH WIaK;ajfha§ >k wjia:dfõ mej;Su ™uZlß - ^riÈh& f,dayhla jqj
o idudkHh WIaK;ajfha § øj wjia:dfõ mj;Sš'
y ;=kS ;yvq njg ;e,sh yelsùu ^wdykH;dj - malleability& iy lïìhla fia
weÈh yels ùu ^;kH;dj - ductility&'
y fyd| ;dm yd úoHq;a ikakdhl ùu'
y fndfyda úg by< >k;ajhla ;sîu'
f,dayj, ridhksl .=K
y f,day bf,lafg%dak msglsÍfuka Ok whk fyj;a legdhk idohs'
y f,day Tlaiscka iu. ixfhdackh ù Ndiañl Tlaihsv idohs'
y tu Tlaihsv c,fha Èh ùfuka Ndiañl ødjK iEfoa'
• f,day uQ,øjH lsysmhla
fidaähï (sodium)

fidaähï wdj¾;s;d j.=fõ m<uq ldKavhg wh;a

f,day uQ,øjHhls' th wêl m%;sl%shdYS,s uQ,øjHhls'
lsis úfgl;a f,dayh f,i iajNdjfha fkd mj;S'
wêl m%;sl%shdldÍ;ajh ksid fidaähï iajNdjfha
mj;skqfha fjk;a uQ,øjH iu`. ixfhdað; ;;aj
j,sks' fidaähï wvx.= m%Odk ixfhda.hla jk
fidaähï laf,darhsâ uqyqÿ c,fha mj;akd m%Odk
3.12 rEmh - fidaähï ixfhda.hls'

l%shdldrlu 01
.=re;=ud $ ;=ñhf.a iydh ,ndf.k fuu l%shdldrlu isÿ lrkak'
• fidaähï f,dayh úoHd.drfha .nvd lr we;s wdldrh ksÍlaIKh lr
jd¾;d lrkak'
• fidaähï lene,a,la veys w`vqjla Ndú;fhka bj;g f.k úh<s u;= msgla
u; ;nd msyshlska lmkak'
• th úkdä lsysmhla jd;hg ksrdjrKh lr ;nkak' ksÍlaIK igyka
lrkak'

fidaähï f,dayfha we;s wêl m%;%sl%shdYS,S;ajh ksid jd;h fkd.efgk mßÈ

mer*ska f;,a fyda N+ñf;,a ;=< .nvd lr ;nkq ,efí' fidaähï lene,a,la
mer*ska f;,aj,ska bj;g .;aúg tys Èiakhla olakg fkd,efí' th msyshlska
66
mod¾:fha jHqyh ridhk úoHdj

b;d myiqfjka lemsh yels h' lemQ mDIaGfha ߧjka f,dayuh Èiakhla we;' ál
fõ,djlska Èiakh l%ufhka wvq fõ'
fidaähï f,dayfha fN!;sl .=K
y msyshlska lemsh yels ;rï uDÿ f,dayhls'
y c,hg jvd >K;ajh wvq ksid c,h u;= msg md fõ' ^>K;ajh 0.927 g cm-3)
y úoHq;a yd ;dm ikakdhlhls'
fidaähï f,dayfha ridhksl .=K
y fidaähï f,dayh Tlaiscka iu. m%n, m%;sls%hdYS,S;ajhla olajhs' jd;fha
we;s Tlaiscka jdhqj iu. YS>%fhka m%;sl%shd lr f,dayfha Tlaihsv idohs'
y fidaähï isis,a c,h iuÕ YS>%fhka m%;sl%shdlr fidaähï yhsâfrdlaihsâ yd
yhsârcka jdhqj idohs'
y fidaähï ;kql wï, iuÕ m%pKav f,i m%;sl%shd lr f,dayfha ,jKh
yd yhsârcka jdhqj idohs ^fuh fnfyúka wk;=reodhl m%;sl%shdjla ksid
w;ayÞ ne,Sï fkdlrkak&'
fidaähï f,dayfha Ndú;
y rka ߧ ksiaidrKhg wjYH fidaähï ihkhsâ ksmoùug'
y ldnksl ridhk úoHdfõ§ Tlaisydrlhla f,i .kakd fidaähï ixrih
iE§u'
y ghsfÜkshï" i¾fldakshï jeks f,dayj, ixfhda.j,ska f,dayh fjka lr
.ekSug Ndú; lsÍu'
y l,siï frÈ ^fvksï& j¾K .ekaùug fhdÞ .kakd bkaäf.da jeks idhï j¾.
ksmoùug'
y ly meye wdf,dalh úysok úÿ,s ,dïmq i`oyd fhdod .ekSu'
ue.akSishï ^magnesium&
ue.akSishïo m%;sl%shdYS,S ieye,a¨ f,dayhls' ksoyia
f,dayh f,i iajNdjfha fkd mj;S' uqyqÿ c,fha
th ue.akSishï laf,darhsâ f,i mj;S' jd;hg
újD; j we;s úg u,sk jk ksid ÈiAkhla ±lsh
fkdyels h' tfy;a je,s lvÞishlska ueo.;a úg
Èiakh ±l .; yels fõ'

3'13 rEmh - ¡ ue.akSishï

67
ridhk úoHdj mod¾:fha jHqyh

ue.akSishï f,dayfha fN!;sl .=K

y c,hg jvd >k;ajh jeä h' ^>k;ajh 1740 kg m-3&'
y by< ;dm yd úoHq;a ikakdhlhls'
ue.akSishï f,dayfha ridhksl .=K
y ue.akSishï f,dayh jd;fha r;a l< úg §ma;su;a iqÿ ±,a,la we;s lrñka ±ù
iqÿ meye;s ue.akSishï Tlaihsvh idohs'
y ue.akSishï f,dayh isis,a c,h iuÕ m%;sl%shdjla fkd±lajqj o WKq c,h
iu. m%;sls%hdjla olajhs' tfia m%;sl%shd ù ue.akSishï yhsâfrdlaihsâ yd
yhsv%cka jdhqj idohs'
y ue.akSishï yqud,h ;=< r;al, úg l< úg ue.akSishï Tlaihsâ yd yhsârcka
jdhqj iEfohs'
y ue.akSishï ;kql wï, iuÕ YS>%fhka m%;sl%shd lr wod< ue.akSishï ,jKh
yd yhsârcka jdhqj idohs'
ue.akSishï f,dayfha Ndú; wjia:d
y we¨ñkshï iy ue.akSishï ñY% lsÍfuka ue.afka,shï kï ñY% f,dayh idohs'
^fuu ñY% f,dayh Yla;su;a" ieye,a¨" úLdokhg Tfrd;a;= fok f,dayhls'
.=jkahdkd ksmoùug yd r:jdyk fldgia ;ekSug Ndú; lrhs'&
y T!IO ksmoùu ^ue.akSishï laISrh - milk of magnesia).
y úLdokh je<elaùu i`oyd lemfjk f,dayhla f,i Ndú; lsÍu'

• wf,day (non - metals)

wf,day ksoyia uQ,øjH f,i fuka u fjk;a uQ,øjH iuÕ ixfhdackh ù ixfhda.
f,i o mj;S' idudkH WIaK;ajfha § >k wjia:dfõ mj;sk wf,day f,i fuka u
øj yd jdhq wjia:dfõ mj;sk wf,day uQ,øjH we;' ldnka" i,a*¾" fmdiamria" whãka
>k wjia:dfõ mj;S' fn%dó a ka idudkH WIaK;ajfha§ mj;skf a ka øj wjia:dfõ h'
laf,daÍka" *a¨fjdÍka" yhsârcka" khsÜrcka iy Tlaic
s ka jdhq wjia:dfõ we;s wf,day
uQ,øjH lsym s hls' wf,dayj,g f,dayuh Èiakhla ke;' ;yvqjla fia ;,d .ekSug fyda
lïìhla fuka weo .ekSug o fkdyels h' fndfyda wf,day Nx.=r jk w;r ÿ¾j, úoHq;a
yd ;dm ikakdhl .;s ,laIK olajhs' tfy;a ldnka yS tla nyqrEmS wjia:djla jk
ñksrka wf,dayhla jqj o úoHq;a ikakdhlhls' wf,dayj, >k;ajh idfmalI a j wvq h'
tfia jqj o ldnka yS tla nyqrEmS wjia:djla jk Èhuka;j
s , >k;ajh jeä h'
wf,dayj, ridhksl .=K
y wf,day iDK whk ^wekdhk& idohs'
y wf,day Tlaiscka iuÕ idok Tlaihsv fndfyda úg wdï,sl Tlaihsv fõ'
fuu Tlaihsv fndfyda úg jdhq wjia:dfõ mj;S' c,fha Èh ù wï, idohs'

68
mod¾:fha jHqyh ridhk úoHdj

• wf,day uQ,øjH iuyrla

khsÜrcka (Nitrogen)
jdhq f.da,fha ksoyia oaúmrudKql jdhqjla f,i mj;S' jd;fha mßudfjka 78.1%
la muK khsÜrcka jdhqj we;' i;a;aj yd Ydl fm%daàkaj, ix>gl uQ,øjHhla
f,i khsÜrcka uQ,øjHh wvx.= h' mdxY= jd;fha ix>glhla f,i o yshquia jeks
ldnksl øjHj,o khsÜf¾g" khsÜrhsg, wefudakshï ixfhda. wdÈfha o ix>gl
uQ,øjHhla f,i khsÜrcka mj;S'
khsÜrcka jdhqfõ fN!;sl .=K
y j¾Khla fyda .kaOhla fyda ke;'
y jd;hg jvd u|la ieye,a¨ h'
y c,fha iq¿ jYfhka Èh fõ'
khsÜrcka jdhqfõ ridhksl .=K
y m%;sl%sh;dj b;d wvq jdhqjls' tfy;a b;d by< WIaK;ajj,§ khsÜrcka jdhqj
Tlaiscka" yhsârcka" ldnka" is,slka jeks wf,day iuÕ fuka u ue.akSishï"
we¨ñkshï jeks f,day uQ,øjH iuÕ o m%;sl%shd lrhs'
y m%n, úoHq;a pdmhla yuqfõ jd;fha we;s Tlaiscka iu. khsÜrcka ixfhdackh
ù wia:dhs khsÜßla Tlaihsâ jdhqj iEfohs' fufia iEfok khsÜßla Tlaihsâ
jdhqj jd;fha we;s Tlaiscka iuÕ ;jÿrg;a m%;sl%shd ù wdï,sl jdhqjla jk
khsÜrcka vfhdlaihsâ iEfoa' wl=Kq .eiSfï § fuu l%shdj,sh iajdNdúl j
isÿfõ'
y khsÜrcka jdhqj yhsârcka jdhqj iu. úfYaIs; ;;a;aj hgf;a§ m%;sl%shd
lr wefudakshd jdhqj idohs' ld¾ñl jYfhka wefudakshd jdhqj ksmojkq
,nkafka fuu l%ufhks' fufia ms<sfh, l< wefudakshd jdhqj khsÜrcka
wvx.= fmdfydr ksmoùu yd mqmqrk øjH ksmoùu i`oyd wuqøjHhla f,i
Ndú; flf¾'
y ue.akSishï jeks f,day khsg%cka jdhqj iuÕ r;a lsÍfï § m%;sl%shd ù
f,dayfha khsÜrhsvh idohs'
khsÜrcka jdhqfõ Ndú;
y ld¾ñl jYfhka wefudakshd ksmoùugo ridhksl fmdfydr ksmoùug yd
fjk;a khsÜrcka wvx.= ixfhda. ksmoùug o khsÜrcka Ndú; fõ'
y wl%h
s jdhqjla ksid úÿ,s ,dïmq" WIaK;ajudk wdÈh ;=< msrùug o fhdod .efka'
y bf,lafg%dksl Wmdx. iE§fï§ ishqï f,day fldgia Tlaiscka iu`. .eàu
je,elaùu i`oyd khsÜrcka jdhq mßirhla Ndú; flf¾'
69
ridhk úoHdj mod¾:fha jHqyh

y iuyr m%;sl%shdYS,S ridhk øjH .nvd lsÍfï§ wdjrK jdhqjla ^blanketing

gas& f,i Ndú; fõ' lsßmsá melÜ weisÍfï § tAjd ;=< khsÜrcka jdhqj
wvx.= lr we;'
y øj khsÜrcka wê isis,k ldrlhla f,i Ndú; fõ'
y jdykj, gh¾j,g msrùug Ndú; fõ'
i,a*¾ (sulphur)
idudkH jHjydrfha§ i,a*¾ f.kao.ï kñka o
yeÈkafõ' iajNdjfha úúO iajrEmj,ska mj;S'
lsishï uQ,øjHhla iajNdjfha úúO iajrEmj,ska
we;s úg tAjd tu uQ,øjHfha nyqrEmS wdldr
(allotropes) f,i ye¢kafõ' i,a*¾ ìf|kiq¨ ly
meye;s iatál f,i o ^3'14 rEmh& iqÿ meye;s l=vq
jeks wiaMál iajrEmfhka o mj;S' by; wdldrhg
iajNdjfha ksoyia uQ,øjHh f,i fuka u i,af*ag"
i,a*hsv jeks ixfhda. f,i o i,a%*¾ yuq fõ'
3'14 rEmh ¡ i,a*¾
Ôùkaf.a foay ;=< we;s iuyr weuhsfkda wï,j,
ix>gl uQ,øjHhls' meyeÈ,s f,i wf,day .=K
olajhs'
fN!;sl .=K
y iatálrEmS wdldr ly meye;sh'
y c,fha wødjH h' ldnksl ødjlj, iq¿ jYfhka o ldnka vhsi,a*hsâ
ødjlfha b;d fyd`oska Èh fõ'
ridhksl .=K
y i,a*¾ ks,a ±,a,la iys; j jd;fha ±ù i,a*¾ vfhdlaihsâ jdhqj idohs'
y fndfyda f,day i,a*¾ iu. r;a l< úg f,dayfha i,a*hsvh iEfohs'
i,a*¾j, Ndú; wjia:d'
y i,a*shqßla wï,h ksmoùug'
y rn¾ j,alkhsia lsÍug'
y le,aishï yd ue.akSishï i,a*hsg iE§ug ^fïjd ,S m,am úrxckh i|yd
Ndú; fõ&'
y i,a*hsv wvx.= idhï j¾." ldnka vhsi,a*hsâ jeks ødjl" i,a*¾ vfhdlaihsâ
jdhqj" .sksl+re" r;s[aØ yd fjä fnfy;a ksmoùug o Ndú; fõ'
y jhska yd îr ksmoùfï § o" È,Sr kdYlhla f,i o T!IO j¾. ksmoùug o
i,a*¾ yd i,a*¾ wvx.= ixfhda. fhdod .efka'
70
mod¾:fha jHqyh ridhk úoHdj

ldnka (carbon)
nyq, jYfhka mj;sk wf,day uQ,øjHhls'
jdhqf.da,fha ldnka vfhdlaihsâ jdhqj f,i
ldnka mj;S' i;a;aj yd Ydl mglj,;a ish¨ u
ldnksl ixfhda. yd .,A w`.=re" fmfg%da,shï
ksIamdok hkdÈfha;a fjk;a yhsâfrdldnkj,;a
m%Odk ;ekqï tallh ldnka h' ldnkaj, iaMál
wdldr (crystalline) fuka u wiaMálrEmS
3'15 rEmh (amorphous) wdldr o we;' iaMálrEmS wdldrj,
Èhuka;s yd ñksrka mrudKq ksYaÑ; rgdjlg msysgd we;' wiaMálrEmS
wdldrj, tjka ksYaÑ; rgdjla ke;' iaMálrEmS
wdldr nyqrEmS;dj olajhs'
iaMálrEmS ldnka ^ldnkaj, nyqrEmS wdldr& ( Èhuka;s" ñksrka" *q,Íka
wiaMálrEmS ldnka ( wÕ=re" ,dïmq ±,s" .,a wÕ=re
ldnkaj, fN!;sl .=K
tA tA ldnka iajrEmh wkqj fN!;sl .=K fjkia fõ' Èhuka;s yer wfkl=;a ldnka
iajrEm l¿ meye;shs' >k wjia:dfõ mj;S' >k;ajh idfmlaI j wvq h' tfy;a
Èhuka;s jeä u >k;ajhla we;s ldnka iajrEmh fõ' by< j¾;kdxlh yd oeä
nj hk .=K ksid Èhuka;sj, g úYd, jákdlula ,eî we;' Èhuka;s úoHq;a
l=ikakdhl øjHhls' tfy;a ñksrka úoHq;a ikakdhlhls' wÕ=rej,g jdhq j¾.
wêfYdaIKh (adsorption) lr .ekSfï yelshdj we;'
ldnkaj, ridhksl .=K
y ldnka m%;sl%shdYS,S nfjka wvq uQ,øjHhls' b;d by< WIaK;ajj, § Tlaiscka
iu. ixfhdackh jk w;r wï," NiAu" laf,daÍka hkdÈh iuÕ m%;sl%shdjla
fkd olajhs' wÕ=re jeks wiaMál wdldr ridhksl j m%;sl%shd lrhs'
y w`.=re ;Èka r;a lr Êj,kh l< úg Tlaiscka iu. m%;sl%shd ù ldnka
vfhdlaihsâ jdhqj idohs'
y by< WIaK;ajfha § ldnka" le,aishï Tlaihsâ iu. m%;sl%shd lr le,aishï
ldnhsâ idohs'
ldnkaj, Ndú; wjia:d
ldnkaj, nyqrEmS iajrEm úúOdldrfhka m%fhdackhg .efka' ldnkaj, m%fhdack
iuyrla 3'5 j.=fjys olajd we;'

71
ridhk úoHdj mod¾:fha jHqyh

3'5 j. j
=
ldnka iajrEmh m%fhdack
wiaMál ldnka y l¿mdg ;Ska; j¾. ksmoúu
y rn¾j, msrjqïldrlhla f,i
.,aw`.=re y bkaOkhla f,i
ñksrka y mekai,a ksIamdokh
y úÿ,s fldaIj, bf,lafg%dv
a iEÈu yd iafkaylhla f,i fhoSu
Èhuka;s y wdNrK iEÈug o ueKsla lemSug yd ùÿre lemSug o
hka;%iQ;%j, yd ;rdÈ wdÈfha f.ú hk ;ekaj, új¾;ks
f,io fhdod .efka'
w`.=re y jdhq wjfYdaIKh yd c,h msßisÿ lsßug
kefkda" y kefkda øjH fhdod iún, .ekajQ NdKav ksIamdokh i`oyd
mßudKfha ldnka fhdod .efka'
;ka;= yd ldnka y ldnka ;ka;= b;du;a ieye,a¨jk w;r wêl Yla;shlska
kd, hqla;h'

• f,daydf,day (metalloids) iuyrla

is,slka (silicon)
mDÓú lfndf,ys Tlaiscka yereKq úg jeä jYfhka u
olakg we;s uQ,øjHh is,slka h' is,slka ixfhda.
iajNdjfha iaMálrEmS fuka u wiaMálrEmS wdldr f,i o
mj;S' ;srejdk yd je,s" tur,aâ jeks ue‚la j¾.
iaMálrEmS is,slka ixfhda. fõ' ueá is,slka wvx.=
3'16 rEmh ¡ is,slka
ixfhda.hls' is,slkaj, øjdxlh 1410 0C fõ'

is,slkaj, Ndú;
y g%dkaisiagr iy vfhdav iE§ug Ndú; fõ'
y iQ¾h fldaI iE§ug Ndú; fõ'
y mß.Kl Wmdx. iE§ug Ndú; fõ'
fndafrdaka (boron)
ixY=oaO fndafrdaka l¿ meye;s iaMálrEmS >k uQ,øjHhla f,i mj;S'
fndafrdakaj, >k;ajh 3300 kg m-3 jk w;r øjdxlh 2200 0C fõ' m%;sl%shdYS,S
nj idfmalaI j wvq h' tA ksid jd;h ;=< § by< WIaK;ajj,g r;a l< o m%;sl%shd
fkd lrhs' wiaMálrEmS fndafrdaka b;d by< WIaK;ajj, § Tlaiscka" khsÜrcka"
72
mod¾:fha jHqyh ridhk úoHdj

khsÜßla wï,h" idkaø i,a*shqßla wï,h" ldnka" i,a*¾

jeks øjH iuÕ m%;sl%shd lr wkqrEm ixfhda. idohs'
fndafrdakaj, Ndú;
y f,day mEiaiSfï § Ndú; fõ'
y p¾u wdf,amk iE§ug Ndú; fõ'
y by< WIaK;ajj,g r;a l< yels ùÿre j¾.
ksIamdokhg Ndú; fõ' 3'17 rEmh ¡ fndafrdaka

• Tlaihsvj, wdï,sl, Ndiaañl yd WNh.=KS

iajNdjh
uQ,øjH Tlaiscka iu`. iïnkaO ù idok ixfhda. tu uQ,øjHfha Tlaihsv f,i
ye`Èkafõ'

;=kajk wdj¾;fha uQ,øjH Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

Tlaihsvh Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P2O5 SO3 Cl2O7
m%n, ÿn, WNh ÿn, ÿn, m%n, m%n,
wdï,sl $ NdIañl iajNdjh Ndiañl Ndiañl .=Ks wdï,sl wdï,sl wdï,sl wdï,sl
Tlaihsvj, wdï,sl .=K jeäfõ'
Tlaihsvj, Ndiañl .=K wvqfõ'

;=kajk wdj¾;fha jï mi msysá fidaähïys Tlaihsvh m%n, Ndiañl jk w;r

ue.akSishï Tlaihsâ ÿn, f,i Ndiañl h' is,slka isg laf,daÍka olajd hk úg
Tlaihsvj, wdï,sl .;s.=Kh jeä fõ' we¨ñkshï Tlaihsv iuyr wdï,sl yd
Ndiañl hk .=K folu olajhs' tjeks Tlaihsv WNh.=KS Tlaihsv f,i ye¢kafõ'
fï wkqj wdj¾;s;d j.=fõ wdj¾;hl jfï isg ol=Kg h;a u tu uQ,øjH idok
Tlaihsvj, Ndiaañl iajNdjh wvqjk w;r wdï,sl iajNdjh jeä fõ'

mejreu - 3-3
§¾> wdldrfha wdj¾;s;d j.=jla imhd .kak' th fyd`Èka wOHkh lrkak' ta
weiqfrka uQ,øjH ms<sn`o j ,nd.; yels f;dr;=re jd¾;d lrkak'

mejreu - 3-4
Tn wOHkh l< f,day" wf,day fyda f,daydf,day uQ,øjH w;=ßka tlla
f;dard.kak' tu uQ,øjH ms<sn`oj f;dr;=re /ia lrkak' ^fm<fmd;a"
wka;¾cd,h" ridhk úoHdj ms<sn`o w;sf¾l fmd;a& tu uQ,øjHfha f;dr;=re
we;=<;a fmdaiagrhla ks¾udKh lrkak' ta ms<sn`oj úia;r mka;shg bÈßm;a
lrkak' fmdaiagrh mka;sfha m%o¾Ykh lrkak'

73
ridhk úoHdj mod¾:fha jHqyh

3'7 ridhksl iQ;%

• ixhqc;dj
ixhqc;dj hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,nkafka hï uQ,øjH mrudKqjl ixfhdackh ùfï
yelshdjhs' fuh ukskq ,nkafka yhsârckaj,g idfmalaIjhs' fï wkqj uQ,øjHhl
ixhqc;dj hkq tu uQ,øjH mrudKqjla iu. ixfhdackh úh yels fyda ta u.ska
m%;sia:dmkh l< yels fyda yhsârcka mrudKq ixLHdjhs' uQ,øjH mrudKqjl
wjidk Yla;s uÜgfï we;s bf,lafg%dak y÷kajkq ,nkafka ixhqc;d bf,lafg%dak
hkqfjks'
iuyr uQ,øjHj,g ixhqc;d lsysmhla ;sìh yels h' uQ,øjH mrudKqjl we;s ixhqc;d
bf,lafg%dak ixLHdj idudkHfhka uQ,øjHfha Wmßu ixhqc;djg iudk fõ'
uQ,øjHhl ixhqc;dj, ridhksl ixfhdackfha § tu uQ,øjHfha mrudKqjlska bj;a
jk bf,lafg%dak .Kkg fyda tu uQ,øjH mrudKqjlska ,nd.kakd bf,lafg%dak
.Kkg fyda uQ,øjH mrudKq w;r yjqf,a mj;sk bf,lafg%dak hq., .Kkg fyda
iudk fõ'
uQ,øjH myiqfjka ye¢kaùu i|yd ridhksl ixfla; Ndú; lrk nj wms oksuq'
ldnka C fmdgEishï K
le,aishï Ca i,a*¾ S
tfuka u ixfhda. myiqfjka ye¢kaùu i|yd o wms ridhksl ixfla; we;=<;a jk
l%uhla Ndú;d lruq' yhsârcka mrudKq folla yd Tlaiscka mrudKq tllska ieÈ
we;s ixfhda.h jk c,h ye¢kaùu i|yd wm fhdod .kafka H2O hkak h' fuh
c,fha ridhksl iQ;%h f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'
ridhksl iQ;%hl§ uQ, øjHhl ixfla;h <Õg my<ska wxlhla wef;d;a bka
±lafjkafka ixfhda.fha wKqjl we;s tu uQ,øjHfha mrudKq ixLHdj h' tjeks
wxlhla fkdue;s kï tu ixfhda.fha wKqjl we;af;a tu uQ,øjHfha mrudKq tlla
nj h'
ksoiqkla f,i .;fyd;a .aÆfldaiaj, ridhksl iQ;%h C6H12O6 fõ. ñka woyia
jkafka .aÆfldaia wKqjl ldnka mrudKq 6la yhsârcka mrudKq 12la iy Tlaiscka
mrudKq 6la we;s njhs'
ridhksl iQ;%fhka wKqjla ksrEmKh fkdjk wjia:d o we;' fidaähï laf,darhsâ
hkqfjka ye¢kafjk fïi ¨Kq tjekakls' >k fidaähï laf,darhsâj, tlsfklska
fjka jQ wKq ke;' tys we;af;a tlla yer tlla Na+ whk iy Cl- whkj,ska
iukaú; whk ±,sils' tu whk ±,sfiys Na+ yd Cl- 1:1 wkqmd;fhka we;s neúka
tys ridhksl iQ;%h NaCl f,i ,shkq ,efí'

74
mod¾:fha jHqyh ridhk úoHdj

• ixhqc;dj weiqfrka ridhksl iQ;% ,sùu'

ixfhda. ie§ we;af;a uQ,øjHj, mrudKq fyda whk nkaOkj,ska ne£fuks' tneúka
ixfhda.hl iQ;%h ,sùug tajdfha ixfhdack n, fyj;a ixhqc;d o; hq;= h' tu
ixfhdack n, ;=,kh jk mßÈ iQ;%h ,shkq ,efí'
yhsârckaj, ixhqc;dj 1 fõ'
Tlaisckaj, ixhqc;dj 2 ls'
fï wkqj Tlaiscka mrudKq tlla iu. yhsârcka mrudKq folla ixfhdackh
úh yels h'
• fuh H2O f,i ,shkq ,efí'
khsÜrckaj, ixhqc;dj 3 ls'
fï wkqj khsÜrcka mrudKq tlla iu. yhsârcka mrudKq 3 la ixfhdackh
úh yels h'
• fuh NH3 f,i ,shkq ,efí'
ldnka ys ixhqc;dj 4 ls' fï wkqj C mrudKq tlla iu. yhsârcka mrudKq
4la ixfhdackh úh yels h'
• fuh CH4 f,i ,shkq ,efí'
mrudKql l%udxlh 1 isg 20 olajd uQ,øjHj,g ;sìh yels ixhqc;d j.=j

3'6 j.=j
mrudKql
uQ,øjHh ixfla;h ixhqc;dj
l%udxlh
1 yhsârcka H 1
2 yS,shï He 0
3 ,s;shï Li 1
4 fnß,shï Be 2
5 fndafrdaka B 3
6 ldnka C 4
7 khsÜrcka N 3
8 Tlaiscka O 2
9 *a¨fjdÍka F 1
10 ksfhdaka Ne 0
11 fidaähï Na 1
12 ue.aksishï Mg 2
13 we¨ñkshï Al 3
14 is,slka Si 4

75
ridhk úoHdj mod¾:fha jHqyh

15 fmdia*ria P 5,3
16 i,a*¾ S 6,2
17 laf,daÍka Cl 7,1
18 wd.ka Ar 0
19 fmdgEishï K 1
20 le,aishï Ca 2
fï wkqj"
ixfhda.hl ridhksl iQ;%h ,sùfï § isÿ lrkq ,nkafka tajdfha ixfhdack n,
;=,kh jk mßÈ mrudKq iïnkaO lsÍu h' uQ,øjH foflys ixfla;j, ol=Kq mi
my<ska" uQ,øjHj, ixhqc;d udrelr ,sùfuka fuh isÿ lrkq ,efí'

01' fidaähï laf,darhsâ

ixfla;h Na Cl
ixhqc;dj 1 1
Na1Cl1
ridhksl iQ;%h NaCl
02' le,aishï laf,darhsâ
ixfla;h Ca Cl
ixhqc;dj 2 1
Ca1Cl2
ridhksl iQ;%h CaCl2
03' fidaähï Tlaihsâ
ixfla;h Na O
ixhqc;dj 1 2
Na2O1
ridhksl iQ;%h Na2O
04' le,aishï Tlaihsâ
ixfla;h Ca O
ixhqc;dj 2 2
Ca2O2
ridhksl iQ;%h CaO
05' ue.akSishï khsÜrhsâ
ixfla;h Mg N
ixhqc;dj 2 3
Mg3N2
ridhksl iQ;%h Mg3N2

76
mod¾:fha jHqyh ridhk úoHdj

• nyq mrudKql whk ^whk LKavl&

nyq mrudKql whkhla hkq wdfrdamKhla iys; lsishï rgdjlg ieliqKq uQ,øjH
mrudKq tl;=j ls'
3'7 j.=j
nyq mrudKql whkh ridhksl iQ;%h ixhqc;dj
wefudakshï NH4+ 1
yhsâfrdakshï H3O+ 1
khsÜf¾Ü NO3- 1
yhsârckaldnfkaÜ (nhsldnfkaÜ) HCO3- 1
yhsâfrdlaihsâ OH- 1
mzuex.fkaÜ MnO4- 1
yhsârckai,af*aÜ (nhsi,af*aÜ) HSO4- 1
lafrdafïÜ CrO42- 2
vhslafrdafïÜ Cr2O72- 2
i,af*aÜ SO42- 2
ldnfkaÜ CO32- 2
fmdiafmaÜ PO43- 3
nyq mrudKql whkj,ska iukaú; my; ±lafjk ixfhda.j, iQ;% i,ld n,uq'

fidaähï khsÜf¾Ü fmdgEishï ldnfkaÜ

+ -
Na NO3 K+ CO32-

ixhqc;dj 1 1 ixhqc;dj 1 2
NaNO3 K2CO3

ridhksl iQ;%h NaNO3 ridhksl iQ;%h K2CO3

ue.akSishï khsÜf¾Ü wefudakshï fmdiafmaÜ

Mg2+ NO3- NH4+ PO43-

ixhqc;dj 2 1 ixhqc;dj 1 3
Mg1(NO3)2 (NH4)3PO4

ridhksl iQ;%h Mg(NO3)2 ridhksl iQ;%h (NH4)3PO4

ixfhda.hl ridhksl iQ;%fha nyq mrudKql whk ^whk LKavl& tllg jvd
we;=<;a jk úg tajd jryka ;=< ,shkq ,efí'

77
ridhk úoHdj mod¾:fha jHqyh

78
mod¾:fha jHqyh ridhk úoHdj

wNHdih
01' my; ±lafjk jdlHj, ysia;eka mqrjkak'
i. mrudKqjl ialkaO l%udxlh 14la jk w;r tys mrudKql l%udxlh
6ls' tu mrudKqfõ bf,lafg%dak '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' la wvx.= fõ'
ii. uQ,øjH mrudKqjl fm%dafgdak 19la o bf,lafg%dak 19la o kshqfg%dak
18la o wvx.= fõ' mrudKqfõ ialkaO l%udxlh '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' la fõ'
iii. mrudKqjl kHIaáfha wvx.= fm%dafgdak ixLHdfõ;a kshqfg%dak
ixLHdfõ;a tl;=j tys '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' f,i ye¢kafõ'

02' we¨ñkshïj, mrudKql l%udxlh 13 jk w;r tys ialkaO l%udxlh 27 ls'

w& we¨ñkshïj, mrudKql l%udxlh yd ialkaO l%udxlh iïu;
wdldrhg ,shkak'
wd& tu we¨ñkshï mrudKqfõ wvx.= kshqfg%dak ixLHdj fldmuK o@

03' my; j.=j mqrjkak

mrudKqjl we;s
uQ,øjHh bf,lafg%dak fm%dafgdak kshqfg%dak
.Kk .Kk .Kk
31
15 P
7
3 Li
24
12 Mg
40
20 Ca
35
17 CI

04' my; ±lafjk ixfhda.j, ridhksl iQ;% ,shkak'

i. ,s;shï *a¨fjdrhsâ
ii. fnß,shï laf,darhsâ
iii. we¨ñkshï Tlaihsâ
iv. ue.akSishï Tlaihsâ
v. ldnka vhsi,a*hsâ

79
ridhk úoHdj mod¾:fha jHqyh

05' my; ±lafjk ixfhda.j, ridhksl iQ;% ,shkak'

i. wefudakshï laf,darhsâ
ii. le,aishï yhsâfrdlaihsâ
iii. le,aishï fmdiafmaÜ
iv. ue.akSishï i,af*aÜ
v. we¨ñkshï khsÜf¾Ü
vi. fmdgEishï mZuex.fkaÜ
vii. le,aishï lafrdafïÜ
viii. wefudakshï vhslafrdafïÜ
ix. fidaähï yhsârckaldnfkaÜ ^fidaähï nhsldnfkaÜ&
x. fmdgEishï ldnfkaÜ
06' my; ±lafjk uQ,øjHj,g ;sìh hq;= ixhqc;d fudkjd o@
i' ,s;shï
ii ' ldnka
iii ' le,aishï
iv ' i,a*¾
v' laf,daÍka
07' wdj¾;s;d j.=jl fldgila my; ±lafõ' tys olajd we;af;a wod< uQ,øjHj,
kshñ; ridhksl ixfla; fkdfõ' tajd weiqfrka wid we;s m%Yakj,g
ms<s;=re imhkak'

A D

Z Y E
R

i. ksIal%sh jdhq f,i yeisfrk uQ,øjH $ uQ,øjHhka kïlrkak'

ii. Y ys ialkaO l%udxlh 35 fõ' tys we;s fm%dafgdak .Kk;a kshqfg%dak .Kk;a
fidhkak'
iii. R ys bf,lafg%dak úkHdih ,shkak'
iv. A ys ixhqc;dj fldmuK o@
v. A yd Y m%;sl%shd lsÍfuka iefokq we;ehs Tn wfmalaId lrk ixfhda.fha
ridhksl iQ;%h ,shkak'
vi. f,dayuh uQ,øjH folla kï lrkak'

80
mod¾:fha jHqyh ridhk úoHdj

08' D, E, G, J, L, M, Q, R, yd T hk wdj¾;s;d j.=jg wh;a wkqhd; uQ,øjH

kjhls' ;=kajk wdj¾;hg wh;a jk uQ,øjhla jk R ksIal%sh jdhqjls'
i. fuu uQ,øjH w;=ßka tlu ldKavhg wh;a jk uQ,øjH fol y`ÿkdf.k
kï lrkak'
ii. tu uQ,øjH wdj¾;s;d j.=fõ l=uk ldKavhg wh;afõ o@
iii. fuu uQ,øjH w;=ßka úoHq;a RK;dfjka jeä u uQ,øjH kï lrkak'
iv. E yd M w;r m%;sl%shdfjka iEfok ixfhda.fha iQ;%h ,shkak'
v. by; uQ,øjH w;=ßka ixhqc;d bf,lafg%dak y;rla we;s uQ,øjHh
y÷kdf.k tys bf,lafg%dak úkHdih ,shkak'
vi. fuu uQ,øjH w;=ßka by< u m%:u whkSlrK Yla;sh we;s uQ,øjHh
kï lrkak'

mdßNdIsl jpk
bf,lafg%dak úkHdih - Electronic configuration
iuia:dksl - Isotopes
wdj¾;s;d j.=j - Periodic table
wdj¾; - Periods
ldKav - Groups
ixhqc;dj - Valency
m%:u whkSlrK Yla;sh - First ionization energy
úoHq;a RK;dj - Electro negativity
f,day - Metals
wf,day - Non- metals
f,daydf,day - Metalloids
wdï,sl - Acidic
NdIañl - Basic
WNh.=kS - Amphoteric

81
fN!;sl úoHdj p,s;h ms<sn`o ksõgka kshu

04
fN!;sl úoHdj

p,s;h ms<sn`o ksõgka kshu

4'1 n,fha iajNdjh yd tys n,mEï

n,h (force) hkq l=ula oe hs Tn óg fmr mka;sj, § yodrd we;' hula ;,a¨
lsÍfï § wm lrkafka n, fh§uls' hula we§fï § lrkafka o n, fh§uls' tieùu"
f;rmSu wd§ fï ish,a, u isÿ jkqfha n, fh§u fya;=fjks'
ksYap, jia;=jla p,kh lsÍug wm l=ula l< hq;= o@ th p,kh lsÍug wjYH
ÈYdjg n,hla fhÈh hq;= h' tfy;a n,hla fh¥ muKska u tys p,kh werfò o@

fïihla 4'1 rEmfha fmkajd we;s

wdldrhg ;,a¨ lr n,kak' p,kh
wdrïN fkdfõ kï fhdok n,h
jeä lr ;,a¨ lrkak' fufia n,h
jeä lrk úg tla wjia:djl § th
p,kh ùu wdrïN fjhs'
fïih ;,a¨ l< wdldrhg u Tn
;ksju nihla ;,a¨ l<fyd;a
fndfyda úg th p,kh fkdjkq 4'1 rEmh - fïihla ;,a¨ lsÍu
we;' kuq;a 4'2 rEmfha fuka ;j;a
msßilf.a wdOdrh we;sj nih ;,a¨
l<fyd;a th p,kh jkq we;' tkï
fhdok n,h jeä l< úg nih
p,kh ùu werfUhs' fuu wjia:d
foflys § u isÿjkafka jia;=j u;
fhdok n,h tu jia;=fõ p,s;hg
ndOd muqKqjk hï n,hla wNsnjd
.sh úg tu jia;=j p,kh ùu
wdrïN ùuhs' tu jia;=fõ p,s;hg
ndOd muqKqjk n,h >¾IKh kñka
ye¢kafjk m%;sfrdaë n,hls' wm
fhdok n,h l=vd kï tu n,h 4'2 rEmh - nihla ;,a¨ lsÍu
m%;sfrdaë n,h iu. iu;=,s;;djg
m;afjhs' túg jia;=jg fhfok uq¿ n,h Y=kH ksid th p,kh fkdfjhs' jia;=j
p,kh lsÍug iEfyk ;rï n,hla fh¥ úg th iu;=,s; lsÍug m%;sfrdaë n,hg

82
p,s;h ms<sn`o ksõgka kshu fN!;sl úoHdj

fkdyels fõ' tu ksid iu;=,s; fkdjQ n,hla ^wiu;=,s; n,hla - unbalanced

force& b;srs ù jia;=j p,kh ùu wdrïN fjhs'
by; i|yka fïih whsia jeks b;d iqug mDIaGhla u; ;nd ;snqfKa kï b;d l=vd
n,hlska jqj o tys p,s;h wdrïN l< yels fjhs' tfia jkafka m%;sfrdaë n,h
fkdie,lsh yels ;rï l=vd ùu fya;=fjka wm fhdok uq¿ n,hu wiu;=,s; n,hla
f,i fïifha p,s;hg odhl ùu ksid h' ksYap,;djfha mj;sk jia;=jla u;
wiu;=,s; n,hla l%shdlrk ´kEu wjia:djl tu jia;=j p,kh ùu wdrïNfjhs'

4'3 rEmfha fmkajd we;af;a nr megjQ

lr;a;hla f.dfkl= úiska weof.k
hk wjia:djls' flfkla lr;a;h
miqmi isg th p,kh jk ÈYdjg
n,hla fhÿjfyd;a isÿjkafka lr;a;h
p,kh jk m%fõ.h jeä ùu h' lr;a;h
p,kh jk ÈYdjg úreoaO w;g n,hla
fhÿjfyd;a tys m%fõ.h wvq jkafka h'
fuhska fmfkkafka n,hla fh§fuka
,efnk M,h" tu n,fha ÈYdj wkqj
fjkia jk njh' 4'3 rEmh - f.dfkl= úiska wÈk lr;a;hla

n,h ffoYsl rdYshls' thg úYd,;ajhla fukau ÈYdjla o we;' hï ,laIHhla u;

n,hla ls%hd lrk ÈYdj tu ,laIHfha isg w¢k ,o ir, f¾Ldjlska oelaúh yels
w;r thg n,fha ls%hd f¾Ldj hehs lshkq ,efí'
n,h iy p,s;h ms<sn`o j wms w;aolsk foa i¾ whsiela ksõgka keue;s iqm%isoaO
úoHd{hd úiska .eUqre f,i wOHhkh lr kshu ;=kla o bÈßm;a lr we;' oeka wms
ta tla tla kshuh ms<sn`o j úuid n,uq'

• ksõgkaf.a m<uq jk kshuh

ndysr wiu;=,s; n,hla fhfok ;=re ksYap, jia;+ka ksYap,;djfhau
mj;sk w;r" p,kh jk jia;+ka taldldr m%fõ.fhka p,kh fõ'

ksYap, j mj;sk jia;+ka ndysr n, rys; j p,s;h wdrïN fkdlrk nj wms

tÈfkod Ôú;fha § w;aolsk lreKls' kuq;a" wms tÈfkod Ôú;fha § fndfyda
úg olskafka p,kh jk jia;+ka È.g u p,kh fkdù ndysr n,hlska f;dr j
ksYap,;djg m;ajk njls' fuh meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug my; ksoiqk i,ld n,uq'

83
fN!;sl úoHdj p,s;h ms<sn`o ksõgka kshu

lerï ,E,a,la u; ;sfnk

lerï äialhg (disk) 4'4
rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg
ksh ;=äka myrla t,a, lrk
wjia:djla i,lkak' túg tu
äialh ,E,a, u; ál ÿrla
.uka lr ksYap, fõ' fufia
jkafka äialh u; lerï
,E,af,ka we;s lrk >¾IK
n,h nj oeka wms oksuq' lerï
,E,a,g mqhr oud fyd¢ka
ue§fuka miqj lerï äialhg
4'4 rEmh - lerï äialhg myrla t,a, lsÍu
kej;;a ksh ;=äka m<uq ;rfï
u myrla t,a, l<fyd;a th fmrg jvd fnfyúka jeä ÿrla .uka lr ksYap,;djg
m;a fjhs'
mqhr oeuQ úg isÿ jkafka lerï äialfha p,s;hg we;s m%;sfrdaë >¾IK n,h wvq ùuhs'
hï l%uhlska >¾IK n,h Y=kH l< yels kï o iy äialh lerï ,E,af,a ;eáj,
je§fuka tys Yla;sh ydks ùula isÿ fkdfõ kï o lerï äialh fkdkej;S wdrïNl
fõ.fhka u .uka lrkq we;' by; wjia:dj meyeÈ<sj f;areï .;a úg wmg jegyS
hkafka ndysr n,hla fkdfh§ we;s úg jia;=jla taldldr m%fõ.hlska p,kh fõ
hehs olajk ksõgkaf.a m<uq jeks kshuh i;H jk nj h'
fuu kshuh yd iïnkaO idudkH Ôú;fha wm w;aolsk ;j;a wjia:djla i,ld n,uq'
.uka lrk nia r:hla ;=<" u.sfhla lsisu wdOdrlhla w,a,d fkdf.k isgf.k
isákafka hehs is;kak' yÈisfha nia r:hg ;srsx. fhdod kj;ajkq ,enqjfyd;a" Tyq
bÈß w;g jefghs' óg fya;=j l=ula o@
Tyqf.a mdo nifha iam¾Y j ;snqKq ksid nih u.ska mdo u; n,hla fhdod mdo
ksYap,;djg m;alrhs' kuq;a YÍrfha Wvq fldgi u; tjeks n,hla fkdfhfok
ksid tu fldgfia m%fõ.hla mj;S' Tyq bÈßhg jefgkafka tneúks'
oeka" by; lS u.shd isákafka ksYap,;djfha mj;sk nia r:hla ;=< hehs is;kak"
Tyq fkdoekqj;a j nih mK .kajd p,s;h werUqj fyd;a fuu u.shd jefgkafka
miq w;g h' nia r:fha p,s;h wdrïN ùu;a iu. r:fha iam¾Y j ;snqKq mdoj,g
nih u.ska n,hla fh§u ksid YÍrfha my< m%foaYhg m%fõ.hla ,enqK o YÍrfha
Wvq fldgi ;ju;a ksYap,;djfha u mej;Su ksid fufia isÿfjhs'
fudag¾ r: ;=< .uka lrk úg wdik má me,§u wjYH jkafka" ;sßx. fh¥ úgl
§ fyda ßh wk;=rl § jdykhla kej;Sul § bÈßmig úisùfuka je<lSug h'
ksjqgkaf.a m<uq jeks kshuhg wkqj fujeks wjia:djl § mjd wdik má me<`o
ke;skï u.shdf.a YÍrh tu fõ.fhka u bÈßhg .uka lsÍug ;e;a lrhs' tfy;a
wdik má me<`o we;s kï wdik máh u.ska u.shdf.a YÍrfha by< fldgig;a
84
p,s;h ms<sn`o ksõgka kshu fN!;sl úoHdj

n,hla fhfok ksid ;sßx. fh¥ úg o uq¿ YÍrh u jdykfha m%fõ.fhau mj;sh's

4'5 rEmh - fudag¾ r:hla ;=< wdik má me,| .uka lrk úg ;sßx. fhÿj o bÈßhg úis fkdfõ'

• ksõgkaf.a fojk kshuh

jia;=jl we;s jk ;ajrKh" thg fhdokq ,nk wiu;=,s; n,hg wkqf,dau j
iudkqmd;sl jk w;r" jia;=fõ ialkaOhg m%;sf,dau j iudkqmd;sl fõ'

fuys § ;ajrKh" wiu;=,s; n,hg wkqf,dau j iudkqmd;slh hkafkka woyia

lrkafka tu n,fhys úYd,;ajh hï wkqmd;hlska wvq fyda jeä l< úg tu
wkqmd;fhka u ;ajrKh o wvq fyda jeä jk njhs' ixfla;d;aul j th a ∝ F f,i
,shkq ,efí'
;ajrKh" ialkaOhg m%;sf,dau j iudkqmd;slh hkafkka woyia lrkafka ialkaOh
hï wkqmd;hlska jeä l<fyd;a ;ajrKh tu wkqmd;fhka wvq jk nj;a" ialkaOh
hï wkqmd;hlska wvq l<fyd;a ;ajrKh tu wkqmd;fhka jeäjk nj;a h' fuu
1
m%ldYh a ∝ f,i ixfla;d;aul j ,shkq ,efí'
m
tkï" ksõgkaf.a fojk kshuh wkqj"
a ∝ F
1
a ∝
m

F
tkï" a ∝
m
F/ m
tu ksid = ksh;hla'
a
fuu ksh;h tlla jk whqßka n,h ms<sn`o tallh w¾: olajd we;' tkï" tall
ialkaOhlg (1 kg) tall ;ajrKhla (1 m s-2) ,nd §ug wjYH n,h" ksõgka tlla
(1 N) f,i w¾: oelajQ úg by; iólrKfha jïme;af;a w.h" tkï

85
fN!;sl úoHdj p,s;h ms<sn`o ksõgka kshu
F/ m
= 1 jk ksid ksh;fha w.h o 1 fõ'
a

túg ksõgkaf.a fojk kshuh

F = ma
f,i ,súh yels h'

hï jia;=jlg n,hla fhdok úg tu n,fha ÈYdjg jia;=fõ

;ajrKhla we;s fõ'
ksõgkaf.a fojk kshuh i;Hdmkh lr .ekSug my; mÍlaIKh i,ld n,uq'

4'6 rEmh - fg%d,sh u; fhdok n,h jeäjk úg ;ajrKh jeäjk nj wdo¾Ykh lsÍu
² ;sria fïihla u; fg%d,shla ;nd thg rn¾ máhla iïnkaO lr fg%d,sh tl
w;lska w,a,d .kak'
² wfkla w;ska rn¾ máfha ksoyia fl<jr w,a,d f.k th 4'6 rEmfha fmkajd
we;s wdldrhg fg%d,sfha wfkla fl<jr olajd wefok mßÈ wÈkak'
² bka miq fg%d,sh ksoyia lr rn¾ máfha weÿKq fldgi fkdfjkia j mj;sk
whqßka" fg%d,sh iu. w; p,kh lrkak' túg fg%d,sh ;ajrKfhka p,kh jk
nj Tng ksÍlaIKh l< yels jkq we;'
² fg%d,shg m<uq rn¾ máhg iudk ;j;a rn¾ máhla iïnkaO lr" rn¾ má
fol u m<uq m%udKhg weo" fmr mßÈ u mÍlaIKh lr fg%d,sfha p,s;h
ksÍlaIKh lrkak' fuu wjia:dfõ fg%d,sh u; fhfok n,h m<uq wjia:dfõ
fuka fo.=Khls' fg%d,sfha ;ajrKh uq,a wjia:djg jvd jeä jk nj ksÍlaIKh
l< yels jkq we;'
² bka miq tl iudk rn¾ má ;=kla iïnkaO lr by; mÍlaIKh u lr fg%d,sfha
p,s;h ksÍlaIKh lrk úg fg%d,sfha ;ajrKh fojk wjia:djg jvd jeä jk
nj ksÍlaIKh l< yels h' tl iudk rn¾ má ;=kla fhdok ksid fuys §
fg%d,sh u; fhfok n,h m<uq wjia:dfõ fuka ;=ka .=Khls'
² fï wkqj fg%d,shg fhdok n,h jeä jk úg fg%d,sh p,s;h jk ;ajrKh o
jeä jk nj ksÍlaIKh l< yels h'
² bkamiq fg%d,sh u; hï ialkaOhla ;nd tla rn¾ máhla fhdod mÍlaIKh
kej; is ÿ lr tys p,s;h ksÍlaIKh lrkak' túg ;ajrKh wvq jk nj
ksÍlaIKh l< yels jkq we;'
86
p,s;h ms<sn`o ksõgka kshu fN!;sl úoHdj

² bka miq ;j;a ialkaOhla fg%d,sh u; ;nd fmr mßÈ u mÍlaIKh l< úg
;ajrKh ;j;a wvq jk nj ksÍlaIKh l< yels h'

ñka meyeÈ,s jkafka" fhdok n,h ksh;j mj;skafka kï ialkaOh jeä jk ;rug
;ajrKh wvq jk njhs' oeka a moh F iy m mo wdY%fhka my; i`oyka wdldrhg
olajuq'
F
a =
m
by; iólrKfhka fyd¢ka meyeÈ,s jk lreKla kï ksh; n,hla hgf;a"
jia;=jl ialkaOh jeä jk ;rug" ;ajrKh wvqjk nj;a ialkaOh wvqjk ;rug
;ajrKh jeäjk nj;a h'

ksoiqk 1
5 kg ialkaOhlg 2 m s -2 ;ajrKhla ,nd §u i`oyd wjYH n,h fldmuK o@
F = ma
= 5 kg «2 m s-2 (1 kg m s-2 = 1 N) neúka
= 10 N
ksoiqk 2
taldldr m%fõ.fhka .uka lrk 6 kg ialkaOhla iys; jia;=jlg th .uka lrk
ÈYdjg 12 N n,hla fh§fuka tys yg.kakd ;ajrKh fidhkak'
F = ma
12 = 6 « a
12
a =
6
a = 2 m s-2
ksoiqk 3
tla;rd jia;=jlg 8 N n,hla fh¥ úg tys 2 m s-2l ;ajrKhla yg.kafka kï"
jia;=fõ ialkaOh fidhkak'
F = ma
8 = m«2
8
m =
2
m = 4 kg

87
fN!;sl úoHdj p,s;h ms<sn`o ksõgka kshu

4'1 wNHdih
ksõgkaf.a fojeks kshuhg wod,j my; oelafjk j.=fõ ysia ;eka mqrjkak'
(1)
n,h ( N ) ialkaOh ( kg ) ;ajrKh ( m s-2 )
.................... 3 kg 2 m s-2
40 N 10 kg ....................
30 N .................... 1.5 m s-2
2N 500 kg ....................

(2) (a) tAldldr m%fõ.fhka p,kh fjñka ;snQ 4 kg ialkaOhla iys;

jia;=jlg" th p,kh jk ÈYdjg 6 N n,hla fhÿfjd;a" thska
we;sjk ;ajrKh .Kkh lrkak'
(b) tu jia;=j fj; tu n,h p,s;h isÿ jQ ÈYdjg úreoaO w;g fhÿfõ
kï" yg.kakd ukaokh fidhkak'

• ksõgkaf.a ;=kajk kshuh

iEu l%shdjlg u úYd,;ajfhka iudk jQ;a ÈYdfjka m%;súreoaO jQ;a m%;sl%shdjla we;'

fuys § l%shdjla (action) hkqfjka woyia flfrkafka hï jia;=jla u.ska ;j;a

jia;=jla u; fhfok n,hls' túg m%;sl%shdj (reaction) jkafka fojk jia;=j u.ska
m<uq jia;=j u; fhfok n,hls'

rn¾ neÆkhlska jd;h msg ùu fuu kshuh fhfok tla m%dfhda.sl wjia:djls'
jd;h msrjQ neÆkhl" lg my<g yrjd f.k w;ska w,a,d f.k isákak' 4'7 rEmfha
mßÈ neÆkfha lg nqre,a lr w; yßkak' neÆkh fõ.fhka by< f.dia miqj ìug
jefgkq oelsh yels h' neÆkfhka jd;h msgjkafka tys rn¾ ì;a;s u.ska jd; wkq
my<g ;,a¨ lrk ksid h' neÆkh by< hkafka msgjk jd; wkq u.ska neÆkh
u; fhdok m%;sl%shd n,fhks'

88
p,s;h ms<sn`o ksõgka kshu fN!;sl úoHdj

m%;sl%shdj ^jd; wkq

u.ska ne¨kh by<g
;,a¨ ùu&

l%shdj ^neÆkh
u.ska jd;wkq
my<g ;,a¨ ùu &
4'7 rEmh - neÆkfha jd;h my<g msg ù hdu yd neÆkh by<g we§ hdu

4'8 rEmh - neÆkfha jd;h msgù hdu ^l%h

s dj& iy Bg úreoaO w;g neÆkh p,kh ùu ^m%;l
s h
s% dj&

neÆkhlska jd;h msg ùu ksid neÆkh .uka lsÍu 4'8 rEmfha oelafjk wdldrhg
o oel.; yels h' rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ jd;h msrjQ neÆkhla fif,dafÜma len,s
wdOdrfhka îu ng lene,a,lg iïnkaO lr.kak' bka miq îu ngh ;=<ska
lïìhla ßx.jd tu lïìh ;sria j isák fia fomiska r|jkak' oeka neÆkfha
lfgys .eg.id we;s kQ, nqre,a lr neÆkfhka jd;h bj;g hdug bv fokak'

jd;h msg ù hk ÈYdjg úreoaO w;g neÆkh lïìh Èf.a .uka lrkq oelsh
yels h'
ùÿre fnda, lsysmhla u; ,E,s len,s folla ;nd fuu ,E,s len,s fol u; iudk
ialkaO iys; fofokl= jdä ù 4'9 rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ w;a,g w;a, ;nd tla
wfhla ^m<uq <uhd& wfkld ^fojk <uhd& ;,a¨ l< fyd;a fofokd u m%;súreoaO
ÈYdjg iudk ÿrla ne.ska ;,a¨ ù hhs' fuhska fmkS hkafka fojk <uhd is;d u;d
n,hla fkdfhÿj o" m<uq <uhd fojk <uhd u; fhdok n,hg iudk n,hla
fojk <uhd úiska m<uq <uhd fj; fh§ we;s njhs'

89
fN!;sl úoHdj p,s;h ms<sn`o ksõgka kshu

4'9 rEmh - w;a, u; w;a, ;nd ;,a¨ lr .kakd <uqka fofokd fomig ;,a¨ ù hdu

fuys § ls%hdj tla <ufhla u; o m%;sls%hdj wfkla <uhd u; o we;s jk nj f;areï

.kak' lsisu wjia:djl ls%hdj iy m%;sls%hdj tlu jia;=jla u; ls%hd fkdlrhs'
ksõgkaf.a ;=kajk kshuh fhfok ;j;a m%dfhda.sl wjia:d lsysmhla my;ska olajd
we;'

Trejla mÈk úg ^4'10 rEmh& flfrkafka ynf,ka c,h miq mig ;,a¨ lsÍu hs'
tkï n,h fhdokafka ynf,ka c,h fj;hs' túg c,h u.ska yn, u; fhfok
m%;sl%shdj ksid Trej bÈßhg .uka lrhs'

4'10 rEmh - ynf,ka c,h fj; n,h fhoSu yd Bg iudk n,hla c,h uÕska Trej fj; l%shd lsrSu

msyskSfï § ^4'11 rEmh& oE;ska c,h u; n,h fhdokafka miqmig h' túg c,fhka
YÍrh u; n,h fhfokafka bÈß w;g hs' ta ksid bÈßhg ;,a¨ ù hhs'

fuys § oE;ska msgqmig fhdok n,h l%shdjhs' tu l%shdfõ m%;sl%shdj YÍrh u;

bÈßhg we;sjk n,h hs'

90
p,s;h ms<sn`o ksõgka kshu fN!;sl úoHdj

4'11 rEmh - oE;ska c,h u; n,hla fh§u yd iudk n,hla c,fhka YÍrh u; fh§u

4'2 .uH;dj
p,kh jk jia;=jl .uH;dj (momentum) hkq tu jia;=fõ p,s;h keje;aùug
fl;rï wmyiq o hkak ms<sn| ñkquls'
Tnf.a ñ;=frla Tn fj; úis lrk mEkla fyda mekai,la w,a,d .ekSu Tng b;d
myiq ld¾hhls' kuq;a ta fjkqjg flfkla Tn fj; h.=,shla jeks ialkaOh b;d
jeä jia;=jla úis l<fyd;a th w,a,d .ekSu t;rï myiq fkdfõ' tfy;a tu
jia;=j u úis fkdlr Tn w;g ,nd ÿkafka kï th w;g .ekSu wmyiq fkdfõ'
.uka lrk nr jia;=jla fufia w,a,d kj;ajd .ekSu wmyiq jkafka jia;=fõ
ialkaOh jeäùu ksid muKla fkdj th .uka lrk fõ.h ksidh' fjä WKavhla
hkq b;d l=vd ialkaOhla iys; myiqfjka w,a,d .; yels jia;=jls' kuq;a th
;=jlal=jlska ksl=;a jQ úg w,a,d kj;ajd .ekSu .ek is;Sugj;a fkdyels h'
fï wkqj wmg fmfkkafka jia;=jl p,s;h keje;aùug we;s wmyiq;dj ialkaOh
iy m%fõ.h hk idOl fol u u; n,mdk njhs'
fN!;sl úoHdfõ § jia;=jl .uH;dj (P) w¾: olajkafka tu jia;=fõ ialkaOh
(m) iy m%fõ.h (v) ys .=Ks;h f,i h'

tkï" .uH;dj = ialkaOh « m%fõ.h

P = m « v

ialkaOfhys tallh kg fõ' m%fõ.fhys tallh m s-1 fõ'

tneúka .uH;dfjys tallh jkqfha kg m s-1 h'

m%fõ.h ffoYslhla ksid .uH;dj o ffoYsl rdYshla fõ'

fudag¾ r:hla fõ.fhka .uka lrk úg tys .uH;dj jeä h' tys m%fõ.h l%ufhka
wvq jk úg .uH;dj wvq fõ' m%fõ.h jeä jk úg .uH;dj jeä fõ'
91
fN!;sl úoHdj p,s;h ms<sn`o ksõgka kshu

ksoiqk 1
ialkaOh 2000 kg jk jdykhla 20 m s-1 m%fõ.fhka .uka lrhs kï tys .uH;dj
fldmuK o@
P = mv
= 2000 kg « 20 m s-1
= 40000 kg m s-1

ksoiqk 2
;=jlal=jlska ksl=;a jQ ialkaOh 10 g jk fjä WKavhla 400 m s-1 m%fõ.fhka
.uka lrhs kï" tys .uH;dj fldmuK o@
fuys§ ialkaOfha w.h iólrKhg wdfoaY lsÍfï § 10 g " lsf,da.a?ï njg
mßj¾;kh lr.; hq;=hs'
P = mv
10
= kg « 400 ms-1
1000
= 4 kg m s-1

4'2 wNHdih
1' fudag¾ r:hl ialkaOh 800 kg fõ' th 5 m s-1 m%fõ.fhka p,kh jk
fudfyd;l" tys .uH;dj .Kkh lrkak'
2' tla;rd jia;=jl ialkaOh 600 g fõ' tys m%fõ.h 5 m s-1 jk fudfyd;l
.uH;dj fidhkak'
3' tla;rd jia;=jl ialkaOh 200 g fõ' th 4 m s-1 m%fõ.fhka p,kh fõ'
tu jia;=fõ .uH;dj fldmuK o@
4' p,kh fjñka mj;sk tla;rd jia;=jl .uH;dj 6 kg m s-1 fõ' tu
jia;=fõ ialkaOh 500 g kï" tys m%fõ.h fidhkak'
5' 3 kg ialkaOhla iys; jia;=jla isria j by<g hjkq ,efí' p,s;h wdrïN
lrk wjia:dfõ tys m%fõ.h 10 m s-1 fõ'
(a) th by<g heùu wdrïN lrk wjia:dfõ § tys .uH;dj fldmuK o@
(b) th k.sk by< u Wfia § tys .uH;dj fldmuK o@

92
p,s;h ms<sn`o ksõgka kshu fN!;sl úoHdj

4'3 ialkaOh yd nr
jia;=jl ialkaOh (mass) hkq tu jia;=fjys wvx.= mod¾: m%udKh hs' ialkaOh
ms<sn| cd;Hka;r tallh kg fõ'
jia;=jl nr (weight) hkq tu jia;=j fmdf<dj fj; weo .kakd n,h hs' tkï
.=re;ajdl¾IKh ksid th u; fhfok n,h hs'
ksõgkaf.a fojk kshuh wkqj" ;ajrKhla iys; jia;=jla u; fhfok n,h
F= ma

u.ska fokq ,efí' tu jia;=j .=re;ajdl¾IKh hgf;a jefgk wjia:djl § kï

;ajrKh jkafka g .=re;ajc ;ajrKh hs' ksõgkaf.a fojk kshuhg wkqj fuu
wjia:dfõ § fmd<j u.ska jia;=j u; ls%hd lrk n,h fokq ,nkafka F = mg
u.sks' fuys F hkq fmd<j u.ska jia;=j u; we;s lrkq ,nk n,h hs' jia;=j
jefgñka mj;sk úg fyda th ksYap,j we;s úg hk wjia:d fofla § u fuu F
.=re;ajdl¾IK n,h ls%hd;aul fõ' jia;=j u; fuu n,h ls%hd;aul jk ,laIHh
.=re;aj flakaøh f,i ye`Èka fõ' .=re;ajdl¾IKh ksid jia;=j u; fhfok n,h
tys nr jk w;r th
nr } ialkaOh « .=re;ajc ;ajrKh = m g

u.ska fokq ,efí' nr w¾: olajkafka n,hla f,i ksid tys cd;Hka;r tallh
ksõgka ^N& fõ' .=re;ajdl¾IK n,h ls%hd;aul jk wjia:djl § jia;=jla ksYap,j
mj;ajd .ekSug kï tu n,hg iudk iy m%;súreoaO n,hla jia;=j u; ls%hd;aul
l, hq;= h'
fmdf<dj u; § .=re;ajc ;ajrKfha w.h 9.8 m s-2 ksid ialkaOh m jk jia;=jl
nr 9'8 m fõ' lsf,da.a?ï 1 l ialkaOhl nr 9'8 N fõ'
lsf,da.a?ï 3 l ialkaOhla kï" th fmdf<dj fj; weo.kakd n,h ^nr& = 3 kg «
10 m s-2 = 30 N ^.=re;ajc ;ajrKfha w.h 10 m s-2 f,i i,lkak'&

uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg by<g hk úg .=re;ajc ;ajrKh l%ufhka wvq fõ' tu ksid
hï ialkaOhla lkaola u;g f.k .sh úg tys ialkaOh ksh; j ;sfnk kuq;a
1
nr wvq fõ' i| u;=msg .=re;ajc ;ajrKh fmd<fõ § tu w.h fuka 6 la muK
fõ' tu ksid hï jia;=jl i| u;=msg § nr tys fmdf<dfõ § nr fuka 1 la
6
muK fõ'

93
fN!;sl úoHdj p,s;h ms<sn`o ksõgka kshu

ñY% wNHdih
^1& (i) ksõgkaf.a m<uq jk kshuh i|yka lrkak.
(ii) .uka lrk nia r:hl ;sßx. yÈisfha fh¥ úg, isg f.k isák u.Ska
bÈßhg úis jkafka wehs@
(iii) ksYp
a ,;dfõ mj;sk nia r:hl u.sfhla jdä ù isáhs. Tyq fkdoekqj;a j nia
r:h mK.kajd bÈßhg .uka l<fyd;a u.shd msgm
q ig ;,a¨ fõ. ta ukao@
(iv) r: jdykj, .uka lrk úg wdik má me,§fuka ie,fik m%fhdackh
l=ula o@
^2& (i) ksõgkaf.a fojk kshuh ,shkak.
(ii) jia;=jl ialkaOh 12 kg fõ' th p,kh jk ÈYdjg" th u; 6 N n,hla
fhfoa kï, yg.kakd ;ajrKh fldmuK o@
^3& ksõgkaf.a fojk kshuh Ndú; lr my; oelafjk j.=fõ ysia;eka mqrjkak.

n,h (F) ialkaOh (m) ;ajrKh (a)

............................ 10 kg 2 m s-2
60 N 12 kg ............................
4N 500 g ............................
40 N ............................ 5 m s-2

^4& tla;rd jia;=jl ialkaOh 6 kg ls' ;;amr 4la ;=< § tys m%fõ.h 5 m s-1 isg
13 m s-1 olajd jeä ù kï, ta i|yd ljr n,hla fhfokakg we;s o@

^5& (i) ksõgkaf.a ;=ka jk kshuh ,shkak.

(ii) ksõgkaf.a ;=ka jk kshuh fhÈh yels wjia:d ;=kla i|yka lrkak

(iii) jia;=jl .uH;dj flfrys n,mdk idOl fudkjd o@

^6& 4 m s-1 m%fõ.fhka p,kh fjñka mj;sk 10 kg ialkaOhla iys; jia;=jl

.uH;dj fldmuK o@
^7& jia;=jl ialkaOh 750 g fõ. tla;rd fudfyd;l tys m%fõ.h 8 m s-1 fõ kï
ta fudfydf;a tys .uH;dj fldmuK o@
^8& tla;rd fudfyd;l jia;=jl .uH;dj 6 kg m s-1 fõ' ta fudfydf;a tys m%fõ.h
3 m s-1 kï tys ialkaOh fldmuK o@

94
p,s;h ms<sn`o ksõgka kshu fN!;sl úoHdj

^9& (i) tla;rd ñksil=f.a ialkaOh 60 kg ls' Tyqf.a nr fldmuK o@

(g = 10 m s-2 f,i .kak')
(ii) pkaøhd u; § .=re;ajc ;ajrK mDÓúfha .=re;ajc ;ajrKfhka 1$6 kï,
pkaøhd u; § Tyqf.a nr fldmuK o@
^10& nr 5 N jk jia;=jl tla;rd fudfyd;l .uH;dj 6 kg m s-1 fõ' p,s;hg
úreoaO j fhÿKq n,hla ksid tys m%fõ.h 4 s l § 4 m s-1 olajd wvq úh' tu
jia;=jg fhÿKq n,h fldmuK o@

95
fN!;sl úoHdj p,s;h ms<sn`o ksõgka kshu

mdßNdIsl Yío ud,dj

n,h - Force
wix;=,s; n,h - Unbalanced force
taldldr ;ajrKh - Uniform acceleration
taldldr m%fõ.h - Uniform velocity
ialkaOh - Mass
;ajrKh - Acceleration
l%shdj - Action
m%;sl%shdj - Reaction
.uH;dj - Momentum

96
>¾IKh fN!;sl úoHdj

05
fN!;sl úoHdj

>¾IKh

5'1 >¾IKfha iajNdjh

mekai,la jeks fohla fïihla u; ;nd th fïih Èf.a j,kh jk fia w;ska
myrla .eiqjfyd;a" tys fõ.h l%ufhka wvq ù" wjidkfha § ksYap,;djg m;a jk
nj w;aoelSfuka wms oksuq' fïihg jvd iqug mDIaGhla u; ;nd kej; myrla
.eiqjfyd;a th ksYap,;djg m;a jkafka fmrg jvd ÿrla .uka lsÍfuka miqj h'
fufia hï mDIaGhla u; .uka lrk jia;=jl fõ.h l%ufhka wvq ù wjidkfha
§ ksYap,;djg m;a jkafka mDIaGh u.ska jia;=fõ p,s;h j<lajd,Sug ;e;a lrk
n,hla fhdok neúks' fuu n,h ye|skafjkafka >¾IK n,h f,i jk w;r
th ls%hd lrkak tlsfklg iam¾I ù we;s mDIaG Tiafia h' >¾IK n,h jia;=fõ
p,s;hg iEu úg u úreoaO fõ'
;sria ìula u; jQ fïihla 5'1 rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ ;,a¨ lsÍug wjYH wjia:djla
i,luq'

5'1 rEmh - fïihla ;,a¨ lsÍu

fujeks fïihla b;d iq¿ n,hla fhdod ;,a¨ lsÍug W;aidy l<fyd;a th p,kh
fkdúh yels h' fuhg fya;=j wm fh¥ n,hg úreoaO j ìu u.ska fïih u; n,hla
fh§uhs' ìu u.ska fhdok n,h iy wm fhdokq ,nk fuu >¾IK n,h tlsfklg
iudk iy m%;súreoaO ksid tajd tlsfkl ix;=,kh fõ'
oeka fmr m%udKhg jvd hka;ñka jeä n,hla fhdod kej; fïih ;,a¨ lf<a hehs
is;kak' túg o fïih p,s; fkdjQfha kï" Bg fya;=j wm fh¥ n,h ix;=,kh
lsÍug m%udKj;a jk fia >¾IK n,h o bfí u jeä ùuhs' >¾IK n,h hkq wm
fhdok n,h ix;=,kh lsÍug m%udKj;a mßÈ bfí u ilia jk n,hls' kuq;a
fufia n,h ;j;a jeä lrñka ;,a¨ lrk úg tla wjia:djl § fïih p,kh
97
fN!;sl úoHdj >¾IKh

ùu wdrïN fõ' fufia jkafka >¾IK n,hg tla;rd iSudjla blaujd bfí ilia
úh fkdyels kssid h' wm fhdok n,h tu iSudjg jvd jeä jQ miq tu n, fol
w;r fjkig iudk jk wix;=,s; n,hla b;sß fjhs' fuu wix;=,s; n,h u.ska
fïifha p,s;h wdrïN fõ'

tlsfkl yd iam¾Y ù we;s jia;= folla w;r" idfmalaI úia:dmkhla isÿ

ùfï fm,Uqula we;s jqjfyd;a tu fm,Uqu je<elaùug fyda jia;= fol w;r
idfmalaI úia:dmkhla mj;S kï tu úia:dmkh je<elaùug tu jia;= fofla
mDIaG w;r l%shd;aul jk n," >¾IK n, hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,efí'

øj iy jdhq p,s;fha § o >¾IK n, ls%hd lrk kuq;a fuys § wm idlÉPd lrkafka

>k jia;= w;r we;sjk >¾IK n, mu‚'

5'2 >¾IK n,fha iaÓ;sl" iSudldÍ iy .;sl wjia:d

>¾IK n," tajd ls%hd lrk wjia:d wkqj wdldr ;=klg fnÈh yels h' tu wdldr
;=k kï"
1' n,hla fhdoKq ,enqj o jia;= w;r idfmalaI p,s;hla fkdue;s wjia:dj,
l%shd;aul jk >¾IK n,'
2' p,s;h hka;ñka wdrïN jk wjia:dfõ l%shd;aul jk >¾IK n, ^jia;=jg
l=vd m%fõ.hla ,nd §ug wjYH jk wu;r n,h o fuhg we;<;a h'&
3' jia;= w;r idfmalaI p,s;hla mj;sk wjia:dj, l%shd;aul jk >¾IK n,'
fuu wjia:d ;=fkys § l%shd;aul jk >¾IK n, w;r fjki f;areï .ekSug my;
l%shdldrlfuys fhfouq'

l%shdldrlu - 01
wjYH øjH ( 60 N nr ,S l=Üáhla" ksõgka ;=,djla"

,S l=Üáh
ksõgka ;=,dj

fïih

5'2 rEmh - ,S l=Üáh u; fhfok Wmßu >¾IK n, fiùu

98
>¾IKh fN!;sl úoHdj

l%uh (
• ,S l=Üáhg l=vd uqÿjla iú lr" thg ksõgka ;=,dj wuqKkak'
• 5'2 rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßÈ ;sria fïihla u; ,S l=Üáh ;ndf.k ,S
l=Üáh b;d l=vd n,hlska wÈkak' Tn fhdok n,fha úYd,;ajh ksõgka
;=,dj u.ska lshjd .; yels h' wdrïNfha § tu n,h ,S l=Üáh p,kh
lsÍug m%udKj;a fkdjkq we;'
• n,h l%ufhka jeä lrñka ,S l=Üáh wÈkak' fufia fhdok n,h l%ufhka
jeä lrf.k hk úg tla wjia:djl § th hka;ñka p,kh ùu wdrïN
jkq we;' tu wjia:dfõ § n,h lshjd .kak'

p,s;h wdrïN jkqfha ;jÿrg;a wm fhdok n,h ix;=,kh lsÍug ;rï m%udKj;a
>¾IK n,hla fh§ug fïifha mDIaGh wfmdfydi;a jk neúks' tkï Bg jvd jeä
>¾IK n,hla yg fkd.kakd neúks' ,S l=Üáfha p,s;hg tfrysj fïifha mDIaGh
u.ska p,s; ÈYdjg úreoaO w;g we;s lrk Wmßu >¾IK n,h iudk jkafka
p,s;h weröug jqjukd n,hg hs'
fuu Wmßu >¾IK n,hg jvd wvq n,hla fhdok iEu wjia:djl § u tu n,hg
iudk yd m%;súreoaO >¾IK n,hla yg .kakd ksid ,S l=Üáh p,kh jkafka ke;'
p,s;h weröug fmr l%shd lrk tu >¾IKh iaÓ;sl >¾IKh f,i ye|skafõ'
fhdok n,h jeä jk úg >¾IKh ksid jia;=j u; ls%hd;aul jk iaÓ;sl >¾IK
n,h o l%ufhka jeä fõ' tfy;a thg wm uq,ska i`oyka l, mßÈ tfia jeä úh
yelafla tla;rd Wmßu w.hla olajd muKs' fhdokq ,nk n,h tu Wmßuh blau
jQ úg jia;=j ksYap,j ;nd .ekSug >¾IK n,hg fkdyels fõ' ta ksid jia;=j
p,kh ùu werö l=vd fõ.hla o ,nd .kS' iam¾Y j mj;akd jia;= foll iam¾Y
mDIaG w;r we;s jk Wmßu >¾IK n,h" tu mDIaG fol w;r iSudldÍ >¾IK n,h
f,i ye|skafõ'
jia;=j p,kh ùu werUqKq úg mj;akd >¾IK n,h .;sl >¾IK n,h kñka
ye¢kafõ' tkï .;sl >¾IKh hkq" p,kh jk jia;=jl p,s;hg tfrys j l%shdldÍ
jk >¾IK n,h hs' .;sl >¾IK n,h" iSudldÍ >¾IK n,hg jvd iq¿ jYfhka
wvq h'

5'3 iSudldÍ >¾IK n,h flfrys n,mdk idOl

>¾IK n,h l%shd lrkafka jia;+kaf.a tlsfkl yd iam¾Y j we;s mDIaG w;r
neúka iam¾Y mDIaGj, iajNdjh ^r¿ nj& iam¾Y mDIaGj, j¾.M,h yd jia;= w;r
wNs,ïN m%;sl%shdj iSudldÍ >¾IK n,h flfrys n,mdk wdldrh oeka úuid n,uq'

99
fN!;sl úoHdj >¾IKh

m<uq j iSudldÍ >¾IK n,h flfrys iam¾Y mDIaGj, iajNdjfha ^r¿ nfjys&
n,mEu fidhd ne,Su i|yd my; l%shdldrlfuys fhfouq'

l%shdldrlu - 02
wjYH øjH ( 60 N nr ,S l=Üáhla" ksõgka ;=,djla" úúO r¿ m%udK iys;
je,s lvodis lsysmhla'
,S mDIaGh ;sria j mj;ajd .kakd
ksõgka ;=,dj

r¿ je,s lvodish

5'3 rEmh - >¾IKh flfrys iam¾Y mDIaG iajNdjfha n,mEu fiùu

l%uh (
• ,S l=Üáh f.k tys hg mDIaGh iïmQ¾Kfhka u jeiS hk mßÈ r¿ nj wvq
u je,s lvodish w,jd .kak'
• 5'3 rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg je,s lvodisfha r¿ mDIaGh fïifha
mDIaGhg iam¾Y jk mßÈ ,S l=Üáh fïih u; ;nd m<uqfjka l=vd n,hlska
o bka miq l%ufhka n,h jeä lrñka o ksõgka ;rdÈh ;sria w;g wÈkak'
• ,S l=Üáfha p,s;h hka;ñka werfUk wjia:dfõ ksõgka ;=,dfõ mdGdxlh
,nd.kak' fuh iSudldÍ >¾IK n,hhs'
• bka miq r¿ núka jeä je,s lvodishla f.k fmr fia u ,S l=Üáfha
hg mDIaGfha w,jd p,s;h hka;ñka werfUk wjia:dfõ n,h ^iSudldÍ
>¾IK n,h& fidhd.kak'
• fufia fjkia r¿ lvodis lsysmhla u fhdodf.k fuh isÿ lr ta tla tla
wjia:dfõ § iSudldÍ >¾IK n,h fidhd.kak'
• Tng ,enqKq m%;sM, ii|kak'

r¿ nj wvq je,s lvodish fh¥ wjia:djg jvd l%ufhka r¿ nj jeä je,s lvodis
fhdod.kakd úg iSudldÍ >¾IKh o l%ufhka jeä jk nj Tng fmfkkq we;'
>¾IKh flfrys" iam¾Y mDIaGj, r¿ iajNdjh n,mdk nj fuu l%shdldrlfuka
meyeÈ,s fõ'
oeka iSudldÍ >¾IK n,h flfrys iam¾Y mDIaGj, j¾.M,h n,mdkafka oehs
fidhd ne,Sug my; l%shdldrlfuys fhfouq'

100
>¾IKh fN!;sl úoHdj

l%shdldrlu - 03
wjYH øjH ( È." m<, yd Wi wiudk 60 N nr ,S l=Üáhla" ksõgka ;=,djla"
iudk r¿ núka hq;a je,s lvodis lsysmhla'
l%uh (
• ,S l=Üáh f.k tys tlsfklg fjkia j¾.M, iys; mDIaGj, je,s lvodis
w,jkak'
• bka miq ,S l=Üáfha jeä u j¾.M,h iys; mDIaGh fïih u; iam¾Y jk
fia ;nd p,s;h weröug jqjukd n,h ^iSudldÍ >¾IK n,h& fidhd
.kak'

A
C

C
B

5'4 rEmh - >¾IKh flfrys iam¾Y mDIaGj, j¾.M,fha n,mEu fiùu

• Bg miq 5'4 rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg wfkla mDIaG o fïih u;

iam¾Y jk fia ;nd .ksñka ta ta mDIaG i|yd o iSudldÍ >¾IKh n,h
fidhd .kak'

101
fN!;sl úoHdj >¾IKh

ljr j¾.M,h iys; mDIaG fïih u; .eà ;snqK o iSudldÍ >¾IK n,h tlu
nj Tng fmfkkq we;' bka meyeÈ,s jkafka iam¾Y mDIaGj, j¾.M,h >¾IKh
flfrys n, fkdmdk njhs'
wmf.a ó<. l%shdldrlu jkafka iSudldÍ >¾IK n,h flfrys jia;= w;r wNs,ïn
m%;sl%shd n,h u; n,mdk wdldrh fidhd ne,Su hs'

l%shdldrlu - 04
wjYH øjH ( 20 N nr iys; ,S l=Üá ;=kla" ksõgka ;=,djla
l%uh (
• l,ska mÍlaIKfha §
fuka u ,S l=Üáh fïih
u; ;nd tys p,s;h
weröug jqjukd n,h
fidhd.kak' tkï
iSudldÍ >¾IK n,h
fidhd.kak' bka
miq ;j;a ,S l=Üáhla
f.k m<uq ,S l=Üáh
u; ;nd fmr fia u
iSudldÍ >¾IK n,h
fidhd .kak'
• bka miq 5'5 rEmfha
fmkajd we;s wdldrhg
m<uq ,S l=Üá fol u;
wfkla ,S l=Üáh o
;nd iSudldÍ >¾IK
n,h
fidhd.kak'

m<uq ,S l=Üáh u; fjk;a

,S l=Üá ;nkjd fjkqjg
wjYH kï fjk;a úúO nr
;eîfuka o fï mÍlaIKh 5'5 rEmh - >¾IK n,h flfrys wNs,ïn
isÿ l< yels h' m%;sl%shdfõ n,mEu fiùu

102
>¾IKh fN!;sl úoHdj

fuys § ,efnk mdGdxl tl iudk fkdjk nj o" nr jeä ùu iu`. iSudldÍ

>¾IKh o l%ufhka jeä jk nj oel.; yels jkq we;'
jia;=jl nr jeä jk úg jia;=j u.ska fïih u; fhfok n,hg iudk j iy
m%;súreoaO j fïifha mDIaGfhka jia;=j u; fhfok n,h ^wNs,ïn m%;sl%shdj& o
jeä fõ'
mDIaG fol w;r wNs,ïn m%;sl%shdj jeä jk úg iSudldÍ >¾IK n,h o jeä jk nj
fuu l%shdldrlfuka meyeÈ,s jkafka h'

iSudldÍ >¾IK n,h flfrys" iam¾Y mDIaGj, iajNdjh o wNs,ïn m%;sl%shdj o

n,mdk nj;a" iam¾Y mDIaGj, j¾.M,h n, fkdmdk nj;a by; l%shdldrlïj,ska
meyeÈ,s fjhs'

5'4 >¾IK n,fha m%dfhda.sl wjia:d

tÈfkod Ôú;fha wm Ndú; lrk fndfyda WmlrK iy hka;%j, p,kh jk
fldgia mj;S' tu WmlrK yd hka;% l%shd lrjk úg iuyr fldgia tlsfkl
we;s,af,k neúka >¾IK n, we;s fõ' fuu >¾IK n, tjeks fldgiaj, p,s;hg
m%;sfrdaOhla we;s lrhs' hka;% l%shd lrjk úg tu >¾IK n,j,g o tfrys j ld¾h
lsÍug isÿjk neúka fndfyda Yla;sh ta i|yd jeh jk we;r tu Yla;sh ;dmh
njg mßj¾;kh ù tu fldgiaj, WIaK;ajh jeä ùula isÿ fõ' tlS >¾IK n,
wvq lr.;fyd;a ydks jk Yla;sh wvq lr.ekSug iy WIaK;ajh jeä ùu j,lajd
.ekSug yels fõ'

• >¾IKh wvq lr.kakd l%u

• iam¾Y mDIaGj, r¿ nj wvq lr .ekSu fyj;a mDIaG iqug lsÍu'
• iam¾Y mDIaG fol w;r ñksrka" ,sysis f;,a" .%Sia jeks ,sysis øjH fh§u
• .efgk mDIaG fol w;r frda,a úh yels wdldrhg fnda, fh§u' fufia fnda,
fh§fuka .efgk mDIaG tlsfkl we;s,a,Su j<lshs' fkdfhla hka;%j, iy
jdykj, N%uKh jk fldgia N%uKh fkdjk wlaI o`vqj,g iúlsÍfï §
Ndú; jk fnda, fnhdßï (ball bearings) idod we;af;a fï wdldrhg h'
fnhdßï j¾. lsysmhla 5'6 rEmfha fmkajd we;'

103
fN!;sl úoHdj >¾IKh

5'6 rEmh - fíhdßï j¾. lsysmhla

• >¾IK n,fhka we;s m%fhdack

by; wjia:dj, § wms idlÉPd lf<a >¾IKfha ydkslr wjia:d yd tA i|yd fhdokq
,nk ms<shï fõ' tfy;a we;eï úg >¾IKh wmg m%fhdackj;a jk wjia:d o we;'
WodyrK lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
• mDIaGhla u; wmg weúo f.k hd yelafla tu mDIaGh u.ska wmf.a m;=,a u;
>¾IK n,hla we;s lr ,siaid hdu j,lajk ksid h' f;;a jQ fmdf<djl
fyda f;,a jeks fohla jegqKq fmdf<djl weúÈk úg ,siaid jefgkakg
hkafka >¾IKh wvq ksid h'
• fudag¾ r:hl ghrj, 5'7 rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg lÜg lmd ;sfnkafka
frdaofha mDIaGh;a ìu;a w;r >¾IKh jeä lr,Su i|yd h' m%udKj;a ;rï
>¾IKh fkdue;s kï fudag¾ r: ,sii a d f.dia wk;=re isÿúh yels h' uv
fyda je,s iys; ia:dkj, § iuyr wjia:dj, frdao tl ;ek lrlefjkafka
o frdaoh bÈßhg hdug m%udKj;a ;rï >¾IKh fkdue;s ksid h' f;;
ud¾.j, r:jdyk Odjkfha § ghrh yd ud¾.h w;r we;s c, ;Ügqj ksid
mDIaG fol w;r >¾IKh wvq ù jdyk ,sii a d hEug fm<fò' ghrj, lÜg
lmd we;af;a ghrhg háka we;s c,hg thska bj;a ùug bv ie,iSug h'
tu.ska jdykh c,h u; ,sii a d hEu wju flf¾'
104
>¾IKh fN!;sl úoHdj

5'7 rEmh - >¾IKh jeä lr,Sug gh¾j, lÜg lmd we;s wdldrh

• lU idod.kafka fldyq fl¢ tlg weUÍfuks' lUhg úYd, n,hla fhÿj
o tys we;s fl¢ fjka fkdjkafka tajd w;r mj;sk >¾IKh fya;=fjks'
fldyq ,Kqjl .eiQ .eghlg jvd khsf,daka ,Kqfõ .eiQ .egh myiqfjka
,sysh yels h' Bg fya;=j fldyq ,Kqfõ ;ka;= w;r l%shd;aul jk >¾IK
n,h khsf,daka ;ka;= w;r l%shd;aul jk >¾IK n,hg jvd jeä ùu hs'
• ;sßx. fhdod jdykhla k;r lr .; yelafla >¾IKh ksid h' nhsisl,hl
;sßx. l%shdlrkafka rn¾j,ska idod we;s ;sßx. m¨ (break pads) 5'8 rEmfha
fmkajd we;s wdldrhg frdaofha we;s f,day j<,a, (rim) iu`. ;o ùug
ie,eiaùu u.sks' frdaofha mDIaGh iy rn¾ mDIaGh tlsfkl ;ojQ úg tu
mDIaG w;r >¾IK n,h jeä ùu ksid nhsisl,h kj;shs'

5'8 rEmh - mdmeÈhl ;sßx. moaO;sh

• kùk fudag¾ r:j, ;sßx. i|yd Ndú;d lrkafka ;eá frdaOl kï l%uhlss'
fuys § frdaohg iú ù we;s ;eáhla 5'9 rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg ;sßx.
m¨ u.ska ysr lsÍfuka yg.kakd >¾IK n,h frdaoh lrleùu keje;aùug
Wmfhda.S lr.efk hs'

105
fN!;sl úoHdj >¾IKh

msiagkh

frdaoh fuhg
iú ù we; ;sßx. m¨

;eáh

5'9 rEmh - fudag¾ r:hl ;sßx. moaO;sh

ñY% wNHdih
^1& ^i& >¾IKh hkq l=ula oe hs fláfhka y÷kajkak'
^ii& iaÓ;sl >¾IKh hkq l=ula oe hs fláfhka myokak'
^iii& iSudldÍ >¾IKh hkq l=ula oe hs fláfhka myokak'
^iv& .;sl >¾IKh hkq ljr wjia:dfõ l%shd;aul jk >¾IK n,h o@
^v& iSudldÍ >¾IKh flfrys n,mdk m%Odk idOl fol l=ula o@
^vi& >¾IKh flfrys n, fkdmdk idOlhla i|yka lrkak'
^2& ^i& >¾IKfha ys;lr n,mEï folla ,shkak.
^ii& >¾IKfha wys;lr n,mEï folla ,shkak.
^iii& j¾Id Èkj, lÜgd f.jqKq gh¾ iys; jdyk meoùu wk;=re odhl h'
ta uka o@
^iv& >¾IKh wvq lsÍug fhdod .kakd l%u folla ,shkak.

106
>¾IKh fN!;sl úoHdj

mdßNdIsl jpk
>¾IKh - Friction
iaÓ;sl >¾IKh - Static friction
iSudldÍ >¾IKh - Limiting friction
.;sl >¾IKh - Dynamic friction
nr - Weight
wNs,ïn m%;sl%shd n,h - Normal Reaction force

107
Ôj úoHdj Ydl yd i;a;aj ffi,j, jHqyh yd lD;H

06
Ôj úoHdj
Ydl yd i;a;aj ffi,j,
jHqyh yd lD;H

6'1 Ôjfha uQ,sl ;ekqï tallh

1665 § frdnÜ yqla (Robert Hooke) Tyq úiska ks¾udKh l< wKaùlaIh Ndú;fhka
lsr, wenhl fþohla ksÍlaIKh lrk ,§' tys ó johl fuka l=àr iuQyhla we;s
nj fidhd.;a Tyq tu l=àr" ffi, ^cells& f,i kï lrk ,§'

6'1 rEmh - ¡ frdnÜ yqla" Tyq Ndú; l< wKaùlaIh iy lsr, wenfha ffi,

úúO Ôù fldgia wKaùlaIh ;=<ska ksÍlaIKh lr ,nd.;a wkdjrK mokï lrf.k

1838 § Ya,hsvka ^Schleiden&" Yajdka ^Schwann& iy /fvd,a*a j¾fldõ (Radolf
Virchow) úiska ffi, ms<sn| oelajQ woyia ffi, jdoh kñka bÈßm;a lrk ,§'
ffi, jdofhka my; ±lafjk lreKq lshfõ'
• Ôjfha jHqyuh fuka u lD;Huh tallh ffi,hhs'
• ish¨ u Ôùka iE§ we;af;a tl ffi,hlska fyda ffi,j,sks'
• kj ffi, we;s jkafka l,ska mej;s ffi,j,sks'

6'2 ffi,h ms<sn| ixl,amh

Ôjfha ffi, ixúOdk uÜgï ie,l+ úg Ôù foay f.dv ke.S we;s ^jHqyuh& l=vdu
tallh ffi,h fõ'
;ks ffi,hlska iE§ we;s Ôùka tal ffi,sl Ôùka f,i o ffi, rdYshlska iE§
we;s Ôùka nyq ffi,sl Ôùka f,i o ye¢kafõ' ffi, u.ska Ôù foayfha úúO
ld¾h bgq lrkq ,nhs'

108
Ydl yd i;a;aj ffi,j, jHqyh yd lD;H Ôj úoHdj

ksoiqka - ñksidf.a Tlaiscka mßjykh i|yd r;= reêrdKq ffi, msysàu'

wdfõ. ikakhkh i|yd iakdhq ffi, msysàu'
fï wkqj lsishï ld¾hhla ^lD;Hhla& bgq lsÍug yev .eiqKq l=vd u ffcùh
tallh ffi,h fõ' Ôjfha jHqyuh tallh fuka u lD;Huh tallh o ffi,h
nj fï wkqj meyeÈ,s fõ'
ffi, yevfhka" m%udKfhka yd l%shdldß;ajfhka úúO fõ' úfYaI wjia:d lsysmhla
yereKq úg idudkHfhka ffi, mshú weig fkdfmfka' tu ksid tajd wdf,dal
wKaùlaIh hgf;a ksÍlaIKh l< hq;= h'

6'3 ffi,j, jHqyh

i;a;aj ffi, yd Ydl ffi,j, jHqyh wOHhkh i|yd my; ±lafjk 1 yd 2
l%shdldrlïj, ksr; fjuq'
i;a;aj ffi, i|yd ksoiqkla jYfhka myiqfjka ,nd.; yels ffi, kso¾Ylhla
f,i fldmq,a ffi, o Ydl ffi, i|yd kso¾Ylhla f,i Ækq isúfha ffi, o
wKaùlaIfhka ksÍlaIKh lruq'

l%shdldrlu -01
i;a;aj ffi, wOHhkh lsÍu ^fldmq,a ffi,&
wjYH øjH ( fldmq,a ffi, ksheÈhla" ùÿre lodjla" jeiqï fm;a;la" wdf,dal
wKaùlaIhla" c,h iaj,amhla
l%uh (
uqLh fidaod fhda.Ü yekaola jeks fohlska lïuqf,a we;=¿ me;a; mßiaifuka
iQrd fldmq,a ffi, ksheÈhla ,nd .kak' msßisÿ ùÿre lodjla f.k tA u; c,
ìkaÿjla ;nd ta u; fldmq,a ffi, ksheÈh ;nkak' jdhq nqnq¿ we;=¿ fkdjk
fia jeiqï fm;a;lska jid wdf,dal wKaùlaIfhka ksÍlaIKh lrkak'

j¾K .ekajQ fldmq,a ffi,

wdf,dal wKaùlaIfhka
fmfkk wdldrh
6'2 (a) rEmh 6'2 (b) rEmh

109
Ôj úoHdj Ydl yd i;a;aj ffi,j, jHqyh yd lD;H

l%shdldrlu - 02
Ydl ffi, wOHhkh lsÍu ^Ækq isúhl ffi,&
wjYH øjH ( Ækq isúhla" wKaùlaIhla" ùÿre lodjla" Trf,daiq ;eáhla"
mskai,la" jeiqï fm;a;la" c,h iaj,amhla
l%uh ( Ækq f.ähla lmd rEm igyfka ±lafjk wdldrhg tys we;=<;ska udxi,
lene,a,la ,nd.kak' tys we;=¿ mDIaGfhka fyda msg; mDIaGfhka isúhla bj;a
lr.kak tu isúh c,h iys; Trf,daiq ;eáhlg oukak' ùÿre lodjla f.k
ta u; c, ìkaÿjla ;nd mskai,hla wdOdrfhka Ækq isúh ùÿre lodj u; jQ
c, ìkaÿj u; ;nkak' Ækq isúh u; ;enq jeiqï fm;a; jdhq nqnq¿ we;=¿
fkdjk fia mßiaifuka my;a lr wKaùlaIfhka ksÍlaIKh lrkak'

1 2

3 4
j¾K .ekajQ Ækq isúfha ffi, wdf,dal
wKaùlaIfhka fmfkk wdldrh
6'3 (a) rEmh 6'3 (b) rEmh

• o¾YSh ffi,h
ffi, ;=< wvx.= úúO lD;H bgq lrk b;d l=vd jHqy bkaøshsld f,i ye¢kafõ'
tu ffi,h bgq lrk lD;H wkqj mj;sk bkaøshsld j¾. yd ixLHdj fjkia fõ'
ffi,hl ;sìh hq;= ish¨ u bkaøshsld wvx.= jk fia ks¾udKh lrk ,o ffi,h"
o¾YSh ffi,hla f,i ye¢kafõ' Ôj f,dalfha tjeks ffi,hla fkdmj;S' tfy;a
o¾YSsh ffi,fha wvx.= bkaøshsld lsishï m%udKhla fyda wvx.= úúO ffi," Ôùka
;=< ±lsh yels h'
ffi, mg,h kHIaáh ffi, ma,diauh

kHIaáh
ßla;lh

ffi, ì;a;s
ffi,
ma,diauh
6'4 rEmh -¡ i;a;aj ffi, 6'5 rEmh -¡ Ydl ffi,
^wdf,dal wKaùlaIfhka fmfkk whqre&

110
Ydl yd i;a;aj ffi,j, jHqyh yd lD;H Ôj úoHdj

iEu i;a;aj ffi,hla u wdjrKh ù mj;skafka ma,diau mg,h fyj;a ffi,

mg,fhks' th iÔù w¾O mdr.uH fuka u jrK mdr.uH mg,hls' i;a;aj
ffi,j, kHIaáh ffi, ma,diauh ;=< flakaø.; j msysghs' ffi, ma,diauh
c,a,suh øjHhls'
Ydl ffi,j, ndysr wdjrKh ffi, ì;a;shhs' ffi, ì;a;sh fi,shqf,daiaj,ska
iE§ we;' ffi, ì;a;shg we;=<;ska ma,diau mg,h fyj;a ffi, mg,h msysgd
we;' Ydl ffi,j, ffi, uOHfha úYd, ßla;lhls' idudkHfhka i;a;aj ffi,
;=< tjeks úYd, ßla;l ±lsh fkdyels h'
Ydl ffi,j, fuka u i;a;aj ffi,j, o ffi, ma,diauh ;=< úúOdldr lD;H
bgq lrk fkdfhl=;a bkaøshsld we;'
fuu bkaøshsld fndfyduhla wdf,dal wKaùlaIfhka ksÍlaIKh l< fkdyels
neúka ta i|yd bf,lafg%dak wKaùlaIh Ndú; l< hq;= h'
ffi, bf,lafg%dak wKaaùlaIfhka ksÍlaIKh lsÍfuka ,nd.kakd f;dr;=re
mokï lr.ksñka ks¾udKh lrk ,o o¾YSh Ydl ffi,hl yd i;a;aj ffi,hl
rEmigyka my; ±lafõ'

rhsfndfidau
r¿ wka;(ma,diaóh cd,sld
kHIaá mg,h
kHIaáh kHIaáldj

yß;,jh

ffi, ì;a;sh

uhsfgdfldkaä%hu
ma,diau mg,h
ffi, hqIh
ßla;lh
;dkma,diagh
ffi, ma,diauh

f.d,a.s ixlS¾Kh

6'6 rEmh -¡ bf,lafg%dak wKaùlaISh f;dr;=re mokï lr" ks¾udKh lrk ,o o¾YSh Ydl ffi,h

111
Ôj úoHdj Ydl yd i;a;aj ffi,j, jHqyh yd lD;H

isks`ÿ wka;(ma,diaóh cd,sld

ffi, ma,diauh

rhsfndfidau
f.d,a.s ixlS¾Kh
flakaø foayh
ma,diau mg,h

kHIaáldj kHIaáh
kHIaá mg,h
r¿ wka;(ma,diaóh cd,sld

uhsfgdfldkaä%hu

6'7 rEmh -¡ bf,lafg%dak wKaùlaISh f;dr;=re mokï lr" ks¾udKh lrk ,o o¾YSh i;a;aj ffi,h

i;a;aj yd Ydl ffi,j, jHqyh ie,l+ úg tajd w;r iudklï fuka u úúO
fjkialï o we;' i;a;aj yd Ydl ffi, w;r m%Odk fjkialï 6'1 j.=fõ ±lafõ'
j.=j 6'1 -¡ i;a;aj ffi, yd Ydl ffi, w;r m%Odk fjkialï

i;a;aj ffi,h Ydl ffi,h

y ffi, ì;a;shla ke;' y ffi, ì;a;shla we;'
y ffi, ;=< jeä wjldYhla y ffi, ma,diauh ffi,fha
.kafka ffi, ma,diauhhs' m¾hka;hg ;,a¨ ù mj;S'
y úYd, ßla;l ke;' ^iuyr úfgl y úYd, uOH ßla;lhla fyda ßla;l
;djld,sl b;d u l=vd ßla;l lsysmhla ;sìh yels h'
lsysmhla ;sìh yels h'&
² yß;,j ke;' y fndfyda úg yß;,j we;'

6'4 ffi, bkaøshsld yd jHqy

ffi,hla ;=< mj;sk iEu jHqyhla u Bg iqúfYaIs jQ lD;Hhla bgq lrhs' tkï
ffi,h ;=< Y%u úNckhla fmkakqï lrhs'
112
Ydl yd i;a;aj ffi,j, jHqyh yd lD;H Ôj úoHdj

• ffi, ì;a;sh (Cell wall)

Ydl ffi,j, ndysr wdjrKh ffi, ì;a;shhs' ffi,
ì;a;sh wÔù h' ffi, ì;a;sh iE§ we;s m%Odk ix>glh
fi,shqf,daia h' ffi, ì;a;sfha m%Odk lD;H jkqfha
ffi,fha yevh mj;ajd .ekSu" ikaOdrKh yd
wdrlaIdjhs'
6'8 rEmh

• ma,diau mg,h (Plasma membrane)

Ydl ffi,j, ffi, ì;a;shg we;=<;ska ma,diau mg,h
msysghs' i;a;aj ffi,j, wdjrKh idokafka ma,diau mg,h
u.sks' ma,diau mg,h iE§ we;af;a m%Odk jYfhka
fmdiafmd,smsv yd fm%daàkaj,sks' th w¾O mdr.uH mg,hls'
ma,diau mg,fha m%Odk lD;H jkafka" ffi, wdjrKhla
f,i l%shd lsÍu iy c,h" whk yd iuyr wKqj,g ffi,h
;=<g we;=¿ ùug iy msgùug bv §uhs' tkï ffi, ;=<g
6'9 rEmh øjH we;=¿ ùu yd ffi,j,ska øjH bj;a lsÍu md,kh
lsÍuhs' ma,diau mg,h" ffi, mg,h f,i o ye¢kafõ'
• ffi, ma,diauh (Cytoplasm)
ffi, bkaøshsld yereKq úg ffi,h ;=< wvx.= c,a,suh ;r,uh fldgi ffi,
ma,diauh f,i y÷kajhs' tys wldnksl fuka u ldnksl øjH wvx.= fõ'
ffi,hg yevhla ,nd §u" ffi, bkaøshsld ±Íu yd úúO mßjD;a;sh l%shd isÿlsÍu
ffi, ma,diaufha lD;H fõ'
ffi, ;=< ffi, ma,diaufha .s,S we;s jHqyj,g ffi, bkaøshsld hehs Ndú;
flf¾' we;eï bkaøshsld ffi, mg,j,ska jg ù we;'
ksoiqka - uhsfgdfldkaä%hd" kHIaáh" wka;#ma,diañh cd,sld yd f.d,a.sfoayh
• kHIaáh (Nucleus)
kHIaáh" ffi,hl mj;sk m%Odk bkaøshsldjhs' th
kHIaá mg,fhka wdjrKh fõ' kHIaáh ;=< kHIaáldj
yd fl%dueáka øjH wvx.= fõ' ffi, úNdckfha § fuu
fl%dueáka øjH j¾Kfoay f,i Èiafõ' j¾Kfoay u.ska
m%fõKsl øjH .nvd lsÍu;a" mrïmrdfjka mrïmrdjg
wdfõKsl ,laIK Wreulr §u;a isÿ fõ' Ôù úfYaIhl
mj;sk j¾Kfoay ixLHdj tu úfYaIhg wdfõKsl fõ'
6'10 rEmh
ksoiqka ( ñksidf.a foay ffi, ;=< j¾Kfoay 46 la we;' f.ïndf.a foay ffi,
;=< j¾Kfoay 26la we;' ù Ydlfha foay ffi, ;=< j¾Kfoay 24 la we;'
kHIaáfha m%Odk lD;H jkafka ffi,fha Ôj l%shd md,kh lsÍuhs'

113
Ôj úoHdj Ydl yd i;a;aj ffi,j, jHqyh yd lD;H

• uhsfgdfldkaä%hu (Mitochondrion)
uhsfgdfldkaä%hu wKavdldr fyda oKavdldr yeve;s
mg,uh ffi, bkaøshsldjls' uhsfgdfldkaä%hd ;=< iajdhq
Yajik m%;sl%shd isÿ ù Yla;sh ksoyia lrk neúka ffi,
;=< mj;sk cjfmd<j,a ^power plants& kñka ye¢kafõ'
uhsfgdfldkaä%hu ;=< ksmojk Yla;sh ffi,h ;=< isÿ
6'11 rEmh jk mßjD;a;Sh m%;sl%shd i|yd fhdod .kS'

• f.d,a.s ixlS¾Kh (Golgi Complex)

tl u; tl msysá mg,hlska udhsï jQ me;,s ;eá rdYshla
f,i ms<sfh, jQ f.d,a.s foay iy wjg msysá i%dùh wdYhsld
iuqyhlska f.d,a.S ixlS¾Kh iukaú; fõ'
f.d,a.s foayj, lD;H jkafka i%dùh øjH ksmoùu yd
wiqrd ;eîu;a i%dùh lD;Hh;a h'
6'12 rEmh

• rhsfndfidau (Ribosome)
rhsfndfidau hkq mg, fkdork b;d l=vd ffi, bkaøshsldjls'
fuh Wm tall follska iE§ we;' tlla úYd, Wm tallhla jk
w;r wfkl l=vd Wm tallh fõ' rhsfndfidau ffi, ma,diaufha
ksoyia f,i yd r¿ wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sldjg iïnkaO ù mj;S'
rhsfndfidauj, lD;H jkafka fm%daàka ixYaf,aIKh lsÍu i|yd
ia:dk iemhSuhs'
6'13 rEmh

• wka;#ma,diañh cd,sld (Endoplasmic Reticulum)

wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sld ffi, ma,diauh ;=< wvx.= me;,s fyda kd<dldr fyda
uäj,ska hqla; wka;¾ mg, moaO;s cd,hls'
wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sld wdldr folls' tkï r¿ wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sld yd isks÷
wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sld f,i h'
r¿ wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sld (Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum)
r¿ wka;#ma,diaóh r¿ wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sld mDIaGhg iïnkaO
cd,sld rhsfndfidau ksid r¿ neúka hqla; fõ' fïjdfha
lD;H jkqfha fm%daàka mßjykh lsÍuhs'
isks÷ wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sld (Smooth
Endoplasmic Reticulum)
rhsfndfidau
fïjd rhsfndfidau rys; kd,dldr uä cd,hls'
isks÷ wka;#ma,diaóh isks`ÿ wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sld u.ska ,smsv yd
cd,sld
6'14 - rEmh iafgfrdhsv ksmojd mßjykh lrhs'
114
Ydl yd i;a;aj ffi,j, jHqyh yd lD;H Ôj úoHdj

• ßla;lh (Vacuole)
ßla;lh hkq Ydl ffi,j, mj;sk mg,hlska jg jQ
;r,hlska msreKq úYd, bkaøshsldjla fõ' ßla;lfha mg,h
ßla;l mg,h fyj;a ;dkma,diagh f,i y÷kajhs'
ßla;lfha jQ ;r,h ffi, hqIh f,i y÷kajhs' tys c,h"
iSks" fkdfhl=;a j¾.j, whk yd j¾Kl øjH .nvd lrhs'
i;a;aj ffi,j, idudkHfhka ßla;l olakg fkd,efnk
w;r iuyr úg l=vd ßla;l ;sìh yels h' tal ffi,sl
Ôùkaf.a ixfldapl ßla;l olakg ,efí' ffi,j, c,
;=,H;dj mj;ajd .ekSu" ikaOdrKh mj;ajd .ekSu yd
6'15 rEmh j¾Kl u.ska ffi,j,g j¾Kh ,nd§u ßla;lfha lD;H fõ'

l%shdldrlu - 03
wjYH øjH ( iaÓr lod" wdf,dal wKaùlaIhla" ffi, bkaøsldj, bf,lafg%dak
wKaùlaISh PdhdrEm
l%uh (
y Tfí úoHd .=re;=udf.a iydh we;sj úoHd.drfha we;s iaÓr lod wdf,dal
wKaùlaIfhka ksÍlaIKh lrñka ffi, yd ffi, bkaøshsld y÷kd.kak'
y bf,lafg%dak wKaùlaIsh PdhdrEm u.ska ffi, bkaøhsldj, iajNdjh
wjfndaO lr .kak'

6'5 ffi, j¾Okh (Cell Growth) yd ffi, úNdckh (Cell

Division)
• ffi, j¾Okh
mßK; fkdjQ ffi,h

Ôùkaf.a uQ,sl ,laIKhla f,i j¾Okh ie,lsh yels h'

ffi, j¾Okh hkq ffi,hl m%udKh fyda úh<s nr
j¾Okh
^ialkaOh& wm%;sj¾;H f,i jeä ùuhs' tfy;a ;ks
ffi,hlg j¾Okh úh yels Wmßu iSudjla ;sfí' bka
Tíng ffi, j¾Okh isÿ fkdjk w;r j¾Okh jQ ffi,
bkamiq úNdckh fõ'
mßK; ffi,h
6'16 rEmh

115
Ôj úoHdj Ydl yd i;a;aj ffi,j, jHqyh yd lD;H

• ffi, úNdckh
ffi,j,g j¾Okh ùug fuka u .=Kkh ùug o yelshdj we;' ta wkqj tla
ffi,hlg ffi, folla" y;rla" wgla wd§ f,i .=Kkh úh yels h' ffi,
.=Kkh ùfuka kj ffi, we;s fõ' ffi, .=Kkh jkqfha ffi, úNdckfhks'
ffi, úNdckh hkq kj ffi, iEfok mßÈ hï ffi,hl isÿ jk ffi,Sh øjH
fn§fï l%shdj,sh hs'
i;H kHIaál ffi,hl ffi, úNdckh iïmQ¾K ùu i|yd m<uq j kHIaáh
úNdckh isÿ úh hq;= w;r wk;=re j ffi, ma,diauh úNdckh úh hq;= h'
mrïmrdfjka mrïmrdjg wdfõKsl ,laIK Wreu lr fok m%fõKsl øjH wvx.=
jkqfha j¾Kfoay ;=<hs' kHIaál úNdckhg fmr kHIaáh ;=< we;s j¾Kfoay my;
±lafjk rEmfha mßÈ meyeÈ,s f,i Èiaùug mgka .efka'

isyska kQ,a jeks ffi, ma,diauh

j¾Kfoay
kHIaáh
kHIaáldj j¾Kfoayh
j¾KfoaydxYj,g fjka
ù we;s wjia:dj
úNdckhg fmr ffi,hl úNdckh jkakg mgka .;a
kHIaáfha j¾Kfoay Èiajk ffi,hl j¾Kfoay Èiajk
wdldrh wdldrh
6'17 rEmh

hï Ôù úfYaIhla i|yd idudkH ffoysl ffi,hl j¾Kfoay ixLHdj ksh;hls'

fuh tu úfYaIhg wfõKsl fõ'
ksoiqk: ñksidf.a foay ffi,hl j¾Kfoay 46 la wvx.= fõ' fuh tlu m%fõKsl
f;dr;=re ork j¾Kfoay jYfhka hq.,a 23 lska iukaú; fõ'
iudk m%fõKsl f;dr;=re ork j¾Kfoay hq.,la iucd;Sh j¾Kfoay hq.,la f,i
ye¢kafõ' fuu iucd;S j¾Kfoay hq.,fhka tla j¾Kfoayhla ujf.ka o" wfkla
j¾K foayh mshdf.ka o jYfhka cks;hdg Wreu fõ' fï wkqj orejdg mshdf.ka
,efnk j¾Kfoay 23la o ^n) " ujf.ka ,efnk j¾Kfoay 23la o ^n) f,i j¾Kfoay
46la ^2n) Wreu fõ'
ffi, úNdckh isÿjk m%Odk l%u folls'
• wkQkk úNdckh
• W!kk úNdckh
116
Ydl yd i;a;aj ffi,j, jHqyh yd lD;H Ôj úoHdj

wkQkk úNdckh

2n
ffi, kHIaáhl mj;sk j¾Kfoay ixLHdj
ksh;j ;nd .ksñka ffi, ixLHdj jeälr .ekSu
wkQkk úNdckh f,i y÷kajhs' wkQkk
2n úNdckfha § ud;D ffi,fha j¾Kfoay ixLHdjg u
iudk j¾Kfoay ixLHdjla ÿys;D ffi,hg
,efnk w;r i¾j iu ffi, folla we;s fõ'
2n
6'18 rEmh

wkQkk úNdckfha jeo.;alu

• nyq ffi,sl Ôùkaf.a foay j¾Okh i|yd jeo.;a fõ'
• w,sx.sl m%ckk l%uhla f,i ie,fla'
• ;=jd, iqj ùu iy uereKq ffi, fjkqjg kj ffi, ,nd §u'

W!kk úNdckh

2n

úNdckh 1
2n

úNdckh 2
n
6'19 rEmh

j¾Kfoay ixLHdj wvla njg m;a lrk úNdckh W!kk úNdckh f,i y÷kajhs'
,sx.sl m%ckkfha § isÿjk ud;D yd mS;D ckaudKq ixfhdackfhka miq Ôù úfYaIhl
j¾Kfoay ixLHdj mrïmrdfjka mrïmrdjg ksh; j mj;ajd .; hq;=hs' fï i|yd
ckaudKq ffi, iE§fï § j¾Kfoay ixLHdj yß wvla njg m;a lr.; hq;= h' tkï
ffi,hl j¾Kfoay ixLHdj n ixLHdjla njg m;alr.; hq;=hs' tu ksid Wiia
Ôùkaf.a ckaudKq we;sùfï § W!kk úNdckh isÿ fõ'

117
Ôj úoHdj Ydl yd i;a;aj ffi,j, jHqyh yd lD;H

tkï Y=l%dKq yd äïnj, we;af;a j¾Kfoay hq.,hlska tlla ne.ska mu‚' (2n n)
ckaudKq ixfiapkh ù hqla;dKqj iEfok úg j¾Kfoay kej; tl;= ù tkï
n+n 2n njg m;a fõ'
W!kk úNdckh mshjr follska isÿ jk w;r tys § m<uq j W!kk úNdckhl=;a
miqj wkQkk úNdckhl=;a isÿ fõ'
W!kk úNdckfha § j¾Kfoayj, jHqyuh fjkialï isÿ jk ksid Ôùkaf.a m%fNaok
fyj;a kj ,laIK yg.kS' fuh ffcj mßKdufha § b;d jeo.;a ixisoaêhls'
W!kk úNdckfha jeo.;alu
• mrïmrdfjka mrïmrdjg j¾Kfoay ixLHdj ksh;j mj;ajd .ekSu'
• j¾Kfoayj, we;sjk fjkiaùï fyj;a m%fNaok yg.kakd ksid
mßKdufha § jeo.;a ùu'

W!kk yd wkQkk úNdckfha fjkialï 6'2 j.=fjys olajd we;'

j.=j 6'2 -¡ W!kk yd wkqkk úNdckfha fjkialï

W!kk úNdckh wkQkk úNdckh

úNdckh tla wjia:djlska muKla
1' úNdck wjia:d follska iukaú; h'
iukaú;h'
tal.=K fuka u oaú.=K ffi,j,o isÿ
2' oaú.=K ffi,j, muKla isÿ fõ'
fõ'
3' m%fNaok yg .kS' tkï j¾Kfoayj, m%fNaok yg fkd.kS' j¾Kfoayj,
fjkialï we;s fõ' fjkialï b;d úr,hs'
4' úNdckh wjidkfha ÿys;D ffi,
ÿys;D ffi, folla iEfoa'
y;rla iEfoa'

5' ud;D ffi,fha j¾Kfoay ÿys;D ffi,j, j¾Kfoay ixLHdj

ixLHdfjka wvla ÿys;D ffi,hg ud;D ffi,fha j¾Kfoay ixLHdjg
,efí' iudk fõ'
6' ÿys;D ffi, ud;D ffi,hg iudk ÿys;D ffi, ud;D ffi,hg iEu
fkdfõ' w;skau iudk fõ'

118
Ydl yd i;a;aj ffi,j, jHqyh yd lD;H Ôj úoHdj

119
Ôj úoHdj Ydl yd i;a;aj ffi,j, jHqyh yd lD;H

wNHdih
1' 1'1 Ydl ffi,hl yd i;a;aj ffi,hl f¾Çh rEm igyka my; oelafõ'
tu rEm igyka we| tys A, B, C, D, E, '''''''' fldgia y÷kd .kak'

A
A
B
C B
D
C

E
D
E
F
G
H F

I
J G

J
L

1'2 Ydl ffi,hla i;a;aj ffi,hlska fjka lr y÷kd .; yels ,laIK

fudkjd o@
1'3 my; ±lafjk bkaøshsldj, lD;H i|yka lrkak'
1' uhsfgdfldkaä%hd 2' f.d,a.s ixlS¾Kh
3' r¿ wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sld 4' ßla;lh
2' W!kk úNdckfha jeo.;alu ms<sn`o j fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'

mdßNdIsl jpk
o¾Ysh ffi,h - Typical cell
bkaøhsldj - Organelle
j¾K foay ixLHdj - Chromosomal number
ffi, úNdckh - Cell division
wkqkk úNdckh - Mitosis
W!kk úNdckh - Meiosis

120
uq,øjH yd ixfhda. m%udKkh ridhk úoHdj

07
ridhk úoHdj
uQ,øjH yd ixfhda.
m%udKkh

7'1 idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOh (Relative atomic mass)

mejreu - 7-¡1
my; i|yka øjHj, ialkaOh uekSug iqÿiq tall ms<sn| j Tfí mka;sfha
isiqka yd .=re;=ud $ ;=ñh iu. idlÉPd lrkak'
� fudg¾ r:hla � mdka f.ähla � ldnka vfhdlaihsâ wKqjla
� .fvd,a leghla � fnfy;a fm;a;la � yS,shï mrudKqjla

fudag¾ r:h" .fvd,a legh" mdka f.äh" iSks f;a yekao" fnfy;a fm;a; jeks
øjHj, ialkaOh uekSu i`oyd lsf,da.a?ï" .a?ï" ñ,s.a?ï jeks tall Ndú; l<yels
h' tfy;a ldnka vfhdlaihsâ wKqj" yS,shï mrudKqj jeks b;du;a l=vd wxY=j,
ialkaOh lsf,da.a?ï" .a?ï jeks tallj,ska m%ldY l< úg ,efnkqfha w;sYh l=vd
w.hls' mrudKq yd whkj, ialkaOh m%ldY lsÍu i|yd l=vd;u ialkaO tallh
jk wfgda.a?ï (ag) mjd úYd, jeä h'
1 ag = 10-18 g
ksoiqkla f,i ie,l=j fyd;a ieye,a¨ u uQ,øjHhjk yhsârcka (H) mrudKqjl
ialkaOh 1.674 x 10-24 g ls' tkï 0.000000000000000000000001674 g fõ' ;j;a
mrudKq lsysmhl ialkaO my; ±lafõ'
ldnka (C) mrudKqjl ialkaOh = 1.993 x 10-23 g
fidaähï (Na) mrudKqjl ialkaOh = 3.819 x 10-23 g
laf,daÍka (Cl) mrudKqjl ialkaOh = 5.903 x 10-23 g
fmdgEishï (K) mrudKqjl ialkaOh = 6.476 x 10-23 g
.Kkh lsÍïj, § fujeks b;d l=vd w.hka fhdod.ekSu ÿIalr lghq;a;ls'
t neúka f;dard.;a hï mrudKqjl ialkaOh ialkaO tallhla f,i i,ld Bg
idfmalaI j wfkl=;a mrudKqj, ialkaOh m%ldY lrk ,§' tfia m%ldY lrk
ialkaOh idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOh f,i ye`Èkafõ' idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOh
hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha uQ,øjH mrudKqjl ienE ialkaOh fkd fõ' w;S;fha §
mrudKql ialkaO tall ialkaOh f,i ieye,a¨ u uQ,øjH mrudKqj jk yhsârcka
mrudKqjl ialkaOh Ndú; lrk ,È'

121
ridhk úoHdj uq,øjH yd ixfhda. m%udKkh

• mrudKql ialkaO tallh

mrudKqj, ialkaOh m%ldY lrkqfha hulg idfmalaIj o" th mrudKql ialkaO
tallh f,i ye`Èkafõ'
12
j¾;udkfha mrudKql ialkaO tallh f,i Ndú; lrkqfha C iuia:dkslfha
6
mrudKqjl ialkaOfhka 1/12 ls'
12
6C iuia:dkslfha mrudKqjl ialkaOh
mrudKql ialkaO tallh =
12
-23
1.99× 10 g
=
12
-24
= 1.66 × 10 g
12
uQ,øjH mrudKqjl ialkaOh 6C iuia:dkslfha mrudKqjl ialkaOfhka 1/12 fuka
lS jdrhla fõo hkak tu uQ,øjHfha idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOh kï fõ'
uQ,øjH mrudKqjl ialkaOh
idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOh (Ar) = 1
« 12 C mrudKqjl ialkaOh
12 6
ksoiqkla f,i ie,l=j fyd;a Tlaiscka (O) mrudKqjl ienE ialkaOh 2.66 x 10-23
g fõ'
ldnka mrudKqjl ienE ialkaOh 1.99 x 10-23 g fõ' fï wkqj Tlaiisckaj,
idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOh my; wdldrhg fiúh yels h'
Tlaiscka mrudKqjl ialkaOh
Tlaiscka ^O& ys idfmaCI mrudKql ialkaOh = 1
« 12
6 C mrudKqjl ialkaOh
12

2.66 × 10-23g
= 1 -23
×1.99 × 10 g
12
= 16.02
by; .Kkh lsÍïj,g wkqj idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOhg tallhla fkdue;s
nj Tng meyeÈ,s jkq we;'

122
uq,øjH yd ixfhda. m%udKkh ridhk úoHdj

• uQ,øjH lsysmhl idfmaCI mrudKql ialkaO

idfmaCI mrudKql
mrudKql l%udxlh uQ,øjHh ixfla;h
ialkaOh
1 yhsârcka H 1
2 yS,shï He 4
3 ,s;shï Li 7
4 fnß,shï Be 9
5 fndafrdaka B 11
6 ldnka C 12
7 khsÜrcka N 14
8 Tlaiscka O 16
9 *a¨fjdÍka F 19
10 ksfhdaka Ne 20
11 fidaähï Na 23
12 ue.akSishï Mg 24
13 we¨ñkshï Al 27
14 is,slka Si 28
15 fmdiamria P 31
16 i,a*¾ S 32
17 laf,dÍka Cl 35.5
18 wd.ka Ar 40
19 fmdgEishï K 39
20 le,aishï Ca 40

úi`¥ wNHdi
12
1' fmdgEishï (K) mrudKqjl ialkaOh 6.476 x 10-23 g jk w;r 6 C
mrudKqjl ialkaOh 1.99 x 10-23 g fõ' fmdgEishïj, idfmAlaI mrudKql
ialkaOh fidhkak'
fmdgEishïj, idfmalaI fmdgEishï mrudKqjl ialkaOh
= 1
mrudKql ialkaOh « 12 C mrudKqjl ialkaOh
12 6

= 39

123
ridhk úoHdj uq,øjH yd ixfhda. m%udKkh

12
2. A kï uQ,øjHfha mrudKqjl ialkaOh C iuia:dkslfha mrudKqjl
6
ialkaOh fuka wg .=Khls' A ys idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOh fidhkak'

A mrudKqjl ialkaOh
= 1
A ys idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOh « 12 C mrudKqjl ialkaOh
12 6
12
A ys mrudKqjl ialkaOh = C mrudKqfõ ialkaOh x 8
6
12
∴ A ys idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOh == mrudKqfõ
12
6C 6
ialkaOh x 8
1 12
× 6 C mrudKqfõ ialkaOh
12
== 8 × 12
== 96
3' fidaähï mrudKqjl ialkaOh 3.819 x 10-23 g fõ' mrudKql ialkaOh
tallfha w.h 1.66 x 10-24 g fõ' fidaähïj, id'm'ia' fidhkak'

fidaähï ^Na) idfmalaI mrudKql

ialkaOh

7'2 idfmalaI wKql ialkaOh (Relative molecular mass)

fndfyda uQ,øjH m%;sl%shdYS,S neúka tajdfha mrudKq ksoyia mrudKq f,i fkd
mj;S' tajd iajdNdúl j mj;skafka tajdfha mrudKq folla fyda lsysmhla tl;=
ù idok wKq jYfhks' tlsfklg fjkia mrudKq ixfhdackh ùfuka iEfok
wKqj,ska ixfhda. iukaú; fõ'
uQ,øjH fyda ixfhda. wKqjl ialkaOh" C - 12 iuia:dkslfha mrudKqjl
ialkaOfhka 1$12 la fuka lS jdrhla fõ ± hs olajk ixLHdj tu uQ,øjHfha
fyda wKqfõ idfmalaI wKql ialkaOhhs' tkï wKqjl ialkaOh mrudKql ialkaO
tallhg idfmalaI j bÈßm;a l< úg th idfmalaI wKql ialkaOh f,i ye¢kafõ'

124
uq,øjH yd ixfhda. m%udKkh ridhk úoHdj

uQ,øjH fyda ixfhda. wKqjl ialkaOh

idfmalaI wKql ialkaOh (Mr) =
1
« 126 C mrudKqjl ialkaOh
12

ksoiqkla f,i ie,l=jfyd;a ldnka vfhdlaihsâ (CO2) wKqjl ienE ialkaOh

7.31 x 10-23g fõ' ldnka mrudKqjl ienE ialkaOh 1.99 x 10-23 g fõ'

CO2 wKqjl ialkaOh

tu ksid CO2 ys idfmaCI wKql ialkaOh =
1 «
12
12
6 C mrudKqjl ialkaOh

7.31 × 10-23 g
==
1
× 1.99 × 10-23 g
12
==44
44
idfmaCI mrudKql ialkaOhg fuka u idfmaCI wKql ialkaOhg o tallhla ke;'
c, wKqjl (H2O) ialkaOh 2.99 x 10-23 g ls' mrudKql ialkaO tallh 1.66 x 10-24
g fõ' c,fha idfmalaI wKql ialkaOh fidhkak'

c,h wKqjl ialkaOh

c,fha idfmalaI wKql ialkaOh =
mrudKql ialkaO tallh
2.99 x 10-23 g
=
1.66 x 10-24 g
= 18
hï uQ,øjHl fyda ixfhda.hl wKql iQ;%h okafka kï tys idfmaCI wKql ialkaOh
.Kkh l< yels h' ukao idfmaCI wKql ialkaOh jkqfha tys wvx.= mrudKqj,
idfmaCI mrudKql ialkaOhkaf.a ùðh ftlHh jk neúks'
ksoiqkla f,i ie,l+ úg c,h (H2O) wKqjl yhsâ%cka (H) mrudKq folla iu.
Tlaiscka (O) mrudKq tlla ne£ mj;S' tneúka c,fha idfmaCI wKql ialkaOh jkqfha
H mrudKq foll;a O mrudKq tll;a idfmaCI mrudKql ialkaOj, ftlHhhs'
idfmaCI mrudKql ialkaO H - 1 yd O - 16 neúka c,fha idfmaCI wKql ialkaOh
fufia .Kkh l< yels h'

H2O = (2 x 1) + 16 = 18
uQ,øjH yd ixfhda. lsysmhl idfmaCI wKql ialkaO 7'1 j.=fõ ±lafõ'

125
ridhk úoHdj uq,øjH yd ixfhda. m%udKkh

j.=j 7'1
m%fNaoh wKql iQ;%h idfmaCI wKql ialkaOh
1' yhsârcka H2 2 x 1 = 2
2' khsÜrcka N2 2 x 14 = 28
3' Tlaiscka O2 2 x 16 = 32
4' ldnka vfhdlaihsâ CO2 12 + (2 x 16 ) = 44
5' .aÆfldaia C6H12O6 (6x12) + (12x1) + (6x16) = 180

wNHdih 01
my; ±lafjk ixfhda.j, idfmaCI wKql ialkaO .Kkh lrkak'
01' wefudakshd (NH3)
idfmaCI mrudKql ialkaO H - 1 ; N - 14

02' i,a*shqßla (H2SO4 )

idfmaCI mrudKql ialkaO H - 1 ; O - 16 ; S - 32

03. iQfl%daia (C12H22O11)

idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaO H - 1 ; C - 12 ; O -16

fidaähï laf,darhsâ (NaCl) jeks whksl ixfhda. mj;skqfha wKq jYfhka fkdj
-
whk oe,sia jYfhks' whk ±,sfiys Na+ yd Cl w;r mj;sk ir,;u wkqmd;h i,ld
tys iQ;%h ,shkq ,efí' th y÷kajkq ,nkafka wdKqNúl iQ;%h hkqfjks' whksl
ixfhda.j, wKq fkdue;s neúka wKql ialkaOh f,i i,lkq ,nkafka iQ;%hg wod<
ialkaOhhs' th idfmaË iQ;% ialkaOh fyj;a iQ;% ialkaOh f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'

idfmaË mrudKql ialkaO Na - 23 ; Cl - 35.5

fidaähï laf,darhsâj, iQ;% ialkaOh = 23 + 35.5

= 58.5

126
uq,øjH yd ixfhda. m%udKkh ridhk úoHdj

wNHdih 02
my; ±lafjk ixfhda.j, iQ;% ialkaO .Kkh lrkak'

01. ue.akSishï Tlaihsâ (MgO)

idfmaCI mrudKql ialkaO O - 16 ; Mg - 24
02. le,aishï ldnfkaÜ (CaCO3)
idfmaCI mrudKql ialkaO C - 12 ; O - 16 ; Ca - 40
03. fmdgEishï i,af*aÜ (K2SO4)
idfmaCI mrudKql ialkaO O - 16 ; S - 32 ; K - 39

7'3 wej.dâfrda ksh;h (Avogadro constant)

´kEu uQ,øjHhl idfmaCI mrudKql ialkaOhg iudk ialkaOhla .%Eïj,ska .;a
l< uQ,øjHh l=ula jqj;a tys we;af;a tl u mrudKq ixLHdjls' fuu ixLHdj
6.022 x 1023 fõ'

C Mg

12 g 24 g
H

1g mrudKq
Cl 6.022 x 1023 Ag

35.5 g 108 g

tfia u ´kE u øjHhl idfmaCI wKql ialkaOhg iudk ialkaOhla .%Eïj,ska

.;a l< øjHh l=ula jqj;a tl u wKq ixLHdjla we;'fuu ixLHdj 6'022 « 1023
fú' fY%AIAG úoHd{ weóäfhda wej.dâfrdag .re lsÍula f,i fuu ksh; ixLHdj
wej.dâfrda ksh;h f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'
fuu ksh;h i|yd ±kg ms<sf.k we;s w.h 6.022 x 1023 jk w;r fï i|yd Ndú;
jk ixfla;h L fõ'

127
ridhk úoHdj uq,øjH yd ixfhda. m%udKkh

Cl2
H2
2g 71 g NH3
CO2
17 g
C6H12O6
44 g

180 g
wKq
6.022 x 1023
H2SO4
SO2

64 g 98 g

7'4 ujq,h (mole)

úúO lghq;=j,§ øjH m%udKh uekSug wjYH fõ' ÿisu bka tlls' fmd;a ÿisula
hkq fmd;a 12ls' fï wkaoug lvodis m%udKh uekSu i|yd Íu Ndú; fõ'
wka;¾cd;sl tall l%ufha øjH m%udKh uekSu i|yd Ndú; lrk tallh jkqfha
ujq,hhs'
C - 12 iuia:dkslfha yßhg u lsrd .;a 12.00 gla ;=< wvx.= jk mrudKq ixLHdjg
iudk hï øjHl uQ,sl ;ekqï tall ^mrudKq" wKq" whk& ixLHdjla wvx.= mod¾:
m%udKh tlS øjHfha ujq,hla f,i w¾: ±lafõ'

hï øjH ujq,hl wka;¾.; uQ,sl tall ixLHdj ksh;hla jk w;r th 6.022 x 1023
fyj;a wej.dâfrda ksh;hg iudk fõ'
fï wkqj ´kE u uQ,øjHhl idfmaCI mrudKql ialkaOhg iudk ialkaOhla
.a?ïj,ska .;a l< tys mrudKq ujq,hla tkï mrudKq 6.022 x 1023 la wvx.= fõ'
´kE u øjHhl tys idfmaCI wKql ialkaOhg iudk ialkaOhla .a?ïj,ska .;a
l< tys wKq ujq,hla" tkï wKq 6.022 x 1023 la wvx.= h'
ujq,h" b;d úYd, m%udKhla ±lafjk tallhla neúka tÈfkod Ôú;fha yuq jk
fndfyda øjHj, m%udKh uekSu i|yd th fkd .e<fma' tneúka ujq,h hk tallh
m%dfhda.sl jYfhka Ndú; jkafka b;d úYd, ixLHdj,ska mj;sk øjH jk mrudKq"
wKq" whk wdÈfha m%udKh uekSu i|yd h'

ujq,h hk ixLHdfõ úYd,;ajh my; ksoiqfkka meyeÈ,s fõ'

128
uq,øjH yd ixfhda. m%udKkh ridhk úoHdj

f,dalfha <uhs ñ,shk 1000la we;af;a hehs is;uq' fuh oyfha n,j,ska ,shQ úg"
ñ,shk 1000 } 1000 x 106 } 109ls' iSks fnda, ujq,hla fuu <uhs w;r iu fia fnÿj
fyd;a"

6.022×1023
tl <ufhl=g ,efnk iSksfnda, .Kk =
109
= 6.022×1014
= 602200000000000

ujq,hlg wh;a tall ixLHdj b;d úYd, neúka .Kka lsÍu o l< fkdyelalls'
tneúka ujq,h uekSu i|yd fjk;a l%u Ndú; lrkq ,efí' tla l%uhla kï" hï
uQ,øjHhl mrudKq ujq,hla .ekSug tys idfmaCI mrudKql ialkaOh .%Eïj,ska
lsrd .ekSuhs' ksoiqkla f,i fidaähïj, idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOh 23ls'

tkï" fidaähï mrudKq 1 mol = fidaähï 23 g

hï ixfhda.hl wKq ujq,hla .ekSug kï tys idfmalI a wKql ialkaOh .arEïj,ska
lsrd .; hq;= hs' ksoiqkla f,i .aÆfldaij
a , (C6H12O6) idfmalI
a wKql ialkaOh 180ls'

tkï .AÆfldaia wKq 1 mol = .AÆfldaia 180 g

• ujq,sl ialkaOh (Molar mass)

ujq,sl ialkaOh hkq ´kEu øjHhl ujq,hl ialkaOhhs'
idfmaCI mrudKql ialkaOhg fyda idfmaCI wKql ialkaOhg tall fkdue;s kuq;a
ujq,sl ialkaOfha tall ujq,hg .A?ï (g mol-1) f,i fyda ujq,hg lsf,da .a?ï (kg
mol-1) f,i fyda i|yka lrkq ,efí'

1. fidaähïj, (Na) idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOh = 23

fidaähïj, ujq,sl ialkaOh = 23 g mol-1

2. ldnka vfhdlaihsâj, (CO2) idfmaCI wKql ialkaOh = 44

ldnka vfhdlaihsâj, ujq,sl ialkaOh = 44 g mol-1

3. fidaähï laf,darhsâj, (NaCl) iQ;% ialkaOh = 58.5

fidaähï laf,darhsâj, ujq,sl ialkaOh = 58.5 g mol-1

4. le,aishï ldnfkaÜ (CaCO3) iQ;% ialkaOh = 100

le,aishï ldnfkaÜ ujq,sl ialkaOh = 100 g mol-1

129
ridhk úoHdj uq,øjH yd ixfhda. m%udKkh

´kE u øjHhl we;s øjH m%udKh ujq,j,ska fiùu i`oyd my; i`oyka iïnkaO;dj
fhdod .; yels h'
tu øjHhfha ialkaOh
øjH m%udKh ^ujq, .Kk& =
tu øjHfha ujq,sl ialkaOh
m
n=
M

úi`¥ wNHdi
01' ldnka 4 mol l we;s mrudKq ixLHdj fidhkak'
ldnka 1 mol l we;s mrudKq ixLHdj = 6.022 x 1023
ldnka 4 mol l we;s mrudKq ixLHdj = 6.022 x 1023 x 4
= 2.409 x 1024
02' ldnka vfhdlaihsâ wKq ujq, 5l wvx.=
1' wKq ixLHdj fidhkak'
2' uq¿ mrudKq ixLHdj fidhkak'
3' Tlaiscka mrudKq ixLHdj fidhkak'

1' CO2 wKq 1 mol ys we;s CO2 wKq ixLHdj = 6.022 x1023
CO2 wKq 5 mol ys we;s CO2 wKq ixLHdj = 6.022 x 1023 x 5
= 30.11 x 1023
= 3.011 x 1024

2' CO2 wKqjl we;s uq¿ mrudKq ixLHdj = 3

CO2 wKq 5 mol ys we;s uq¿ mrudKq ixLHdj = 3.011 x 1024 x 3
= 9.033 x 1024

3' CO2 wKqjl we;s Tlaiscka mrudKq ixLHdj = 2

CO2 wKq 5 mol ys we;s O mrudKq ixLHdj = 3.011 x 1024 x 2
= 6.022 x 1024

130
uq,øjH yd ixfhda. m%udKkh ridhk úoHdj

03' ldnkaj, ujq,sl ialkaOh 12 g mol-1' ldnka 10 gj, wvx.= ujq, m%udKh
fidhkak'
ldnka 12 g wvx.= ldnka ujq, m%udKh = 1 mol
1 mol
ldnka 10 g wvx.= ldnka ujq, m%udKh = ×10 g
12 g
= 0.83 mol
04' ldnka vfhdlaihsâ 0.1 mol l wvx.= wKq ixLHdj fidhkak'
ldnka vfhdlaihsâ 1 mol ys wvx.= wKq .Kk = 6.022 x 1023
6.022 x 1023 x 0.1 mol
ldnka vfhdlaihsâ 0.1 mol ys wvx.= wKq .Kk =
1 mol
= 6.022 x 1022
05' Tlaisckaj, (O2 ) idfmalaI wkql ialkaOh 32 g fõ' Tlaiscka 10 g l
wvx.= wKq .Kk fidhkak'
O2 32 g l wvx.= wKq .Kk = 6.022 x 1023
O2 10 g l wvx.= wKq .Kk = 6.022 x1023 x 10g/ 32g
= 1.88 x 1023
06' c,fha ujq,sl ialkaOh 18 g mol-1fõ' c,h 20 g l wvx.= c,h ujq,
m%udKh fidhkak'
H2O 18 g l wvx.= H2O m%udKh = 1 mol
1 mol
H2O 20 g l wvx.= H2O m%udKh = 18 g × 20 g
= 1.11 mol
07. ldnka vfhdlaihsâ 22 g l wvx.= CO2 ujq, m%udKh .Kkh lrkak'
(ldnka vfhdlaihsâ ujq,sl ialkaOh 44 g mol-1)'
CO2 44 g l wvx.= CO2 m%udKh = 1 mol
1 mol
CO2 22 g l wvx.= CO2 m%udKh = × 22 g
44 g
= 0.5 mol
th my; wdldrhg iólrKh Ndú;fhka o úi¢h yels h'
m
n=
M
22 g
=
44 g mol-1
= 0.5 mol

131
ridhk úoHdj uq,øjH yd ixfhda. m%udKkh

08. ldnka 24 g j, wvx.= ldnka ujq, m%udKh .Kkh lrkak' C ujq,sl

ialkaOh 12 g mol-1
C 12 g j, wvx.= C m%udKh = 1 mol
1 mol
C 24 g j, wvx.= C m%udKh =
× 24 g
12 g

= 2 mol
th my; wdldrhg iólrKh Ndú;fhka o úi¢h yels h'
m
n=
M
24 g
=
12 g mol-1
= 2 mol

132
uq,øjH yd ixfhda. m%udKkh ridhk úoHdj

wNHdih
01' my; ±lafjk ixfhda.j, idfmaCI wKql ialkaO fidhkak'
i. CH3OH ^fu;s,a we,afldfyd,a/fu;fkda,a&
ii. CS2 ^ldnka vhsi,a*hsâ&
iii. C8H18 ^TlafÜka&
iv. CH3COOH ^weisála wï,h&
v. C12H22O11 ^iqfl%daia&
vi. CO(NH2)2 ^hQßhd&
vii. C9H8O4 ^weiamsßka&
viii. HNO3 ^khsÜßla wï,h&
ix. CCl4 ^ldnka fgÜrdlaf,darhsâ&
x. C8H9NO2 ^merisgfuda,a&
(id'm'ia ( H - 1, C - 12, N - 14, O - 16, S - 32 Cl - 35.5)
02' my; ±lafjk ixfhda.j, ujq,sl ialkaO fidhkak'
i. CO2 ^ldnka vfhdlaihsâ&
ii. NaCl ^fidaähï laf,darhsâ&
iii. CaCO3 ^le,aishï ldnfkaÜ&
iv. NH4Cl ^wefudakshï laf,darhsâ&
v. Mg3N2 ^ue.akSishï khsÜrhsâ&
vi. H2S ^yhsârcka i,a*hsâ&
vii. AlCl3 ^we¨ñkshï laf,darhsâ&
viii. (NH4)2CO3 ^wefudakshï ldnfkaÜ&
ix. CuSO4 ^fldm¾ i,af*aÜ&
x. Na2C2O4 ^fidaähï Tlaif,aÜ&
(id'm'ia( H - 1, C - 12, N - 14, O - 16, Na - 23, Mg - 24, Al - 27, S - 32, Cl - 35.5,
Cu - 63.5)

133
ridhk úoHdj uq,øjH yd ixfhda. m%udKkh

03.
i. Mg ^ue.akSishï& 12 g l wvx.= Mg m%udKh ujq,j,ska fldmuK o@
ii. CaCO3 ^le,aishï ldnfkaÜ& 10 gl wvx.= CaCO3 m%udKh ujq,j,ska
fldmuK o@
iii. CO2 ^ldnka vfhdlaihsâ& ujq, 5 l we;s CO2 wKq ixLHdj
fldmuK o@
iv. H2O ^c,h& 4 mol l wvx.= c, wKq ixLHdj fldmuK o@
v. CO(NH2)2 ^hQßhd& 2 mol l ialkaOh fldmuK o@
^id' m' ia' - Mg = 24, Ca = 40, C = 12, 0 =16, H = 1, N = 14&
04. my; ±lafjk tla tla ixfhda.fha ujq,hl wvx.= jk TlaisckA (O)
mrudKq ujq, .Kk fldmuK o@
i. Al2O3 ii. CO2 iii. Cl2O7
iv. CH3COOH v. Ba3(PO4)2

mdßNdIsl jpk
mrudKql ialkaO tallh - Atomic mass unit
idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOh - Relative atomic mass
idfmalaI wKql ialkaOh - Relative molecular mass
wej.dâfrda ksh;h - Avogadro constant
ujq,h - Mole
ujq,sl ialkaOh - Molar mass

134
Ôùkaf.a ,dlaI‚l Ôj úoHdj

08
Ôj úoHdj

Ôùkaf.a ,dlaI‚l

Ôùkag fmdÿ ,dlaIKsl ms<sn|j fuf;la Tn okakd f;dr;=re yd w;a±lSï isysm;a

lrkak' tu ±kqu Ndú;fhka my; i|yka mejrefuys ksr; jkak'

mejreu - 8'1
my; ±lafjk wjia:d Ôù o@ wÔù o@ hkak ms<n
s |j Tfí woyia bÈßm;a lrkak'
1' lsls<s ì;a;rhla
2' úfYaIs; ;;a;aj hgf;a .nvd l< Ôúhl=f.a foayfhka bj;a l< mgl
fldgila
3' wjqreÿ oyia .Kkla mer‚ fmdis,hla

Tn ±kgu;a okakd Ôù ,laIK fld;rï ÿrg lsls<s ì;a;rh i|yd wÞ< fõ o@ i;s
.Kkdjlg miqj jqj o ì;a;rh /lSug ,la l<fyd;a" iÔù nfõ ,laIK fmkajk
megjl= ìys fõ'
Ôúhl=f.a foayfhka bj;a l< mgl fldgila úfYaIs; ;;a;aj hgf;a È.= ld,hla
;nd.; yels h' fuu mglh iqÿiq mßÈ fjk;a Ôúhl=g noaO lsÍfuka tys Ôù
,lAIK ksÍlaIKh l< yels h'
wjqreÿ oyia .Kkla mer‚ fmdis,j,ska fjka lr .kakd DNA kï jQ ffcj
ridhksl wKq noaO lsÍfuka mer‚ Ôùkaf.a ,laIK iys; kj Ôùka ìys lsÍfï
l%ufõohla cdk ;dlaIKh u.ska fidhdf.k we;'
tfia kï ndysr ksÍlaIK muKla mokï lrf.k Ôù nj ms<sn| j meyeÈ,s iaÓr
tlÕ;djlg meñŒu wiSre nj Tng jegfykjd we;'

mejreu - 8'2
Ôùka" wÔù øjHj,ska fjkalr y÷kd.ekSu i|yd Ndú; l< yels ,laIK
,ehsia;=.; lrkak'

Tn ,ehsia;=.; l< Ôù ,laIK ish,a, u iEu Ôù tAllhla ;=< u iEuúg u olakg

fkd,efí' tfy;a iEu Ôù tAllhla u Ôù ,laIK tlla fyda lsysmhla ndysrhg
m%ldY lrhs' tf,i u Ôù yd wÔù øjH f,i meyeÈ,s j fjka l< fkdyels wjia:d
mj;sk nj o bÈß mdvïj, § Tng wOHhkh l< yels h'

135
Ôj úoHdj Ôùkaf.a ,dlaI‚l

Ôù nj ms<sn| j fmdÿfõ ms<s.; yels ,laIK" tkï Ôùkag fmdÿ ,dlaI‚l my;
±lafõ'
• ffi,Sh ixúOdkh
• fmdaIKh
• Yajikh
• Woa§mH;dj yd iudfhdackh
• nysiai%djh
• p,kh
• m%ckkh
• j¾Okh yd úlikh

8'1 ffi,Sh ixúOdkh ^Cellular Organization&

tal ffi,sl ^Unicellular& Ôùkaf.a jHqyh ie,l+ úg fmkS hkafka th ffi,
ma,diauh iy tys wvx.= bkaøshsld" ma,diau mg,fhka jg ù we;s jHqyhla f,ihs'
tu tAl ffi,Sh wjia:dj" Ôúhl= jk w;r Ôùkaf.a ,dlaIKsl tu.ska m%ldY lrhs'
fmdl=Kq c, idïm,hla fyda msÿre ksiaidrlhla wKaùlaIfhka mßlaId lr neÆ úg
Tng tAl ffi,sl cSùka myiqfjka ksÍlaIKh l< yels h'

Chlamydomonas Euglena

Amoeba Paramecium
8'1 rEmh - tAl ffi,sl Ôùka wdf,dal wKaùlaIfhka fmfkk wdldrh

136
Ôùkaf.a ,dlaI‚l Ôj úoHdj

tAl ffi,sl Ôúhl= ;=< bkaøshsld uÜgfï ixúOdkhla we;' nyq ffi,sl
cSúhl=f.a o wdrïNh isÿjkafka Y=l%dKqjla yd äïnhla ixfiapkh ùfuka yg
.kakd ;ks ffi,hla jk hqla;dKqjla u.sks' ksoiqkla f,i ñksidf.a l,,
úlikh isÿjk whqre o< igyklska 8'2 rEmfha oelafõ'

äïnh ffi,
úNdckh
+
hqla;dKqj
Y=l%dKqj
nyq ffi,sl Ôúhd

8'2 rEmh

nyqffi,sl Ôúhl=f.a foayh úúO ffi, j¾.j,ska iukaú;h' tu ffi, úúO

lD;H i|yd jeo.;a fõ'
8'3 rEmfhka Ydl foayhl úúO ffi, j¾. ixúOdkh ù we;s wdldrh;a 8'4
rEmfhka ñksia isrer ;=< úúO ffi, j¾. ixúOdkh ù we;s wdldrh;a ksrEmKh
flf¾'
mrd. ffi,

wmsp¾óh ffi,
bks uDÿ ia:r ffi,

mqáldj
md,l ffi,
mqáldj
ffY,u mgl ffi,

maf,dahu mgl ffi,

uQ, flaY ffi,

8'3 rEmh - - Ydl foayh ;=< úúO ffi, j¾. ixúOdkh ù we;s wdldrh

137
Ôj úoHdj Ôùkaf.a ,dlaI‚l

iakdhq ffi,

ifuys
ifuys ffi,
ffi, wiaÓ ffi,

iqÿ reêrdKq ffi,

r;= reêrdKq ffi,

ckaudKq ffi,
fmaYs ffi,

8'4 rEmh -- ñksia isrer ;=< úúO ffi, ixúOdkh ù we;s wdldrh

mßKdñlj Wiia nyq ffi,sl Ôùka ;=< mgl yd moaO;s uÜgfï ixúOdkhla
we;s w;r tu Ôùkaf.a bkaøshhka $ wjhj mjd ÈhqKq uÜgulska wÞ< ld¾h lsÍug
wjYH mßÈ ks¾udKh ù we;'
ksoiqka - Èj" wei" yDoh

l%shdldrlu -01
wjYH øjH ( fmdl=Kq c, idï,hla fyda msÿre ksiaidrlh" wdf,dal wKaùlaIh"
ms<sfh, lrk ,o wKaùlaISh lod
l%uh (
• fmdl=Kq c, idï,hla fyda msÿre ksiaidrlhla wdf,dal wKaùlaIfhka
ksÍlaIKh lrkak' tys isák tal ffi,sl Ôùka y÷kdf.k" rEm
igyka wÈkak'
• úoHd.drfha we;s ms<sfh, lrk ,o wKaùlaISh lod (Microscopic Slides)
wdOdrfhka úúO ffi, j¾. ksÍlaIKh lr y÷kd .kak'

138
Ôùkaf.a ,dlaI‚l Ôj úoHdj

iÔù ;;a;ajfha mj;sk l=vd u jHqyuh yd

lD;Huh tAllh ffi,h jk w;r ksYaÑ;
ld¾hhla i|yd úfYaIKh jQ ffi, iuQyhla
mglhla f,i ye¢kafõ' mgl lsysmhl yD;a fmaYs ffi,
tl;=fjka bkaøshhla $ wjhjhla iEfok w;r"
bkaøshh $wjhj iuQykh ùfuka moaO;shla
iEfohs' moaO;s tl;=fjka Ôúhl= f.dvkef.hs'
8'6 rEmfhka ±lafjkafka Ôúhl= ;=< y÷kd.; yD;a mglh
yels ixúOdk uÜgï reêr ixirK moaO;sh
weiqfrka ksrEmKh lrwe;s wdldrhhs'

ffi,h
yDoh^bkaøshh&

mglh

bkaøshh $ wjhjh

moaO;sh

reêr ixirK moaO;sh

Ôúhd
8'5 rEmh -
Ôúhl= ;=< y÷kd.; yels 8'6 rEmh -- reêr ixirK moaO;sh
ixúOdk uÜgï ffi, uÜgfï isg moaO;s uÜgu
olajd ixlS¾K jk whqre

8'2 fmdaIKh (Nutrition)

Ôjh mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd Yla;sh yd øjH ,nd.ekSfï l%shdj,sh fmdaIKh f,i
y÷kajhs' YÍrfha ffi, j¾Okh" f.ù .sh fldgia w¨;ajeähdj jeks Ôjl%shd
i|yd Yla;sh wjYH fõ' tu Yla;sh ,nd.kafka fmdaIH øjH yryd h' Ôùka fuu
fmdaIH øjH ke;fyd;a wdydr ;uka úiska u ksmojd .ekSu iajhxfmdaIS fmdaIKh
f,i ye¢kafõ' iajhxfmdaIS fmdaIKh" wdydr ksIamdokh i|yd Ndú; jk Yla;sh
mokï lrf.k ldKav follg fnohs' tkï wdf,dal Yla;sh Ndú; jkafka

139
Ôj úoHdj Ôùkaf.a ,dlaI‚l

kï m%Nd iajhxfmdaIS f,i o ridhksl m%;sl%shdjlska Yla;sh ,nd.kafka kï

ridhksl iajhxfmdaIS f,i o y÷kajhs' fndfyduhla Ydl m%Nd iajhxfmdaIS fõ'
fndfyda nelaàßhd ridhksl iajhxfmdaIS fõ' Ydl ffi,j, wvx.= yß;,j ;=<
we;s iqúfYaIS ldnksl øjHhla jk yß;m%o wdOdrfhka wdydr ksmoùfï l%shdj,sh
m%NdixYaf,aIKh f,i ye¢kafõ'
m%NdixYaf,aIK l%shdj,sh ir, iólrKhlska my; ±lafjk wdldrhg ksrEmKh
l< yels h'
wdf,dal Yla;sh
ldnkavfhdlaihsâ ¬ c,h .aÆfldaia ¬ Tlaiscka
yß;m%o
wdf,dal Yla;sh
6CO2 + 6H2 O C6 H12 O6+6O2
yß;m%o
Ydl m;%j, ksmojk wdydr Ydlfha l|" uq,a" m;% fyda M,j, .nvd lrkq ,efí' Ydl
úiska ksmojk ,o wdydr fyda fjk;a Ôù iïNjhla we;s ldnksl wdydr m%fhdackhg
.kakd ksid i;=ka úIufmdaIS fldgig wh;a fõ' my; oelafjk wdydr cd,h ;=<
fuu fmdaIK l%u w;r iïnkaO;dj ksrEmKh lr we;'

iajhxfmdaIS
úIufmdaIS

úIufmdaIS úIufmdaIS

úIufmdaIS

uDf;damÔùka
u.ska Èrdm;a
ùu
8'7 rEmh -- wdydr cd,hla

140
Ôùkaf.a ,dlaI‚l Ôj úoHdj

8'3 Yajikh (Respiration)

ish¨ u Ôùkag ;u Ôjl%shd isÿ lsÍug Yla;sh wjYH fõ' tu Yla;sh ksmojd .kqfha
Tjqka ksmojk wdydr fyda fjk;a wdldrhlska ,nd .kakd wdydr ffi, ;=< § ì|
fy,Sfukss' Ôj ffi, ;=< § ixÑ; wdydr u.ska Yla;sh ksmojk l%shdj,sh ffi,Sh
Yajikh f,i ye¢kafõ'
iÔù nfõ jeo.;a ,laIKhla jk Yajikh wmg Rcqj u ksÍlaIKh l< fkdyelsh'
ffi,Sh Yajikh ffcj ridhksl m%;sl%shd oduhls' tu ksid mÍlaIKd;aul l%u
u.ska th ;yjqre l< hq;=fõ' kuq;a we;eï i;=kaf.a Yajik p,k u.ska o fuh
ksÍlaIKh l< yels h' tkï ffi,Sh Yajikhg wjYH Tlaiscka ffi, ;=<g
f.k hdu;a tys § ksmojk ldnkavfhdlaihsâ msglsÍu;a i|yd isÿlrk wdYajdi
m%Yajdi l%shdj u.sks' Yajikh ms<sn| úúO w;a±lSï u.ska" iÔù nfõ ,laIKhla
f,i th m%ldY l< o Yajik l%shdj,sh isÿùu i|yd Tlaiscka jdhqj wjYH njo"
tys § ldnkavfhdlaihsâ jdhqj msgjk njo" my; oelafjk l%shdldrlï u.ska
wdo¾Ykh l< yels h'

l%shdldrlu - 02
Yajikfha § ldnkavfhdlaihsâ msgjk nj mÍlaIKd;aulj fmkaùu
wjYH øjH ( wen iys; iu m%udKfha fnda;,a myla" L yeve;s iu m%udKfha
ùÿre k< myla" pQIlhla" ueäfhla
P
P
jd;h

c,h

pQIlh

fmdgEishï
yqkq Èhr ueähd yqkq Èhr c,h
yhsâfrdlaihsâ

l%uh ( rEmfha ±lafjk wdldrhg wegjqu ilia lr E fnda;,fha we;s c,h

fiñka bj;a lrkak'

E fnda;,fha we;s c,h fiñka bj;a lrk úg A isg E olajd jdhq Odrdjla .,d
hhs' P fl<jfrka we;=¿ jk jd;fha wvx.= ldnkavfhdlaihsâ A Ndckfha we;s
KOH j, Èhfjk ksid B fj; CO2 fkdmeñfKa" tneúka B ys wvx.= yqkq Èhrj,
141
Ôj úoHdj Ôùkaf.a ,dlaI‚l

j¾Kh fjkia fkdfõ' kuq;a ál fõ,djlska D n`ÿfka wvx.= yqkq Èhr lsß meyehg
yef¾' thg fya;=j jkafka C n`ÿfkaa isá ueähd Yajikh lr ldnkavfhdlaihsâ
msg lsÍuhs' C n`ÿfka ueähl= ke;s wegjqula md,l mÍlaIKh f,i fhdÞ.;
yels h' fï wkqj i;=ka Yajikfha § M,hla f,i ldnkavfhdlaihsâ ksmojk nj
;yjqre fõ' C n÷fka ueähd fjkqjg m%frdayKh jk uqx" uE" ù" nvbß`.= jeks îc
j¾.hlska iEfyk m%udKhla fhdÞ.ekSfuka o fuu mÍlaIKh isÿ l< yels h'
Yajikfha § Tlaiscka Wrd.kakd nj fmkaùu i|yd my; i|yka l%shdldrlfuys
ksr; fjuq'

l%shdldrlu - 03
Yajikfha § Tlaiscka wjfYdaIKh lrk nj mÍlaIKd;aulj fmkaùu
wjYH øjH ( m%frdayKh jk îc" l=vd mÍlaIKd k<hla" fla;= ma,dial=
folla" l=vd îlr folla" ùÿre k<" rn¾ k<" j¾K l< c,h" fmdgEishï
yhsâfrdlaihsâ (KOH)
rn¾ k<h

ùÿre k<h

KOH

j¾K l<
j¾K l< c,h
c,h
m%frdayKh jk îc m%frdayKh jk îc
A wegjqu B wegjqu

8'9 rEmh - Yajikfha § Tlaiscka wjfYdaIKh wdo¾Ykh lsÍu

l%uh ( rEmfha ±lafjk wdldrhg rn¾ k<h yd U yeve;s ùÿre k<h iïnkaO
l< fmdfrdmamfhka ma,dial=j jikak' ál fõ,djlg miq rn¾ k<fha la,sm
;o lr U k<fha fl<jr j¾K l< c,fha .s,ajkak' c, n÷fka .s,ajd we;s
k<fha c, uÜgu ksÍlaIKh lrkak'

by; wdldrhg fmdfrdmam u.ska ma,dial= jeiSfï § ma,dial= ;=< wvx.= jdhq rn¾
k<h yryd ndysrhg msgù mSvk iudk fõ' bkamiq rn¾ k< la,sm u.ska ;o lr
tfia jdhq yqjudrej isÿ fkdjk f,i ilid .efka'
A wegjqfï ma,dial=j ;=< we;s îc Yajikfha § msglrk ldnkavfhdlaihsâ mÍlaId
k<fha wvx.= KOH ;=< Èhfõ' ma,dial=j ;=< wvx.= Tlaiscka îc u.ska wjfYdaIKh
lrk w;r tu wjldYh msrùug U yeve;s ùÿre k<h ;=< wvx.= jdhqj ma,dial=j
;=<g .,d ths' túg c,n÷fka c,h o k<h ;=<ska by<g we§ hhs' tkï Ôùka"
Yajikfha § Tlaiscka wjfYdaIKh lrk nj meyeÈ,ss fõ' B wegjqfï tjeks meyeÈ,s
142
Ôùkaf.a ,dlaI‚l Ôj úoHdj

fjkila olakg fkd,enqfKa Yajikfha § msg jQ CO2 yd wjfYdaIKh l< O2 mßud

wdikak jYfhka iu;=,s; ùu fya;=fjks'
fuu mÍlaIKfha § Wml,amk folla isÿ lrhs'
(i) mÍlaIKh wdrïNfha § ma,dial= ;=< wvx.= CO2 mßudj fkdie,lsh yels ;rï
l=vd nj
(ii) Yajikfha § msgjk CO2 mßudj yd wjfYdaIKh lrk O2 mßud iudk nj
mejreu - 8'3
my; ±lafjk i;=kaf.a Yajikh i|yd Tjqkaf.a isref¾ isÿ lrk p,k fyda
Bg iïnkaO l%shdj,s ksÍlaIKh lr jd¾;djla ,shkak'
1' f.ïnd 2' ;s,dmshd
3' ñksid 4' n,A,d
5' ;Kfld< fm;a;d

8'4 Woa§mH;dj yd iudfhdackh (Irritability & Co-ordination)

Ôùyq mßirfha isÿjk fjkia ùï wkqj
ls%hdlr;s' tjeks ndysr fyda wNHka;r
mßirfha isÿ jk fjkia ùula ke;fyd;a
ixfõokhla hï m%n,;djlska hqla; jk
úg Ôùyq tA i|yd m%;spdr ±laùug
fm,fU;s' fï f,i m%;spdrhla we;s
lr,Sug iu;a fjkiaùula W;af;achla
f,i y÷kajhs' W;af;ac ,nd .kafka
wei" lk" kdih" Èj yd iu hk ixfõ§
bkaøshhka u.sks' fuys § W;af;ach
8'10 rEmh ¡ W;af;ac i|yd m%;spdr ±laùu jYfhka wdf,dalh" Yíoh" ridhksl
fyda hdka;%sl lïmk" l%shdl< yels h'
mßirfha isÿjk fjkiaùïj,g ls%hdlsÍu m%;spdr ±laùu f,i y÷kajhs' by; 8'10
rEmfha" W;af;ach Yíoh jk w;r m%;spdrh lka fol jid .ekSuhs'
ndysr yd wNHka;r mßirj,ska meñfKk W;af;acj,g m%;spdr ±laùug we;s yelshdj
Woa§mH;djhs' W;af;ac i|yd m%;spdr oelaùfï § úúO bkaøshhka w;r iïnkaëlrKh
iudfhdackh f,i y÷kajhs' iudfhdackh i|yd iakdhq fmaYs iy fyda¾fudak
jeo.;a fõ' iuyr lDóyq" w÷rg;a iuyr lDóyq" wdf,dalh foig;a mshdU;s' i;=ka
muKla fkdj Ydl o W;af;acj,g m%;spdr olaj;s'
ksoiqka (- ksÈl=ïnd Ydl m;% iam¾Y l< úg yelsf<a' tkï tu Ydlm;% iam¾Y
ixfõ§ h'
f;dar" ishU,d iy l;=reuqrex.d hk Ydlj, m;%" rd;s%h jk úg yels<S
hhs' tkï tu Ydl m;% wdf,dal ixfõ§ fõ'

143
Ôj úoHdj Ôùkaf.a ,dlaI‚l

8'5 nysiai%djh (Excretion)

ish¨ u Ôùyq mßirfhka øjH ,ndf.k tajd ;ukag wjYH" m%fhdackj;a Yla;sh
njg m;alr .ks;s' ta iu. u m%fhdackhg fkd.;a øjH yd ksmofjk wmøjH h<s
mßirhg neyer lr;s' ke;fyd;a tu øjH Ôùkaf.a isrer ;=< tl;= ùfuka úI
iys; ;;a;ajhla we;s úh yels h'
fuu ridhksl yd ldhsl l%shdldrlï ish,a," ke;fyd;a ffi, ;=< isÿjk
f.dvke.Sï yd ì| ±óï tl;=j" mßjD;a;sh f,i y÷kajk w;r mßjD;a;Sh l%shdj, §
ksmofjk wmøjH isrefrka neyer lsÍu nysiai%djhhs'

m%Yajdi jd;h
oyÈh
(CO2 jdhqj" H2O)
^c,h" ,jK&

uQ;%
^hqßhd" c,h" ,jK&

8'11 rEmh -¡ Ôúhl=f.a nysiai%djh isÿjk úúO wdldr

i;=kaf.a m%Odk u nysiai%dú M, jkqfha hqßhd" ,jK j¾." ldnkavfhdlaihsâ jdhqj

yd c,hhs' i;a;aj isrere ;=< nysiai%djh i|yd ilia jqKq bkaøsh moaO;s msysgd we;'
ñksidf.a khsg%ckSh nysiai%dùh l%shdj,sh m%Odk jYfhka isÿjkafka jl=.vq u.sks'
Ydl o jd isÿre iy m;%j, mqáld yryd Yajikfha § ldnkavfhdlaihsâ jdhqj o
m%NdixYaf,aIKfha § Tlaiscka jdhqj o msg lrhs' th o nysiai%dùh l%shdj,shla f,i
ie,fla'

144
Ôùkaf.a ,dlaI‚l Ôj úoHdj

wu;r ±kqug
ixjD;a;sh ^Anabolism&
Ôù foay ;=< ir, øjHj,ska ixlS¾K ixfhda. ixYaf,aIKh
lsÍfï l%shdj,shhs' fuys § Yla;sh .nvd fõ'
wmjD;a;sh ^Catabolism&
Ôù foay ;=< ixlS¾K øjH ir, øjH njg ì|fy<ñka Yla;sh
ksoyia lsÍfï l%shdj,shhs'
mßjD;a;sh ^Metabolism&
Ôù foay ;=< isÿjk ish¨u ffcj ridhksl m%;sl%shd tkï
ixjD;a;Sh yd wmjD;a;Sh l%shdj, tl;=j mßjD;a;shhs'

8'6 p,kh (Movement)

úúO wjYH;d ^wdydr" wdrlaIdj" m%ckkh& imhd.ekSu i|yd Ôùyq p,kh Wmfhda.s
lr.ks;s' fuys § Ôùhdf.a iïmQ¾K foayh u fyda foay fldgila fyda p,kh fõ'
tal ffi,sl Ôùyq p,kh i|yd mlaIau" lYsld fyda jHdc mdo fhdod.ks;s' nyq
ffi,sl Ôùyq fmaYs wdOdrfhka iïmQ¾K foayhu fyda fldgila fyda p,kh lr;s'
ta i|yd Tjqyq úúO ixprK wjhj fhdod .ks;s'
ksoiqka (- mdo" jr,a" mshdm;a
fï wdldrhg u ffi, ;=< we;s bkaøshsldj,g o p,kh ùfï yelshdjla we;' fï
p,kh o Ôù ,laIKhls' th Tjqkaf.a meje;aug w;HjYH fõ'
cfka,hla wi, fmdaÉÑhl isg jQ me<Eáhl w.%ia:h wdf,dalh foig j¾Okh jk
nj Tn ±l we;ehs is;uq' Ydlhl w.%ia:h wdf,dalh foig;a uq, .=re;ajh foig;a
j¾Okh fõ'
Ôúhl= flfrys n,mdk W;af;ac i|yd m%;spdr f,i Tjqyq p,k olaj;s' W;af;ac
úúO úh yelshs'
ksoiqka (- wdf,dalh$w÷r" ridhksl øjH" .=re;ajdl¾IKh" ;dmh$WIaK;ajh"
lïmk$iam¾Yh

mejreu - 8'4
² laISrmdhskaf.a olakg ,efnk úúO ixprK l%u i|yka lr tu tla tla
ixprK l%uhg ksoiqka fol ne.ska fokak'
² i;=kA ixjrKh lrkAfka ljr wjYH;d i|yd o@
² Ydl úiska fmkajk úúO j¾Ol p,k i|yd ksoiqka fokak'

145
Ôj úoHdj Ôùkaf.a ,dlaI‚l

8'7 m%ckkh (Reproduction)

Ôùka ish¨ fokd u ;u j¾.hd fnda lsÍulska f;drj urKhg m;ajqjfyd;a
f,dalfha meje;au flfia fõ o@ tfia jqjfyd;a tla tla Ôù .yKh ld,h;a
iu`. ioyg u f,dfjka ;=rka jkq we;' tneúka tla mrïmrdjla ñh hkakg fmr
tu mrïmrdj úiska ;j;a mrïmrdjla ìys l< hq;= h' tAl ffi,sl Ôúhl= fyda
nyqffi,sl Ôúhl= ;u j¾.hdf.a bÈß meje;au i|yd kj mrïmrdjla ìys lsÍfï
ld¾hdj,sh m%ckkh kï fõ' m%ckkh" ,sx.sl m%ckkh yd w,sx.sl m%ckkh
f,i wdldr folls' ,sx.sl m%ckkfha § tl u úfYaIhg wh;a Ôùka fofokl=f.a
ckaudKq ffi, folla ^mqx ckaudKqjla yd cdhd ckaudKqjla& tl;= ù hqla;dKqjla
idohs' kj Ôúhl= f.dvk.k ls%hdj,sfha uq,a u ffi,h jkafka fuu hqla;dKqjhs'
w,sx.sl m%ckkfha § fjk;a Ôúhl=f.a iyNd.s;ajhla ke;sj ;ks Ôúhl=g tjeks u
;j;a Ôúfhla ìysl< yels h'
ksoiqk (- j¾Ol fldgia u.ska Ôùka fndaùu

8'8 j¾Okh yd úlikh (Growth and Devolopment)

nyq ffi,sl Ydl iy i;a;ajhskaf.a Ôú; werfUkafka ;ks ffi,hla f,isks'
^hqla;dKqj& tu ffi,h úNdckh ùfuka hï lD;Hhla i|yd úfYaIKh jQ mgl
we;s fõ' udkj ,sx.sl m%ckkfha m%;sM,hla f,i iEfok hqla;dKqj .¾NdIh
;=< § l,,hla njg úlikh ù miqj cks;hl= njg m;a fõ' fuu ls%hdj,sh
wOHhkh lsÍu" Ôúhl=f.a j¾Okh yd úlikh ms<sn| wjfndaO lr .ekSug Tng
m%fhdackj;a fõ'
m%Odk jYfhka u nyq ffi,Sh Ôúhl=f.a j¾Okhg odhl jkafka ffi, úNdckh
u.ska ffi, ixLHdj jeäùuhs' tal ffi,sl Ôúhl=f.a ^meróishï" hSiaÜ"
la,eñfvdfudkdia jeks tal ffi,sl Ôùka& j¾Okh f,i y`ÿkajkafka ffi,fha
m%udKh iy mßudj jeäùuhs' ffi, j¾Okh hkq Ôù ffi,hl m%;Hdj¾; fkdjk
úh<s nfrys jeä ùuhs' úlikh f,i y÷kajkafka ffi, ixls¾KNdjfhka by<
hduhs'
fï wkqj j¾Okh yd úlikh m%Odk mshjr ;=klska ±laúh yels h'
1' m%;Hdj¾; fkdjk mßÈ ffi, m%udKfhka úYd, ùu
2' ffi, úNdckh u.ska ffi, ixLHdj jeä ùu
3' ffi, úfYaIKh ùu
Ydl j¾Okh fmkaùug jDoaêudkh kï WmlrKh Ndú; flf¾'

146
Ôùkaf.a ,dlaI‚l Ôj úoHdj

l%shdldrlu - 04
jDoaêudkh wdOdrfhka Ydlhl j¾Okh ksÍlaIKh lsÍu
wjYH øjH ( l=vd me<hla iys; fmdaÉÑhla" jDoaêudkhla

lmamsh

mßudKh

o¾Ylh ;ka;=j

nr

me<h

wdOdrlh u,a fmdaÉÑh

8'12 rEmh -¡ jDoaêudkhl wdo¾Yhla

l%uh ( wegjqfï wdldrhg fmdaÉÑhl isg jQ me<hla f.k tys w.%ia:hg

;ka;=jla iïnkaO lr th lmamshla yryd hjd tys fl<jr nrla t,a,kq
,efí' o¾Ylh p,kh jk wdldrh ksÍlaIKh lrkak'

by; l%shdldrlfuys § me<h b;d fiñka j¾Okh jk kuq;a lmamshg iïnkaO lr

we;s o¾Ylh u.ska tu j¾Ok m%udKh úYd, mßudKhlska olajhs'

8'13 rEmh - ñksidf.a j¾Okh yd úlikh 8'14 rEmh - Ydlhl j¾Okh yd úlikh

by; i|yka l< ,laIK wkqj Tng ±ka mßirfha ;sfnk Ôù yd wÔù øjH fjka
lr y÷kd .ekSug yelshdjla we;'

147
Ôj úoHdj Ôùkaf.a ,dlaI‚l

Èrdm;a jk l=Kq f.dvl ;sfnk iqÿmdg kQ,a jeks oE mÍlaId lr n,kak' ta È,Srhl
j¾Ol fldgihs' miqld,Sk j y;= njg m;ajkafka fuys ,sx.sl m%ckkh i|yd
iEfok Wmdx.hs'
fmd,a .il l|l ,hslk" ;dmamhl t,a,S jefvk úúO wdldr m¾Kdx. Ydl"
Wvjeähd j¾." ñÿf,a ñßia .il" mefmd,a w;a;l isák iqÿ mdg msá ul=Kka" <má
l;=reuqrex.d m;% u; ;sfnk b;d ishqï iqÿ mdg ì;a;r" jeks oE mÍlaId lr n,k
Tng Ôù wÔù nj ukdj meyeÈ,s jkq we;'
iuyr øjH Ôùo wÔù o hkak y÷kd .ekSug wmyiq wjia:d we;s fõ' nelaàßhd
ffi, úh<d ir, l=vla njg m;a l< yels h' mdka ieliSug .kakd È,Sr j¾.hla
jk hSiaÜ o úh<s l=vla f,i fjf<|fmdf<a we;'
mejreu - 8'5
we;eï wÔù jia;= úiska o Ôù ,laIK fmkajk wjia:d mßirfha ±lsh
yelsh' mia wxY= tl;= ù mdIdK ks¾udKh ùu" iaMál j¾Okh ùu jeks
wjia:d j¾Okhla f,i ±lsh yels h' tfuka u c,dYj, /<s ke.Sfuka
we;sjk ;rx.dldr p,s;h wÔù øjHj, p,khla f,i ±lsh yels h' fuu
p,k" j¾Okh wdÈh Ôùkaf.a tu wjia:dj,ska fjkiajk whqre úuikak'

iuyr Ôù iajrEm Ôù fyda wÔù jia;= f,i y÷kd.ekSu wmyiq h'

ksoiqka - ffjri

ffjri (Virus)
ffjri m%udKfhka b;du;a l=vd jk w;r
ksÍlaIKh l< yelafla bf,lafg%dak
fm%daàka
wKaùlaIfhka mu‚' tys úYd,;ajh fldmqj
nelaàßhdjlska 1000ka mx.=jla muK fõ'
fïjd mj;sk wjia:dj wkqj Ôù fukau wÔù DNA
,laIK o fmkajhs' ffjri ffi, f,i
fkdie,fla' tAjd kHIaál wï, iy tA jgd
ieliqkq fm%daàka fldmqjlska iE§ we;' fuu j,s.h
kHIaál wï, fldgi DNA fyda RNA fyda
j,s. ;ka;=
úh yels h' úúO yevfhka iy úYd,;ajfhka
hq;= ffjri y÷kdf.k we;'
wod< bkaøshsld lsisjla fkdue;s neúka
ffjri ;=< lsisÿ mßjD;a;Sh l%shdjla isÿ 8'15 rEmh - ffjrihl jHqyh
bf,lafg%dak wKaùlaIfhka fmfkk
fkdfõ' tneúka ffjrihlg ls%hd;aul úh wdlD;suh rEmh
yelafla iÔù Odrl ffi,hla ;=< muKs'
148
Ôùkaf.a ,dlaI‚l Ôj úoHdj

wu;r ±kqug
ffjri fmkajk tl u Ôù
,laIKh m%ckkh hs' ffjrihlg
iqÿiq Odrl ffi,hla yuq jQ
úg Odrl ffi, mg,h ì|
ffjrifha wvx.= DNA fyda RNA
fldgi Odrl ffi,hg uqÞyÍ'
tu ffi,h ;=< kHIaál wï,
fldgi .=Kkh ù kj ffjri
oyia .Kkla ksmofõ' ffjrihla
fufia Ôúhl= f,i yeisfrkafka
8'16 rEmh - ffjria wdidÈ; ffi,hla
iÔù ffi,hla ;=< mu‚'
bf,lafg%dak wKaùlaIfhka fmfkk wdldrh

iq,Nj olakg ,efnk Ydl ffjria frda. f,i ñßia fld< fldvùu yd flfi,a j|
mS§u o i;a;aj ffjria frda. f,i fvx.=" fiïm%;sYHdj" bka*a¨fjkaid iy AIDS o
±laúh yels h' ffjria frda.j,ska je<lSug ta ms<sn|j ±kqj;aùu b;d jeo.;a h'
Ôùka Ôj;a jkafka Tjqkaf.a Ôù nj mj;ajd.; yels mßir ;=< h' tu mßir
ixrlaIKh lsÍfuka wmg Tjqka wdrlaId lr.; yels fõ'

g
Tfí wjOdkh
by; mdvu lshjd mßirh wOHhkh l< Tng Ôùka wÔù
øjHhkaf.ka fjkalr y÷kd.; yels úh hq;= h' iEu
Ôúhl=g u .re lsÍug;a Tjqka wm mßirfha w;HjYH
fldgialrejka f,i ie,lSug;a Wkkaÿ jkak' mßir
wOHhkhg Èkm;d iq¿ fõ,djla jeh lrkak' ta ms<sn| tÈfkod
igykla ;nd .ekSug mqreÿ jkak' yels kï mßir Èk fmd;la
mj;ajd .kak' wjYH f;dr;=re Tfí .=re;=ud/.=re;=ñhf.ka
wid ±k.kak'

149
Ôj úoHdj Ôùkaf.a ,dlaI‚l

150
Ôùkaf.a ,dlaI‚l Ôj úoHdj

wNHdih
ksjerÈ ms<s;=r f;darkak'
1' my; i|yka ysia;ekg iqÿiq jpkh f;darkak'
ffi, mglh moaO;s
1' Ôúhd 2' wjhj 3' bkaøhsld 4' jHqyh
2' ffi,j,g wjYH Yla;sh ksmojk l%shdj,sh y÷kajkafka l=uk kñka o@
1' fmdaIKh 2' m%ckkh 3' nysiai%djh 4' Yajikh
3' m%Nd iajhxfmdaIsS fkdjk Ydlhla i|yd WodyrKhla ±lafjk ms<s;=r
f;darkak'
1' l=mamfïkshd 2' yd;jdßh 3' ms<s, 4' w. uq, ke;s je,
4' nysiai%dù wjhjhla f,i l%shd fkdlrkafka my; i|yka l=uk bkaøshh o@
1' jl=.vq 2' iu 3' wdudYh 4' fmkye,s
5' ffjri ms<sn| m%ldY lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
A' ffjri Ôù úfYaIhls'
B' ffjrij, DNA fyda RNA fyda we;'
C ffjri .=Kkh jkafka Ôù ffi, ;=< mu‚'
fïjdfhka i;H jkafka"
1' Ayd B 2' B yd C 3' C yd A 4' A,B,C ish,a, u
6' Ôù foay ;=< isÿjk ffcj ridhksl m%;sl%shd ish,af,a tl;=j
y÷kajkafka l=uk kulska o@
1' mßjD;a;sh 2' iudfhdackh 3' Yajikh 4' j¾Okh
7' mdka ieliSfï § fhdod .kakd hSiaÜ wh;a jkafka l=uk Ôù ldKavhg o@
1' nelaàßhd 2' È,Sr 3' we,a.S 4' fm%dfgdafidajd
8' W;af;achla hkakg jvd;a iqÿiq w¾: ±laùu f;darkak'
1' foayfha wNHka;r mßirh ksh; j mj;ajd .ekSuhs'
2' ndysr fyda wNHka;r mßirfha we;sjk fjkiaùuls'
3' m%;spdr ±laùug iu;a ndysr fyda wNHka;r mßirfha we;sjk
fjkiaùuls'
4' m%;spdr ±laùfï § úúO wjhj w;r we;sjk iïnkaëlrKhhs'

151
Ôj úoHdj Ôùkaf.a ,dlaI‚l

mdßNdIsl jpk
ffi,Sh ixúOdkh - Cellular organization
fmdaIKh - Nutrition
Yajikh - Respiration
m%ckkh - Reproduction
p,kh - Movement
nysiai%djh - Excretion
ixfõÈ;dj - Sensitivity
Woa§mH;dj - Irritability
iudfhdackh - Co-ordination
j¾Okh yd úldikh - Growth & Development
jDoaêudkh - Auxanometer

152
iïm%hqla; n,h fN!;sl úoHdj

09
fN!;sl úoHdj

iïm%hqla; n,h

9'1 n, lsysmhl iïm%hqla;h

hdka;%sl fodaIhla ksid uy u`. kej;S we;s fudag¾ r:hla tla whl= úiska bÈß
ÈYdjg ;,a¨ lsÍug W;aidy l< wjia:djla 9'1 rEmfha oelafõ' fh¥ n,h fudag¾
r:h p,kh lsÍug m%udKj;a fkdjQ ksid tu r:h p,kh fkdù h' bka miq
fofokl= úiska fudag¾ r:h ;,a¨ lsÍug W;aidy l< wjia:djla 9'2 rEmfha oelafõ'
tu wjia:dfõ § o fudag¾ r:h p,kh fkdù h' kuq;a 9'3 rEmfha oelafjkafka
;sfokl= úiska fudag¾ r:h ;,a¨ lsÍug W;aidy l< wjia:djls' tu wjia:dfõ §
fudag¾ r:h p,kh úh'

9'1 rEmh - tla whl= úiska fudag¾ r:h ;,a¨ lsÍu 9'2 rEmh - fofokl= úiska fudag¾ r:h ;,a¨ lsÍu

9'3 rEmh - ;sfokl= úiska fudag¾ r:h ;,a¨ lsÍu

fufia fudag¾ r:hla ;,a¨ lsÍug th u; ish¨ u n, fhÈh hq;af;a p,kh lsÍug
wjYH ÈYdjg h'
tla whl= úiska fudag¾ r:h ;,a¨ lrkq ,nkjdg jvd lsysmfokl= th ;,a¨ lsÍu
ksid n, ish,a, tl;= ùfuka tlu ÈYdjg" jvd úYd, n,hla iE§u ksid tu
ld¾hh myiqfjka isÿ lr.; yels h'

153
fN!;sl úoHdj iïm%hqla; n,h

tkï fudag¾ r:h u; fh¥ n, ish,a, u tl u ÈYdjg fh¥ ksid isÿ jkafka ;,a¨
lrk n, ish,a, u tl;= ù úYd, ;ks n,hla iE§uhs'
n, tllg jeä .Kkla fhfok úg tu n, ish,a, u ksid we;s jk m%;sM,h
we;slrk ;ks n,h tu n,hkays iïm%hqla;h (resultant force) kï fõ'

jia;= u; n, fh§fï § úúO ÈYdj,g n, fhÈh yels h'

fuys §"
^¸& tAl f¾Çh n, foll iïm%hqla; h ^tlu ls%hd f¾Ldjla we;s n,& iy
^¸¸& iudka;r n, foll iïm%hqla;h ^iudka;r tfy;a fjkia ls%hd f¾Ld we;s n,&
ms<sn| j idlÉPd flf¾'

9'2 tal f¾Çh n, foll iïm%hqla;h

tl u ÈYdjg ls%hdlrk tAl f¾Çh n,hkays iïm%hqla;h
ud¨ oe,a we§fï § jeä msßila thg iyNd.s ù tlu ÈYdjg we§fuka tu ld¾hh
myiqfjka l< yels h' fuys § iEufokd u fhdok n, tl u ÈYdjg l%shdlrk
neúka id¾:l j ud¨ oe,a we§u lr.; yels h' fuys È n, ish,a, fhfokafka
tAl f¾Çh j" tl u ÈYdjg h'

9'4 rEmh - msßila úiska ud`M oe,la we§u

oeka wms tl u ÈYdjg l%shd lrk tAl f¾Çh n, foll iïm%hqla;h fidhk
wdldrh úuid n,uq'

154
iïm%hqla; n,h fN!;sl úoHdj

l%shdldrlu ¡ 1
wjYH øjH ( fg%d,shla" ksõgka ;rdÈ ;=kla" lmams folla" uqÿjla
9'5 rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ fïih u; ;nk ,o fg%d,sfha tla me;a;lg uqÿj
iúlr tu uqÿjg iïnkaO l< iúu;a ;ka;= folla iqug lmams folla ;=<ska
hjkak' tu ;ka;= foflys fofl<jr B yd C kï ksõgka ;=,d follg
iïnkaO lrkak' fg%d,sfha wfkla fl<jr A kï ksõgka ;=,dj u.ska
ì;a;shlg iïnkaO lrkak'
fg%d,sh uqÿj

A lmams

C
A

B
9'5 rEmh - fg%d,sh u; tlu ÈYdjg n, folla fhdok wdldrh

• B yd C ksõgka ;=,d foflka n, folla fhdod wÈkak' tAjdfha mdGdxl

igyka lr .kak'
• A ksõgka ;=,dfõ mdGdxlh o igyka lr .kak'
• A ;=,dfõ mdGdxlh iy B yd C ;=,dj, mdGdxl w;r iïnkaO;dj
fidhkak'
• B iy C u.ska úúO n, fhdoñka lsysm jrla fuu l%shdldrlu isÿlr" tu
mdGdxl w;r iïnkaO;dj fidhkak'
• fuys §" Tng B yd C mdGdxlj, tl;=j A mdGdxlhg iudk nj fmfkkq we;'

155
fN!;sl úoHdj iïm%hqla; n,h

tkï" tAl f¾Çh j tlu ÈYdjg n, folla l%shd lrk úg tu n, fofla

iïm%hqla;h tu n, foflys tl;=jg iudk fõ' ÈYdj tu n, fh¥ ÈYdjg
fõ'
ksoiqk 1
fïihla u; ;nd we;s fmÜáhlg .eg .eiQ kQ,la <uqka fofofkla tl u ÈYdjg
wÈ;s' tla <ufhla fhdok n,h 8 Nls' wfkla <uhd fhok n,h 6 N fõ' fuu
<uqka fofokd úiska fmÜáh wÈk iïm%hqla; n,h fldmuK o@

8N 6N

<uhska fofokd úiska fhdok iïm%hqla; n,h = 8 N + 6 N
= 14 N ^n,h fhdod we;s ÈYdjg&
9'1 wNHdih
1' my; tla tla wjia:dfõ §" jia;=j u; ls%hd lrk iïm%hqla; n,h
fidhkak'

(i) (ii)
100 N 200 N 20 N 40 N
2' fïihla u; we;s jia;=jla tla <ufhla tla ÈYdjlg 5 N n,hlska ;,a¨
lrk w;r ;j;a <ufhla tu jia;=j ta ÈYdjg u 7 N n,hlska wÈhs' fuu
jia;=j u; fh¥ n, fofla iïm%hqla;h fldmuK o@

• úreoaO ÈYdjkag l%shdlrk tAl f¾Çh n,hkays iïm%hqla;h

isxy, wjqreÿ W;aijj, § lrkq ,nk cd;sl l%Svdjla jk lU we§fï ;r.hla Tn
oel ;sfí o@ fuys § ;r.hg iyNd.s jk msßi folg fn§ lUh fomig wÈ;s'
túg jeä n,fha ÈYdjg lUh we§ hkafka wod< iïm%hqla; n,h jeä n,fha ÈYdjg
jk ksidh'
A B C D E F G H I G

9'6 rEmh - lU we§u

156
iïm%hqla; n,h fN!;sl úoHdj

jia;=jla hï ÈYdjlg p,kh l< hq;= wjia:djl" th u; ta ÈYdjg u n, lsysmhla

fhfok úg we;s jk iduQysl n,h fyj;a iïm%hqla; n,h tu n,j, tl;=fjka
,efí'
úúO ÈYdjkag n, fh§fuka isÿ jkafka fndfyda úg n,h M,odhs f,i Ndú;
fkdùu hs' jeä iduQysl n,hla ,nd.; yels jkafka" tlu w;g n, fhÿkfyd;a
muKs'
ìu Èf.a nr jia;=jla weo f.k hk úg" th jvd myiqfjka l< yelafla msgqmi
isg ;,a¨ lsÍfuka yd bÈß w;g we§fuka nj wms w;aoelSfuka oksuq'
l=vd orejka /f.k hdug Ndú; lrk .uka lr;a;hla (go cart) Ndú; lrk úg
;,a¨ lsÍfuka fyda bÈß mi isg we§fuka fyda th l< yels h' fomiska u n,
fhÿjfyd;a th jvd;au myiq jkafka" n, foflau iïm%hqla;h túg l%shd;aul neúks'
oeka wms úreoaO ÈYdjkag tlu f¾Ldfõ l%shdlrk n, foll iïm%hqla;h fidhuq'
tA i|yd my; l%shldrlfuys fhfouq'

l%shdldrlu ¡ 2
wjYH øjH ( fg%d,shla" ksõgka ;rdÈ folla" iqug lmams folla
iqug lmamsh

fg%d,sh

A B
ksõgka ;rdÈh

9'7 rEmh - fg%d,sh u; úreoaO ÈYdjkg n, ls%hd lsÍu

• rEmfha mßÈ fïih u; fg%d,sh ;nd tys fomig kQ,a folla iúlr kQ,aj,
wfkla fl<jrj,a iqug lmams u;ska hjd fofl<jrg ÿkq ;rdÈ folla (A
yd B) iïnkaO lrkak'
• ÿkq ;rdÈ folg u 4 N n, folla fhdod fg%d,sfha p,s;h ms<sn| ksÍlaIKh
igyka lr.kak'
• A ÿkq ;rdÈhg 4 N n,hla o B ÿkq ;rdÈhg 6 N n,hla o fhdod fg%d,sfha
p,s;h ms<sn| ksÍlaIKh igyka lr.kak'
• A ÿkq ;rdÈhg 6 N n,hla o B ÿkq ;rdÈhg 6 N n,hla o fhdod fg%d,sfha
p,s;h ms<sn| ksÍlaIKh igyka lr.kak'

157
fN!;sl úoHdj iïm%hqla; n,h

m<uq wjia:dfõ § fg%d,sh p,kh fkdjk nj Tng ksÍlaIKh fõ' fuys §

fg%d,sh u; m%;súreoaO ÈYdj,g iudk n, l%shd lrk w;r tu n, hgf;a fg%d,sh
iu;=,s;;dfõ we;'
fojk wjia:dfõ § fg%d,sh B ÿkq ;rdÈh foig p,kh jk nj fmfka' fuys§
fg%d,sh u; m%;súreoaO ÈYdj,g wiudk n, l%shdlrk w;r fg%d,sh jeä n,fha
ÈYdjg p,kh fõ' A ÈYdjg jvd B ÈYdjg fh¥ wu;r n,h jkqfha 2 N h' tkï
fuu wjia:dfõ iïm%hqla;h jkafka B ÈYdjg 2 N h'
;=kj
a k wjia:dfõ § fg%d,sh p,kh fkdfõ' fuys § fomig n, iudk ù iïm%hl
q ;
a h
Y+kH fõ'

jia;=jla u; úreoaO w;g tAl f¾Çhj n, fhdok úg iïm%hqla; n,h

tu n, fofla fjkiska ,efnk w;r ÈYdj jeä n,fha ÈYdj fõ'

ksoiqk 1
fïihla u; ;nd we;s jia;=jla tla ÈYdjlg 5 N n,hla yd Bg m%;súreoaO ÈYdjg
2 N n,hlska wÈkq ,enqjfyd;a wÈkq ,nk n,hhkaf.a iïm%hqla;fha úYd,;ajh
yd ÈYdj l=ula o@
fuys § iïm%hqla; n,h = (5 N) + (-2 N)
= 3N
túg th we§ hkafka 5 N n,fha ÈYdjg 3 N iïm%hqla; n,hlsks'

9'2 wNHdih
1' ;sria ;,hl ;nd we;s fmÜáhla <uqka fofofkl= úiska ;,a¨ lsÍu
i|yd fhdok n, my; rEmfha oelafõ'

15 N 11 N
fuu n, fofla iïm%hqla;h fidhkak'
2' fïihla u; ;nd we;s jia;=jlg ngysr ÈYdjg 10 N n,hla fhfoa' fuh
ngysr ÈYdjg 5 N n,hlska we§ hkafka kï X n,fha úYd,;ajh fldmuK
o?
X 10 N

158
iïm%hqla; n,h fN!;sl úoHdj

9'3 iudka;r n, foll iïm%hqla;h

tal f¾Çh fkdjk iudka;r n, folla l%shd lrk wjia:d ms<sn|j;a túg l%shd;aul
jk n, foflys iïm%hqla;h ,nd .kakd wdldrh;a oeka wms fidhd n,uq'

9'8 rEmfha mßÈ tla whl= úiska 150

150 N N n,hla fhdod fudag¾ r:hla ;,a¨
lrkq ,enqj o th p,kh fkdù h'

9'8 rEmh - tla whl= úiska fudag¾ r:hla p,kh

lsÍug W;aidy lsÍu'

kuq;a 200 N n,hla fhÈh yels

;j;a whl=f.a o iydh ,enqKq úg
fofokd u úiska th ;,a¨ lrk ,o
150 N wjia:dfõ r:h p,kh úh' tfia
200 N jqfha fofokd u úiska fhÿ n,
fofla iïm%hqla;h r:h p,khg
9'9 rEmh - fofokl= úiska r:h p,kh lsÍu
m%udKj;a ksid h'

fuu n, fol fhÿfKa tl u ÈYdjg jqjo tajd tal f¾Çh fkdfõ' tu n, fudag¾
r:h u; fjkia ,laIHj, § fhÿKq iudka;r n,hs' fuf,i iudka;r n, folla"
jia;=jlg tlu ÈYdjg fh¥ úg o iïm%hqla;h n, j, tl;=fjka ,efí'

fh¥ n, fofla iïm%hqla;h n,h = 150 N + 200 N ^n, folu tlu ÈYdjg fh§u ksid&
= 350 N
iudka;r n, foll iïm%hqla;h tu n, foflys tl;=jg iudk nj m%dfhda.slj
meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug my; l%shdldrlfuys fhfouq'

159
fN!;sl úoHdj iïm%hqla; n,h

l%shdldrlu ¡ 3
wjYH øjH ( rEmfha mßÈ isÿre ;=kla úÈk ,o ,S máhla" ksõgka ;rdÈ ;=kla'

• my; rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ ,S máhl x, y yd z kï isÿre 3la idod tu isÿre

;=kg A, B yd C hk ksõgka ;rdÈ ;=k iïnkaO lr.kak' oeka A, B iy
C ;rdÈ ;=k tlsfklg iudka;r jk f,i o x, y máh tajdg ,ïnl jk
f,i o ;nd .ksñka ,S máh ksYap,;dfõ mj;sk mßÈ ksõgka ;rdÈj,ska
wÈkak' ^iEu úgu A iy B ksõgka ;rdÈ folg iudk n, fh§fuka"
ksõgka ;rdÈ ,S máhg ,ïnl jk fia ;nd .; yel'&

A
x

C
z

B
y

9'10 rEmh - iudka;r n, foll iïm%hqla;h fiùu

• ,S máh ksYap, wjia:dfõ" A yd B ksõgka ;rdÈj, mdGdxl j, tl;=j C

ksõgka ;rdÈfha mdGdxlhg iudk nj fmfkkq we;' Bg fya;=j l=ula o@ A yd
B n, fofla iïm%hqla;fha úYd,;ajh C n,fha úYd,;ajhg iudk ùuhs'

iudka;r j tl u ÈYdjg l%shd lrk n, foll iïm%hqla;h fiùug tu

n, fol tl;= l< hq;= h' ÈYdj" iudka;r n, fol fh¥ ÈYdjg fõ'

n, iïm%hqla;h ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka wmg .; yels fyd| u m%fhdackhla kï"

wjYH wjia:dj, § l=vd n, iuQyhlska úYd, n,hla ,nd.ekSug l%shd lsÍuhs'

160
iïm%hqla; n,h fN!;sl úoHdj

ksoiqk 1
8N
16 N

fg%d,shlg .eg .eiQ iúu;a ;ka;= folla" tlsfklg iudka;r j ;nd f.k tla
;ka;=jlska 8N n,hlska o wksla ;ka;=fjka 16 N n,hlska o wÈkq ,efí' fï n,
fofla iïm%hqla;h fidhkak'
fuu n, fofla iïm%hqla;h = 8 N + 16 N

= 24 N ^n,h fhdok ÈYdjg&

9'3 wNHdih
1' fïihla u; we;s fg%d,shlg .eg .eiQ ;ka;= folla iudka;r j
mj;ajdf.k wÈk úg yg.kakd iïm%hqla;h 20 N fõ'
A 12 N

B X

A ;ka;=j fj; fhdok n,h 12 N fõ' B ;ka;=fjka fhok n,h fidhkak'

9'4 wdk; n, foll iïm%hqla;h

ó <.g wms tlsfklg wdk; n, foll iïm%hqla;h msysgk wdldrh fidhd n,uq'

9'11 rEmh - jia;=jla u; wdk; n, folla ls%hd lsÍu

161
fN!;sl úoHdj iïm%hqla; n,h

jia;=jla u; tlsfklg wdk; j l%shd lrk P yd Q n, folla 9'11 rEmfha olajd

we;' fuf,i hï wdk; n, folla jia;=jlg fh¥ úg jia;=j P n,fha ÈYdjg fyda
Q n,fha ÈYdjg fyda p,kh fkdfõ' tjeks wjia:djl jia;=jla p,kh jk ÈYdj
tu n, fol ls%hd lrk ÈYd w;ßka jQ ÈYdjlg fõ'

ñY% wNHdih
1 (¸) 10 N 6N

jia;=jla tlu ÈYdjg 10 N yd 6 N hk n, foflka wÈkq ,nkafka kï tu n,

fofla iïm%hqla;h l=ula o@

(¸¸) 6N 10 N

tu jia;=j u; tu n, fol úreoaO ÈYdjkg fhÿfjd;a iïm%hqla; n,h

fldmuK fõ o@
2' (¸) my; oelafjk iudka;r n, foflys iïm%hqla; n,h fldmuK fõ o@

6N

4N

(ii) (a) tu n, fhfok ÈYdjg úreoaO w;g ljr n,hla fh§fuka iïm%hqla;h
Y+kH l< yels o@
(b) rEm igykla u.ska th ksrEmKh lrkak'
3' yrla ndkla ^fofofkl=& ne| kÕ=,lska iS iEfï §" tla yrfll= 100 N
n,hlska o wksld 80 N n,hlska o wÈk ,oafoa kï kÕ=, bÈßhg weÈ hkafka
ljr iïm%hqla; n,hlska o@
4' ksõgka ;rdÈhl tla jia;=jla t,aÆ úg mdGdxlh 80 N úh' 500 g ialkaOhla
iys; ;j;a jia;=jla t,aÆ úg ksõgka ;rdÈh my<g wefok iïm%hqla; n,h
ksõgkaj,ska lSho@
5' fg%d,shla kef.kysr ÈYdjg 20 N n,hlska o ngysr ÈYdjg 15 N n,hlska o wÈk
,o kï" th we§ hkq we;af;a ljr ÈYdjlg o@ tA ljr iïm%hl q ;
a n,hlska o@
162
iïm%hqla; n,h fN!;sl úoHdj

mdßNdIsl jpk
iïm%hqla; n,h - Resultant force
ksjqgka ;=,dj - Newton balance
wix;=,s; n,h - Unbalanced force
úreoaO ÈYdj - Opposite direction

163
ridhk úoHdj ridhksl nkaOk

10
ridhk úoHdj

ridhksl nkaOk

bx.%Sis fydaäfha wvx.= jkafka wlaIr 26 ls' tfy;a tu wlaIr ixfhdackfhka jpk
úYd, ixLHdjla iEfohs' uQ,øjH we;af;a o iSñ; ixLHdjls' tfy;a tu uQ,øjH
ridhksl j ixfhdackfhka ixfhda. ñ,shk .Kkla iEfohs'
uQ,øjH fndfyduhla ridhksl ixfhda. iEÿj o" idudkH ;;a;aj hgf;a ixhda.
iE§ug iyNd.S fkdjk uQ,øjH o we;' yS,shï" ksfhdka" wd.ka tA i|yd WÞyrK
fõ' iajNdjfhka ;ks mrudKq jYfhka mj;sk fï uQ,øjH jdhq jYfhka mj;S' tajd
WÉp jdhq f,i ye¢kafõ'
fndfyda uQ,øjH ixfhda. ie§ug;a" WÉp jdhq ixfhda. fkdiE§ug;a fya;=j l=ulao@
uQ,øjHj, bf,lafg%dak úkHdi i,ld ne,Sfuka th meyeÈ,s l< yels h'

j.=j 10'1
bf,lafg%dak Yla;s uÜgïys
uq,øjHh bf,lafg%dak úkHdih
mj;sk wdldrh

ksfhdka (Ne) 2, 8

wd.ka (Ar) 2, 8, 8

fidaähï (Na) 2, 8, 1

laf,daÍka (Cl) 2, 8, 7

164
ridhksl nkaOk ridhk úoHdj

uQ,øjH mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak mj;sk ndysr;u ljph ixhqc;d ljph f,i

ye`Èkafõ'
ksfhdka yd wd.ka mrudKqj, ixhqc;d ljpfha bf,lafg%dak wgla ne.ska ;sfí'
fuu bf,lafg%dak úkHdi ia:dhs úkHdihla f,i y`ÿkdf.k we;' fuu ia:dhs
úkHdih ksid fïjdfha m%;sl%shdYS,S;ajh b;d wvq h' tneúka fuu uQ,øjH WÉp
jdhq f,i ye`Èkafõ' tfy;a fidaähï yd laf,daÍka mrudKq ie,l+ úg tu ;;a;ajh
fjkia h' fidaähï mrudKqjg ia:dhs WÉp jdhq bf,lafg%dak úkHdih ,nd.ekSug
wjidk ljpfha bf,lafg%dakh bj;a lsÍug fyda bf,lafg%dak y;la ,nd.ekSug
fyda isÿ fõ' tfia u laf,daÍka mrudKqjg ia:dhs bf,lafg%dak úkHdih ,nd.ekSug
bf,lafg%dak tlla ,nd.ekSu fyda bf,lafg%dak y;la msglsÍu isÿ l< hq;= h'
ia:dhs bf,lafg%dak úkHdih ,nd .ekSu Wfoid fuu uQ,øjH mrudKqj, ixhqc;d
ljpfha bf,lafg%dak m%;sixúOdkh ùu isÿ fõ' m%;sixúOdkh Wfoid bf,lafg%dak
,nd.ekSu fyda msglsÍu fyda yjqf,a ;nd .ekSu fyda isÿ fõ'
fuf,i uQ,øjH mrudKq ia:dhs ùu Wfoid ixhqc;d ljpfha bf,lafg%dak
m%;sixúOdkh lr.ekSfuka mrudKq w;r fyda whk w;r fyda we;s jk wdl¾IK n,
fyj;a ne§ï ridhksl nkaOk f,i ye¢kafõ'
ridhksl nkaOk ie§fï § Bg iyNd.s jk mrudKq yeisfrk wdldrh wkqj
ridhksl nkaOk j¾. follg fnÈh yels h'
1' whksl nkaOk (ionic bonds)
2' iyixhqc nkaOk (covalent bonds)

10'1 whksl nkaOk

fidaähï (Na) mrudKqfõ bf,lafg%dak úkHdih 2" 8" 1 fõ' fidaähï wvq úoHq;a
iDK;d w.hla iys; uQ,øjHhls' fidaähï mrudKqj i;= fm%dafgdak .Kk
bf,lafg%dak .Kkg iudk ksid fuu mrudKqj úoHq;a jYfhka WodiSk h ^10'1
rEmh&'

bf,lafg%dak .Kk 11 ^-11&

fm%dafgdak .Kk 11 ^¬11&
iuia; wdfrdamKh 0

fidaähï mrudKqj
10'1 rEmh

165
ridhk úoHdj ridhksl nkaOk

fuys ndysr Yla;s uÜgfï we;s bf,lafg%dakh msg lsÍu ksid th +1 l

wdfrdamKhla iys; fidaähï whkhla (Na+) njg m;a fõ ^10'2 rEmh&'
mrudKqjlg wdfrdamKhla ,eîfuka miq th y÷kajkafka whkhla f,ihs' fuu
whkhg + wdfrdamKhla we;s neúka th Ok whkhla fyj;a legdhkhla f,i
ye|skafõ' whkhl ridhksl .=K mrudKqjl ridhksl .=Kj,g jvd fjkia fõ'

bf,lafg%dakhla
bj;a ùu
Na mrudKqj Na+ whkh
bf,lafg%dak .Kk 11(-11) bf,lafg%dak .Kk 10(-10)
bf,lafg%dak úkHdih 2, 8, 1 bf,la f g% d a k úkHdih 2, 8,
fm%dafg%dak .Kk 11(+11) fm%dafg%dak .Kk 11(+11)
iuia; wdfrdamKh 0 iuia; wdfrdamKh +1

Na Na+ + e
mrudKqj Ok whkh + e
10'2 rEmh - ¡- Na mrudKqjlska Na+ whkhla iE§u

laaf,daÍka mrudKqfõ bf,lafg%dak úkHdih 2" 8" 7 fõ' laf,daÍka by< úoHq;a
RK;d w.hla iys; uQ,øjHhls' m%;súreoaO wdfrdamK iudk ksid fuu mrudKqj
úoHq;a jYfhka WodiSk h' ^10'3 rEmh&'

laf,daÍka mrudKqj
bf,lafg%dak .Kk 17 ^-17&
bf,lafg%dak úkHdih 2" 8" 7
fm%dafgdak .Kk 17 ^¬17&
iuia; wdfrdamKh 0

rEmh 10'3 - ¡- laf,daÍka mrudKqj

laaf,daÍka (Cl) mrudKqfõ ndysr Yla;s uÜgug bf,lafg%dakhla ,nd .ekSu ksid
th iDK tll (-1) wdfrdamKhla we;s laf,darhsâ whkh (Cl-) idohs ^10'4 rEmh&'
fuu whkhg iDK wdfrdaKhla we;s neúka th iDK whkhlaa fyj;a wekdhkhla
f,i y`ÿkajkq ,efí'

166
ridhksl nkaOk ridhk úoHdj

+e

-
Cl mrudKqj Cl (laf,darhsâ whkh)
bf,lafg%dak .Kk 17 ^- 17& bf,lafg%dak .Kk 18 ^- 18&
bf,lafg%dak úkHdih 2" 8" 7 bf,lafg%dak úkHdih 2" 8" 8
fm%dafgdak .Kk 17 ^¬ 17& fm%dafgdak .Kk 17 ^¬ 17&
iuia: wdfrdamKh 0 iuia; wdfrdamKh -1
-
Cl + e Cl
mrudKqj + e iDK whkh
10'4 rEmh - Cl mrudKqjlska Cl- whkhla iE§u

WodiSk mrudKq bf,lafg%dak msg lsÍu ksid Ok wdfrdams; whk;a WodiSk

mrudKq bf,lafg%dak ,nd.ekSu ksid iDK wdfrdams; whk;a idohs' iuyr
+ 2- -
nyqmrudKql ldKav o Ok fyda iDK wdfrdamK orhs ( NH4 , SO4 , NO3 ).
úoHq;a wdfrdamKhla iys; mrudKqjla fyda mrudKq fmdl=rla whkhla f,i
ye¢kafõ'
õ

fidaähï laf,darhsâ ixfhda.h iEfok wdldrh ó <Õg úuid n,uq' fidaähï

mrudKqj,ska bf,lafg%dak msg lsÍfuka iEfok fidaähï Ok whk;a laf,daÍka
mrudKq bf,lafg%dak ,nd .ekSfuka we;s jk laf,darhsâ iDK whk;a m%;súreoaO
j wdfrdams; ksid tlsfkld yd oeä j iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdl¾IKj,ska ne£ fidaähï
laf,darhsâ kï whksl nkaOk iys; ixfhda.h iEfohs' fuu ls%hdj 10'5 rEmfhka
ksrEmKh lr we;'
+ -

10'5 rEmh - Na+ yd Cl- whk w;r iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdl¾IK

167
ridhk úoHdj ridhksl nkaOk

tla mrudKqjlska ;j;a mrudKqjlg bf,lafg%dak m%odkh lsÍu ksid m%;sM, jq Ok yd

RK whk w;r" we;sjk m%n, iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdl¾IKh fya;=fjka we;s jk nkaOk"
whksl nkaOk fyj;a úoHq;a ixhqc nkaOk f,i ye¢kafõ' fï wkqj fidaähï
laf,darhsâ whksl nkaOkj,ska iukaú; ixfhda.hls' tjeks ixfhda. whksl
ixfhda. f,i ye`Èkafõ'
fidaähï laf,darhsâ iE§fï § mrudKqj, ndysr Yla;s uÜgfï bf,lafg%dak ilia
jk wkaou my; igyfka ±lafõ'

fidaähï mrudKqj Na laf,daÍka mrudKqj Cl

ixfhdackhg fmr fm%dafgdak bf,lafg%dak fm%dfa gdak bf,lafg%dak
11 11 ( 2"8"1 ) 17 17 (2"8"7)

+ -
Na whkh Cl whkh
ixfhdackhg miq fm%dafgdak bf,lafg%dak fm%dfa gdak bf,lafg%dak
11 10 ( 2"8 ) 17 18 (2"8"8 )
10'6 rEmh

fidaähï laf,darhsâ ixfhda.fha whk w;r wdl¾IKh tla Na+ whkhlg yd Cl-
whkhlg iSud fkdfjhs' iEu Na+ whkhla jgd u Cl-whk yhla msysgk mßÈ;a
iEu Cl- whkhla jgd u Na+ whk yhla msysgk mßÈ;a Ok yd iDK whk úYd,
ixLHdjla cd,hla f,i ieliS wdl¾IK n, we;s lr .kS' fï ksid Na+ yd Cl-
whk l%uj;a j ilia ù fidaähï laf,darhsâ ksYaÑ; iaMál oe,si iEfohs' fuu
±,si whksl ±,sila f,i ye¢kafõ^10'7 rEmh&' ieu whksl ixfhda.hl u whk
ilia ù we;af;a ;%sudk oe,sil wdldrhg h'

10'7 rEmh - ¡- fidaähï laf,darhsâ whksl oe,si

168
ridhksl nkaOk ridhk úoHdj

• whksl ixfhda.
fndfyda úg whksl nkaOk yg.kafka úoHq;a RK;d w.h wvq mrudKqj,ska iEfok
Ok whk yd úoHq;a RK;d w.h by< mrudKqj,ska iEfok iDK whk w;r h'
tjeks whksl ixfhda. i`oyd ksoiqka lsysmhla 10'2 j.=fõ ±lafõ'
j.=j 10'2
ixfhda.fha ku ridhksl iQ;%h
fidaähï laf,darhsâ NaCl
,s;shï Tlaihsâ Li2O
ue.akSishï i,a*hsâ MgS
le,aishï laf,darhsâ CaCl2
fmdgEishï *a¨fjdrhsâ KF

by; ixfhda.j,g wu;r j whk LKavl yd whk ixfhdackfhka o whksl

nkaOk yg.kS' ta i`oyd ksoiqka 10'3 j.=fõ ±lafõ'

j.=j 10'3
ixfhda.fha ku ridhksl iQ;%h
fldm¾ i,af*aÜ CuSO4
le,aishï ldnfkaÜ CaCO3
wefudakshï laf,darhsâ NH4Cl
wefudakshï khsÜf¾Ü NH4NO3

mejreu - 10--¡1
,s;shï Tlaihsâ (Li2O) yd le,aishï laf,darhsâ (CaCl2) hk whksl
ixfhda.j, whksl nkaOk iEfok wdldrh fidaähï laf,darhsâ iEfok
wdldrh ±lajQ mßÈ rEmSh wdldrhg ksrEmKh lrkak'

l%shdldrlu 01
j¾Kj;a laf,a fnda, fyda ma,diaála fnda, fyda fjk;a iqÿiq øjHhla fyda
Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka fidaähï laf,darhsâ whksl oe,sfia wdlD;shla ks¾udKh
lrkak

169
ridhk úoHdj ridhksl nkaOk

10'2 iyixhqc nkaOk

mrudKq w;r nkaOk we;s jk ;j;a l%uhla kï tu mrudKq w;r bf,lafg%dak
yjqf,a ;nd .ekSuhs' fuf,i mrudKq w;r bf,lafg%dak yjqf,a ;nd .ekSfukao
WÉp jdhq úkHdih <`.d lr .;yelsh' mrudKq hq.,la w;r bf,lafg%dak yjqf,a
;nd .ksñka tu mrudKq tlsfkl yd ne`§u iyixhqc nkaOkhla f,i ye`Èkafõ'
tl u j¾.fha mrudKq w;r bf,lafg%dak yjqf,a ;nd .ekSfuka iu mrudKql wKq
iEfoa'
ksoiqka ( yhsv%cka (H2)" *a¨fjdÍka (F2)" Tlaiscka (O2)" khsg%ckaa (N2)
úúO uQ,øjH mrudKq w;r bf,lafg%dak yjqf,a ;nd.ekSfuka úIu mrudKql wKq
iEfoa'
ksoiqka ( c,h (H2O)" fuf;aka (CH4)" wefudakshd (NH3)
iu mrudKql yd úIu mrudKql wKq lsysmhl iyixhqc nkaOk we;s jk wdldrh
ó <Õg i,ld n,uq'

a. *a¨fjdÍka wKqj
*a¨fjdÍka mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak úkHdih 2" 7 fõ' *a¨fjdÍka mrudKq folla
w;r bf,lafg%dak hq.,la yjqf,a ;ndf.k tla tla *a¨fjdÍka mrudKqj ia:dhs
bf,lafg%dak úkHdih ,nd.kS' tys m%;sM,h jkafka *a¨fjdÍka mrudKq folla
iyixhqc j ne`§ maf,daÍka (F2) wKqjla ie§uhs ^10'8 rEmh&'

*a¨fjdÍka *a¨fjdÍka *a¨fjdÍka

mrudKqj mrudKqj wKqj

10'8 rEmh - ¡- *a¨fjdÍka wKqj iE§u

b. yhsv%cka wKqj
yhsv%cka mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak tlla we;' yhsv%cka mrudKq folla w;r tu
bf,lafg%dak yjqf,a ;nd .ekSfuka tajd ia:dhs yS,shï úkHdih ,nd.kS' tu`.ska
yhsv%cka mrudKq folla iyixhqc j ne`§ yhsv%cka wKqj (H2) idohs^10'9 rEmh&'

170
ridhksl nkaOk ridhk úoHdj

+
yhsv%cka yhsv%cka yhsv%cka wKqj
mrudKqj mrudKqj
10'9 rEmh - yhsv%cka wKqj iE§u

c. c, wKqj
Tlaiscka mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak úkHdih 2"6 fõ' Tlaiscka mrudKqjla yhsv%cka
mrudKq folla iu. bf,lafg%dak hq.,a folla yjqf,a ;nd .ksñka § tal nkaOk
folla iE§fuka c, wKqj (H2O) iEfoa ^10'10 rEmh&'

Tlaiscka mrudKqj yhsv%cka mrudKq hq., c, wKqj

10'10 rEmh ¡- c, wKqj iE§u

d. wefudakshd wKqj
khsg%ckaa mrudKqfõ bf,lafg%dak úkHdih 2"5 fõ' khsg%cka mrudKqjla iu.
yhsv%cka mrudKq ;=kla bf,lafg%dak hq., ;=kla yjqf,a ;nd .kshs' fuys§ tal
nkaOk ;=kla idoñka wefudakshd (NH3) wKqj iEfohs ^rEmh 10'11&'

khsg%ckaa mrudKqj yhsv%cka mrudKq ;=k wefudakshd wKqj

rEmh 10'11 - wefudakshd wKqj iE§u
171
ridhk úoHdj ridhksl nkaOk

e. óf;aka wKqj
ldnka mrudKqfõ bf,lafg%dak úkHdih 2"4 fõ' ldnka mrudKqjla iuÕ yhsv%cka
mrudKq y;rla bf,lafg%dak y;rla yjqf,a ;nd .kshs' fuys § tal nkaOk y;rla
idoñka óf;aka wKqj (CH4) ilia fõ ^10'12 rEmh&'

ldnka mrudKqj

óf;aka wKqj
yhsv%cka mrudKq y;r

10'12 rEmh ¡- óf;aka wKqj iE§u

f. yhsv%cka laf,darhsâ wKqj

laf,daÍka mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak úkHdih 2"8"7 fõ' laf,daÍka mrudKqjla
yhsv%cka mrudKqjla iu. bf,lafg%dak hq.,la yjqf,a ;nd .ekSfuka yhsv%cka
laf,darhsâ wKqj (HCI) iEfoa ^10'13 rEmh&'

laf,daÍka mrudKqj yhsv%cka mrudKqj yhsv%cka laf,darhsâ wKqj

10'13 rEmh -¡ yhsv%cka laf,darhsâ wKqj iE§u

g. ldnka fgÜrdlaf,darhsâ wKqj

ldnka mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak úkHdih 2" 4 fõ' laf,daÍka mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak
úkHdih 2" 8" 7 fõ' ldnka mrudKqjla iu. laf,daÍka mrudKq y;rla bf,lafg%dak
hq., y;rla yjqf,a ;nd .ksñka ldnka fgÜrdlaf,darhsâ (CCl4) wKqj iEfohs
^10'14 rEmh&'
172
ridhksl nkaOk ridhk úoHdj

10'14 rEmh - ¡- ldnka fgÜrdlaf,darhsâ wKqj

h. Tlaiscka wKqj
Tlaiscka mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak úkHdi 2" 6 fõ' Tlaiscka mrudKq folla
w;r bf,lafg%dak hq., folla yjqf,a ;nd .ksñka Tlaiscka (O2) wKqj iEfoa'
fuf,i mrudKq w;r bf,lafg%dak hq., folla yjqf,a ;nd .kakd ksid th
oaú;aj nkaOkhla f,i y`ÿkajkq ,efí ^10'15 rEmh&'

Tlaiscka mrudKqj Tlaiscka mrudKqj Tlaiscka wKqj

10'15 rEmh - ¡- Tlaiscka wKqj iE§u

i. khsÜrcka wKqj
khsÜrcka mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak úkHdih 2" 5 fõ' khsÜrcka mrudKq folla
w;r bf,lafg%dak hq., ;=kla yjqf,a ;nd.ksñka khsÜrcka (N2) wKqj iEfoa'
fuf,i bf,lafg%dak hq., ;=kla yjqf,a ;nd.kakd ksid th ;%s;aj nkaOkhla
f,i ye`Èkafõ ^10'16 rEmh&'

173
ridhk úoHdj ridhksl nkaOk

khsg%ckaa mrudKqj khsÜrcka mrudKqj khsÜrcka wKqj

10'16 rEmh -¡ khsg%ckaa wKqj iE§u

l%shdldrlu 02
iyixhqc nkaOk ksrEmKh'
wjYH øjH ( iaghsßf*daï" úúO j¾Kj, mn¿" udl¾ mEka" .ï
l%uh ( iaghsßf*daï ;yvqjla f.k" tys a, b, c, d, e, f, h, i f,i Tn by;
wOHhkh l< wKqjla we`o" bf,lafg%dak mn¿j,ska ksrEmKh lr" iynkaOk
iE§u ks¾udKYS,s j ilia lrkak' th mka;sfha m%o¾Ykh lrkak'

• ;s;a - l;sr igyk

CH4 ys ;s;a l;sr jHQyhiyixhqc nkaOk iE§ug ieu úg u iyNd.s jkafka
mrudKqj, ixhqc;d ljpfha mj;sk bf,lafg%dak fõ'
H iyixhqc nkaOkfha bf,lafg%dak mj;sk wdldrh
¨úia ;s;a l;sr igykska ksrEmKh lr oelaúh yels
H C H
h' tys § tla mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak ;s;aj,ska o
H wfkla mrudKqfõ bf,lafg%dak l;srj,ska o ksrEmKh
flf¾' ksoiqkla f,i óf;aka ^CH4& wKqfõ ;s;a l;sr
jHqyh i,ld n,uq' ldnkaj, bf,lafg%dak úkHdih 2" 4 jk w;r ixhqc;d ljpfha
bf,lafg%dak y;rla we;' tu bf,lafg%dak ;s;aj,ska ksrEmKh lr we;' ldnka
iu. iyixhqc nkaOk idok yhsv%cka mrudKqj, bf,lafg%dak l;srj,ska
ksrEmKh lr we;'

• ¨úia jHqyh
wKqjl ta ta mrudKqj, ixhqc;d ljp bf,lafg%dak ;s;aj,ska ksrEmKh lr
iyixhqc nkaOk ksrEmKh lsÍu ¨úia ;s;a igyk f,i ye`Èkafõ'
H
H N H
H C H
H
H
NH3 ys ;s;a igyk CH4 ys ;s;a igyk
174
ridhksl nkaOk ridhk úoHdj

nkaOk bf,lafg%dak hq., flá brlska o ^ & nkaOk iE§ug iïnkaO fkdjk
tlir bf,lafg%dak hq., ;s;aj,ska o ^(& ksrEmKh l< úg th ¨úia jHqyh f,i
±laúh yels h'
H H

H H H C H N H

H H

H2 ys ¨úia jHqyh CH4 ys ¨úia jHqyh NH3 ys ¨úia jHqyh

;s;aj,ska ksrEmKh lrk ,o bf,lafg%dak hq., tlir bf,lafg%dak hq., f,i;a

flá brlska ksrEmKh l< bf,lafg%dak hq., nkaOk bf,lafg%dak hq., f,i;a
ye`Èkafõ' iyixhqc wKq lsysmhl ;s;a - l;sr igyk" ¨úia ;s;a igyk yd ¨úia
jHqy my; olajd we;'
j.=j 10'3
¨úia ;s;a
wKqj ;s;a - l;sr igyk ¨úia jHqyh
jHqyh
xx
Cl2 Cl x Cl x
x Cl Cl Cl Cl
xx

H2 H x
H H H H H
xx
O O O
x

xx

H2O x
H H
H H H H
xx
H x
NxH H N H H N H
NH3 x
H H H
H H H
x
CH4 H xC
x
xH H C H H C H
H H H
xx
O O O O O O
x x

O2
xx
x
N N
N2 N N xxx N N
x

CO2 O x
C x O O C O O C O
x x

175
ridhk úoHdj ridhksl nkaOk

wefudakshd wKqj ie,l+ úg N uOH mrudKqj f,i;a H m¾hka; mrudKq f,i;a

ye`Èkafõ' wefudakshd wKqfõ ixhqc;d ljpfha tlir bf,lafg%dak hq., tlla o"
nkaOk bf,lafg%dak hq., ;=kla o we;'
by; olajd we;s ish¨ wKq ie,l+ úg tajdfha uOH mrudKqjg yd m¾hka;
mrudKqj,g ia:dhs WÉp jdhq úkHdih ,eî we;' tkï nkaOk iE§fuka miq
mrudKqj, ixhqc;d ljpfha bf,lafg%dak wg iïmQ¾K ù we; ^H yer&' tu ixfhda.
bf,lafg%dak wIaglh iïmQ¾K ù we;s ixfhda. f,i ye`Èkafõ'
we;eï úg tfia fkdjk wjia:d o we;' we¨ñkshï laf,darhsâ (AlCl3) ksoiqkla f,i
i,luq' fuys we¨ñkshï mrudKqfõ bf,lafg%dak úkHdih 2" 8" 3 fõ' laf,daÍka
mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak úkHdih 2" 8" 7 fõ' we¨ñkshï mrudKqjla iu. laf,daÍka
mrudKq ;=kla bf,lafg%dak hq., ;=kla yjqf,a ;nd f.k AlCl3 wKqj idohs'
Cl
fuys we¨ñkshï mrudKqfõ ixhqc;d ljpfha we;af;a bf,lafg%dak
Al yhls' bf,lafg%dak wIaglh iïmQ¾K ù ke;' tfy;a laf,daÍka
mrudKqj ie,l+ úg bf,lafg%dak wIaglh iïmQ¾K ù we;'
Cl Cl

tfuka u ixhqc;d ljpfha bf,lafg%dak wIaglh blaujd hk wjia:d o we;'

WodyrKhla f,i fmdiamria fmkafgdlaf,darhsâ (PCl5) ie,lsh yels h' fmdiamriaj,
bf,lafg%dak úkHdih 2" 8" 5 fõ' laf,daÍkaj, bf,lafg%dak úkHdih 2" 8" 7 fõ'
fmdiamria mrudKqjla iu. laf,daÍka mrudKq myla bf,lafg%dak hq., myla yjqf,a
;nd f.k PCl5 wKqj idohs' túg uOH mrudKqj jk fmdiamria jgd bf,lafg%dak
oyhla we;' laf,daÍka mrudKqj ie,l+ úg bf,lafg%dak wIaglh iïmq¾K ù we;'

Cl

Cl Cl
P

Cl Cl

• mrudKql oe,si
oe,si wdldrhg mej;Su whksl ixfhda.j,g fmd¥ ,laIKhls kuq;a iuyr uQ,øjH
iyixhqcj ne§ mrudKq ±,sil wdldrhg ilia ù ;sfí' mrudKq iyixhqc j ne`§
iEfok fujeks ±,sia mrudKql ±,sia f,i ye`Èkafõ' ñksrka ^.%emhsÜ& yd Èhuka;s
^vhukaâ& hkqfjka mrudKql ±,sia wdldr follska ldnka iajdNdúl j mj;S'
tajd ldnkaj, nyqrEmS wdldr f,i ye`Èkafõ' fïjdfha § ldnka mrudKq tlsfkl
iu. iyixhqc nkaOk idodf.k we;s wdldrh tlsfklg fjkia h' idudkHfhka
iyixhqc ixfhda.j, øjdxl yd ;dmdxl my;a jqj o mrudKql ±,si fya;=fldg
f.k Èhuka;s yd ñksrka by< øjdxl yd ;dmdxl .kS'
176
ridhksl nkaOk ridhk úoHdj

• .a/mhsÜ ^ñksrka&
iEu ldnka mrudKqjla u ;j;a ldnka mrudKq ;=kla iu. talnkaOk idoñka
ia;r f,i msysàfuka .a/mhsÜ ks¾udKh fõ' ldnka mrudKqfõ b;sß ixhqc;d
bf,lafg%dak iynkaOk fkdidohs' ia;r w;r ÿn, nkaOk yg.ekSug tu
bf,lafg%dak bjy,afõ' fuu ia;r tlsfkl u; msysgd we;' fï ia;r w;r we;s
nkaOk ÿn, h' ta ksid tla ia;rhla u; wfkla ia;rh myiqfjka ,siaid hhs' fï
fya;=fjka ñksrka ,sysis øjHhla f,i yeisfrhs'

ñksrkaj, mrudKql oe,si Èhuka;sj, mrudKql oe,si

10'17 rEmh

• vhukaâ ^Èhuka;s&
iEu ldnka mrudKqjla u ldnka mrudKq y;rla iu. talnkaOk idoñka ;%sudk
±,sil wdldrhg msysàfuka Èhuka;s iEfoa' iajdNdúl j yuq jk oDV núka by<
u øjHh Èhuka;s fõ'

10'3 nkaOkj, O%eùh;dj

úoHq;a RK;dj hkq ridhksl nkaOkhl we;s bf,lafg%dak nkaOkhlg iyNd.S
jk hï mrudKqjla foig wdl¾IKh lsÍfï yelshdjhs' th úúO mrudKq i`oyd
fjkia w.h .kS' úoHq;a RK;dj iudk yhsârcka mrudKq folla iyixhqc
nkaOkhlska ne§fuka yhsv%cka wKqj iEfohs' fuys nkaOk bf,lafg%dak hq.,fha
bf,lafg%dak jHdma;sh iuñ;sl j mj;S' tu ksid yhsv%cka ks¾O%eùh wKqjls'
tfy;a" úoHq;a RK;dj fjkia mrudKq folla iyixhqc nkaOkhlska ne`§ we;s
úg tu mrudKq nkaOk bf,lafg%dak hq.,hg olajk wdl¾IKh iudk fkdfõ'
WodyrKhla f,i yhsv%cka *a¨fjdrhsâ wKqj i,ld n,uq' fuys§ *a¨fjdÍka"
yhsv%ckaj,g jvd úoHq;a RK;dfjka by< neúka nkaOk bf,lafg%dak hq.,h
*a¨fjdÍka mrudKqj foig jvd;a wdl¾IKh ù mj;S' túg bf,lafg%dak jHdma;sh
wiuñ;lfõ' fï fya;=fjka *a¨fjdÍka mrudKqjg b;d l=vd iDK wdfrdamKhl=;a"
yhsv%cka mrudKqjg b;d l=vd Ok wdfrdamKhl=;a ,efí' fuh O%eùlrKh f,i
ye¢kafõ' kuq;a iuia; wKqj ie,l+ úg HF WodiSk wKqjls'
177
ridhk úoHdj ridhksl nkaOk

+ -
δ δ
H F
10'18 rEmh - ¡- yhsv%cka *a¨fjdrhsâ wKqj O%eùlrKh ù we;s wdldrh

úoHq;a RK;dj wiudk mrudKq folla iyixhqc nkaOkhlska ne÷Kq úg nkaOk

bf,laafg%dak wiuñ;sl j jHdma; ùu kssid tu iyixhqc nkaOk O%eùlrKh fõ'
fujeks nkaOk O%eùh iyixhqc nkaOk f,i ye`Èkafõ'
úoHq;a RK;d iudk fyda tlsfklg iq¿ jYfhka fjkia mrudKq folla iyixhqc
nkaOkhlska ne`§ we;s úg tu mrudKq fol w;r nkaOk bf,lafg%dak iuñ;sl
j jHdma; fõ' tjeks iyixhqc nkaOk ks¾O%eùh iyixhqc nkaOk f,i ye`Èkafõ'
c, wKqj wOHhkhg .;a úg tys Tlaiscka mrudKqfõ ixhqc;d ljpfha bf,lafg%dak
hq., y;rla we;' bka folla nkaOk bf,lafg%dak hq., jk w;r b;sß fol
tlir bf,lafg%dak hq., fõ'
c, wKqfjys O-H nkaOkh ie,l+ úg úoHq;a RK;dj jeä Tlaiscka mrudKqj
fj; nkaOk bf,lafg%dak hq., h jeämqr wdl¾IKh jk neúka ta u; l=vd RK
wdfrdamKhla o yhsv%cka mrudKqj u; l=vd Ok wdfrdamKhla o we;s jk mßÈ
wKqj O%eùlrKh fõ' fï wkqj c,h O%eùh iyixhqc nkaOk iys; ixfhda.hls'
c, wKqj ;%sudK wjldYfha ilia ù we;af;a my; i`oyka wdldrhghs' th fldaKsl
yevhla .kS ^10'19 rEmh&'
-
δ

+
O
+
δ δ
H H
10'19 rEmh - ¡- c, wKqfõ yevh

10'4 wka;¾ - wKql nkaOk

c, wKqjl we;s b;d l=vd Ok wdfrdamKhla ork yhsv%cka mrudKq hdno c,
wKqjl b;d l=vd RK wdfrdamKhla ork Tlaiscka mrudKq iu. wdl¾IK n,
we;s lr .kS' wKq w;r we;s jk fujeks wdl¾IK" wka;¾ - wKql wdl¾IK n,
fkdfyd;a wka;¾ - wKql nkaOk f,i ye`Èkaúh yels h'

178
ridhksl nkaOk ridhk úoHdj

wka;¾ - wKql nkaOk

10'20 rEmh - ¡- c, wKq w;r wka;¾ - wKql nkaOk

fuu wka;¾ - wKql wdl¾IK n, c, wKqfõ Tlaiscka yd yhsv%cka mrudKq w;r

we;s iyixhqc nkaOk ;rï m%n, fkdfõ' tfy;a iqúfYaI .=K /ila fuu wka;¾
- wKql wdl¾IK n, ksid c,hg ,eî we;'
fuu wka;¾ - wKql wdl¾IK n, ksid ldur WIaK;ajfha § c,h øjhla f,i
mj;S' c, wKq w;r wka;¾ - wKql nkaOk fkd;sìKs kï ldur WIAK;ajfha§
c,h mj;skqfha jdhqjla f,ihs'
c, wKq w;r mj;sk wka;¾ - wKql wdl¾IK n, ksid c,hg ,eî we;s iqúfYaI
.=K lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
y c,fhys ;dmdxlh by< w.hla .ekSu
y c,hg by< úYsIag ;dm Odß;djla mej;Su
y whsiaj,g jvd by< >k;ajhla c,h i;= ùu

wu;r ±kqug
c, wKqfjys wka;¾ wKql nkaOk yhsv%cka nkaOk f,i ye`Èkafõ'
yhsv%cka nkaOk yg .ekSug kï wKqjl Ok O%ejh yhsv%cka mrudKqj
ù RK O%ejh úoHq;a RK;djfhka by< mrudKq jk *a¨fjdßka (F)
khsg%cka (N) fyda Tlaiscka (O) úh hq;=h' c, wKqjg wu;rj fm%daàk,
DNA yd RNA jeks ffcj wKqj,o yhsv%cka nkaOk we;'

179
ridhk úoHdj ridhksl nkaOk

10'5 whksl yd iyixhqc ixfhda.j, .=K

l%shdldrlu 03
whksl yd iyixhqc ødjKj, úoHq;a ikakdhl;dj mÍlaId lsÍu
wjYH øjH ( îlr y;rla" ldnka l+re folla" n,an folla" negß folla ^úh,s
fldaI yhla& ikakdhl lïì" idudkH ¨Kq ødjKhla" iSks ødjKhla" la,sm
fldm¾ i,af*aÜ øjKhla" wdiQ; c,h
l%shd ms<sfj<
y iudk îlr y;rla f.k A, B, C, D f,i kï lrkak'
y A îlrhg ¨Kq ødjKh" B îlrhg fldm¾ i,af*aÜ øjKh" C îlrhg
iSks ødjKh yd D îlrhg wdiQ; c,h tla lr.kak'
y tla tla îlrhg" 10'21 rEmfha mßÈ ldnka l+re fol ne.ska oud mßm:h
ilia fldg n,anh oe,afõ oehs ksÍlaIKh lrkak' ^ldnka l+re fol
fyd`Èka fidaod B <`. wjia:d i`oyd Ndú; l< hq;= h'&

n,anh
negßh

ikakdhl lïì

ldnka l=r

îlrh

ødjKh

whksl yd iyixhqc ixfhda.j, ødjKj, úoHq;a ikakdhl;dj mÍlaId lsÍu

10'21 rEmh

idudkH ¨Kq ødjKh yd fldm¾ i,af*aÜ iys; mßm:fha n,anh oe,afõ' iSks
ødjKh yd wdiQ; c,h iys; mßm:fha n,anh fkd oe,afõ' idudkH ¨Kq yd
fldm¾ i,af*aÜ whksl nkaOk iys; ixfhda. fõ' fï wkqj whksl nkaOk iys;
ixfhda. c,Sh ødjK ;=<ska úoHq;h .uka lrhs' iSks yd c,h" iyixhqc ixfhda.
fõ' ta ;=<ska úÿ,sh .uka fkd lrhs' ú,Sk wjia:dfõ we;s idudkH ¨Kq ;=<ska o
úoHq;h .uka lrk nj mÍCIK u.ska fidhd f.k we;' whksl ixfhda.j, c,Sh
ødjK yd tajdfha ú,Sk øjh úoHq;h ikakhkh jk nj ñka ;yjqre fõ' kuq;a
whksl ixfhda. >k wjia:dfõ mj;sk úg th ;=<ska úÿ,sh ikakhkh fkd fõ'

180
ridhksl nkaOk ridhk úoHdj

ixfhda. iuyrl øjdxl iy ;dmdxl

j.=j 10'2

ixfhda.fha ku øjdxlh $ 0C ;dmdxlh $ 0C nkaOk iajrEmh

fidaähï laf,darhsâ 801 1413 whksl
fmdgEishï laf,darhsâ 776 1500 whksl
c,h 0 100 iyixhqc
wefudakshd -78 -33 iyixhqc
Tlaiscka -218 -183 iyixhqc
t;s,a we,afldfyd,a -117 79 iyixhqc
le,aishï Tlaihsâ 2580 2850 whksl
i,a*¾ vfhdlaihsâ -73 -10 iyixhqc

whksl ixfhda.j, øjdxl iy ;dmdxl by< w.hla .kakd nj 10'5 j.=j wkqj
meyeÈ,s fõ' tajd fndfyda úg ldur WIAK;ajfha§ mj;skqfha >k jYfhks' iyixhqc
ixfhda.j, øjdxl yd ;dmdxl wvq w.hla .kakd nj by; j.=j wkqj ikd: fõ'
tajd fndfyda úg ldur WIaK;ajfha§ mj;skafka øj yd jdhq jYfhks'
whksl ixfhda.j, ,laIK
• m%;súreoaO wdfrdamK ork whkj,ska ^¬ yd - whk& iukaú; fõ'
• ldur WIaK;ajfha§ fndfyduhla ixfhda. >k iaMálrEmS oe,si wdldrhg
mj;s'
• by< øjdxl yd ;dmdxl we;'
• >k wjia:dfõ § úoHq;h ikakhkh fkdfõ'
• c,Sh ødjK yd ú,Sk øj ^r;alr øj lrkq ,enQ& ;=<ska úoHq;h ikakhkh fõ'
• fndfyda whksl ixfhda. c,fha Èh fõ'
iyixhqc ixfhda.j, ,laIK
• fndfyda úg mrudKq lsysmhlska iukaú; wKq f,i mj;S'
• ldur WIaK;ajfha§ fndfyda iyixhqc ixfhda. jdhq fyda øj wjia:dfõ we;'
• idudkHfhka iyixhqc ixfhda.j, ;dmdxl yd øjdxl my< w.hla .kS'
^tfy;a iyixhqc ±,si wdldrj, ;dmdxl yd øjdxl by< h'&
• iuyr iyixhqc ixfhda. c,fha Èh fõ'
• fndfyda iyixhqc ixfhda.j, c,Sh ødjK úoHq;h ikakhkh fkd lrhs'

181
ridhk úoHdj ridhksl nkaOk

wu;r ±kqug
wka;¾ - wKql n, fya;=fldg f.k c,hg ,eî we;s wkkH .=K
ms<sn`o f;dr;=re /ialrkak'

182
ridhksl nkaOk ridhk úoHdj

wNHdih
01' Ok whkhka yd Rk whkhka iEfok wdldrh Wodyrk u`.ska meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
02' my; i`oyka whkj, bf,lafg%dak úkHdi ,shd rEmuh f,i ksrEmKh
lrkak'
(a) Na+ (b) Mg2+ (c) O2- (d) N3-
03' whksl nkaOkhla hkafkka l=ula woyia fõ o @
04' le,aishï Tlaihsâ ixfhda.h iEfok wdldrh rEmSh f,i ksrEmKh
lrkak'
05' my; wKqj, ;s;a - l;sr igyka yd ¨úia jHQy ksrEmKh lr olajkak'
(a) laf,daÍka (b) Tlaiscka (c) c,h
(d) fïf;aka (e) wefudakshd
06' iyixhqc nkaOkhla f,i y`ÿkajkaa fka l=ula o @
07' whksl ixfhda. yd iyixhqc ixfhda.j, .=K fol ne.ska olajkak'
08' ldnka y;r jeks ldKavfha uQ,øjHhls' tys we;eï nyqrEmS wdldr j,g
by< øjdxlhla yd ;dmdxlhla we;af;a wehs @
09' iyixhqc ixfhda.hla jk c,fha ;dmdxlh 100 0Cla jkafka wehs @
10' jvd;a ksjerÈ ms<s;=r f;darkak'
A. Èhuka;s iy ñksrka ms<sn`oj jvd;a ksjerÈ j.ka;sh jkafka'
1' tlsfklg fjkia uq,øjH folls'
2' tlsfklg fjkia ixfhda. folls'
3' tlu uq,øjHfha nyqrEms wdldr folls'
4' tlu uq,øjHfha iuia:dksl wdldr folls'
B. iyixhqc nkaOkhla ie§fïÈ mrudKq úiska is¥ lrkq ,nkafka
1' bf,lafg%dak yjqf,a ;nd.eksuhs
2' bf,lafg%dak ,nd.eksu yd msglsßuhs'
3' fm%dafgdak yjqf,a ;nd.ekSuhs'
4' fm%dafgdak ,nd.eksu yd msglsßuhs'

183
ridhk úoHdj ridhksl nkaOk

mdßNdIsl jpk
ridhksl nkaOk Chemical bonds
legdhkh Cation
wekdhkh Anion
whksl nkaOk Ionic bonds
iyixhqc nkaOk Covalent bonds
O%eùh;dj Polarity
wka;¾ wKql n, Inter molecular bond
yhsârcka nkaOk Hydrogen bond

184
n,hl N%uK wdprKh fN!;sl úoHdj

11
fN!;sl úoHdj

n,hl N%uK wdprKh

11'1 >Q¾Kh
jia;=jla u; n, fh§fuka tu jia;=j ;,a¨ lsÍug fyda we§ug fyda tiùug mq¿jka
nj wms oksuq' tfia u jia;=jla u; n, fh§u u.ska th lerleùu o l< yels h'
tkï n,hla u.ska jia;=jla hï wp, wlaIHhla jgd lrleúh yels h' fuu wlaIh
N%uK wlaIh f,i ye|skafõ' fuu mdvfï § wm wjOdkh fhduq lrkafka n,hla
u.ska jia;=jla § we;s wlaIhla jgd lrleùfï yelshdj ms<sn|j hs'
jia;=jla lrleùug n,mdk idOl ms<sn`o fidhd ne,Sug my; ls%hdldrlfuys
fhfouq'

l%shdldrlu - 1
irfkare u.ska W¿jiailg iúlr we;s fodrl tlu uÜgfï A, B, C yd D
,laIH y;rla i,l=Kq lr.kak' 11'1 rEmfha mßÈ rn¾ pQIlhla wdOdrfhka
ksõgka ;rdÈhla A ,laIHfha iú
X
lr" th fodrg ,ïnlj msysgk f,i
;nd tu.ska fodr weÍu i|yd fodrg wiõj
,ïnlj n,hla fhdokak' fodr XY
N%uK wlaIHh jgd lrleùu hï;ñka
ksõgka
wdrïN jk fudfydf;ys n,h ksõgka ;rdÈh
;rdÈh u.ska uek.kak' bka miq ta
wdldrhg u B, C iy D hk ia:dkj,
o rn¾ pQIlh w,jd fodr lrleùu
hï;ñka wdrïN jk fudfydf;ys Y
n,h uek .kak' tu mdGdxl 11'1 11'1 rEmh - fodr weÍu i`oyd wjYH wju
j.=fjys igyka lrkak' n,h uekSu

185
fN!;sl úoHdj n,hl N%uK wdprKh

11'1 j.=j
irfkarej, fodr p,kh ùu
;rdÈfha fldlal n,h « ,ïnl
wlaIfha isg n,hg wrUk ksõgka
iú l< ,laIHh ÿfrys w.h (N m)
we;s ,ïnl ÿr ;rdÈfha mdGdxlh
A

² fodr lrleùu wdrïN ùug jeä u n,hla wjYH jQfha ljr ia:dkfhka
we§fï § o?
² fodr lrleùu wdrïN ùug wvq u n,hla wjYH jQfha ljr ia:dkfhka
we§fï § o?

fodfrys N%uK fuys § fodfrys N%uKh isÿ jkafka tys wiõj Èf.a hk isria
wlaIh
f¾Ldj jgd h ^11'2 rEmh&' tu f¾Ldjg fodfrys N%uK wlaIh
hehs lshkq ,efí'
fodfrys N%uK wlaIfha isg n,fha l%shd f¾Ldjg we;s ,ïnl
ÿr jeä jk úg fodr újD; lsÍug wjYH n,h wvq jk nj
Tng meyeÈ,s jkq we;' tfiau n,fha l%shd f¾Ldjg fodfrys
N%uK wlaIfha isg we;s ,ïn ÿr wvq jk úg fhÈh hq;= n,h
jeä jk nj Tn ,nd.;a mdGdxlj,ska meyeÈ,s jkq we;'
fuhska woyia jkafka fodfrys N%uK wlaIhg wE;ska n,
fhdok úg fodr újD; lsÍu jvd myiq nj;a" wiõj wi,ska
n, fhdok úg th wmyiq nj;a h'

11'2 rEmh - fodfrys

N%uK wlaIh

hï jia;=jla fok ,o wlaIhla jgd N%uKh lsÍug wjYH n,h" jia;=j lrlefjk
wlaIfha isg n,fha ls%hd f¾Ldjg we;s ,ïn ÿr wkqj fjkia jk nj by;
l%shdldrlfuka meyeÈ,s fõ'

N%uK wlaIhl isg n,hl l%shd f¾Ldjg mj;sk ,ïnl ÿr yd fh¥ n,fha
úYd,;ajfhys .=‚;h tu ,laIHh jgd n,fhys >Q¾Kh (moment of force) hkqfjka
y÷kajkq ,efí'

186
n,hl N%uK wdprKh fN!;sl úoHdj

jia;=jla f¾Çh p,s;hlg fhduq lsÍug wjYH jkafka n,hls' hï wlaIhla

jgd jia;=jla N%uKh lrùug wjYH jkafka n,hla u fkdj n, >Q¾Khls'
jia;=jla N%uKh lrùu i|yd n, >Q¾Khla we;s lr .kafka N%uK wlaIhg
hï ÿrlska n,hla fh§fuks' fuf,i jia;=jla u; fhdok n,hla ksid jia;=j
N%uKh ùug fm,öu n,fha N%uK wdprKh (turning effect) f,i ye¢kafõ'

fï wkqj n,hla ksid yg.kakd >Q¾Kh i|yd wmg my; wdldrhg iólrKhla
,súh yels h'

n,hla ksid lsishï wlaIHhla jgd = n,fha « wlaIfha isg n,fha ls%hd f¾Ldjg
yg.kakd >Q¾Kh úYd,;ajh we;s ,ïnl ÿr
N m
n, >Q¾Kfha tall N m fõ'

>Q¾Kh hkq N%uKhg fm,Uùula ksid N%uKh isÿjkafka jdudj¾;j o

olaIsKdj¾;j o hkak wkqj >Q¾Kh jdudj¾; fyda olaIsKdj¾; fõ'

● n, >Q¾Kh flfrys n,fha úYd,;ajh n,mdk nj mÍlaId lsÍu'

n, >Q¾Kh flfrys n,fha úYd,;ajh n,mdk nj mÍlaId lsÍug my;
l%shdldrlfuys fhfouq'

l%shdldrlu - 2
wjYH øjH ( ;rula È. ,S máhla" rn¾ fjdI¾ folla" uqßÉÑh iys;
bial=remamq weKhla" isÿre úÈkhla" ksõgka ;rdÈhla" fïihla
fyda ,E,a,la
bial=remamq weKh l%udxls; ,S máh
A B C D
O
15 30 45 60

wp, ,E,a,
^fïi ,E,a,&
11'3 rEmh - n,fha úYd,;ajh n, >Q¾Khg n,mdk nj mÍCId lsÍu
• 11'3 rEmfha mßÈ tlsfklg 15 cm ÿßka msysá O, A, B, C yd D ,laIHj,
isÿre úo .kak'

187
fN!;sl úoHdj n,hl N%uK wdprKh

● bkamiq rn¾ fjdI¾ yd uqßÉÑh iys; bial=remamq weKh Ndú; lr ,S máh

Oys § fïi ,E,a,g iú lr .kak'

A B C D
O
15 30 45 60

11'4 rEmh - ,S máhg ,ïnlj n,h fh§u

● oeka by; ,S máfha A, B, C yd D hk isÿrej,g lïì len,s u.ska idod.;a

mqvqj ne.ska iúlr .kak' Dys uqÿjg ÿkq ;rdÈh iïnkaO lr 11'4 rEmfha
mßÈ ÿkq ;rdÈh ,S máhg ,ïnl jk fia ;nd .ksñka máh hka;ñka N%uKh
lrùug fhÈh hq;= wju n,h ukskk a ' fuys § N%uK wlaIh jkafka Oys
iúlr we;s bial=remamq weKfha l`o Èf.a mj;sk ir, f¾Ldj hs'
● bka miq ,S máh ;rula ;o jk fia bial=remamq weKh" jg nd.hla lrljd
,S máh hka;ñka N%uKh lrùug fhÈh hq;= n,h ukskak'
● oeka kej; bial=remamq weKh ;j jg nd.hla lrljd ,S máh ;j l=vd
m%udKhla ;o lr" máh N%uKh lrùug wjYH n,h ukskak'
● Tng ,efnk mdGdxl j.=.; lrkak' Tn n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ m%;sM,h
l=ula o@

fuys § my; j.=fõ mßÈ w.hka ,enqfKa hehs is;uq' ^Tn ilia lr .kakd wegjqu
wkqj ,efnk mdGdxl óg jvd fjkia w.hka úh yels h'&
11'2 j.=j

wjia:dj n,h
wdrïNl wjia:dj 2N
biaal=remamq weKh jg Nd.hla lrljd ;o l< úg 5N
biaal=remamq weKh jghla lrljd ;o l< úg 9N

ta wkqj máh l%ufhka ;o lsÍu;a iu. N%uK wdprKh we;s lsÍu i`oyd wjYH
n,h jeä jk nj Tng fmfkkq we;' fuys § n,fha ls%hd f¾Ldjg we;s ÿr ksh;
j mj;ajd .;a neúka n, >Q¾Kh" n,fha úYd,;ajh u; r|d mj;sk nj ;yjqre fõ'
188
n,hl N%uK wdprKh fN!;sl úoHdj

● n, >Q¾Kh új¾;kh lr we;s wlaIfha isg we;s ,ïnl ÿr u; r|d

mj;sk nj mÍlaId lsÍu'
n, >Q¾Kh új¾;kh lr we;s wlaIfha isg we;s ,ïnl ÿr u; r`od mj;sk nj
mÍCId lsÍug my; l%shdldrlfuys fhfouq'

l%shdldrlu - 3
• l%shdldrlu 2ys imhd .;a ,S máfha 11.5 rEmfha mßÈ Ag wdikakj ,S máh
jgd kQ,lska idok ,o mqvqjla u.ska ÿkq ;rdÈh t,a,d .kak' bial=remamq
weKh wdmiaig jghla lrljd uq,a msysàug f.k tkak' ,S máh hka;ñka
N%uKh lsÍug wjYH n,h fidhkak' th F1 hehs is;uq'

x2
x1
A B C D

15 30 45 60

F1 F1

11'5 rEmh - n, iQ¾Kh flfrys ,ïNl ÿfrys n,mEu mßCId lsÍu

² bka miq bial=remamq weKh jg 1/4la muK lrljd ;o lrkak'
² oeka ÿkq ;rdÈ mdGdxlh jk F1 n,h ksh; j ;nd .ksñka ,S máfha p,kh
hka;ñka wdrïN l< yels jk f;la ÿkq ;rdÈh iu`. lïì uqÿj D foig
fiñka f.k hkak' ,S máh p,s; ùug mgka .kakd wjia:dfõ § O ys isg
ÿkq ;rdÈhg we;s ÿr x2 uek .kak'
² fuf,i bial=remamq weKh ;j;a jg 1$4 lrljd ÿkq ;rdÈ mdGdxlh ^n,h&
ksh;j mj;ajd f.k (F1) ,S máh hka;ñka lerflk wjia:dfõ O isg tu
,laIHhg ÿr ( x3 ) ,nd .kak' Tng ,efnk mdGdxl j.=.; lrkak'
Tng ,efnk m%;sM,hg wkqj l=ula lsj yels fõ o@

j.=fõ oelafjk wdldrhg mdGdxl ,enqfKa hehs is;uq'

189
fN!;sl úoHdj n,hl N%uK wdprKh

11'3 j.=j

wjia:dj F1 ÿkq ;rdÈhg we;s ÿr (x)

wdrïNl wjia:dj 1. 5 N 15 cm

biaal=remamq weKh jg 1$4 la lrlejQ úg 1. 5 N 32 cm

biaal=remamq weKh jg 1$2 la lrlejQ úg 1. 5 N 55 cm

fï wkqj fmkS hkafka ,S máh ;o lsÍu;a iu. N%uK wdprKh we;s lsÍu i`oyd
wjYH n,h ksh; j ;nd .;a úg" ,S máh N%uKh lsÍu i`oyd ÿkq ;rdÈhg we;s
,ïnl ÿr jeä lsÍug isÿ ù we;s njhs'
fï wkqj n, >Q¾Kh új¾;k ^wiõ& lr we;s ,laIHfha isg n,hg we;s ,ïnl ÿr
u; o r|d mj;sk nj ;yjqre fõ'

● n, >Q¾Khl ÈYdj iy n, >Q¾K hgf;a jia;=jl iu;=,s;;dj

jia;=jla u; n,hla ls%hd lrk úg" jia;=j N%uKh jk ÈYdj wkqj n,h u.ska we;s
lrk n, >Q¾Kfha ÈYdj ;SrKh fõ' jia;=j N%uKh ùug fm<fUkafka jdudj¾;j
kï" >Q¾Kh jdudj¾;j jk w;r jia;=j N%uKh jkafka olaIsKdj¾;j kï >Q¾Kh
olaIsKdj¾; fõ'
d2 d1

O
F2 F1

11'6 rEmh - jdudj¾; iy oCIsKdj¾; n, >Q¾K

11'6 rEmfha wdldrhg Oys § wiõ lr we;s ,S máhla u; fhfok F1 iy F2 n,

i,lkak'
olaIsKdj¾; n, >Q¾Kh = F1 × d1
jdudj¾; n, >Q¾Kh = F2 × d2
fuu n, fol u tljr fhfok úg"

iïm%hqla; n, >Q¾Kh = F1 × d1 - F2 × d2

fuys § oCIsKdj¾; >Q¾Kh Ok f,i i,ld we;'

m%;súreoaO n, >Q¾K iudk kï ^tkï F1 × d1 = F2 × d2 & jia;=j N%uKh fkdfõ'

túg th iu;=,s;;dfõ mj;S hehs lshkq ,efí'

190
n,hl N%uK wdprKh fN!;sl úoHdj

ksoiqk 1

my; rEmfha mßÈ 1 m È. AB kï tAldldr oKavla tys yß ueÈka t,a,d ix;=,kh

lr we;'

(i) oeka B fl<jr 4 N nrla t,a,qjfyd;a ta ksid yg.kakd ^oCIsKdj¾;&

wdrïNl >Q¾Kh fidhkak'

(ii) B fl<jf¾ tu 4 N nr ;sìh §" oKafâ uOH ,laIHfha isg 0.4 m wE;ska C
kï ,laIHfhka ljr nrla t,a¨jfyd;a oKav kej; ix;=,kh l< yels
fõ o?

0.5 m 0.5 m
C
A B
0.4 m

x 4N

(i) oCIsKdj¾; >Q¾Kh } 4 N « 0.5 m = 2 N m

(ii) 0.4 m ÿßka t,a,d we;s nr x hehs is;uq' tu.ska we;slrk >Q¾Kh jdudj¾; jk
w;r" oKav ix;=,kh lsÍu i|yd" th 4 N u.ska we;slrk >Q¾Khg iudk
úh hq;= h'
x « 0.4 = 4 « 0.5
4 « 0.5
x =
0.4

= 4«5 =5N
4

191
fN!;sl úoHdj n,hl N%uK wdprKh

11'1 wNHdih
^1& AB kï oKavla 0.8 m È.h' th tys yß ueÈka t,a,d ix;=,kh lr bka
miqj tys A fl<jr 2 N nrla t,a,k ,È' oKav kej; iu;=,;
s ;djg m;a lsÍu
i`oyd oKafâ wks;a me;af;a 4 N nrla t,a,sh hq;af;a ix;=,k ,CIHfha
isg ljr ÿrlska o?

A 0.4 m 0.4 m B
x

2N 4N

^2& n,hl >Q¾Kh tÈfkod cSú;fha § fhdod .kakd wjia:d lsysmhla my;
oelafõ'
tu tla tla wjia:dfõ >Q¾Kh l%shd lrk wdldrh úia;r lrkak'

1' uqßÉÑ weKhla .e,ùug iamekrhla Ndú; lsÍu'

2' mdmeÈhl § mev,hg n,hla fh§u'

192
n,hl N%uK wdprKh fN!;sl úoHdj

3' ú,anefrdajla Ndú; lsÍu'

11'2 n, hq.auh
;ks n,hlska jia;=jla N%uKh lsÍug kï tu jia;=j tla ia:dkhlska wiõ lr
fyda tjeks fjk;a wdldrhlska r|jd ;sìh hq;= h' tlsfklg úreoaO ÈYdj,g
fhfok n, folla u.ska tfia rojd we;s fyda rojd ke;s jia;=jla N%uKh l<
yels h'

,S máhl yß ueo isÿre lr rEmfha mßÈ
bial=remamq weKhla u.ska fïihlg iú
lr we;s wjia:djla i,luq' rEmfha mßÈ A
ys § ÿkq ;rdÈhla iúlr ,S máh hka;ï
lerflk wjia:dfõ n,h uek .; yels h' O
bkamiq A yd B ,laIH fofla § u ÿkq ;rdÈ
folla iúlr fomig wÈk wjia:dfõ § ,S
máh hka;ñka lerlSug wjYH n, uek
.; yels h' m<uq wjia:dj yd ie,lSfï
§ ;ks ÿkq ;rdÈhla u.ska ,S máh p,kh
X
lsÍug wjYH n,h F kï" ÿkq ;rdÈ 2la
u.ska m%;súreoaO ÈYdjlg n,h fhdok úg
O
,S máh p,kh lsÍug ÿkq ;rdÈhla u.ska
fhÈh hq;= n,h F/2 fõ' fuys § n, folu A B
tlu ;,hl ls%hd lrhs'

jia;=jla hï wlaIhla jgd lrleùug fyda Y
yerùug n, fh§fï § tla n,hla fjkqjg
iudk n, folla jia;=j u; m%;súreoaO
ÈYdj,ska fh§fuka th jvd myiqfjka l<
11'7 rEmh n, hq.auh wdo¾Ykh lsÍu
yels nj fuhska meyeÈ,s fõ'

193
fN!;sl úoHdj n,hl N%uK wdprKh

tlsfklg hï mr;rhla iys; ls%hd f¾Ld Èf.a jia;=jla u; m%;súreoaO

ÈYdj,g ls%hd lrk iudk úYd,;ajfhka hq;= n, folla" n, hq.auhla
(A couple of forces) f,i ye¢kafõ'

n, hq.auhla jia;=jla u; fhfok úg tu n, fol tlsfklg m%;súreoaO ÈYdj,g

mj;sk w;r úYd,;ajfhka iudk neúka iïm%hqla;h Y+kH fõ' tA ksid n, hq.auh
u.ska jia;=jla f¾Çh j p,kh fkdlrhs' kuq;a jia;=j n, fol w;r jQ ,laIHhla
jgd lrlefõ'
n, hq.auhl >Q¾Kh" tys tla n,hl úYd,;ajh yd n, fol l%shdlrk f¾Ld w;r
,ïn ÿf¾ .=‚;h g iudk jk nj fmkaúh yels h'

n, hq.auhl >Q¾Kh = n,h « n, fofla l%shd f¾Ld w;r ,ïn ÿr

N m

n, hq.auhl >Q¾Kfha o tall N m fõ'

n, hq.auhl >Q¾Kh = F x d

F = n,h
d = n, l%shd lrk f¾Ld w;r ,ïn ÿr

by; WodyrKfha A ,laIHhg muKla ÿkq ;rdÈhla iúlr wÈk wjia:dfõ fuka
;ks n,hlska jia;=jla N%uKh lsÍug wjYH kï jia;=j tla ia:dkhlska új¾;kh
lr fyda wiõ lr ;sìh hq;= h' ^fuys § isÿjkqfha ksõgkaf.a 3jk kshuh wkqj wm
fhdok n,h ls%hdj f,i;a wiõ l< ia:dkfhka we;sjk m%;sls%hd n,h;a ksid n,
hq.auhla ks¾udKh ùu hs'& kuq;a A iy B ,laIH folg u ÿkq ;rdÈ iúlr wÈk
wjia:dfõ fuka n, hq.auhla fh§fuka ksoyfia ;sfnk jia;=jla jqj o N%uKh
l< yels h'

● n, hq.aufha fh§ï
c, lrduhla weÍfï § yd jeiSfï § lrdu ysi u; n,
hq.auhla l%shdlrhs'

11'8 rEmh - c, lrduhla

194
n,hl N%uK wdprKh fN!;sl úoHdj

11'9 rEmfha mßÈ bial=remamq kshkla Ndú;fha §

^weK .e,ùu yd ;o lsÍu i|yd& ñg u; wm
fhdokafka n, hq.auhlss'

11'9 rEmh - bial=remamq kshfkka

weK .e,ùu

iqlaldkula lrleùfï §" tla w;lska ;ks n,hla
fhdod lrleùu fjkqjg fomiska úreoaO w;g
iudk n, folla fh§u jvd myiq h'

11'10 rEmh - iqlaldkula lrleùu

11'2 wNHdih

^1& (i) tÈfkod Ôú;fha § olakg ,efnk" n, hq.au l%shd lrk wjia:d
i`oyd WodyrK folla ,shkak'

wu;r ±kqug

Oys § új¾;kh lrk ,o ;=kS ,E,a,la rEmfha oelafõ' rEmfha

oelafjk wkaoug ,E,a, u; n, folla fhfohs kï" tu n,
hq.aufha >Q¾Kh fidhuq'

10 N

0.4 m 0.3 m

10 N
n, hq.aufha >Q¾Kh = 10 m x 0.7 N
= 7 Nm

195
fN!;sl úoHdj n,hl N%uK wdprKh

ñY% wNHdih

^1& AB oKav 1.2 m È.h' th tys yß ueÈka t,a,d iu;=,s; j ;ndf.k we;'

A 0.6 m 0.3 m B

10 N

oeka A fl<jf¾ 10 N nrla t,a¨jfyd;a oKav iu;=,s; lsÍug oKafâ uOH

,laIHfha isg 0.3 m wE;ska fhÈh hq;= n,h fidhkak'

^2& my; tla tla ,laIHh jgd" rEmfha fmkajd we;s n, ;=fkka we;s jk
iïm%hqla; n, >Q¾K fidhkak'
(a) A ,laIHh (b) B ,laIHh (c) C ,laIHh
20 N

A C
10 N B 10 N
2m 2m 2m 2m

196
n,hl N%uK wdprKh fN!;sl úoHdj

mdßNdIsl jpk
n,fhys >Q¾Kh - Moment of force
n,fha N%uK wdprKh - Turning effect of a force
n, hq.auhla - Couple of forces

197
fN!;sl úoHdj n, iu;=,s;;dj

12
fN!;sl úoHdj

n, iu;=,s;;dj

12'1 n, iu;=,s;;dj ye¢kaùu

12'1 rEmh - fomsßila lUhla we§u

lU we§fï ;r.hl § lKavdhï folla lUh fomig wÈ;s' tla mil isák
lKavdhu fhdok n,h wksla miska fhdok n,hg jvd jeä jQ úg" jeä n,fha
ÈYdjg lUh we§ hhs' lKavdhï fol u iudk n, fhdod we§u isÿ lrk wjia:dfõ
§ lUh tla milgj;a fkdwe§ ksYap,;djfha mj;skafka h' Bg fya;=j lUh
fomig fhdok n, iudk iy m%;súreoaO ùuh' túg n, j, tl;=j Y=kH h' fï
wjia:dfõ § fomig" fhdok n, hgf;a lUh iu;=,s;;dfõ mj;S he hs lshkq
,efí'

fujeks ;j;a wjia:djla 12'2 rEmfha fmkajd we;' fuys
we;af;a ÿkq ;rdÈhl t,a,d we;s jia;=jls'
fuys §" jia;=j u; n, folla l%shd lrhs' bka tlla jkqfha
.=re;ajdl¾IKh ksid we;sjk jia;=fõ nrhs' wfkl jkqfha
jia;=j fmdf<djg fkdjeà r|jd .ekSug ÿkak u.ska by<g
fhdok n,hhs' fuu n, fol hgf;a jia;=j ksYap, j mj;S'
tkï tu n, fol hgf;a jia;=j iu;=,s;;dfõ mj;S'
ÿkak u.ska
we;slrk n,h

.=re;ajdl¾IK
n,h ^nr&

12'2 rEmh - ÿkq ;rdÈhl
jia;=jla t,a,d ;sîu

198
n, iu;=,s;;dj fN!;sl úoHdj

wd;;sh (T) iúu;a ;ka;=jlska t,a,d we;s f.da,hla 12'3 rEmfha fmkajd
we;' f.da,fha nr l%shd lrkafka isria j my<ghs' tu nr
;ka;=j u.ska by<g fhdok n,fhka ^we§ula hgf;a we;s
;ka;=j Èf.a ls%hdlrk n,hg ;ka;=fõ wd;;sh hehs lshhs&
ix;=,kh jk ksid f.da,h ksYap, j mj;S' fuys § f.da,fha
nr (W) yd ;ka;=j u.ska by<g fhdok n,h (T) hgf;a
nr (W) f.da,h iu;=,s;;dfõ mj;S'
12'3 rEmh - ;ka;=jlska tÈfkod Ôú;fha §" jia;+ka fj; úúO n, fhfok wjia:d
t,a,d we;s f.da,hla ks;r u wmg olskakg ,efnhs' tjeks n, folla" ;=kla fyda
Bg jeä .Kkla hgf;a jqj o jia;+ka iu;=,s;;dfõ mej;sh
yels h'
wm fuys § n, folla yd ;=kla hgf;a jia;=jla iu;=,s; jk wjia:d fjk fjk
u i,ld n,kq ,efí'

12'2 n, folla hgf;a jia;=jl iu;=,s;;dj

,laIHhla u; ls%hd lrk tal f¾Çh n, folla ksid yg.kakd iM, n,h fyj;a
iïm%hqla; n,h ms<sn| j wms n, iïm%hqla;h mdvfï §" bf.k .;suq'
ta wkqj" jia;=jla u; tla n,hla hï ÈYdjlg fh§ ;sìh §" ;j;a n,hlska tu
jia;=j Bg úreoaO ÈYdjg weoafod;a túg iïm%hqla; n,fha úYd,;ajh wvqjk nj
Tn úiska bf.k .kakd ,È' jia;=jla iu;=,s;;dfõ mej;Su i`oyd iïm%hqla;h
Y=kH úh hq;= fõ'
jia;=jla u; tl u ;,fha úreoaO ÈYdjkag ls%hd lrk n, folla hgf;a
iu;=,s;;dj mj;ajd .ekSug wjYH idOl ms<sn| j oeka wms fidhd n,uq'
tA i`oyd my; oelafjk ls%hdldrlu 1 iy l%shdldrlu 2ys ksr; fjuq'

l%shdldrlu - 1
wjYH øjH ( uqÿjla" ÿkq ;rdÈ folla'

12'4 rEmh - m%;súreO n, folla hgf;a jia;=jl iu;=,s;;dj mÍlaId lsÍu

199
fN!;sl úoHdj n, iu;=,s;;dj

² fïihla u; uqÿj ;sria j ;nd 12'4 rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg th ÿkq
;rdÈ fol u.ska fomig wÈkak' ÿkq ;rdÈ fol wÈk m%udK fjkia lsÍu
u.ska uqÿj u; úúO úYd,;ajj,ska hq;a n, fhdokak' ta iEu wjia:djl
§ u uqÿj ksYap, j mj;ajd .; hq;= h'
² uqÿj ksYap,;djfha mj;skafka th u; fhfok iïm%hqla; n,h Y=kH jQ
úghs' tkï uqÿj fomig fhdok n, fol hgf;a iu;=,s; jQ úghs' fufia
uqÿj iu;=,s; j mj;sk iEu wjia:djl § u ;rdÈ foflys mdGdxl iudk
nj Tng fmfkkq we;'

tkï iu;=,s;;dfõ §" uqÿj u; fhfok n, foflys úYd,;aj iudk fõ'

oeka ÿkq ;rdÈ fol tl u f¾Ldjl fkdmsysgk wdldrhg uqÿj iu;=,s; j ;nd
.ekSug W;aidy lrkak' fuh l< fkdyels fohla nj Tng fmkS hkq we;' tkï
fuys §" uqÿj iu;=,s; jk iEu wjia:djl § u n, fol tAl f¾Çh úh hq;= jk
w;r tajd tlsfklg m%;súreoaO ÈYdj,g l%shd l< hq;= h'

l%shdldrlu - 2
wjYH øjH ( >kldldr ,S l=Üáhla" ksõgka ;rdÈ folla" ksõgka ;rdÈ ,S
l=Üáhg iú lsÍug wjYH uqÿ folla'

² ,S l=Üáfha fomi uqyqK;Aj, uOH ,laIHj,g" 12'5 rEmfha mrsÈ uqÿ fol
iïnkaO lr .kak'
² oeka ksõgka ;rdÈ fol uqÿ folg iïnkaO lr ,S l=Üáh úúO
úYd,;ajfhka hq;a n, fhdoñka fomig wÈkak'

12'5 rEmh - ,S l=Üáhla fomig we§u

iïm%hqla; n,hla mj;sk iEu úg u" ,S l=Üáh hï ÈYdjlg p,kh jk nj;a

iïm%hqla; n,h Y=kH jk whqßka fomig iudk n, fhdod wÈk wjia:dfõ §" ,S
l=Üáh ksYap, j mj;sk nj;a Tng oel.; yels jkq we;' tkï fuys § ,S l=Üáh
iu;=,s; jk iEu wjia:djl § u m%;súreoaO j l%shdlrk n, foflys úYd,;ajhka
iudk fõ'

200
n, iu;=,s;;dj fN!;sl úoHdj

fïihla u; ;nd we;s jia;=jla 12'6 rEmfha fmkajd we;' fuu jia;=j ìug
fkdjefgkafka wehs@
wNs,ïn f;rmqu (R)

nr (W)

12'6 rEmh - fmd;la fïih u; iu;=,s; j ;sîu

fuys § jia;=fõ nr isria j my<g l%shdlrk w;r" tu n,h fïi ,E,a, úiska isria
j by<g we;s lrk wNs,ïn m%;sls%hd n,fhka ix;=,kh jkafka h' by; lS n,
fol hgf;a fmd; fïih u; iu;=,s;;dfõ mj;sk w;r" jia;=j ksYap, j mj;S'

12'7 rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg jia;=jla ,Kqjlska
wd;;sh (T)
t,a,d ;enQ úg tu jia;=j ksYap, j mj;S kï" Bg fya;=j
jia;=fõ nrg iudk n,hla ,Kqj Èf.a by<g l%shd lsÍuhs'
,Kqj u.ska by<g we;s lrk n,h ,Kqfõ wd;;sh hehs
lshkq ,efí' jia;=fõ nr yd ;ka;=fõ wd;;sh u.ska jia;=j"
iu;=,s;;dfõ ;ndf.k we;s neúka jia;=j ksYap, j mj;S'
nr (W)

12'7 rEmh -
,Kqjlska t,a,d
we;s jia;=jla

by; úia;r l< iEu wjia:djl § u jia;=jla u; n, folla muKla fhdod

;snqKs' ;j o tu n, fol úYd,;ajfhka iudk o ÈYdfjka m%;súreoaO o úh'
tfia u tu n,j, l%shd f¾Ldj o tl u úh' tkï" n, folla hgf;a jia;=jla
iu;=,s; j mej;Sug my; wjYH;d imqrd,sh hq;= h'
1' n, fol úYd,;ajfhka iudk úh hq;= h'
2' n, fol m%;súreoaO ÈYdj,g l%shd l< hq;= h'
3' n, fol tlu f¾Ldj Èf.a l%shd l< hq;= h'

201
fN!;sl úoHdj n, iu;=,s;;dj

12'3 tal;, iudka;r n, ;=kla hgf;a jia;=jl iu;=,s;;dj

ieye,a,q ;sria oKavl t,a,d we;s

flfi,a lekla 12'8 rEmfha fmkajd
we;' fuys § oKav" th t,a,d we;s ,Kq
fol yd flfi,a lek t,a,d we;s
,Kqj hk ish,a, tl u ;,hl msysghs'
tfiau ,Kq ;=k Èf.a ls%hdlrk n,
iudka;r j msysghs' fuh iudka;r
tal;, n, ;=kla hgf;a iu;=,s; j
mj;sk moaO;shlg WodyrKhla fõ'
^oKafâ nr o iu. fuu moaO;sfha n,
y;rla mj;shs' kuq;a ieye,a,q oKavla
hkafkka woyia flfrkafka nr
12'8 rEmh - flfi,a lekla t,a,d we;s
;sria oKavla fkd.sksh yels ;rï l=vd oKavla ksid
fuys § tu n,h fkdi,ld yef¾'&

oKavla wdOdrl folla

u; ksYap, j ;nd we;s
wjia:djla 12'9 rEmfha
oelafõ' fuys § oKafâ
nr yd oKav ;nd we;s
nr (w)
wdOdrl ksid oKav u;
l%shdlrk wNs,ïN
12'9 rEmh - wdOdrl folla u; ksYap,j mj;sk oKvla m%;sl%shd fol hk n,
;=k tl u ;,hl
msysgk w;r tajd iudka;r fõ' fuu n, hgf;a oKav" wdOdrl fol u; iu;=,s;
j msysghs'

oeka wms tal;, iudka;r n, ;=kla hgf;a jia;=jla iu;=,s; j mej;Sug wjYH
idOl fidhd ne,Sug my; l%shdldrlfuys fhfouq'

202
n, iu;=,s;;dj fN!;sl úoHdj

l%shdldrlu - 3
wjYH øjH ( ÿkq ;rdÈ folla" ógr fldaÿjla" rn¾ má folla'

ksõgka ;rdÈ

F1 F2

rn¾má

W óg¾ fldaÿj

12'10 rEmh - tal;, iudka;r n, ;=kla hgf;a iu;=,s;j mj;sk ógr fldaÿjla

• ógr fldaÿfõ nr lsrd .kak' bka miq th ÿkq ;rdÈ fol u.ska 12'10
rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg fofl<jßka t,a,d ógr fldaÿj ;sria j
iu;=,s; j mj;ajd .kak' túg ÿkq ;rdÈ foflys mdGdxl ,nd .kak' fuu
wjia:dfõ §" fuu moaO;sh iudka;r tal;, n, ;=kla hgf;a iu;=,s;
j mj;shs'
• ÿkq ;rdÈ foflys mdGdxl yd ógr fldaÿfõ nr w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj
fidhd n,kak' ÿkq ;rdÈ foflys mdGdxlj, tl;=j" ógr fldaÿfõ nrg
iudk nj fmfkkq we;'
tkï ÿkq ;rdÈ fol u.ska ógr fldaÿj u; fhdok n, foflys tl;=j"
ógr fldaÿfõ nrg iudk fõ'
• ógr fldaÿj ;sria j u mj;ajd .ksñka ÿkq ;rdÈ fol tal;, fkdjk
mßÈ ógr fldaÿfõ fofl,jßka tlsfklg úreoaO ÈYdj,g ;,a¨ lrñka
iu;=,s;;dj mj;ajd .; yels oe hs n,kak'
• tu iEu wjia:djl § u ógr fldaÿj iu;=,s; jkafka kej; ÿkq ;rdÈ fol
iu`. ógr fldaÿj tal;, jk wjia:djl § muKla nj Tng jegfykq
we;'

tkï iudka;r n, ;=kla hgf;a jia;=jla iu;=,s; j ;sîug my; wjYH;d

imqrd,sh hq;= h'
(i) n, ;=k tal;, úh hq;= h'
(ii) tla n,hla wfkla n, folg m%;súreoaO ÈYdjg l%shd l< hq;= h'
(iii) n, foll iïm%hqla;h ;=kajk n,hg úYd,;ajfhka iudk yd ÈYdfjka
m%;súreoaO úh hq;= h'

203
fN!;sl úoHdj n, iu;=,s;;dj

TkaÑ,a,djl ys|f.k isásk <ufhl=" iudka;r n, ;=kla hgf;a iu;=,s; j

;sfnk moaO;shlg ;j;a WodyrKhls' <uhd TkaÑ,a,dfõ iu;=,s; j isákafka
12'11 rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg lU foflka by<g fhfok F1 yd F2 n,
fofla tl;=j <uhdf.a nrg (W) iudk jk neúks'

12'11 rEmh - <uhl= TkaÑ,a,djl ys|f.k isàu

12'4 iudka;r fkdjk tal;, n, ;=kla hgf;a jia;=jl

iu;=,s;;dj
F1 F2

W
12'12 rEmh - rduql< mska;+rhla ì;a;shl t,a,d ;sîu

ì;a;shl" 12'12 rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg t,a,d we;s rduq l< mska;+rhla
ksYap, j mj;skafka ,Kq fol Èf.a fhfok wd;;s n, ^F1 yd F2 & iy mska;+rfha
nr (W) hk n, ;=k iu;=,s;;dfjka mj;sk neúks' fuu n, ;=k tal;, jQjo" óg
fmr úia;r l< wjia:dj, § fuka tlsfklg iudka;r n, fkdfõ'
oeka wms fujeks tal;," tfy;a iudka;r fkdjk n, ;=kla hgf;a jia;=jla
iu;=,s; ùug wjYH idOl fiùug my; l%shdldrlfuys fhfouq'

204
n, iu;=,s;;dj fN!;sl úoHdj

l%shdldrlu - 4

wjYH øjH ( Rcq fldaKdi%dldr ;=kS ;, wdia;rhla" ;kaa;=jla'

;=kS f,day ;yvq lene,a,la fyda ldâfndaâ lene,a,la ;, wdia;rh f,i

Ndú; l< yels h' fuu ;, wdia;rh 12'13 rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg
wjia:d ;=kl § ia:dk ;=klska t,a,d ta tla tla wjia:dfõ § ;ka;=j yryd
hk isria f¾Ldj wdia;rh u; i,l=Kq lrkak'

12'13 rEmh - ;, wdia;rhl .=re;aj flakaøfha msysàu fiùu

² f¾Ld ;=k yuq jk ,laIHh ;yvqfõ .=re;aj flakaøh f,i ie,lsh yels
h' .=re;aj flakaøh hkq hï jia;=jl uq¿ nr u ls%hd lrkafka he hs
ie,lsh yels ;ks ,laIhhs' tksid wdia;rfha nr W ls%hd lrkafka tys
.=re;aj flakaøh yryd hk isria f¾Ldj Èf.a h'

² oeka ;yvqfõ ia:dk follg iïnkaO lrk ,o ;ka;= folla u.ska 12'12
rEmfha rduq l< mska;+rh t,a,d we;s wdldrhg wdia;rh t,a,d th isria
;,hl iu;=,s;j ;nd .kak'

² wdia;rhg msgqmiska ;enQ lvodishla u; tla tla ;ka;=j Èf.a .uka lrk
f¾Ldj i,l=Kq lrkak' .=re;aj flakaøh yryd hk isria f¾Ldj o i,l=Kq
lrkak'
by; i,l=Kq lrk ,o f¾Ld ;=k u tl u ;,hl msysgk w;r tajd tlu
,laIHhl § yuqjk nj Tng fmfkkq we;'

² oeka n, ;=fkka tla n,hl ÈYdj ksh; j ;nd .ksñka wfkla n,

l%shdlrk ;,h fjkia jk fia wdia;rh yrjkak' tfia yrjd w;yeßh
úg kej;;a moaO;sh iu;=,s;;djg m;a jkafka n, ;=k u tl u ;,hl
msysgk wdldrhg nj Tng fmfkkq we;'

205
fN!;sl úoHdj n, iu;=,s;;dj

tkï" tlsfklg wdk; n, ;=kla hgf;a jia;=jla iu;=,s; ùug n, ;=k tal;,
úh hq;= h' tfiau n, ;=fkys l%shd f¾Ld tlu ,laIHhl § yuq úh hq;= h' ;jo"
n, foll iïm%hqla;h ;=ka jk n,hg iudk yd ÈYdfjka m%;súreoaO úh hq;= h'

wm by; idlÉPd lf<a n, folla fyda ;=kla hgf;a iu;=,s;;dfõ mj;sk moaO;s
ms<sn|j h' Bg jvd jeä n, ixLHdjla hgf;a o jia;=jla iu;=,s;;dj mej;sh yels
h' 12'14 rEmfha fmkajd we;af;a n, myla mj;sk wjia:djls'

tys we;af;a uq¨ y;rg .eg .eiQ ,Kq y;rla u.ska t,a,d we;s ,E,a,ls' fuys §
,E,a, ksYap, j mj;skafka isria j my<g l%shd lrk ,E,af,a nr ,Kq y;frys
wd;;s n,j,ska iu;=,s; ùu ksid h'

12'14 rEmh - n, myla hgf;a iu;=,s; j mj;sk jia;=jla

ñY% wNHdih

^1& ^¸& ;sria ;,hla u; we;s jia;=jla tla ÈYdjlg 20 N n,hlska wÈkq ,efí'
tu jia;=j ksYap,;djg m;a lsÍu i|yd 20 N n,h fhdok ÈYdjg
úreoaO ÈYdjg ljr n,hla fhÈh hq;= o@
^¸¸& by; jia;=jg 20 N n,h fhod ;sìh §" Bg m%;súreoaO ÈYdjg 25 N
n,hla fhÿfjd;a l=ula isÿ fõ o@

^2& tkaðu l%shd úrys; ù ;sfnk r:hla uola ÿr p,kh lsÍug lsysm
fofkla tl;= ù ;,a,q lrkafka kï tla tla mqoa.,hd tu r:h u; n,
fhÈh hq;af;a ljr wdldrfhka o@

^3& my; rEmfhka fmkakqï flfrk B yd C ÿkq ;rdÈ fol u.ska fhdok
n, foflaa iïm%hqla; n,h okafka kï" uqoao ksYap,;djg m;a lr,Sug
l< hq;af;a ljrla o@

206
n, iu;=,s;;dj fN!;sl úoHdj

A
C

^4& fïihla u; fmÜáhla ;nd we;' .=re;ajdl¾IK n,h fuu fmÜáh

u; my<g ls%hd l<;a th my<g fkdjeà ksYap, j mj;skafka ljr
fya;=jla ksid o@
^5& ;sria fïihla u; we;s jia;=jla ,Kq follska tlsfklg wiudk n,
folla fhdoñka m%;súreoaO ÈYdjkag wÈkq ,efí kï" tu jia;=fõ p,s;
iajNdjh ms<sn| j Tng lsj yelafla l=ula o@

207
fN!;sl úoHdj n, iu;=,s;;dj

mdßNdIsl jpk
n,h - Force
n, iu;=,s;;dj - Equilibrium of forces
tal;, n, iu;=,s;;dj - Equilibrium of co-planer forces
n, foll iu;=,s;;dj - Equilibrium of two forces
n, ;=kl iu;=,s;;dj - Equilibrium of three forces
iudka;r n, ;=kl iu;=,s;;dj - Equilibrium of three parallel
forces

208
 úoHdj
II fldgi

10 fY%aKsh

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

i
m%:u uqøKh - 2014
fojk uqøKh - 2015
f;jk uqøKh - 2016
isõjk uqøKh - 2017
miajk uqøKh - 2018
ihjk uqøKh - 2019

ish¨ ysñlï weúßKs'

ISBN 978-955-25-0385-6

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska

w;=re.sßh" fmdaf¾" nlaó.yjej mdf¾" wxl 164$4$ta ork ia:dkfhys msysá
m%skaÜtlafi,a mqoa.,sl iud.u u.ska
uqøKh lrjd m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,È'

ii
 Y%S ,xld cd;sl .Sh

Y%S ,xld ud;d

wm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;d
iqkaor isßnßkS" iq/`os w;s fidanudk ,xld
OdkH Okh fkl u,a m,;=re msß ch N+ñh ruHd
wmyg iem isß fi; iokd Ôjkfha ud;d
ms<s.kq uek wm Nla;s mQcd
kfuda kfuda ud;d
wm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;d
Tn fõ wm úoHd - Tn u h wm i;Hd
Tn fõ wm Yla;s - wm yo ;=< Nla;s
Tn wm wdf,dafla - wmf.a wkqm%dfKa
Tn wm Ôjk fõ - wm uqla;sh Tn fõ
kj Ôjk foñfka ks;sk wm mqnqÿ lrka ud;d
{dk ù¾h jvjñk /f.k hkq uek ch N+ñ lrd
tl ujlf. ore le, neúkd
huq huq ù fkdmud
fm%au jvd ieu fNao ÿ/r Þ kfuda kfuda ud;d
wm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;d

iii
wms fjuq tl ujlf. orefjda
tl ksjfiys fjfikd
tl mdge;s tl reêrh fõ
wm lh ;=< ÿjkd

tneúks wms fjuq fidhqre fidhqßfhda

tl f,i tys jefvkd
Ôj;a jk wm fuu ksjfia
fid¢k isáh hq;= fõ

ieug u fu;a lreKd .=fKkS

fj<S iu.s oñkS
rka ñKs uq;= fkd j th u h iem;d
lsis l, fkdu Èrkd

wdkkao iurfldaka

iv
 .re wOHdmk wud;H;=udf.a m‚jqvh

—w¨;a fjñka" fjkia fjñka" ksje/È oekqfuka

rgg jf. u uq¿ f,djg u fjkak keK myka˜

f.ù .sh oYl follg wdikak ld,h f,dal b;sydih ;=< iqúfYaIS jQ
;dlaI‚l fjkialï /ila isÿjQ ld,hls' f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh" ikaksfõokh m%uqL
lr.;a fiiq lafIa;%j, YS>% ÈhqKqj;a iuÕ j;auka isiq ore oeßhka yuqfõ kj
wNsfhda. /ila ks¾udKh ù ;sfí' wo iudcfha mj;sk /lshdj, iajNdjh kqÿre
wkd.;fha § iqúfYaIS fjkialï /ilg ,la jkq we;' tjka jgmsgdjla ;=< kj
;dlaI‚l oekqu iy nqoaêh flakaø lr.;a iudchl fjkia wdldrfha /lshd wjia:d
o ,laI .Kkska ks¾udKh jkq we;' ta wkd.; wNsfhda. ch.ekSu fjkqfjka" Tn
iún, .ekaùu wOHdmk wud;Hjrhd f,i uf.a;a" wm rcfha;a m%uqL wruqKhs'
ksoyia wOHdmkfha udyeÕs m%;s,dNhla f,i fkdñf,a Tn w;g m;a jk
fuu fmd; ukdj mßYS,kh lsÍu;a" bka wjYH oekqu Wlyd .ekSu;a Tfí
taldhk wruqK úh hq;= h' tfuka u Tfí ujqmshka we;=¿ jeäysáhkaf.a Y%ufha
iy lemlsÍfï m%;sM,hla f,i rch úiska fkdñf,a mdi,a fm<fmd;a Tn w;g
m;a lrkq ,nk nj o Tn jgyd .; hq;= h'
f,dalh fõ.fhka fjkia jk jgmsgdjl" kj m%jK;dj,g .e<fmk whqßka
kj úIh ud,d ilia lsÍug;a" wOHdmk moaO;sh ;=< ;SrKd;aul fjkialï isÿ
lsÍu i|yd;a rchla f,i wm lghq;= lrkafka rgl wkd.;h wOHdmkh u;ska isÿ
jk nj wm fyd¢ka u wjfndaO lrf.k isák neúks' ksoyia wOHdmkfha Wmßu
m%;sM, N=la;s ú¢ñka" rgg muKla fkdj f,djg u jevodhS Y%S ,dxlsl mqrjeishl=
f,i keÕS isákakg Tn o wÈgka lr.; hq;= jkafka tneúks' ta i|yd fï fmd;
mßYS,kh lsÍfuka Tn ,nk oekqu o bjy,a jkq we;s nj uf.a úYajdihhs'
rch Tfí wOHdmkh fjkqfjka úhoï lrk w;súYd, OkialkaOhg
jákdlula tla lsÍu o Tfí hq;=lula jk w;r" mdi,a wOHdmkh yryd Tn ,nd
.kakd oekqu yd l=i,;d Tfí wkd.;h ;SrKh lrk nj o Tn fyd¢ka wjfndaO
lr .; hq;= h' Tn iudcfha l=uk ;rd;srul isáh o ish¨ ndOd ì| ouñka iudcfha
by< u ia;rhlg .uka lsÍfï yelshdj wOHdmkh yryd Tng ysñ jk nj o Tn
fyd¢ka wjOdrKh lr .; hq;= h'
tneúka ksoyia wOHdmkfha Wmßu m%;sM, ,nd" f.!rjkSh mqrjeishl= f,i
Tng fyg f,dj Èkkakg;a foaY foaYdka;rj, mjd Y%S ,dxflah kduh nn<jkakg;a
yels fõjdæ hs wOHdmk wud;Hjrhd f,i uu Y=N m%d¾:kh lrñ'

wls, úrdÊ ldßhjiï

wOHdmk wud;H

v
 fmrjok

f,dalfha wd¾Ól" iudÔh" ixialD;sl yd ;dlaI‚l ixj¾Okh;a iu`.

wOHdmk wruqKq jvd ixlS¾K iajrEmhla .kS' ñksia w;a±lSï" ;dlaI‚l
fjkiaùï" m¾fhaIK iy kj o¾Yl weiqfrka bf.kSfï yd b.ekaùfï
l%shdj,sh o kùlrKh fjñka mj;shs' tys§ YsIH wjYH;dj,g .e<fmk
f,i bf.kqï w;a±lSï ixúOdkh lrñka b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh mj;ajdf.k
hdu i`oyd úIh ks¾foaYfha ±lafjk wruqKqj,g wkql+,j" úIhdkqnoaO
lreKq we;=<;aj fm<fmd; iïmdokh ùu wjYH h' fm<fmd; hkq
YsIHhdg bf.kSfï WmlrKhla muKla fkdfõ' th bf.kqï w;a±lSï
,nd .ekSug;a keK .=K j¾Okhg;a p¾hduh yd wdl,amuh j¾Okhla
iys;j by< wOHdmkhla ,eîug;a bjy,a jk wdYS¾jdohls'

ksoyia wOHdmk ixl,amh h:d¾:hla njg m;alrñka 1 fY%aKsfha isg 11

fYaK
% h
s olajd ish¿u fm<fmd;a rcfhka Tng ;s<Ks flf¾' tu .%k: a j,ska
Wmßu M, ,nk w;r u tajd /l .ekSfï j.lSu o Tn i;= nj isysm;a
lrñ' mQ¾K fm!reIhlska fyì" rgg jevodhSs hym;a mqrjeishl= ùfï mßph
,nd .ekSug fuu fm<fmd; Tng WmldÍ fj;ehs uu wfmalaId lrñ'

fuu fm<fmd;a iïmdokhg odhl jQ f,aLl" ixialdrl yd we.hqï

uKav, idudðl uy;au uy;aókag;a wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=fõ
ld¾h uKav,hg;a udf.a ia;=;sh m< lr isáñ'

ví,sõ' tï' chka; úl%ukdhl"

wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a"
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j"
biqremdh"
n;a;ruq,a,'
2019'04'10

vi
kshdukh yd wëlaIKh
ví,sõ' tï' chka; úl%ukdhl - wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
fufyhùu
ví,sõ' ta' ks¾u,d mshiS,s - wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ^ixj¾Ok&
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
iïnkaëlrKh
fla' ã' nkaÿ, l=udr - ksfhdacH flduidßia
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
tÉ' pkaÈud l=udß o fidhsid - iyldr flduidßia
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
jhs' tï' ms%hx.sld l=udß hdmd - iyldr flduidßia
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
ixialdrl uKav,h
1' wdpd¾h tï' fla' chkkao - fcHaIAG lÓldpd¾h
fN!;sl úoHd wOHhk wxYh" fld<U úYajúoHd,h
2' wdpd¾h tia' ã' tï' Ñka;l - fcHaIAG lÓldpd¾h
ridhk úoHd wOHhk wxYh
YS% chj¾Okmqr úYaajúoHd,h
3' wdpd¾h wd¾' wd¾' tï' fla' rK;=x. - fcHaIAG lÓldpd¾h
i;a;aj úoHd wOHhk wxYh
YS% chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h
4' uydpd¾h pQ,d wfír;ak - iydh uydpd¾h
fN!;sl úoHd wOHhk wxYh
YS% chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h
5' wdpd¾h wd¾' fika;s,aks;s - fcHaIAG lÓldpd¾h
ridhksl úoHd wOHhk wxYh
w.aksÈ. úYajúoHd,h
6' tï' mS' úmq,fiak - wOHlaI ^úoHd&
wOHdmk wud;HdxYh
7' wfYdal o is,ajd - fcHaIAG lÓldpd¾h
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
8' mS' u,úm;srK - fcHaIAG lÓldpd¾h
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
9' fla' ã' nkaÿ, l=udr - ksfhdacH flduidßia"
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
10' tÉ' pkaÈud l=udß o fidhsid - iyldr flduidßia
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
11' jhs' tï' ms%hx.sld l=udß hdmd - iyldr flduidßia
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

vii
f,aLl uKav,h
1' wdpd¾h fla' wdßhisxy - m%ùK úoHd f,aLl

2' tia' tï' i¿jvk - úoHd úIh iïnkaëldrl

W;=reueo m<d;a wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j
3' ví' Ô' tA' rúkaø fõrf.dv - .=re fiajh
Y%S rdyq, cd;sl mdi," w,õj
4' Ô' Ô' tia' f.dvl=udr - .=re WmfoaYl
l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" foysw;a;lKaäh
5' tÉ' lS¾;s ch,;a - .=re WmfoaYl
l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" .d,a,
6' ví' tï' j¾Kisß - .=re WmfoaYl
l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" yïnkaf;dg
7' wdkkao w;=fldar< - .=re fiajh
foaú nd,sld úoHd,h" fld<U 08
8' fla' tka' tka' ;s,lj¾Ok - .=re fiajh
wdkkao úoHd,h" fld<U 10
9' B' fla' udfk,a o is,ajd - .=re fiajh
iS;djl cd;sl mdi," wúiaidfõ,a,
10' ta' ví' ta' isßj¾Ok - .=re WmfoaYl ^úY%dñl&
11' tï' ta' mS' uqKisxy - m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ ^úY%dñl&
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
12' ta' tï' à' msf.ard - iyldr wOHdmk wOHlaI ^úY%dñl&
13' fÊ' tïudkqfj,a - .=re WmfoaYl ^úoHd&
l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h"fld<U
14' tka' jd.SIuq¾;s - wOHdmk wOHlaI ^úY%dñl&
15' fla' idka; l=ud¾ - .=re WmfoaYl ^úoHd&
l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" yd,swe,

NdId ixialrKh yd fidaÿm;a

1' jhs' mS' tka' mS' úu,isß - .=re WmfoaYl
l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h"
Y%S chj¾Okmqr
msgljr ks¾udKh
1' mS' ví,sõ' <ysre uOqIdka - wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

mß.Kl msgq ieliqu

1' wixl wrúkao uyl=udrf.a - wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
2' ví' ta' mQ¾Kd chñKs - wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
3' yi, p;=rx. ú;dkf.a - wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

viii
 mgqk
msgqj
13' ffcj f,dalh 01
13'1 Ôùka j¾.SlrKh 01

13'2 Ôùka kdulrKh 24

14' Ôjfha wLKav;dj 28

14'1 m%ckkh 28
14'2 Ydlj, m%ckkh 29
14'3 udkj m%ckkh 48
14'4 ,sx.slj iïfm%aIKh jk frda. 60
15' øjiaÓ;s mSvkh yd tys fh§ï 65
15'1 mSvkh 65
15'2 øj mSvkh 66
15'3 øj u.ska mSvkh iïfm%aIKh 70
15'4 jdhq mSvkh 73
15'5 bms,Su 78

16' mod¾:fha fjkia ùï 87

16'1 ridhksl úm¾hdi 89
16'2 ridhksl iólrK 92
16'3 f,dayj, m%;sl%sh;dj 95
16'4 il%sh;d fYa%Ksh 100
16'5 jdhq ms<sfh, lsÍu" .=K yd Ndú; 104

17' m%;sls%hd YS>%;dj 116

17'1 m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj flfrys n,mdk idOl 117

ix
úúO .;s ,laIK mokï lr .ksñka" úúO wdldrhg Ôùka ldKav l< yels nj
Tng wjfndaO jkakg we;'
fmdÿ .;s ,laIKj,g wkqj Ôùka ldKavj,g fnÞ ±laùu Ôùka j¾.SlrKh f,i
ye¢kafõ'
13'1'1 Ôùka j¾.SlrKfha jeo.;alu
Ôùka j¾.SlrKh u.ska Tng m%fhdack /ila ,nd.; yels h' tu m%fhdack
fudkjd±hs úuid n,uq'
² Ôùka ms<sn|j myiqfjka wOHhkh l< yels ùu'
² kï lrk ,o Ôúhl=f.a iqúfYaI wkkH;d y÷kd .ekSu myiq ùu'
² ish¨ Ôùka wOHhkh fkdlr f;dard.;a Ôùka lsysmfokl= wOHhkh
lsÍu u.ska iuia; ffcjf,dalh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yels ùu'
² fjkia Ôùka ldKav w;r iïnkaO;dj wkdjrKh l< yels ùu'
² ñksidg wd¾Óluh jeo.;alula we;s Ôùka y÷kd .ekSug yels ùu'
² Ôùka j¾.SlrKh lrk l%u
ls%'mQ' 4 jk ishjfia § muK wersiafgdag,a úiska Ôùka ms<sn`o úoHd;aul j¾.SlrKhla
uq,ajrg y`ÿkajd fok ,È' l%s'j' 18 jk ishjfia § muK lefrd,iaa ,Skshia (Carolus
Linnaeus) úiska id¾:l j¾.SlrKhla y÷kajd fok ,§' ñksid we;=¿ mDÓúh u;
isák ish¨u Ôùka j¾.SlrKh lsÍu m%Odk wdldr follg isÿ lrhs' tkï"
² lD;s%u j¾.SlrKh' (Artificial classification)
² iajdNdúl j¾.SlrKh (Natural classification)
lD;s%u j¾.SlrKh
lD;%su j¾.SlrKhl § Ôùkaf.a Wmdx. msysàu fyda fkdmsysàu" jdiia:dk jeks foa
i,ld nef,k w;r Ôùkaaf.a mßKdñl nkaOq;d tu.ska ksrEmKh fkdfõ'
lD;%su j¾.SlrK i|yd ksoiqka:-
Ydl- úis;=re Ydl" T!Iëh Ydl yd úI iys; Ydl f,i j¾. lsÍu'
i;=ka-mshdm;a iys; i;=ka iy mshdm;a rys; i;=ka f,i j¾. lsÍu'
lD;%su j¾.SlrKhl fndfyda ÿ¾j,;d we;'
by; ksoiqfkys mshdm;a iys; i;=ka hk ks¾Kdhlh hgf;a mlaISka iy lDóka
j¾. fol u we;=<;a fõ' kuq;a mlaISka yd lDóka mßKdñlj fndfydafihska
tlsfklg fjkia cSù j¾. folls'
iajdNdúl j¾.SlrKh
Ôùkaaf.a mßKdñl nkaOq;d ksrEmKh jk wdldrhg Tjqka j¾. lsÍu iajdNdúl
j¾.SlrKhl§ isÿ lrhs' iajdNdúl j¾.SlrKhl § Ôùkaf.a rEm úoHd;aul" ldhsl
úoHd;aul" ffi, úoHd;aul fyda wKql cSj úoHd;aul ,laIK ms<sn| i,ld n,hs'
iajdNdúl j¾.SlrKhl my; ±lafjk ,laIK we;'
² tlu úfYaIfha Ôùka w;r iajdNdúl nkaOq;d fy<s lrhs'
² fjkia Ôùka w;r we;s mßKdñl nkaOq;d ms<sn|j meyeÈ,s lrhs'
ksoiqka :- ixprK wjhj - u;aiHhskaf.a jr,a" mlaISkaf.a mshdm;a"
ñksidf.a mdo
2 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'
 lYsldj

ma,diaóvh DNA
rhsfndfidau
m%djrh
kHIaál øjH
ffi, ì;a;sh
ffi,
ma,diauh ffi, mg,h

ms,hs
fm%dáiagd rdcOdksh (Kingdom Protista)

fm%dáiagd rdcOdkshg wh;a Ôùka iQ kHIaál ^ixúOdkh jQ kHIaáhla ork&

ffi,j,ska iukaú; fõ' fudjqyq tal ffi,sl fyda úfYaIKh jQ mgl fkdue;s
nyqffi,sl Ôùka fj;ss' fudjqka c,h iys; ´kEu mßirhl Ôj;a jk w;r
fndfyduhla m%NdixYaf,aIl fõ' we;eï úfYaI úIufmdaIS fõ' we,a.S" fm%dfgdfidajd
jeks Ôùyq fuu rdcOdkshg wh;a fj;s'

we,a.S fm%dfgdfidajd
(ksoiqk - (Ulva) (ksoiqk - Paramecium)
13.7 rEmh - fm%dáiagd rdcOdkshg wh;a Ôùka

fm%dáiagdjka ñksidg m%fhdackj;a fuka u wys;lr jk wjia:d lsysmhla my;

oelafõ'

y c,c mßirj, wdydroduj, m%d:ñl ksIamdolhska f,i we,a.S l%shdlsÍu'

y È,Sr iu. we,a.S tl;= ù idok iyÔù ix.uhla jk ,hslk iE§ug
odhl ùu'
y nelaàßhd frdamKhg .kakd udOH idok ta.d¾ ksIamdokh lsÍu'
y whsial%Sï ksIamdokfha § fhdod.kakd we,aðksla wï,h ,nd.ekSu
y we;eï fm%dfgdfidajdjka u.ska ñksidg oreKq frda. we;sùu'
ksoiqka (- weónd w;Sidrh" uef,aßhdj" ksød WK

7 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

 13.10 rEmh - È,Sr j¾. lsysmhl m%ckl jHqy
È,Sr ñksidg jeo.;a jk wjia:d lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
y fm%daàka mßmqrl wdydrhla f,i fhdod .kS' ^ksoiqka(-Agaricus y;=&
y mdka iy uoHidr meiSfï l%shdj,shg fhdod.kS' (ksoiqka(-Yeast hSiaÜ)
y m%;sÔjl T!IO ksIAmdokhg fhdod .kS' ^ksoiqka(-Penicillium u.ska fmksis,Ska
ksmoùu&
y i;=ka yd Ydlj,g frda. idohs' ^ksoiqka (- w¨yï iE§u" w¾;dm,a mYaÑu
wx.udrh iE§u&
y wdydr krlaùu'
l%shdldrlu 13.2

mdka fm;a;l we;s mqia (Mucor)

ksÍlaIKh lruq'

mdka fm;a;lg c,h iaj,amhla fhdÞ

Èk folla muK ;nkak' th u;=msg
È,Sr cd,hla ygf.k we;s nj fmfka'
ùÿre l+rla wdOdrfhka bka iaj,amhla
ùÿre lÞjlg oud jeiqï fm;a;lska jid
wKaùlaIfhka ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
13.11 rEmh - mqia iys;
mdka fm;a;la

9 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

13'1 j.=j - nelaàßhd wêrdcOdksh" fm%dáiagd iy *ka.hs rdcOdksj,g wh;a Ôùkaf.a ,laIK

,laIKh nelaàßhd fm%dáiagd *ka.hs

jHqyh wKaùlaISh fõ' tAl fndfyduhla fndfyduhla Ôùka
ffi,sl Ôùka h' wKaùlaISh fõ' wKaùlaISh fõ' kuq;a
m%d.akHIaál fõ' kuq;a r;= we,a.S
we;eï úfYaIj,
b;d úYd, foay m%ckl jHqy mshú
weiska ±lsh yels h'
orhs' fndfyduhla
tAl ffi,sl h' ^ksoiqka (- y;=& iuyr
w;euqka nyq È,Sr tAl ffi,sl h'
ffi,sl h' kuq;a
nyq ffi,sl È,Sr"
mgl úfNaokhla cd,hla (mycelium)
ke;' f,i mj;S' mgl
iQkHIaál fõ' úfNaokhla ke;'
iQkHIaál fõ'
yevh f.da,dldr (Coccus) m;%dldr" wiudldr ;ks jD;a;dldr fyda
oKavdldr (Bacillus) wYaj,dvï yeve;s È,Sr cd,hla f,i
i¾ms,dldr(Spirilum) f,i úúOdldr mj;S'
fldudldr (Vibrio) Ôùka isá;s'
f,i nelaàßhd úúO
yeve;s fõ' ihfkd
nelaàßhd o ;ks
ffi,sl f,i fyda
iQ;%sldldr f,i we;'
fmdaIKh fndfyduhla we,a.S úIufmdaISka h' jeä
úIufmdaIS fõ' kuq;a iajhxfmdaISka fõ' m%udKhla uDf;dam
ihfkdnelaàßhdjka tAl ffi,sl i;=ka Ôùka h'
^kS, yß; we,a.S& úIufmdaISka h'
iajhxfmdaISka fõ'

m%ckkh fndfyda úg w,sx.sl oaú LKavkh" fndfyda úg w,sx.sl

m%ckkh isÿlrhs' lv lv ùu iy îcdKq u.ska m%ckkh
nelaàßhdjka îcdKq iE§u u.ska isÿlrhs'
oaú LKavkh o w,sx.sl m%ckkh
ihfkdnelaàßhdjka isÿlrhs'
lvlv ùu o
wxl=rKh u.ska o
w,sx.sl m%ckkh isÿ
lrhs'

10 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

jHdma;sh jd;h"c,h" mi lrÈh" ñßÈh" wldnksl øjH u;
Ôù foay hk iEu f;;ukh iys; yd Ôù foay ;=< Ôj;a
mßirhl u mq¿,aj mi yd Ôù foay ;=< fõ' c,c mßirj,
jHdma; ù we;' Ôj;a fõ' b;d wvq h'

ksoiqka nelaàßhd" we,a.S" fm%dfgdfidajd È,Sr

ihfkdnelaàßhd (weónd - Amoeba,
meróishï -
Paramecium)

ma,dkafÜ rdcOdksh (Kingdom Plantae)

Ydl f,i y÷kajk nyqffi,sl Ôùkaf.ka iukaú; rdcOdksh hs' Ydl úfYaI
287"000 muK ixLHdjla we;ehs ie,fla' Ydl ffi, fi,shqf,daiaj,ska iukaú;
ì;a;s orhs' fïjd fld< meyefhka Èia fõ' Bg fya;=j ffi,j, we;s yß;,j ;=< jQ
yß;m%o ^laf,dafrda*S,a& j¾Klh hs' tu.ska wdf,dal Yla;sh wjfYdaIKh lr wdydr
ksIAmdokh fyj;a m%NdixYaf,aIKh isÿ lrhs'
,sx.sl m%ckk l%u yd w,sx.sl m%ckkh u.ska ;u j¾.hd fnda lrhs'

ma,dkafÜ rdcOdksh mqIam yg .ekSu fyda fkd.ekSu hkak mokï lrf.k m%Odk
ldKav follg j¾. l< yels h'
1' wmqIam Ydl
2' imqIam Ydl

² wmqIam Ydl
mqIam yg fkd.kakd Ydl wmqIam Ydl f,i ye¢kafõ' wmqIam Ydl îc yg .ekSu
fyda fkd.ekSu mokï lrf.k kej; ldKav follg fjka l< yels h'
^1& îc yg fkd.kakd wmqIam Ydl
^2& îc yg .kakd wmqIam Ydl

îc yg fkd.kakd wmqIam Ydl

mqIAm yg fkd.kakd fukau îc yg fkd.kakd Ydl fõ'

ksoiqka- Marchantia, Pogonatum, Selaginella, Nephrolepis, Salvinia,

Acrosticum, Drynaria

11 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

 îc yg fkd.kakd Ydl
wmqIam Ydl ksoiqka(- udlekaáhd" fmd.kdgqï
^u,a yg fkd.kakd Ydl&
îc yg .kakd Ydl
^îc ndysrhg újD;j we;'&
Ydl ksoiqka(- uvq" mhskia

talîcm;%S
imqIam Ydl ksoiqka(- fmd,a
^u,a yg .kakd Ydl&
oaúîcm;%S
ksoiqka(- wU

Marchantia

Pogonatum Selaginella Nephrolepis

Salvinia Acrosticum Drynaria

13.12 rEmh - îc yg fkd.kakd wmqIam Ydl

12 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

îc yg fkd.kakd wmqIam Ydlj, ,laIK my; ±lafõ'
13.2 j.=j- îc yg fkd.kakd wmqIam Ydlj, ,laIK
,laIKh úfYaI lreKq
jHqyh b;d l=vd m%udKfha Ydlj, isg úYd, m%udKfha Ydl olajd mj;S'
we;eï Ydlj, i;H mgl úfNaokhla isÿ ù ke;' ta ksid uq," l|"
m;% fkdmj;S' fuu Ydl ;,i (Thallus) f,i ye|ska fõ' we;eï
Ydlj, mgl úfNaokhla isÿ ù we;' ikd, mgl o orhs' fïjdfha
uq," l|" m;% mj;S'
yevh ;,idldr fyda b;d l=vd m¾Kdx. f,i mj;S'
fmdaIKh ish,af,dau iajhxfmdaIs fõ' m%NdixYaf,aISka h' iuyr Ydl wmsYdl
fõ'
m%ckkh îcdKq ksmoùu yd fldgia fjkaùu uÕska w,sx.sl m%ckkh isÿ fõ'
,sx.sl m%ckkh o isÿ lrhs'
jHdma;sh fijk iy f;;ukh ks;ru r|d mj;sk wvq iQ¾hdf,dalhla iys;
fN!ñl mßirj, jHdma; ù we;'

îc yg .kakd wmqIam Ydl

îc yg .kakd wmqIAm Ydlj, îc" M,hlska wdjrKh ù ke;' îc mßirhg újD;j
we;' fï ksid fïjd újD; îcl Ydl (Gymnosperms) f,i o ye¢kafõ'
ksoiqka (- uvq (Cycas)" mhskia (Pinus)

Cycas Pinus

13'13 rEmh ¤ îc yg .kakd wmqIam Ydl

13 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

l%shdldrlu - 13.3 13.3
l%shdldrlu
f.dhï me<hla fyda ;DK Ydlhla iy l=mamfïkshd me<hla .,jd m%fõifuka
uQ, moaO;sh fidaod tu Ydl fofla ,laIK ksÍlaIKh lr ,ehsia;=.; lrkak'

talîcm;S% yd oaúîcm;S% Ydlj, ,laIK ixikaokd;aulj 13.4 j.=fõ ±lafõ'

13'4 j.=j - tAl îc m;%S yd oaú îc m;%S Ydl w;r fjkialï
talîcm;%S Ydl oaúîcm;%S Ydl
• îcfha tla îc m;%hla yg.kS' • îcfha îc m;% folla yg.kS'
• l| w;= fn§ ^YdLkh ù& ke;' • l| w;= fn§ ^YdLkh ù& we;'
• uqÿka uq,la ke;' ;ka;= uq,a • uqÿka uq,la yd md¾Yúl uq,a
moaO;shla orhs' iys; uq,a moaO;shla orhs'
• m;% iudka;r kdrá úkHdihla • m;% cd,dN kdrá úkHdihla
orhs' orhs'
• ;%S wxlS mqIam orhs' • p;=¾ wxl fyda mxpdxl mqIAm orhs
• oaù;shsl j¾Okhla isÿ fkdfõ' • oaú;shsl j¾Okhla isÿ fõ'
• lf|a iEu ;eku iudk uy;lska • lf`oys uq, m%foaYh uy;a h' w.g
hqla; h' hk úg l%ufhka isyska fõ'
ksoiqka - ù" ;DK" mqjla ksoiqka - ñßia" fldia"
ks,a udfk,a

mejreu - 13'1
imqIAm yd wmqIam hk Ydl foj¾.h u we;=<;a jk wdldrhg Ydl fldgia
úh<d ilia l< Ydl tl;=jla idokak'

weksud,shd rdcOdksh (Kingdom Animalia)

i;=ka f,i y÷kajk nyqffi,sl Ôùkaf.ka iukaú; rdcOdksh hs' i;a;aj f,dalfha
úfYaI 1"260"000 muK ixLHdjla we;ehs ie,fla' wdydr ksmoùfï yelshdjla ke;s
neúka i;=ka úIufmdaISka fõ'
weksud,shd rdcOdkshg wh;a i;=ka fld÷ weg fm< ^lfYarej& oeÍu fyda
fkdoeÍu hkak mokï lrf.k m%Odk ldKav follg j¾. lr we;'
1' wmDIaGjxYSka (Invertebrates)
2' mDIaGjxYSka (Vertebrates)

15 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

² wmDIaGjxYSka (Invertebrates)
fld÷weg fm<la ^lfYarejla& ke;s i;=ka wmDIaGjxYSka f,i ye¢kafõ' wmDIaGjxYSka
Tjqkaf.a ,laIK mokï lrf.k kej; jxYj,g fnÞ fjka lr we;' tu m%Odk
jxY my; oelafõ'
^1& ksvdßhd (Cnidaria) $ iS,kagf¾gd (Coelenterata)
^2& wefk,svd (Annelida)
^3& fud¨iald (Mollusca)
^4& wdf;%dfmdavd (Arthropoda)
^5& tlhsfkdv¾fïgd (Echinodermata)
ksvdßhd (Cnidaria) $ isf,kagf¾gd (Coelenterata)
oaúm%ia;rhska jk yhsv%d" uqyqÿ u," f,dähd jeks i;=ka wh;a jk jxYh hs'

yhsv%d uqyqÿ u, f,dähd

13.15 rEmh - ksvdßhd úfYaI lsysmhla

ksvdßhdjka my; i|yka ,laIK orhs'

² ish,a,kau c,c jdiSka h' jeä iSf,daudka;%h
ffi,
msßila lrÈh jdiS jk w;r iq¿ m%ia;r
msßila ñßÈh jdiS fõ'
² nyq ffi,sl foayh ffi, m%ia;r
follska f.dvke.S we;' ta ksid
oaúm%ia;rhska f,i ye¢kafõ'
² foayh ;=< iSf,daudka;%h kï wdydr .%dysld
ud¾.h f,i l%shdlrk l=yrhla nqyqnd fuvqid
wdldrh wdldrh
mj;S'
² nqyqnd iy fuvqid f,i iajrEm
folla mj;S' nqyqndjka T;a Ôù;hla 13'16 rEmh- ksvdßhd Èlalv
.; lrk w;r fuvqidjka ixprKh
lrhs'
² foayh wÍh iuñ;shla olajhs'
² ish,a,kau úf,damSka h' myr § l=vd i;=ka wvmK lr wdydrhg .kS'
oxYl fldaIaG orhs'
² wxl=r iE§u u.ska w,sx.sl m%ckkh isÿfõ' ,sx.sl m%ckkh o isÿ lrhs'

16 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

 iuk,hd ul=`Mjd f.dakqiaid m;a;Ehd
13.22 rEmh - wdf;%dfmdavd úfYaI lsysmhla

wdf;%dfmdavdjka my; i|yka ,laIK orhs'

² fN!ñl yd lrÈh" ñßÈh mßirj, ysi
jdih lrhs'
Wri
² ;%sm%ia;rh' iSf,dañlh' ikaê iys; Wmdx.
orhs' fï ksid ikaêmdÈlhska f,i
ye¢kafõ'
ikaê
² foayh LKavkh ù we;' LKav tl;= ù
mdo
ge.aud ^ysi" Wri" Worh wd§& iEfoa'
Worh
² foayh u;=msg lhsàka WÉp¾uhla we;'
th msg iels,a, f,i l%shdlrhs'
² we;eï úfYaI mshdm;a orhs'
² foayh oaú md¾Yúl iuñ;shla olajhs'
13.23 rEmh - lDñhl=f.a ndysr
² .eyeKq iy msßñ i;=ka we;' tkï ,sx.sl iajrEmh
oaùrEm;dj fmkajhs' ,sx.sl m%ckkh isÿ
lrhs'
mejreu-13'2
ksjfia yuqjk ñh.sh lDóka tl;= lr lDñ fmÜáhla (Insect box)
ilia lrkak'
tlhsfkdv¾fïgd (Echinodermata)
fldafâgd jxYhg mßKdñl nkaOq;d fmkajk i;a;aj jxYh hs' mieÕs,a,d" Nx.=r
mieÕs,a,d" blsßhd" uqyqÿ lelsß iy uqyqÿ ,s,s jeks i;=ka wh;a fõ'

mieÕs,a,d blsßhd uqyqÿ lelsß

13.24 rEmh - tlhsfkdv¾fïgd úfYaI lsysmhla

19 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

tlhsfkdvfkdv¾fïgdjka my; c, jdyskS moaO;sh
i|yka ,laIK orhs'
² ish,a,ka u lrÈh mßirj,
muKla jdih lrhs'
² ;%sm%ia;rh' iSf,dauh (coelom)
orhs' foayh wÍh ndyq mylg
fjka ù mj;S' wÍh ndyq
² ;shqKq lgq iys; wdjrKhla
orhs' kd, mdoh
² ;drld" is,skavrdldr fyda mqIam 13.25 rEmh
yeve;s fõ' tlhsfkdv¾fïgdjl=f.a foay yrialv
² foayh mqrd me;sreKq kd,
moaO;shla we;' th c, jdyskS moaO;sh f,i ye¢kafõ'
² ixprKh iy Yajikh i|yd kd, mdo we;'
² fud<hla" yDohla yd weia fkdorhs'
² foayh mxp wÍh iuñ;shla olajhs'
² ,sx.sl oaúrEm;dj fmkajhs' ,sx.sl m%ckkh isÿ lrhs'
y mDIaGjxYSka (Vertebrates)
fld÷weg fm<la ^lfYarejla& ork i;=ka mDIaGjxYSka f,i ye¢kafõ' Tjqka Ôjk
pl%fha lsishï wjêhl my; rEmfha ^13'26& ±lafjk fmdÿ ,laIK fmkakqï lrhs'
Tjqkaf.a jHqyuh ,laIK mokï lr f.k kej; ldKavj,g fnÞ we;'
^1& msiaflaia (Pisces) iakdhq rÊcqj
mDIaG rÊcqj
^2& weï*sìhd (Amphibia)
^3& frmaà,shd (Reptilia)
^4& wdfõia (Aves)
WoÍh wmr .=o j,s.h
^5& uefï,shd (Mammalia) yDoh
c,laf,dau me¨ï
msiaflaia (Pisces) 13.26 rEmh - mDIaGjxYS foay Èlalv

c,fha Ôj;a ùug fyd¢ka wkqj¾;kh ù we;s u;aiHhska wh;a jk ldKavh hs' fudjqyq
lrÈh" ñßÈh iys; c,c mßirj, jdih lr;s' iuyr u;aiHhskaf.a wNHka;r
iels,a, ldáf,acj,ska iE§ we;s w;r iuyrekaf.a th wiaÓj,ska iE§ we;'

iuk, u;aiHhd uvqjd uqyqÿ wYajhd

13.27 rEmh - msiaflaia úfYaI lsysmhla

20 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

weï*sìhd (Amphibia)
WNhÔùka wh;ajk j¾.h hs' WNhÔùkag Ôjk pl%fha wjê iïmQ¾K lsÍu i|yd
c,h w;HjYH fõ' ffcj mßKdufha § uq,skau f.dvìu wdl%uKh l< Ôù wdldrh
jkqfha WNhÔùka h' f.ïnd" ueähd" i,ukaord" kQÜgd" mKq f.ïnd jeks i;=ka
WNhÔùkag wh;a fõ'

f.ïnd ueähd i,ukaord

13.29 rEmh - weï*sìhd úfYaI lsysmhla
WNhÔùka my; oelafjk ,laIK orhs'
² Ôjk pl%h iïmQ¾K lr .ekSug c,h w;HjYH fõ' ^Ôjk pl%fha c,c
wjêhla we;&
² rEmdka;rKhla iys; h'
² fudjqka .%kaÓ iys; ;=kS fij,uh iula orhs' ifuys fldrfmd;=
fkdmsysghs'
² ixprKh i|yd mxpdx.=,sl .d;%d msysghs'
² yDoh l=àr 3 ls' l¾Ksld folla yd ;ks fldaIsldjla we;'
² Yajikh fmkye,s fyda f;; iu fyda uqLh u.ska isÿlrhs'
² WNhÔùka p,;dmS i;=ka h'

frmaà,shd (Reptilia)
Wr.hska wh;a jkqfha fuu j¾.hg hs' Tjqka fN!ñl ^f.dvìu& mßirhg b;d
fydÈka wkqj¾;kh ù we;' fudjqyq fN!ñl" ñßÈh yd lrÈh hk mßirj, jdih
lr;ss' bínd" leianEjd" i¾mhska" lgqiaid" lnrf.dhd" ;,f.dhd" lsUq,d jeks i;=ka
Wr.hskag wh;a fõ'

bínd lsUq,d khd

13.30 rEmh - frmaà,shd úfYaI lsysmhla

22 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

Wr.hska my; oelafjk ,laIK orhs'
² .%kaÓj,ska f;dr úh<s iula orhs' iu fldr, iys; hs'
² ixprKh i|yd mxpdx.=,sl .d;%d msysghs'
² l¾Ksld folla yd wiïmQ¾K f,i fnÿkq fldaIsldjla iys;
yDohla we;'
² Yajikh fmkye,s u.sska isÿ lrhs'
² p,;dmS i;=ka h'
² wNHka;r ixfiapkh isÿ lrhs'

wdfõia (Aves)
mlaISka wh;ajk j¾.h fuhhs' Tjqka mshdir lsÍu i|yd b;d fyd¢ka wkqj¾;kh
ù we;' meianrd ^úYd,u mlaIshd&" .=uk l=re,a,d ^l=vdu mlaIshd&" j,sl=l=<d"
leysfn,a,d" lsú" ;drdjd" yxihd" nluQKd" .srjd iy fmka.=úka jeks i;=ka ksoiqka
f,i ±laúh yels h'

j,sl=l=<d meianrd fmka.=úka

13.31 rEmh - wdfõia úfYaI lsysmhla

mlaISka my; oelafjk ,laIK orhs'

² b;d ieye,a¨ wiaÓuh wNHka;r iels,a,la orhs'
² jd;fha .uka lsÍu myiq jk mßÈ foayh wkdl+, yevhla .kS'
² msydgqj,ska wdjrKh jQ iula orhs' fldr, ;snqK o tajd wmr .d;%dj,g
iSud ù we;'
² ixprKh i|yd mxpdx.=,sl .d;%d msysghs' mQ¾j .d;%d mshdm;a njg m;aù
we;'
² weismsh iys;" ;shqKq oDIaáhla we;s weia orhs'
² uqLfha o;a fkdmsysghs' fNdack rgdj wkqj ieliqk zfydghlaZ iys; h'
² yDoh l=àr 4ls' l¾Ksld folla yd fldaIsld folla we;'
² wp,;dmS i;=ka h' ^mßir WIAK;ajh wkqj foay WIAK;ajh fjkia fkdfõ&

23 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

uefï,shd (Mammalia)

laISrmdhska wh;a jkqfha fuu j¾.hg hs' Tjqka lsß § megjqka fmdaIKh lrk
i;=ka fõ' ñksid we;=`M WKymq¨jd" j÷rd" TrxTgka" f.daß,a,d" Ñïmkaishd" jjq,d"
;,auid" fvd,a*ska" f.dakd" uqjd" ó .jhd jeks laISrmdhs i;=ka fuu j¾.hg wh;a
fõ'

ß,jd jjq,d fvd,a*ska

13.32 rEmh - uefï,shd úfYaI lsysmhla

laISrmdhska my; oelafjk ,laIK orhs'

² frdauj,ska wdjrKh jQ iula orhs' ifï l+m ;=< frdau .s,S mj;S'
² ia;k .%kaÓ ^lsß ksmojhs&" ifuys Yafõo .%kaÓ ^oyäh ksmojhs& iy
iafkayi%dù .%kaÓ ^iSnï ksmojhs& msysghs'
² ndysr lkafm;s orhs'
² yDoh l=àr 4 ls' tkï l¾Ksld folla yd fldaIsld folla we;'
² iïmQ¾K oaú;aj ixirKhla isÿ fõ'
² kHIaá rys; oaù wj;, yeve;s r;= reêrdKq orhs'
² wp,;dmS i;=ka h'
² foayfhka ndysrj jDIK fldaI msysghs'
² wNHka;r ixfiapkh isÿ fõ'
² l,, mg, úlikh isÿ fõ' l,, nkaOhla iys; h'

13.2 Ôùka kdulrKh

iEu NdIdjlu jpk fhdod hula kï lsÍu isÿ flf¾' Ôùka ye¢kaùug o úúO
kdu fhdod .efka' tfy;a tu kï NdIdj wkqj" rg wkqj" m%foaYh wkqj fjkia fõ'
;jo Ôùka w;r we;s nkaOq;d tu.ska biau;= fkdfõ' fuu ;;a;ajh uÕ yer WÑ;
fmdÿ kulska Ôùka ye¢kaùu i|yd úoHd{fhda W;aidy ±rEy'

24 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

 wNHdi
^1& Ôùka j¾. lsÍug bÈßm;a l< j¾.SlrK moaO;s yd tajd bÈßm;a l<
úoHd{hska ,shd olajkak'

j¾.SlrK moaO;sh bÈßm;a l< úoHd{hska

....................................................... .....................................................
....................................................... ......................................................
....................................................... ......................................................

^2& iajdNdúl j¾.SlrKh yd lD;%su j¾.SlrKh w;r we;s fjkialï

ixikaokh lrkak'

^3& m%Odk wêrdcOdks ;=k i|yka lr tajdg wh;a Ôùka i|yd ksoiqka bÈßm;a
lrkak'
wêrdcOdksh wh;a Ôùka ioyd ksoiqka
.................................... ..................................................
.................................... ..................................................
.................................... ..................................................
^4& ksvdßhd Ôù úfYaI úiska idokq ,nk wmQre ks¾udKhla jk fldr,a
mrj,ska ie,fik m%fhdack i|yka lrkak'

^5& uefï,shd j¾.hg wh;a my; ±lafjk i;=ka úúO ,laIK mokï lr.ksñka
rela igykl wdOdrfhka j¾. lrkak'
jjq,d" ;,auid" j`ÿrd" óhd" j,yd

mdßNdIsl jpk
j¾.SlrKh - Classification

wêrdcOdksh - Domain
rdcOdksh - Kingdom
OQrdj,s ixúOdkh- Hierarchial organization
mDIaGjxYSka - Vertebrates
wmDIaGjxYSka - Invertebrates
oaùmo kdulrKh- Binomial nomenclature

27 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

 Ôj úoHdj

Ôjfha wLKav;dj
14
14'1' m%ckkh (Reproduction)
tla Ôù mrïmrdjlska kj Ôù mrïmrdjla ìys lsÍfï Ôj l%shdj,sh m%ckkh f,i
ye¢kafõ' m%ckkh Ôùkag muKla Wreu jQ ,laIKhls' fuh Ôjfha wLKav;dj
mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd w;HjYH fõ' Ôùkaf.a m%ckkh isÿ jk m%Odk wdldr folls'
² w,sx.sl m%ckkh (Asexual Reproduction)
² ,sx.sl m%ckkh (Sexual Reproduction)

² w,sx.sl m%ckkh (Asexual Reproduction)

mßK; Ôúhl=f.a we;s îcdKq fyda j¾Ol fldgia u.ska kj Ôúhl= we;sùu w,sx.sl
m%ckkh f,i ye|skf
a õ'

² ,sx.sl m%ckkh (Sexual Reproduction)

,sx.sl m%ckl jHqy u.ska ksmojkq ,nk ckaudKq ixfhdackh ùfuka isÿ jk
m%ckk l%shdj,sh ,sx.sl m%ckkh f,i ye|skafõ' ,sx.sl m%ckkh i|yd yev.eiqKq
jHqy mßKdñlj Wiia Ôùka ;=< oelsh yels h' Ydlj, ,sx.sl m%ckkh i|yd
úfYaIfhka u ks¾udKh ù we;s jHqyh mqIamh hs' i;=kaf.a ia;%S yd mqreI jYfhka
m%ckl moaO;s msysghs'

,sx.sl m%ckkh yd w,sx.sl m%ckkh w;r fjkialï my; i|yka j.=fõ ±lafõ'

14'1 j.=j- ,sx.sl m%ckkh yd w,sx.sl m%ckkh w;r fjkialï

w,sx.sl m%ckkh ,sx.sl m%ckkh
² ;ks ud;D Ôúhl= muKla odhl ² ud;D yd mS;D f,i Ôúka fofokl=
fõ' odhl fõ'
² ud;D Ôúhdg fndfydaÿrg iudk ² ud;D yd mS;D ,laIK ñY% jQ Ôùka
ÿys;D Ôùka ìys fõ' ìys fõ'
² ckaudKq ksmoùula isÿ fkdfõ' ² ckaudKq ksmoùula isÿ fõ'

² W!kk úNdckh isÿ fkdfõ' ² W!kk úNdckh isÿ fõ'

28 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

 ² kj Ôù úfYaI we;s fkdfõ' ² mßirhgW Ñ; ,laIKorkkj
úfYaI we;s úh yels h'
² úYd, cks;hka m%udKhlafl á ² cks;hskaixL Hdj jeäj kafkab ;d
ld,hlska ìys l< yels h' fiñks'
² Ydlj,yd mßKdñljfkdÈh qKq ² Ydlj, yd mßKdñlj ÈhqKq
i;a;ajhska ;=< ±lsh yels h' i;a;ajhska ;=< ±lsh yels h'

14'2 Ydlj, m%ckkh

Ydlj, m%ckkh fyj;a Ydl ;u j¾.hd fnda lr .ekSu m%Odk wdldr follg isÿ
lr .kS' tkï"
1' w,sx.sl m%ckkh
2' ,sx.sl m%ckkh
Ydlj, w,sx.sl m%ckkh
Ydlj, isÿjk j¾Ol m%ckkh w,sx.sl m%ckk l%uhls'
Ydlhl N+.; fyda jdhj fldgia u.ska kj Ydl ìyslr .ekSfï l%shdj,sh j¾Ol
m%ckkh f,i ye¢kafõ' fuu.ska uõ Ydlhg iudk ,laIK iys; ÿys;D Ydl
,nd.; yels h' j¾Ol m%ckkh m%pdrKh wdldr follska hqla; h' tkï"
² iajdNdúl j¾Ol m%pdrKh
² lD;%su j¾Ol m%pdrKh
iajdNdúl j¾Ol m%pdrKh (Natural Vegetative Propagation)
Ydlhl N+.; j fyda jdhj f,i msysgk fldgia u.ska iajdNdúl j kj Ydl
ìys lsÍu iajdNdúl j¾Ol m%pdrKh f,i ye¢kafõ' fuh Ydlhl úúO j¾Ol
fldgiaj,ska isÿ fõ' tu úúO j¾Ol fldgia yd tu fldgia u.ska m%pdrKh jk
Ydl i|yd ksoiqka my; ±lafõ'

² uq,a (Roots)
ksoiqka( -lrmsxpd" rgfo,a" fn,s" fmar
² m;% (Leaves)
ksoiqka( -wlalmdk" ìf.dakshd" lvqmq,a
² fudáhka (Suckers)
mi ;=< .s¨kq lf|a mdÈh fmfoiska yria w;g yg.kakd l=vd me< fudáhka f,i
ye¢kafõ'
ksoiqka( -f.dhï" flfi,a" wkakdis" lmqre" yq,xlSßh" l,d÷re
² Odjl (Runners)
fmdf<djg iudka;rj yd fmdf<djg iïnkaOj ^wd.ka;=l uq,a u.ska& mi u;=msg
.uka lrk Ydl l|ka Odjl f,i ye¢kafõ'
ksoiqka( - f.dgqfld<" n;," uyd rdjKd /jq,

29 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

² n,aì, (Bulbils)
j¾Ol wxl=rhla fyda mqIam wxl=rhla úlrKh ùfuka ;efkk úfYaI m%ckl jHqy
n,aì, f,i ye¢kafõ'
ksoiqka( - wkakdis" yK" fyd~,
² N+.; l|ka (Underground Stems)
Ydlj, fmdf<dj ;=< yg.kakd l|ka N+.; l|ka f,i ye¢kafõ' N+.; l|ka
u.ska j¾Ol m%ckkh isÿ lsÍu" wdydr ixÑ; lsÍu yd wys;lr ld, ;rKh lsÍu
hk ld¾hhka bgq lrhs' ndysr ,laIK wkqj N+.; l|ka m%Odk j¾. y;rlg
fnohs' tkï"
(I) rhsfidauh (Rhizome) ksoiqka (- ly" bÕ=re" nq;airK" wr;a;
(II) fldauh ^Corm& ksoiqka (- ynr," .y," lsßw," lsvdrx
(III) n,anh (Bulb) ksoiqka (- r;= Ækq" f,dl= Ækq" ,Slaia
(IV) ialkaO wdlkaoh (Tuber) ksoiqka (- w¾;dm,a" bkak,

^bÕ=re& ^ynr,& ^Ækq& ^w¾;dm,a&

14'1 rEmh - N+.; l`oka j¾.

l%shdldrlu - 14'1
² Tfí f.j;af;a yuqjk Ydl ksÍlaIKh lr j¾Ol fldgiaj,ska
m%pdrKh jk Ydl y÷kd .kak
² tu Ydl yd tAjd m%pdrKh jk wdldrh j.=.; lrkak'

lD;%su j¾Ol m%pdrKh (Artificial Vegetative Propagation)

ñksidf.a ueÈy;a ùfuka isÿ lr .kakd Ydl fnda lr .ekSu lD;%su j¾Ol m%pdrKh
f,i ye¢kafõ' fuh m%Odk l%u lsysmhlg isÿ lrkq ,efí'

² w;= len,s uq,a weoaoùu ² noaO lsÍu

² w;= ne£u ^f,ah¾ lsÍu& ² mgl frdamKh

30 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

w;= len,s uq,a weoaoùu
uõ Ydlfhka lmd .;a w;= len,s isgqùfuka kj Ydl fnda lr .ekSu fuys§ isÿ
flf¾' fuys§ M, oerE Ydlhlska ksfrda.S w;= f;dard .;hq;= w;r o¿" mqIam fyda
M, fkdue;s kï jvd fhda.H fõ' we;eï Ydl i|yd fuu l%uh iq,Nj fhdod .kS'
Wod (- frdai" jo" wr,sh" r;au,a" fnda.kaú,d" fl%dagka

mejreu - 14'1
² w;=j,ska uq,a yg.ekSu blauka lsÍu i|yd fj<|fmdf<a we;s
úúO ridhksl øjH fidhd jd¾;d lrkak'
² w;=j,ska me< we;slr .ekSug fkdyels Ydl f,aLkhla ilia
lrkak'
² w;=j,ska uq,a yg.ekSu blaukska isÿlr .ekSu i|yd f;dard
.; hq;= w;= lene,a,l ,laIK fidhd n,kak'

w;= ne£u ^f,ah¾ lsÍu& (Layering)

uõ Ydlhg iïnkaO j ;sìh § u w;= len,s uq,a woaojd .ekSu w;= ne£u f,i
ye¢kafõ' w;= ne£u l%u follg isÿ lrhs' tkï"
1' N+ñ w;= ne£u
2' jdhj w;= ne£u

² N+ñ w;= ne£u (Ground Layering)

fuu l%uh fmdf<djg wdikak w;= uq,a woaojd .ekSug fhdod .kS' fuys§ fmdf<djg
wdikak w;a;la f;dardf.k tys hg me;af;a iq¿ lemqula fhdod tu ia:dkh mig
hg lrhs' i;s lsysmhla hk úg tu ia:dkfha uq,a yg .kS' túg w;a; lmd uõ
Ydlfhka fjka lr isgqjhs'
ksoiqka (- iuka msÉp" je,a foys

² jdhj w;= ne£u (Aerial Layering)

fmdf<dfjka by< we;s w;=" uq,a woaojd .ekSug fhdod .kS' fuys§ fmdf<dfjka
by< msysgk w;a;la f;dardf.k tys l=vd fmd;= j<,a,la bj;a lr tu iaa:dkhg
fldïfmdaiaÜ iy fldyqn;a ñY%Khla ;nd fmd,s;skhlska fj<kq ,efí' i;s
lsysmhla hk úg tu ia:dkfha uq,a yg .kS' túg w;a; lmd uõ Ydlfhka fjka
lr isgqjhs'
ksoiqka (- fo¿ï" foys

31 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

 N+ñ w;= ne`§u jdhj w;= ne`§u
14'2 rEmh - w;= ne`oSfï l%u
Ydl w;= ne£u u.ska my; i|yka jdis w;a lr .; yels h'
² îc ksmoùu fyd¢ka isÿ fkdjk Ydl fnda lr .; yels ùu'
² tljr me< lsysmhla ,nd .; yels ùu'

l%shdldrlu - 14'2
N=ñ w;=ne£u i|yd fhdod .; yels Ydlhla f.j;af;ka y÷kd.kak' kshñ;
wdldrhg N=ñ w;= ne¢u isÿ lrkak' i;s folla muK .; jQ miq" mig hg
lrk ,o ia:dkfhka w;a; Tijd uq,a ygf.k we;s wdldrh ksÍlaIKh
lrkak'
noaO lsÍu
Ydlhl wxl=rhla fyda ßls,a,la tu úfYaIfha u fyda nkaOq;d we;s úfYaIhl
Ydlhlg ^mgl iïnkaOhla we;sjk mßÈ& iïnkaO lsÍu noaO lsÍu f,i ye¢kafõ'
noaO lsÍfï § iïnkaO lrk Ydl fldgia fol tlu úfYaIfha fyda nkaOq;d we;s
úfYaI foll úh hq;=h' tajd my; ±lafjk wdldrhg kï lrhs'
^1& .%dyl l| (Stock)
mig iïnkaO Ydl fldgi .%dylh f,i ye¢kafõ' .%dylhl ;sìh hq;= ,laIK
my; oelafõ'
” Yla;su;a uQ, moaO;shla oeÍu'
” taldldr j¾Okhla iys; ùu'
” frda.j,g iy mdßißl fjkiaùïj,g Tfrd;a;= §u'
^2& wkqch (Scion)
fjk;a Ydlhlska ,ndf.k .%dylhg noaO lrk wxl=rh fyda ßls,a, wkqch f,i
ye¢kafõ' wkqcfha ;sìh hq;= ,laIK my; oelafõ'
” hym;a ,laIK iys; m%fNaohla ùu'
” m<sfndaOhska yd frda.j,ska f;dr ùu'
Ydl noaO lsÍfï § isÿjkafka .%dylfha iy wkqcfha leïìhu mgl u.ska tajd
tlsfkl iïnkaO ùuhs' fï wkqj noaO lsÍï isÿ l< yelafla leïìhu mglh
iys; Ydlj,g mu‚' tkï oaúîc m;%S Ydlj,g muKs'
32 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'
noaO lsÍu m%Odk l%u follg isÿ fõ' tu l%u my; ±lafõ'
1' wxl=r noaOh
2' ßls,s noaOh
² wxl=r noaOh
Ydlhl wxl=rhla wkqch f,i f;dardf.k .%dylhlg noaO lsÍu wxl=r noaOh
f,i ye¢kafõ' th isÿlrk wdldrh my; ±lafõ'
² iÔù wxl=rhla noaO msyshla wdOdrfhka lmd fjka lr .ekSu' ^Ydlj,
lf|a m;% ,mhg by<ska msysgd we;&
² bkamiq .%dylfha lemqula fhdÞ lemqu ;=<g wxl=rh we;=¿ lsÍu
² tu ia:dkh fmd,s;ska máj,ska my< isg by<g fj<Su'
² ál Èklg miq wxl=rh fld< mdáka j¾Okh jk wjia:dfõ § tu
fj¿u ,syd wxl=rh msg;g isák fia ;nd kej; fj<Su'
² i;s ;=klg muK miq wxl=rh fyd¢ka j¾Okh ù we;akï noaO l<
ia:dkhg 15 cm muK by<ska .%dylfha l| lmd bj;a lsÍu' ^túg
kj wxl=r fyd¢ka j¾Okh fõ&

14'3 rEmh - wxl=r noaOfha mshjr

.%dyl lf|a fhdok lemqfï yevh wkqj wxl=r noaOh kï lrkq ,efí'
ksoiqka - T noaOh" H noaOh"V noaOh
² ßls,s noaOh
Ydl ßls,a,la wkqch f,i f;dardf.k .%dylhlg iïnkaO lsÍu ßls,s noaOh
f,i ye¢kafõ' ßls,s noaOh isÿlrk wdldrh my; ±lafõ'
² M, ork Ydlhlska ßls,a,la f;dard .ekSu' ^±kg o¿" u,a" M,
fkdork ßls,a,la jvd;a fhda.H fõ&

33 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

 ² lemqï ia:dkh ;=jd, fkdjk mßÈ ßls,a, lmd fjka lr .ekSu'
² leïìhu iam¾Y jk mßÈ ßls,a, .%dylhg iïnkaO lsÍu'
² tu ia:dkh fmd,s;Ska máj,ska my< isg by<g fj<Su'
² ßls,a, j¾Okh jk nj ksÍlaIKh jQ úg fj¿u ,syd bj;a lsÍu'

14'4 rEmh - ßls,s noaOfha mshjr

.%dylfha iy wkqcfha fl<jrj,a lmd .kakd yevh wkqj ßls,s noaOh l%u
lsysmhlg isÿ lrhs'
ksoiqka (- wdrelal= noaOh" l+ØaØ noaOh

l%shdldrlu - 14'3
Tfí .=re;=ud$ .=re;=ñhf.a iydh we;s j wxl=r fyda ßls,s noaOhla isÿ lsÍug
W;aidy lrkak' noaO msyshla imhd.; fkdyelskï uqjy;a msys;,hla fhdÞ .kak'

Ydl noaO lsÍu u.ska my; i|yka jdis w;a lr .; yels h'
” wkqchg ysñ ,laIK iys; ÿys;D Ydl ,nd.ekSug yels ùu'
” Yla;su;a uQ, moaO;shla iys; frda.j,g m%;sfrdaë Ydl ,nd.; yels ùu'
” îc ksmoùu fyd¢ka isÿ fkdjk Ydl fnda lr.; yels ùu'
wjdis
” wdhq ld,h flá ùu'
” ish¨u Ydlj,g noaO lsÍu l< fkdyels ùu'
” ±juh jákdlu wvq ùu'
mgl frdamKh (Tissue culture)
Ydlhlska ,nd.;a ´kEu Ôù j¾Ol mgl fldgila md,kh l< ;;a;aj hgf;a
frdamK udOH ;=< j.d lr ud;D Ydlhg m%fõ‚lj i¾jiu kj Ydl ìys lr .;
yels h' tfia ,nd.;a kj Ydl laf,dakhla (Clone) f,i ye¢kafõ'
mgl frdamKh u.ska tfia m%fõ‚lj i¾jiu laf,dak ,nd .; yels h' tA i|yd
idudkHfhka w.%ia: wxl=rh" md¾Yúl wxl=rh yd uQ,d.%h jeks úNdcl ia:dkj,ska

34 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

mgl ,nd .kS'
mgl frdamKh i|yd fhdod .kakd frdamK udOHfha iqfl%daia" Lksc ,jK" úgñka"
yd j¾Ol øjH wvx.= h' tu udOHh fc,ákSuh ;;a;ajhg m;a lr .ekSug ta.d¾
fhdod .kS' mgl frdamKh id¾:l lr .ekSug ÔjdKqyrK ;;a;aj we;s l< hq;=
w;r WIaK;ajh" wdf,dalh jeks ;;a;aj md,kh l< hq;= h'
mgl frdamKfha § wkq.ukh lrk m%Odk mshjr
^1& uõ Ydlfhka ,nd.kakd j¾Ol mgl fldgi frdamK udOHfha ;ekam;a
lsÍu'
^2& j¾Ol mgl fldgfia lsKlh (Callus) kï kj mglhla iEfok w;r tu
lsKlfhka w¨;a uq,a iy wxl=r j¾Okh ùug bv ie,iSu'
^3& wxl=r fjka lr mÍlaId k< ;=< ;jÿrg;a j¾Okh ùug ;eîu'
^4& wxl=r j.d lghq;=j,g iqÿiq jk mßÈ mßirhg WÑ; f,i yev.eiSug
;eîu'

14'5 rEmh - mgl frdamKfha mshjr

Ydl mgl frdamKh u.ska my; i|yka jdis w;a lr .; yels h'
” uõ Ydlhg i¾jiu ,laIK iys; ÿys;D Ydl ìys lr .; yels ùu'
” tljr me< úYd, ixLHdjla ,nd.; yels ùu'
” flá ld,hla ;=< me< úYd, ixLHdjla ,nd.; yels ùu'
” l=vd bv m%udKhla ;=< ksfrda.S me< úYd, ixLHdjla fndalr .; yels
ùu'
” ys;lr cdkhla iys; fouqyqï Ydl mgl fldgila mgl frdamKh u.ska
j.d lr kj Ydl úYd, m%udKhla ,nd .; yelsùu'

35 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

 mejreu - 14.2

² úúO uQ,dY% fhdodf.k Y%S ,xldfõ mgl frdamKh isÿlrk ia:dk

,ehsia;=jla ilikak'
² yelshdjla ;sfí kï tjeks ia:dkhlg lafIa;% pdßldjla isÿlr mgl
frdamK l%shdj,sh wOHhkh lrkak'
² Y%S ,xldfõ mgl frdamKh weiqßka jeämqru ìyslrk Ydl kï lrkak'

j¾Ol m%ckkh u.ska ie,fik jdis

” îc ksmoùu fyd¢ka isÿ fkdjk Ydl fnda lr .; yels ùu'

” uõ Ydlhg iudk ,laIK iys; ÿys;D Ydl ,nd.; yels ùu'
” blauKska M, ,nd.; yels Ydl fnda lr .; yels ùu'
” frda. yd m<sfndaO ydksj,g m%;sfrdaë m%fNao y÷kdf.k fnda l< yels
ùu'
” wys;lr mßir ;;a;ajj,g Tfrd;a;= fok m%fNao ilia lr .; yels ùu'

j¾Ol m%ckkfha wjdis

” kj m%fNao we;s fkdùu'
² Ydlj, ,sx.sl m%ckkh
mßK; Ydlhl ,sx.sl m%ckl jHqyj, ksmofjk ckaudKq ixfhdackfhka îc
iEfoa' tu îc u.ska kj Ydl ìys lr .ekSu fuysos isÿ fõ'

mqIamh
Ydlj, ,sx.sl fldgia iys; jHqyh mqIamh hs' mqIamhl fldgia mqIam .%dylh u;
j,hdldrj ieliS we;' m%Odk mqIAm fldgia y;rla we;' tajd my; ±lafõ'

” uKsh (Calyx)
” uql=gh$o< m;% j,h (Corolla)
” mqux.h$f¾Kqj (Androecium/Stamen)
” cdhdx.h (Gynoecium)

36 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

 l,xlh

mqux.h ^f¾Kqj&
mrd.Odksh

lS,h
iQ;%sldj
cdhdx.h

o< m;%h

uKs m;%h
äïn fldaIh
mqIam .%dylh
mqIam jDka;h
14'6 rEmh - o¾YSh mqIAmhl Èlalvla
uKsh (Calyx)
uKsh uKs m;% lsysmhlska iE§ we;' th mqIamfha msg;ska u mj;sk mqIam fldgi
fõ' u‚h mqIAm .%dylh u; j,hdldrj msysghs' fld< meye;s h' <má wjêfha §
wNHka;r mqIam fldgiaj,g wdrlaIdj iemhSu u‚h u.ska isÿ lrhs'

uql=gh$o< m;% j,h (Corolla)

uql=gh o< m;% lsysmhlska iE§ we;' th mqIamhl uKshg we;=<;ska msysghs' iqÿ fyda
j¾Kj;a h' <má wjêfha § wNHka;r mqIam fldgiaj,g wdrlaIdj iemhSu iy
mrd.Kh i|yd lDñ i;=ka wdl¾IKh lr.ekSu uql=gh u.ska isÿ lrhs'

mqux.h$f¾Kqj (Androecium/Stamen)
mqIamhl we;s mqx ^mqreI& m%ckl jHqyh mqux.h fõ' fuh mrd.Odksh yd iQ;%sldj
f,i fldgia follska hqla; h' mrd.Odksh ;=< mrd.fldaI we;' ta ;=< mrd. mj;S'
mßK; jQ úg mrd.Odks mqmqrd mrd. msg;g meñfKA' Ydlj, mqx m%ckl ffi,h
f,i l%shdlrkafka mrd.h hs'

cdhdx.h (Gynoecium)
mqIamhl we;s cdhd ^ia;%S& m%ckl jHqyh cdhdx.h fõ' l,xlh" lS,h yd äïn
fldaIh f,i cdhdx.h fldgia ;=klska hqla; h' äïn fldaIh ;=< äïn msysgd we;'
mqIamj, cdhd m%ckl ffi,h f,i l%shdlrkafka äïnh hs'

37 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

 l%shdldrlu - 14'4
• mqIam lsysmhla imhd .kak' w;a ldphla wdOdrfhka tajdfha mqIAm
fldgia ksÍlaIKh lr y`ÿkd .kak'
• jo mqIamhla my<g yrjd mqIam jDka;fha yß ueoska my<g lmkak'
mqIam Èlalvl kï l< rEm igykla w`oskak'

² oaú ,sx.sl mqIAm (Bisexual flowers)

mqx yd cdhd hk fldgia folu we;s mqIAm oaú ,sx.sl mqIam f,i ye¢kafõ'
ksoiqka (- jo" je,afodvï" ñßia" l;=reuqrex.d
² tal ,sx.sl mqIAm (Unisexual flowers)
mqx yd cdhd hk fldgia foflka tla fldgila muKla we;s mqIAm tal ,sx.sl mqIam
f,i ye¢kafõ' fïjd j¾. folls'
^1& mqux.S mqIAm - mqx fldgi fyj;a mqux.h iys; mqIAm
ksoiqka (- jÜglaldj, fndre u,a" nvbßÕ=j, w.%fhaa ^mqIam uxcßfha& msfmk
u,a
^2& cdhdx.S mqIam - cdhd fyj;a cdhdx.h iys; mqIam
ksoiqka(- jÜglaldj, f.ä yg.kakd u,a" nvbßÕ=j, lr,a yg.kakd u,a
² tal.DyS Ydl
mqux.S mqIam yd cdhdx.S mqIam hk mqIam foj¾.h u tlu Ydlfha yg.kafka kï tu
Ydl tal.DyS Ydl f,i ye¢kafõ'
ksoiqka (- jÜglald" nv bßÕ=" fmd,a" lrú,
² oaú.DyS Ydl
mqudx.S mqIam yd cdhdx.S mqIam hk mqIam foj¾.h fjk fjk u Ydl foll yg
.kafka kï tu Ydl oaú.DyS Ydl f,i ye¢kafõ'
ksoiqka (- mefmd,a" je,siafkaßhd
mrd.Kh (Pollination)
mqIamhl mßK; mrd. tu úfYaIfha u mqIamhl l,xlh u; ;ekam;a ùfï l%shdj,sh
mrd.Kh f,i ye¢kafõ' mrd.Kh
wdldr 2 lg isÿfõ'
^1& iaj-mrd.Kh (Self pollination)
^2& mr-mrd.Kh ( Cross pollination)

iaj-mrd.Kh
(Self-pollination)
mqIamhl mßK; mrd. tu mqIamfhau
l,xlh u; ;ekam;a ùfï l%shdj,sh
iaj-mrd.Kh f,i ye¢kafõ' 14'7 rEmh - iaj - mrd.Kh

38 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

mr-mrd.Kh (Cross pollination)
mqIamhl mßK; mrd. tu Ydlfha
u fyda tu úfYaIfha fjk;a Ydlhl
mqIamhl l,xlh u; ;ekam;a ùfï
l%shdj,sh mr-mrd.Kh f,i ye¢ka fõ'
mr-mrd.Kh ;=<ska Ydl foll .;s
,laIK ñY% ùug bv ie,fia' th w¨;a
,laIK iys; Yla;su;a kj mrïmrdjla
14'8 rEmh - mr-mrd.Kh
ìys lsÍug WmldÍ fõ' fï ksid we;eï
mqIam iaj-mrd.Kh j,lajdf.k mr-mrd.Kh isÿlr .ekSug wkqj¾;kh ù we;'
tjeks wkqj¾;k lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
tal ,sx.sl mqIam yg .ekSu
cdhdx.S mqIam yd mqudx.S mqIam f,i mqIam fjk fjku yg .ekSu'
ksoiqka (- fmd,a" nv bßÕ=
iaj-jkaOH;dj
mqIamhl mrd. tu mqIamfha u l,xlh u; ;ekam;a jQ úg M, yg fkd.ekSu'
ksoiqka (- je,a fodvï
fhda.ndOl;dj
mqIamhl f¾Kq yd l,xlh tlsfklg ÿria j msysàu'
ksoiqka (- ñkSu,a" ´lsâ
ndysrdj¾;S f¾Kq msysàu
l,xlh iDcq j we;s úg f¾Kq keù msysàu fyda f¾Kq iDcq j we;s úg l,xlh keù
msysàu'
ksoiqka (- mskak" msÉp
wiu mßK;sh
cdhdx.hg fmr mqux.h mßK; ùu ^m%mqx mßK;sh& fyda mqux.hg fmr cdhdx.h
mßK; ùu ^m%cdhd mßK;sh&
ksoiqka (- nvbßÕ=" g%hsvelaia

je,afodvï ´lsâ msÉp

14'9 rEmh - iaj - mrd.Kh je,elaùfï wkqj¾;k we;s mqIam

mrd.K ldrl
mqIamj, mrd.Kh i|yd odhl jk ldrl mrd.K ldrl f,i ye¢kafõ' m%Odk
mrd.K ldrl ;=kla we;'

39 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

 1' i;=ka
2' iq<Õ
3' c,h
i;=ka
i;=ka u.ska mrd.Kh jk mqIAm i;a;ajldó mqIAm f,i ye¢kafõ' i;=ka w;ßka jeä
jYfhka u mrd.Kh i|yd odhl jkafka lDóka h' lDóka wdl¾IKh lr .ksñka
mrd.K l%shdj,sh jvd fyd¢ka isÿlr .ekSug fuu mqIam wkqj¾;k olajhs'

” mqIam iqj|j;a ùu'

” mqIam úYd, ùu'
” mqIAm j¾Kj;a ùu'
” uOq fldaI msysgd ;sîu'
” mrd. wef,k iq¿ ùu'
” l,xl wef,k iq¿ ùu'
” i;=kaf.a YÍrfha ;ejßh yels wdldrhg f¾Kq yd l,xl msysgd ;sîu'
” lDóka rjgk yev oeÍu
i;=ka u.ska mrd.Kh jk mqIam i|yd ksoiqka(-je,a fodvï" oU," l;=reuqrex.d"
;ïn¾ðhd

l;=reuqrex.d ;ïn¾ðhd
14'10 rEmh - i;=ka u.ska mrd.Kh jk mqIam

iq<Õ
iq<Õ u.ska mrd.Kh jk mqIAm jd;ldó mqIAm f,i ye¢kafõ' jd;ldó mqIAmj,
fndfydaúg cdhdx.S mqIam yd mqudx.S mqIAm fjk fjk u msysghs' fuu mqIamj,
mrd.K l%shdj,sh jvd fyd¢ka isÿlr .ekSug my; i|yka wkqj¾;k mej;sh yels h'

40 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

 ” mqIAm Ydlfha w.%ia:fha yg .ekSu'
” mrd. úYd, m%udKhla ksmoùu'
” mrd. l=vd ùu yd ieye,a¨ ùu'
” w;= fnÿkq l,xl msysàu'
” mqIam uxcÍ jYfhka yg .ekSu'
iq<Õ u.ska mrd.Kh jk mqIam i|yd ksoiqka (- ù" nvbßÕ=" ;DK" fmd,a

ù nvbß`.= fmd,a
14'11 rEmh - iq<`. u.ska mrd.Kh jk mqIam

c,h
c,h u.ska mrd.Kh jk mqIAm c,ldó mqIAm f,i ye¢kafõ' c,ldó mqIAmj,
fndfydaúg cdhdx.S mqIam yd mqux.S mqIAm fjk fjk u msysghs' mßK; jQ úg mqux.S
mqIAm Ydlfhka .e,ù c,fha mdfõ' th cdhdx.S mqIamhl l,xlh fj; md ù meñKs
úg mrd.Kh isÿ fõ'
c,h u.ska mrd.Kh jk mqIam i|yd ksoiqka (- je,siafkaßhd

14'12 rEmh - je,siafkaßhd Ydlh

41 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

 mrd. l‚ld
W!kkh

W!kkh wKavh

äïnh
äïn fldaIh äïnh

îcdjrKh ixfiapkh

hqla;dkqj
l,,h
 • mrd.Kfha § mqIamhl mrd. tu mqIamfha u fyda tu úfYaIfha fjk;a
mqIamhl l,xlh u; ;ekam;a fõ'
• tu mrd. l,xlh u; ;ekam;a jQ miq l,xlh u; we;s iSks ødjKh ksid
W;af;ackh ù mrd. m%frdayKh wdrïN fõ'
• mrd. m%frdayKfha § mrd. kd<h lS,h Tiafia j¾Okh ù äïnfldaIh ;=<
we;s äïnh fj; <Õd fõ'
• mrd.h ;=< we;s mqx ckaudKqj äïnfldaIh ;=< jQ äïnh iuÕ ixfhdackh
ùfuka hqla;dKqjla iEfok w;r fuu ixisoaêh ixfiapkh f,i ye¢kafõ'

² M, yd îc ksmoùu

ixfiapkfhka miqj hqla;dKqj iEfok w;r th l,,hla njg úlikh fõ'

ixfiapkfhka miqj mqIamfha fjkialï /ila isÿ fõ'

• m%Odk jYfhka äïn fldaIh M,h njg m;a ùu'

• äïn fldaI ì;a;sh M,djrKh njg m;a ùu'
• ixfiapkh jQ äïn îc njg m;a ùu yd äïndjrKh" îcdjrKh njg m;a
ùu
• idudkHfhka uKsm;%" o< m;%" f¾Kq iy l,xlh wdÈh ye,Shdu isÿfõ'
kuq;a we;eï mqIamj, uKsm;% ixfiapkfhka miqj o ye,S fkdhk w;r tajd
udxi, ù M,djrKh yd noaO ù mj;S'
ksoiqka (- fmar" cïnq" jïngq" uex.=ia

ixfiapkfhka f;drj M, yg.ekSfï l%shdj,sh md;fkdaM,kh (Parthenocarpy)

f,i ye¢kafõ' tf,i M, yg.ekaùug ñksid úiska lD;%su j¾Ol øjH Ndú;
lrhs' tuÕska we;sjk M,j, îc fkdmsysghs'
ksoiqka (- ñÈ" fodvï" wem,a

² M, yd îc jHdma;sh (Dispersal of fruits & seeds)

Ydlhl yg.;a M, yd îc uõ Ydlfhka wE;g úisÍu M, yd îc jHdma;sh f,i

ye¢kafõ' tuÕska Ydl my; i|yka wjYH;d iïmQ¾K lr .kS'
• w;HjYH idOl i|yd we;s ;rÕh wju lr .ekSu
• kj jdiia:dk fidhd .ekSu
• úúO;ajfhka jeä ùu
• m<sfndaOhskaf.ka yd frda.ldrlhskaf.ka wdrlaId ùu

43 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

M, yd îc jHdma;jk l%u
Ydlj, M, yd îc jHdma;sh isÿjk m%Odk l%u y;rla fõ' tAjd my; ±lafõ'
² i;=ka ² c,h
² iq<Õ ² iafMdagk hka;%Kh ^msmsÍu&

mejreu -14'3
• Tng yuqjk M, j¾. jHdma; jk jHdma;s ldrlh y÷kdf.k kï
lrkak'
• ta ta ldrlh wdOdrfhka jHdma; ùug tu M,j, we;s wkqj¾;k fol
ne.ska ,shkak'

i;=ka u.ska isÿjk M, yd îc jHdma;sh

i;=ka uÕska M, yd îc jHdma;sh isÿlr .ekSug fuu M, yd îcj, my; i|yka

wkqj¾;k mej;sh yels h'
” wdydrhg .; yels udxi, fldgia ;sîu'
ksoiqka (- wU" .ia,nq
” wdl¾IKSh j¾K oeÍu'
ksoiqka (- lcq mqyq,ka" flfi,a
” we,Sug Wmldr jk fldl= fyda frdau wdÈh oeÍu'
ksoiqka (- kd. orK" ;=;a;sß" wem,
” i;=ka fkdu. hjk yev yd rgd oeÍu'
ksoiqka (- t~re" T<s|" uoáh" lrú,

wU lcq mqyq,ka lrú,

14'15 rEmh - i;=ka u.ska jHdma; jk M, yd îc

44 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

iq<Õ u.ska isÿjk M, yd îc jHdma;sh

iq<Õ u.ska M, yd îc jHdma;sh isÿlr .ekSug fuu M, yd îc my; i|yka

wkqj¾;k olajhs'

” mdùug wdOdr jk fl¢ jeks jHqy oeÍu'

ksoiqka (- jrd" fldÜg" bUq,a
” mdùug wdOdr jk ;gq jeks jHqy oeÍu'
ksoiqka (- fydr" .ïud¨" uqrex.d
” M, yd îc Ydlfha w.%ia:fha yg .ekSu'
ksoiqka (- uefyda.ks" fydr
” îc b;d ieye,a¨ ùu'
ksoiqka (- ´lsâ
” M, yd îc úYd, m%udKhla we;s ùu'
ksoiqka (- ;DK" uefyda.ks" jrd" fldÜg mq¿ka

fldÜg mq`Mka fydr uefyda.kS ;DK

14'16 rEmh - iq<`. u.ska jHdma; jk M, yd îc

c,h u.ska isÿjk M, yd îc jHdma;sh

c,h u.ska M, yd îc jHdma;sh isÿlr .ekSug fuu M, yd îc my; i|yka

wkqj¾;k olajhs'
” mdùug wdOdr jk iújr" ;ka;=uh M,djrK oeÍu'
ksoiqka (- fmd,a" fldÜgïnd" Èh lÿre
” mdùug wdOdr jk yev we;s M,djrK oeÍu'
ksoiqka (- fk¨ï
” jd;h msß îc ljp oeÍu'
ksoiqka (- ´¨

45 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

 fmd,a fldÜgïnd fk¨ï
14'17 rEmh - c,h u.ska jHdma; jk M, yd îc

iafMdagkh ^msmsÍu& u.ska isÿjk M, yd îc jHdma;sh

we;eï Ydlj, M,fha M,djrKh msmsÍug ,la ù îc wE;g jHdma; ùu isÿ fõ'
msmsÍu i|yd iam¾Yh" f;;a ùu fyda úh<s mßir ;;a;aj fya;= fõ'
ksoiqka (- rn¾" uoáh" nKavlald" l+v¿

rn¾ uoáh nKavlald

14'18 rEmh - iafMdagkh u.ska jHdma; jk M, yd îc
² îc m%frdayKh
îchla ;=< we;s l,,h l%shdYS,s ù j¾Okh fjñka îc me<hla ìysùu îc m%frdayKh
f,i ye¢kafõ' îc m%frdayKh i|yd my; i|yka idOl w;HjYH fõ'

² îcfha ÔjH;dj
² jd;h ^Tlaiscka&
² c,h
² WIaK;ajh

îc m%frdayKfha § c,h u.ska îc m;% ;=< we;s tkaihsu il%sh lr tys ixÑ; ù
we;s ixlS¾K wdydr ir, wdydr njg ÔrKh lrhs' tu wdydr u.ska îc uQ,h yd
îcdxl=rh j¾Okh fõ'

46 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

 wu;r ±kqug

îc m%frdayKh m%Odk wdldr follg isÿ fõ' tkï"

^1& wfOdafN!u m%frdayKh
^2& wmsfN!u m%frdayKh
wfOdafN!u m%frdayKh
îch m%frdayKh ù îcdxl=rh
fmdf<dfjka by<g u;=jk
kuq;a îc m;% fmdf<dj
;=< u /f|a' ;jo îc m;%
yd N%EK fmdaIh îc me<fha
uq,a wjêfha j¾Okhg wjYH
ixÑ; wdydr imhk kuq;a îc
m;% m%NdixYaf,aIKh u.ska
wdydr ksmoùu isÿ fkdlrhs'
fndfyduhla talîc m;%S
Ydlj, îc wfOdafN!u
m%frdayKh olajhs'
ksoiqka (- fmd,a" nvbßÕ= 14'19 a rEmh - wfOdafN!u m%frdayKh

wmsfN!u m%frdayKh
îch m%frdayKh ù îcdxl=rh fmdf<dfjka by<g u;=ùu iuÕ u îc m;%
fmdf<dfjka by<g ti fõ' ;jo îc m;%" îc me<fha uq,a wjêfha j¾Okhg
wjYH ixÑ; wdydr iemhSug wu;r j m%NdixYaf,aIKh u.ska wdydr ksmoùu
isÿ lrhs' fndfyduhla oaùîc m;%S Ydlj, îc wmsfN!u m%frdayKh olajhs'
ksoiqka (- fndaxÑ" ishU,d

14'19 b rEmh - wmsfN!u m%frdayKh

47 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

 ² îcj, iqma;;dj
m%frdayKh i|yd w;HjYH idOl mej;=k o îc m%frdayKh fkdùfï ;;a;ajh îc
iqma;;dj f,i ye¢kafõ' wys;lr mßir ;;a;ajj,g wkqj¾;khla f,i îc
iqma;;dj olajhs' îcj, iqma;;dj flfrys my; i|yka idOl n,mdhs'
^1& l,,h mßK; fkdù ;sîu'
^2& Tlaiscka fyda c,h i|yd îcdjrK wmdr.uH ùu'
îcj, iqma;;dj bj;a lsÍu i|yd úúO Wml%u wkq.ukh lrkq ,efí' tjeks l%u
lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
^1& m%frdayKhg m%:u îc ál l,la .nvd lr ;eîu'
^2& îc m%frdayKhg fmr msg;ska we;s nQj fldgi ms,siaiSu' ksoiqka (- f;alal
^3& îcj, îcdjrKh bj;a lr m%frdayKhg fhdod .ekSu' ksoiqka (- fodvï
^4& îc m%frdayKhg fmr WKq c,h ;=< nyd,Su' ksoiqka (- bms,a bms,a
^5& îc m%frdayKhg fmr ;e,Su' ksoiqka (- fk,a,s

l%shdldrlu - 14'5
îc m%frdayKhg wjYH ndysr idOl mÍlaId lsÍu i|yd iqÿiq l%shdldrlula
ie,iqï lrkak'

14'3' udkj m%ckkh

² fhdjqkqodj (Adolescence)
,sx.sl jYfhka mßK; ùu fyj;a fhdjqka úh Wodùu fhdjqkqodj f,i ye¢kafõ'
fhdjqkqodj u.ska msßñ yd .eyeKq f,i myiqfjka fjkalr y÷kd.; yels jk
oaú;Shsl ,sx.sl ,laIK we;sfõ'
² oaù;shsl ,sx.sl ,laIK (Secondary sexual characteristics)
fhdjqkqodj;a iu. mqreIhskaf.a yd ia;%Skaf.a we;sjk ,laIK oaù;shsl ,sx.sl
,laIK f,i ye¢kafõ'
mqreIhska ;=< we;sjk oaú;shsl ,sx.sl ,laIK
jhi wjqreÿ 13-16 w;r fuu fjkia ùï isÿùu wdrïN fõ' fï i|yd
fgiafgdiafgfrdka fyda¾fudakfha l%shdldß;ajh n,mdhs'
• uqyqK" mmqj" lsys,s" bls,s yd m%ckl wjhj wjg frdau jefâ'
• Wrysia m<,a fõ'
• iajrd,h úYd, ù lgyv .eUqre fõ'
• wiaÓ yd fmaYs j¾Okh fõ.j;a ù foayh úYd, fõ'
• jDIK fldaIj, Y=l%dKq ksmoùu wdrïN fõ'
• m%ckl wjhj j¾Okh ù úYd, fõ'

48 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

ia;%Ska ;=< we;sjk oaú;shSl ,sx.sl ,laIK
jhi wjqreÿ 10-14 w;r fuu fjkiaùï we;s ùu wdrïN fõ' fï i|yd Biag%cka
iy fm%dfciafgfrdka hk fyda¾fudak n,mdhs'
• lsys,s" bls,s yd m%ckl wjhj wjg frdau jefâ'
• Wl=, m<,a fõ'
• ia;k .%kaÓ j¾Okh fõ'
• wOYap¾ufha fïoh ;ekam;a ù foayh mDIaÀu;a fõ'
• wiaÓ yd fmaYs j¾Okh fõ.j;a ù foayh úYd, fõ'
• äïn fldaIj,ska äïn fudapkh ^Tima pl%h& wdrïN fõ'
² m%ckk l%shdj,sh
m%ckk l%shdj,sh isÿùu i|yd m%ckl ffi, fyj;a ckaudKq iEÈh hq;= h' th
m%ckl moaO;s ;=<§ isÿ fõ'
² mqreI m%ckl moaO;sh
mqreI m%ckl moaO;sfha m%Odk fldgia
• jDIK hq., (Testes / Testicle)
wKavdldr yevhla .kakd jDIK hq.,la jDIK fldaI kï iï wdjrKhla ;=<
msysgd we;' Y=l%dKq ksmojkafka fï ;=<h' jDIKhla" jDIK wkqLKaäld 250 lska
muK hqla; h' tajdfha Y=l%Or kd,sld kï ixj,s; kd,sld 1000 laa muK mj;S' ta
;=< Y=l%dKq ud;D ffi, we;'
• wmsjDIK hq., (Epididymis)
jDIKhl we;s ish¿u Y=l% kd,sld jDIKfhka msg;g meñK wmsjDIKh kï ;ks
ixj,s; kd,hlg újD; fõ' ta ;=< Y=l%dKq ;djld,slj .nvd flf¾'
• Y=l% kd, hq., (Vas deferens)
wmsjDIKfha isg Y=l%dKq f.k tk kd,h Y=l% kd,h kï fõ' tys wfkla wka;h
Y=l% wdYhsldfõ isg tk kd,hg iïnkaO fõ'
• Y=l% wdYhsld hq.," mqria: .%kaÓh" l+m¾ .%kaÓ hq., (Seminal vesicles,
Prostrate gland, Cowper's gland)
fïjd mqreI m%ckl moaO;sh wdYs%; .%kaÓ fõ' fuu .%kaÓ u.ska iqÿ meye;s i%djhla
ksmojhs' tajd uq;% ud¾.h fj; uqod yÍ' Y=l%dKq mßjykh yd tajdg fmdaIKh
iemhSu i|yd fuu ;r,h jeo.;a fõ'
• YsIaKh (Penis)
Y=l%dKq ia;S%s m%ckl moaO;shg iïfm%aIKh lsÍu i|yd jeo.;a jk fmaYsuh wjhjh
hs' fuhg reêrh u.ska oDV njla ,nd fohs' YsIAKh Tiafia uq;% ud¾.h o msg;g
újD; fõ' YsIAKfha fl<jr YsIaK uqKavh f,i o" th wdjrKh lrk iï mg,h
fmriu f,i o ye¢kafõ'

49 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

 uq;%dYh
Y=l% wdYhsldj

mqriaÒ .%kaÓh

uq;% ud¾.h
Y=l% kd,h
YsIAKh

wmsjDIKh
jDIK fldaIh
jDIKh

14'20 rEmh - mqreI m%ckl moaO;sh

mqreI m%ckl moaO;sfha l%shdldß;ajh

mqreIhl= jeäúhg meñKSu;a iu. Y=l%dKq ckkh wdrïN fõ' Y=l%Or kd<sld
;=< we;s Y=l%dKq ud;D ffi, fuf,i Y=l%dKq njg m;a fõ' Y=l%dKq mßK; jk
úg tAjd Y=l%Or kd<sldj, uOHhg ;,a¨ fõ' ksmojk Y=l%dKq wmsjDIK ;=<
;djld,slj ;ekam;a flf¾' ixi¾.fha § Y=l%dKq Y=l% kd<h Tiafia meñK uq;%
ud¾.hg tl;=jk w;r Y=l% wdYhsld" mqria: .%kaÓ yd l+m¾ .%kaÓ hk .%kaÓj,ska
ksl=;a lrk i%djh o thg tl;= fõ' Y=l%dKq ffi, iys; fuu i%djh Y=l% ;r,h
kï fõ' tys ñ,s,Sg¾ tlla (1 ml) ;=< Y=l%dKq ffi, ñ,shk .Kkla mj;S'

wmsjDIKh
Y=l%dKQ
ffi,

Y=l%Or kd<sld
Y=l%Or kd<sldjl yrialv wka;rd, ffi,

14'21 rEmh - Y=l%Or kd<sldjl jHqyh

50 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

Y=l%dKq ckk l%shdj,sh WIaK;ajhg b;d ixfõ§
h' ksfrda.S Y=l%dKq iE§ug kï foay WIAK;ajhg
ysi
jvd jDIKj, wvq WIaK;ajhla ;sìh hq;=h'
foayfhka ndysrj jDIK fldaI kï iï u,a,la f.,
;=< jDIK hq., msysgd we;af;a fï i|yd h'
mßK; Y=l%dKq ip, h' Y=l%dKqjla ysi" uOHh uOH
fldgi
yd j,s.h f,i fldgia ;=klska iukaú; h'

mqreI m%ckl moaO;sfha ld¾hh

• Y=l%dKq ksmoùu'
• tu Y=l%dKq ia;%S m%ckl moaO;sh ;=<g
we;=¿ lsÍu'
• fgiafgdiafgfrdka fyda¾fudakh ksmoùu'

j,s.h

14.22 rEmh -
Y=l%dKqjl bf,lafg%dak wKaùlaISh jHqyh
² ia;%S m%ckl moaO;sh
ia;%S m%ckl moaO;sfha m%Odk fldgia
• äïnfldaIh (Ovary)
Wor l=yrh ;=< fY%daKs fmfofiys md¾Yaúl ì;a;sj,g wdikakj äïnfldaI hq.,la
mj;S' äïn fldaIhl yrialvl ndyslh yd uÊcdj f,i l,dm folla we;' äïn
ksmojkafka iHqksld ;=<h' m%d:ñl iHqksld iy tajdhska äïn iE§fï úúO wjia:d
jk .%d*Sh iHqksld" mS;foay" Yafõ;foay hk oE äïn fldaIh ;=< oelsh yels h'
äïn ksmoùu Wmf;a isg u wdrïN ù we;'
• mef,damSh kd<h (Fallopian tube)
äïn fldaIfhka msg jQ äïn mef,damSh kd<h kï isyska È. fmaYsuh kd,hlg
we;=¿ fõ' tys äïn fldaIhg wdikak fl<jr mqkS,dldr jk w;r ta jgd lv/,s
kï weÕs,s jeks fkÍï mj;S' tajd äïnh mef,damSh kd<hg we;=¿ lsÍug jeo.;a
fõ'
• .¾NdIh (Uterus)
.¾NdIh fY%daKs l=yrh ;=< msysgk >k ì;a;s iys; l=yruh jHqyhls' tys nqoakh"
foayh" Y%Sjh f,i l,dm ;=kla we;' .¾NdIfha nqoakh m%foaYhg mef,damSh kd<
hq., iïnkaO fõ' wfkla fl<jr .%Sjh fyj;a .eíf., msysghs'
• fhdaks ud¾.h (Endocervical canal)
.¾NdIfha .eíf.f,ka miqj we;s fldgihs' fhdaks ud¾.h" fhdaks újrfhka ndysr
mßirhg újD; fõ'

51 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

mef,damSh kd<
äïn fldaIh

.¾NdIh

uQ;%dYh

fhdaks
uQ;% ud¾.h ud¾.h

fhdaks újrh
14'22 rEmh - ia;%S m%ckl moaO;sfha msysàu

mef,damSh kd<h

14'23 rEmh - ia;%S m%ckl moaO;sh

52 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

ia;%S m%ckl moaO;sfha l%shdldß;ajh
ia;%Skaf.a äïn ksmoùu N%EK wjia:dfõ§ u wdrïN fõ' WmÈk úg tla äïnfldaIhl
m%d:ñl iHqksld 200"000$400"000 muK mj;S' jeä úhg meñKSug wdikakfha §
m%d:ñl iHqksldjla" .%d*S iHqksldj kï ffi, iuqyhla we;s jHqyhla njg j¾Okh
fõ' th äïnfldaIfha m¾hka;hg ióm j mj;S' mßK; jQ miq .%d*S iHqksldj msmsÍ
ta ;=< we;s äïnh äïnfldaIfhka uqodyÍ' th lv/,s u.ska mef,damSh kd<hg
fhduq lrhs' bkamiq äïnh mef,damSh kd<h Tiafia .¾NdIh foig .uka lrhs'

.%d*s iHqksldj
m%d:ñl iHqksld

Yafõ; foayh

mS; foayh

j¾Okh jk mS;foayh

fudapkh jQ äïnh

14'24 rEmh - äïnhl úúO wjia:d iys; äïnfldaIhl yrialv

ia;%S m%ckl moaO;sfha ld¾hh

• ia;%S m%ckl ffi, jk äïn j¾Okh lsÍu'
• N%EKh j¾Okh ùug wjldYh ie,iSu'
• Biag%cka yd fm%dfciafgfrdka hk fyda¾fudak ksmoùu'
wd¾;j pl%h fyj;a Tima pl%h (Menstrual cycle)
,sx.sl jYfhka mßK; jQ tkï jeä úhg m;a ia;%Skaf.a m%ckl moaO;sh wdY%s; j
isÿjk pl%dkql+, l%shdj,sh wd¾;j pl%h f,i yeÈkafõ' tla wd¾;j pl%hla iïmQ¾K
ùug wdikak jYfhka Èk 28 la .; fõ'
fuys § ia;%S m%ckl ffi, jk äïn ffi, uqodyßkq ,nk äïnfldaI hq.,
udrefjka udrejg l%shd;aul ùu isÿ fõ' wd¾;j pl%fha isÿùï ud,dj m%Odk ia:dk
folla wdYs%;j isÿ fõ' tkï"

1' äïnfldaIh ;=< isÿjk fjkiaùï

2' .¾NdIh ;=< isÿjk fjkiaùï

53 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

äïnfldaIh ;=< isÿjk fjkiaùï
ia;%S m%ckl ffi, jk äïn ffi, j¾Okh lr tajd äïnfldaIfhka uqod yeÍu
äïnfldaIh u.ska isÿ fõ' äïnfldaIh ;=< isÿjk fjkiaùï m%Odk wjê follg
fnohs'
^1& iHqksld wjêh
^2& ¨hqáh,a wjêh

0 Èk 14 Èk 28 Èk
iHqksld wjêh ¨hqáh,a wjêh

¨fghSlrK fydafudakh

iHqksld W;af;acl fydafudakh

m%d:ñl oaú;Sl .%d*Sh

iHqksldj iHqksldj iHqksldj äïn fudapkh mS;foayh Yafõ;foayh
14'25 rEmh - wd¾;j pl%fha È äïnfldaIh ;=< isÿjk fjkiaùu

² iHqksld wjêh
wdrïNl wjêh hs' msáhqgß .%kaÓfhka i%djh lrk iHqksld W;af;acl fyda¾fudakfha
(FSH) n,mEu hgf;a äïnfldaIh ;=< we;s m%d:ñl iHqksldjla .%d*S iHqksldj
olajd j¾Okh ù äïnhla uqod yeÍug yels ;;a;ajhg m;aùu iHqksld wjêfha §
isÿfõ' fï i|yd Èk 14 la muK .; fõ' fuu wjêh ;=< äïnfldaIfhka Biag%cka
fyda¾fudakh i%djh ùu o isÿ fõ'

² ¨hqáh,a wjêh
wjidk wjêh hs' .%d*S iHqksldj mßK; jQ miq msáhqgß .%kaÓfhka i%djh lrk
¨fghSlrK fyda¾fudakfha (LH) n,mEu hgf;a msmsÍ ta ;=< we;s äïnh"
äïnfldaIfhka mef,damSh kd<h fj; uqodyeÍu ¨hqáh,a wjêfha § isÿfõ' uqody,
äïnh mef,damSh kd<h Tiafia bÈßhg .uka lrk w;r ixfiapkhla isÿ fkdjqfha
kï .%d*S iHqksldfõ b;sß fldgi mS; foayh njg;a" th miqj Yafõ; foayh njg;a
m;a ù mßydKs ùu o fuu wjêfha § isÿfõ' fï i|yd Èk 14 la muK .;fõ' fuu
wjêfha § äïnfldaIfhka fm%dfciafgfrdka fyda¾fudakh i%djh ùu o isÿ fõ'

54 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

.¾NdIh ;=< isÿjk fjkiaùï
äïn ffi, ixfiapkhla isÿfkdjk wjia:djl § .¾NdIh ;=< isÿjk fjkiaùu
m%Odk wjê ;=klg fnod ±laúh yels h'
^1& wd¾;j wjêh
^2& m%.=Kk wjêh
^3& i%dù wjêh
Èk 4 Èk 14 Èk 28
wd¾;j wjêh m%.=Kk wjêh i%dù wjêh

Biag%cka
fm%dfciafgfrdka

14'26 rEmh - wd¾;j pl%fha§ .¾NdIh ;=< isÿjk fjkiaùu

² wd¾;j wjêh
wdrïNl wjêh hs' ixfiapkhla isÿ fkdjQfha kï fm%dfciafgfrdka fyda¾fudak
uÜgu my; jeàu isÿfõ' fï fya;=fjka j¾Okh jQ .¾NdI ì;a;sh ì| jeà tu
fldgia reêrh iu. fhdaks ud¾.h Tiafia foayfhka msg fõ' fuh wd¾;j m%jdyh
f,i ye¢kafõ' fuh Èk y;rla muK mj;S'
² m%.=Kk wjêh
fojk wjêh hs' ì|jeà we;s .¾NdI ì;a;sh Biag%cka fyda¾fudakfhaa n,mEu ksid
l%ufhka j¾Okh ùu werfò' fuys § .¾NdIfha we;=¿ ì;a;sfha kj ffi, ;Ügqjla
we;sùu yd jdyskSu;a ùu ^reêr flaYkd,sld iq,N ùu& isÿfõ' fï i|yd Èk 10 la
muK .; fõ'
² i%dù wjêh
wjidk wjêh hs' j¾Okh jQ .¾NdI ì;a;sh ;jÿrg;a >klï ùu" reêr iemhqu
jeäùu yd .¾NdI ì;a;sfha .%kaÓ l%shd;aul ù i%dù ;;a;ajhg m;aùu isÿ fõ'
fm%dfciafgfrdka fyda¾fudakfhaa n,mEu ksid fuh isÿ fõ' fï i|yd Èk 14 la
muK .;fõ' fuu wjêh ;=< foay WIAK;ajh o iq¿ jYfhka jeä fõ'
55 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'
370C Èk 4 Èk 14 Èk 28

360C 14'27 rEmh - wd¾;j pl%h ;=< § foay WIAK;ajfha isÿjk

fjkiaùï

ixfiapkh yd wêfrdamKh
ixi¾.fha § fhdaks ud¾.h fj; Y=l% ;r,h uqod yÍ' tys we;s úYd, ixLHdjlska
hq;a Y=l%dKq ffi, ;r,fhys msyskñka .¾NdIh Tiafia mef,damSh kd<fha by<
fldgi fj; .uka lrhs' bkamiq tla Y=l%dKqjla mef,damSh kd<h Tiafia .¾NdIh
foig tk äïnh iu. tl;= fõ' fuys§ äïn ffi,fha yd Y=l%dKq ffi,fha
kHIaál øjH tl;= ùu isÿfõ' th ixfiapkh f,i ye¢kafõ'

14'28 rEmh - Y=l%dKqjla yd äïnhla ixfiapkh ùu

ixfiaÑ; äïnh hqla;dKqj f,i ye¢kafõ' th mef,damSh kd<h Tiafia .¾NdIh

fj; .uka lrk w;r úfNaokh ù ffi, ixLHdj jeä lr .kS' bkamiq th
fudre,dj f,i ye¢kafõ' fudre,dj .¾NdI ì;a;s mgl úLdokh lrñka .s,S tys
;ekam;a fõ' fuh wêfrdamKh f,i ye¢kafõ'

56 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

 Èk 3 §
Èk 2§ ^ffi, 4 hs& Èk 4 §
(ffi, 2hs) Èk 5 §
^ffi, 16 hs&
^fudre,dj&
Èk 1§
(hqla;dkqj)

ixfiapkh
Èk 7 §
^í,diagQ,dj&

14'29 rEmh - ixfiapkfha isg wêfrdamKh olajd wjia:d

N%EKfha úlikh

wêfrdamKfhka miq ;jÿrg;a ffi, úNdckh isÿ fjñka l,, úlikh isÿ fõ'
i;s yhl § muK l,, mg, kï wdrlaIl mg, j¾Okh fõ' ta ;=< ;r,hla msÍ
mj;S' i;s 9la muK jhia jQ l,,h N%EKh f,i ye¢kafõ' fï wkqj N%EKh tu
;r,fha .s,S mj;S'

N%EKfha l,, mg, yd .¾NdIfha we;=<; ì;a;sh tl;= ù l,,nkaOh idohs'

fuu l,,nkaOh ;=<g ujf.a reêrfha wvx.= fmdaIHøjH yd Tlaiscka úirKh
fõ' l,,nkaOh iys; laISrmdhskaf.a uj iy N%EKh w;r iïnkaO;dj we;s lrk
Oukshla yd Ysrdjla iys; mgl fldgi fmlKsje, f,i ye`Èkafõ' l,,nkaOh
;=<g úirKh jQ fmdaIHøjH yd Tlaiscka N%EKhg mßjykh lsÍu;a N%EKh u.ska
ksmojk wmøjH neyer lsÍu;a fml‚je, Tiafia isÿ fõ'

fml‚je, yryd reêr yqjudrejla isÿfkdjk w;r ujf.ka N%EKhg fmdaIK

øjH" Tlaiscka" frda. ldrl hkdÈh .uka lrhs' frda. ldrl laIqø Ôùka ^we;eï
ffjri& mjd fï yryd .uka l< yels h' nysiai%dù øjH" ldnkavfhdlaihsâ
hkdÈh o N%EKfhka bj;a jkafka fuu fml‚je, yryd h'

57 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

N%EKh úlikh ùfï § tA tA ld, jljdkq ;=< § isÿjk m%Odk isÿùï my; i|yka
j.=fõ bÈßm;a lr we;'

14.1 j.=j - tA tA ld, jljdkq ;=<§ N%EKfha isÿjk m%Odk isÿùï

ld, jljdkqj N%EKfha olakg ,efnk m%Odk isÿùï
udi 03 • ñksia iajrEmhla .kS'
• N%EKfha ysi foayfha wfkla fldgia yd ii|k úg
;rñka úYd, h'
• weÕs,sj, ksh iE§u werfò'
• ia;%S yd mqreI ,sxf.akaøsh úlikh ù we;'
udi 04 • wiaÓ iels,a, úlikh ùu werfò
• frdau jefvkakg mgka .kS'
udi 05 • N%EKh iïmQ¾Kfhkau frdauj,ska jeiS mj;S'
• N%EKfha p,k m<uqjrg ujg ±fkhs'
• N%EKfha yDo iamkaokh msg;ska ±k .; yels h' ^idudkH
yDo iamkaok YS>%;dj ñks;a;=jlg 120 - 140 fõ&
udi 06 • weys neu yd weis msydgq úlikh ù we;'
udi 07 • weismsh újD; fõ'
• p¾uh /,s .eiqKq iajNdjhla orhs'

udi 08 • wOYap¾ufha fïoh ;ekam;a ùug mgka .kS

• N%EKfha nr 2 1$2 kg muK fõ'
udi 09 • weÕs,sj, ksh iïmQ¾Kfhka jeã we;'
• jDIK fldaI ;=< jDIK ;ekam;a ù we;'
• uq`M isreru msreKq jevqKq iajrEmhla .kS'
1 1
• N%EKfha nr 2 - 3 kg muK fõ'
2 2

58 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

 l,, nkaOh
fmlks je,

N%EKh

.¾NdI ì;a;sh

l,, mg,
.eíf.,
uQ;%dYh
fhdaks ud¾.h
.=oh
14'30 rEmh - .¾NdIh ;=< N%EKfha úlikh

ore m%iQ;sh
m%iQ;sh wdikak jk úg N%EKh .¾NdIh ;=< msysgd we;af;a ysi my<g isák fiah'
Èk 280 la muK .; jQ miq N%EKfha úlikh iïmQ¾K fõ' túg .¾NdIfha fmaYs
ixfldapkh ùfuka orejd fhdaks ud¾.h Tiafia msg;g ;,a¨ fõ' fuh ore m%iQ;sh
f,i ye¢kafõ' .¾NdIh ;jÿrg;a ixfldapkh ùu u.ska l,,nkaOh yd iïnkaO
wfkl=;a fmaIs bj;alrhs' fuh je±uy kï fõ' miqj m%iQ;sfhka miq l,,nkaOh
yd N%EKh iïnkaO flreKq fml‚ je, lmd .eg .ihs'

mejreu - 14.4
• ud;D reêrfha isg N%EKfha reêrhg l,,nkaOh yryd úirKh jk
øjH fudkjdo@
• tfiau N%EK reêrfha isg ud;D reêrhg úirKh jk øjH fudkjd o@

fyda¾fudak iudfhdackh
udkj m%ckk l%shdj,sh iïmQ¾Kfhka u fyda¾fudakuh md,khla iys; h' mqreI
yd ia;%S fomd¾Yjfha u fuh oelsh yels h' fuys § wka;rdi¾. .%kaÓ lsysmhlska
i%djh lrk fyda¾fudak j¾. lsysmhla jk FSH, LH, fgiafgdiafgfrdka"
fm%dfciafgfrdka Biag%cka hk fyda¾fudak jeo.;a fõ'

59 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

14'4' ,sx.slj iïfm%aIKh jk frda.
m%Odk jYfhka ,sx.sl iïnkaO;djla ksid;a ,sx.sl i%dj ,sx.sl wjhjj, ;ejÍu
ksid;a tla mqoa.,fhl=f.ka ;j;a mqoa.,fhl=g wdidokh úh yels frda. ,sx.slj
iïfm%aIKh jk frda. f,i ye¢kafõ' frda.shl=f.a reêrh ksfrda.S whl=f.a YÍr.;
ùfuka o fuu frda. ;j;a whl=g wdidokh fõ' fujeks frda.j, frda. ,laIK
fndfydaúg ,sx.sl wjhjj, yg.kS' ,sx.slj iïfm%aIKh jk frda. 20la muK
oekg y÷kdf.k we;s w;r ta w;ßka f,dalfha iq,Nj oelsh yels frda. lsysmhla
ms<sn`oj úuid n,uq'

² f.dfkdaßhd ^iqÿ ìxÿu&

Neisseria gonorrhoeae keue;s nelaàßhdj u.ska frda.h fnda lrhs' ,sxf.akaøsh
wdY%s;j i%dj msgùu" wêl oeú,a," uQ;% wviaish hk frda. ,laIK fmkakqï lrhs'
T!Iëh m%;sldr we;s w;r ksis m%;sldr fkdlsÍfuka wkaOùu" fldrùu jeks ;;a;aj
we;s fõ'

² isms,sia ^WmoxYh&
Treponema pallidum keue;s nelaàßhdj u.ska frda.h fnda lrhs' frda. ldrl foay
.; ù udi ;=klg miq ,sxf.akaøsfha fõokd rys; ìì,s we;s fõ' fïjd bfí u
iqj fõ' udi yhlg muK miq WK yd W.=f¾ fõokdj we;s fõ' miqj bfíu iqj
fõ' uq,a wjêfha § frda.h y÷kdf.k ksis T!Iëh m%;sldr lsÍfuka frda.h iqj
l< yels h'
frda.ldrlhg wjqreÿ lsysmhla reêrfha wl%Sh f,i Ôj;a úh yels h' tu ld,h ;=<
reêrh Tiafia YÍrfha wfkl=;a wjhjj,g frda.h jHdma; úh yels h'

² y¾mSia
Herpes simplex keue;s ffjrih u.ska frda.h fnda lrhs' ,sxf.akaøsh wdY%s;j wêl
fõokdldÍ ìì,s we;s ùu fuu frda.fha ,laIK fõ'
iakdhq moaO;sh wvmK lrhs' tfiau iakdhq moaO;sh ;=< ksoka.; fõ' kej; kej;
u;=fõ' udrdka;sl fkdjQj o iaÓr m%;sldr fkdue;'

² AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome)

udkj m%;sYla;s W!k;d ffjrih (HIV/Human Immunodeficiency Virus) u.ska
frda.h fnda lrhs' foay .; ù jir fol;a myf<dj;a w;r frda. ,laIK u;= fõ'
udrdka;sl úh yels h' iqjl< fkdyels h' jdylhskaf.ka m%fõYï úh hq;= h' ,sx.sl
i%dj fyda reêrh u.ska fuu ffjrih iïfm%aIKh jk neúka tjeks wjodkï
wjia:dj,ska je<lsh hq;= fõ'

,sx.sl p¾hd iïnkaOfhka j.lSfuka lghq;= lsÍu u.ska ,sx.slj iïfm%aIKh jk

frda. j<lajd .ekSu l< yels fõ'

60 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

 wNHdih
^1& ,sx.sl m%ckkh yd w,sx.sl m%ckkh w;r fjkialï i|yka lrkak'

,sx.sl m%ckkh w,sx.sl m%ckkh

^2& Ydlj, j¾Ol m%ckkh isÿlrk j¾Ol jHqy i|yka lr ta ta jHqy i`oyd
WodyrK ,shkak'
^3& Ydl noaO lsÍfï§ m%dfhda.slj u;=fõ hehs Tn is;k .eg¨ lsysmhla
i|yka lrkak'
^4& zzYdlj,ska fyd| M,odjla ,nd.ekSu i|yd ,sx.sl m%ckkhg jvd j¾Ol
m%ckkh iqÿiqhZZfuu woyi meyeÈ,s lrkak'
^5& mqIAmhl yuqjk m%Odk mqIAm fldgia kïlr tajdfhka bgqjk ld¾hh
i|yka lrkak'
mqIam fldgi bgqjk ld¾hh
................................ ............................................................
................................ ............................................................
................................ ............................................................
................................ ............................................................
^6& iaj-mrd.Khg jvd mr-mrd.Kh u.ska ie,fik jdis fudkjdo@
^7& Ydlj, M, yd îc jHdma;sh isÿ fkdfõ kï we;súh yels .eg¨ ,shd
olajkak'
^8& fhdjqkqodj ;=< mqreIhskaf.a yd ia;%Skaf.a isÿjk fjkialï ,ehsia;=.;
lrkak'
mqreIhskaf.a isÿjk fjkialï ia;%Skaf.a isÿjk fjkialï

62 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

^9& ia;%S m%ckl moaO;sfha rEmigykla my; olajd we;' tys olajd we;s fldgia
kï lrkak'

^10& mqreI m%ckl moaO;sfha rEmigykla my; olajd we;' tys olajd we;s
fldgia kï lrkak'

63 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

^11& o¾YSh mqIamhl oslalvl f¾Ld igykla my; ±lafõ' tys olajd we;s fldgia
kï lrkak'

A
H

J B I

G C

F
D

mdßNdIsl jpk
m%ckkh - Reproduction
w,sx.sl m%ckkh - Asexual reproduction
,sx.sl m%ckkh - Sexual reproduction
fhdjqkaÞj - Adolescence
wd¾;j pl%h - Menstrual cycle
l,,nkaOh - Placenta
fml‚je, - Umbilical cord
j¾Ol m%pdrKh - Vegetative propagation
mgl frdamKh - Tissue culture
mrd.Kh - Pollination
ixfiapkh - Fertilization
îc iqma;;dj - Seed dormancy
hqla;dKqj - Zygote
N%EKh - Foetus

64 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

ksoiqk 2
fmdf<dfõ j¾.ógr 8la jQ m%foaYhla mqrd tl;= ù we;s mia f.dvla ksid fmdf<dj
u; we;s jQ mSvkh 150 Pa fõ' mia f.dv ksid fmdf<dj u; l%shd lrk ,o n,h
fldmuK o?

n,h
mSvkh =
j¾.M,h
n,h = mSvkh × j¾.M,h
n,h = 150 N m-2 × 8 m2
= 1200 N

15'2 øj mSvkh
>k øjH ksid muKla fkdj øj ksid o mSvk yg .kS' >k jia;=jla fïihla u;
;enQ úg fïih u; mSvkhla we;s jkafka jia;=fõ nr ksid fïih u; we;s jk
n,h" jia;=j iy fïih iam¾Y jk m%foaYh mqrd me;sÍ hdu ksid h' fuf,i u"
øjhla wvx.= Ndckhl m;=, u; mSvkhla we;s jkafka øjfha nr ksid Ndckfha
m;=, u; we;s jk n,h m;=f,a j¾.M,h mqrd me;sÍ hdfuka h' Ndckhlg øjhla
oeuQ úg øjfha nr ksid mSvkhla we;sjkafka Ndckfha m;=, u; muKla fkdfõ'
tys ì;a;s u; o mSvkhla we;s fjhs' fï yefrkakg øj mSvkfha ;j;a jeo.;a
,laIK lsysmhla we;' oeka wms tu ,laIK ms<sn| úuid n,uq'

fmd,s;Ska Wrhl jfÜ ;ekska ;ek

isÿre idod thg c,h mqrjd 15'1 rEmfha
fmkajd we;s wdldrhg w,a,df.k
isák úg Tng l=ula ksÍlaIKh l<
yels o@ iEu isÿrlska u c,h msg ù
hk nj Tng oel.; yels jkq we;'
fï tla tla isÿr mj;skafka Wrfha
tla tla me;sj, fõ' fï iEu isÿrlska
u c,h msgjkafka tu isÿre msysá
;ekaj, mj;sk c, mSvkh ksid h' 15'1' rEmh - c,h mqrjd we;s isÿre iys;
fï mÍlaIKfhka Tng fmfkkafka øj fmd,s;Sska Wrh
ksid yg .kakd mSvkh iEu ÈYdjlg
u n,mdk nj hs'

66 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h

fikaáógr 25la muK Wi ma,diaála fnda;,hl
my<ska" iu uÜgñka" isÿre lsysmhla úo thg c,h
mqrjkak' túg 15'2 rEmfha mßÈ c,h ksl=;a jk
nj Tng fmfkkq we;' isÿre ish,af,ka u ksl=;a
jk c,h tlu ;sria ÿrla .uka lrk nj o Tn
olskq we;' tfia jkafka øjhl tl u uÜgfï §
mj;sk mSvkh iudk ksid h'

15'2' rEmh - iu uÜgfï øj

mSvkh oelafjk wegjqu

oeka wms n÷kl we;s c, lf|a Wi mSvkh

flfrys n,mdk wkaou fidhd n,uq'

by; Ndú; l< m%udKfha u fjk;a

ma,diaála fnda;,hla f.k tys o<
jYfhkA iudk mr;rhla we;sj by< isg
my<g isÿre fm<la idod" c,h mqrjkak'
c,h mqrjd .;a fnda;,h 15'3 rEmfha mßÈ
fmd<j uÜgfï isg ;rula by<ska msysgk
fia ;nd f.k c, myr ksl=;a jk wdldrh
15'3 rEmh - øj lf|a Wi wkqj ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
mSvkh fjkia jk whqre

by< isÿrej,ska c,h úÈk fõ.hg jvd jeä fõ.hlska my< isÿrej,ska c,h
úÈk nj Tng fmfkkq we;' isÿrlska c,h fõ.fhka ksl=;a jkafka isÿr wi,
jeä mSvkhla we;s úgh' ta wkqj" øjhl .eUqr jeä jk úg mSvkh jeä jk nj;a"
.eUqr wvq ia:dkhl § øj mSvkh wvq nj;a ñka meyeÈ,s fõ'

øj mSvkh" øj lf|a yevh u; fjkia jk wdldrh fidhd ne,Sug ls%hdldrlu

15'1ys ksr; fjuq'

67 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h

 l%shdldrlu 15'1
øj mSvkh øj lf|a yevh u; fjkia jk wdldrh fidhd ne,Su'
rEmfha i|yka a, b, c, d yd a b c d e úúO
yevj,ska
e j,ska oelafjk mßÈ jQ úúO hq;a k<
yevj,ska hq;a k< myla imhd
.kak' tajd fofl<jr jid
PVC k<
.;a isÿre iys; PVC k<hlg
iúlr .ekSfuka 15'4 rEmfha
oelafjk mßÈ k< moaO;shla 15'4 rEmh - øj lf|a yevh iuÕ mSvkh
idod .kak' oeka fuu k< fjkiajk wdldrh msßlaiSu
moaO;shg c,h mqrjd fkd-
fi,afjk mßÈ ;nd tla tla k<fha we;s øj l|kaj, isria Wi uek igyka lr
.kak'

ia:dkh øj lf|a isria Wi (cm)

a
b
c
d
e

iEu k<hl u øj lf|a isria Wi iudk nj Tng fmfkkq we;' øjhl tlu
uÜgfï we;s ,CIHj, mSvk iudk nj wms by; l%shdldrlïj, § ÿgqfjuq' ta
wkqj" PVC k<hg wfkla k< iú lr we;s ia:dk ish,af,a mSvk iudk úh hq;=
h' iEu k<hl u øj uÜgu iudk ùfuka fmfkkafka tu tla tla k<h iú lr
we;s ia:dkfha mSvkh r|d mj;skafka tla tla k<h ;=, we;s øj m%udKh fyda
øj lf|a yevh u; fkdj" øj uÜgu ^øj lf|a Wi& u; muKla nj h' rEmfha e
k<h ;=< we;s øj m%udKhg jvd a k<h ;=< we;s øj m%udKh jeä h' tu k<
foflys we;s øj l|kaj, yev o wiudk h' kuq;a ta foflys u uq, we;s mSvk
iudk h'
wm fuf;la øj u.ska we;s lrk mSvkh ms<sn| j lrk ,o wOHhkhg wkqj øj
mSvkhg my; oelafjk .=Kdx. mj;S'
(i) øjhla ;=< hï ia:dkhl § mSvkh Bg by<ska we;s øj lf|a Wi u; r|d
mj;S' tkï øj lf|a Wi jeä jk úg mSvkh jeä jk w;r Wi wvq jk
úg mSvkh wvqfõ'
(ii) øjfha iu uÜgïj, § mSvk iudk fõ'

68 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h

 (iii) øjh ;=< hï ia:dkhl § ´kEu ÈYdjlg mSvkh tlu w.hla .kS'
(iv) øj mSvkh øj lf|a yevh u; r`od fkdmj;sk w;r" øj lf|a isria Wi u;
muKla r`od mj;S'
Ndckhl we;s øj lf|a Wi h kï iy øjfha >k;ajh ρ kï" Ndckfha m;=f,a
tall j¾.M,hlg by<ska ;sfnk øj lf|a nr fidhuq' fuu nr fhfokafka tall
j¾.M,hla iys; m%foaYhlg ksid m;=f,a mSvkh hρg fõ'
1
øj lf`oa ialkaOh = øjfha >k;ajh × mßudj
= ρ × j¾.M,h × Wi = ρ × 1 × h = h ρ
øj lf`oa nr = hρg
msvkh = n,h $ j¾.M,h = nr $ j¾.M,h
fuu m%;sM,h i;H jkafka Ndckhl m;=f,a mSvkh i|yd muKla fkdfõ' 15'5
rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg" øjhla ;=< we;s ´kEu ,laIHhlg by<ska we;s øj
lf|a Wi h kï o tu ,laIHfha mSvkh P kï o"
P=hρg
f,i oelaúh yels h'
fuys h ys tallh ógr (m) o" ρys tallh kg m-3 o yd
gys tall m s-2 o jk úg"
øj l| u.ska we;s lrkq ,nk mSvkh (P) ys tAllh
h N m-2 fõ'
óg fmr o i|yka l< mßÈ" mSvkh uekSu i|yd nyq,
j Ndú; jk meial,a (Pa) kï tallh w¾: olajd
we;af;a 1 N m-2 f,i h'

15'5 rEmh - h .eUqrlska we;s

,laIHhl mSvkh

ksoiqk 1
jejl tla ia:dkhl .eUqr 1'5 m fõ' tu ia:dkfha m;a, u; c,h u.ska we;s lrk
mSvkh fidhkak (c,fha >k;ajh = 1000 kg m-3 ; g = 10 m s-2 ).
mSvkh = h ρ g
= 1.5 m × 1000 kg m-3 × 10 m s-2
= 15 000 Pa
ksoiqk 2
uqyf
q oa tla;rd ia:dkhl .eUqr 10 m fõ' fuu ia:dkfha uqyÿq m;a, u; lrÈh u.ska
we;s lrk mSvkh fidhkak (uqyÿq c,fha >k;ajh = 1050 kg m-3 ; g = 10 m s-2 )'
mSvkh = h ρ g
= 10 m × 1050 kg m-3 × 10 m s-2
= 105 000 Pa
69 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h
15'3 øj u.ska mSvkh iïfm%aIKh
n, fh¥ úg øj iïmSvkhg Ndck fkdfõ' tneúka øjhl tla ;eklg fhdok
msvkh øjfha ;j;a ;eklg iïfm%aIKh l< yels h'
fuu ixisoaêh mokï lrf.k ilia lrf.k we;s hka;%" ødj mSvl hka;% kï fõ'
ødj mSvl hka;%hl uQ,O¾uh 15'6 rEmfha fmkajd we;'
l=vd n,h
l=vd n,h

B msiagkh
A msiagkh B msiagkh
A msiagkh
200 cm2
10 cm2 200 cm2

úYd, n,h
úYd, n,h

15'6 rEmh - ødj mSvl hka;%hla

15'6 rEmh - ødj mSvl hka;%hla
fuu ødj mSvlfha l=vd msiagkh A jk w;r úYd, msiagkh B fõ' A msiagkfha
j¾.M,h 10 cm2 hehs o B msiagkfha j¾.M,h 200 cm2 hehs o is;uq' A msiagkh u;
20 Nl n,hla fhÿjfyd;a tu msiagkh u.ska øjh u; fhfok mSvkh fidhuq'

20 N
P= F =
A 10-3 m2
= 2 × 104 N m-2 = 20 000 N m-2
= 2 N cm-2
fuu mSvkh ;r,h u.ska B msiagkh fj; iïfm%aIKh fõ' túg B msiagkh wi,
øj mSvkh o 2 N cm-2 fõ' tkï" B msiagkfha iEu 1 cm2 fj; u 2 N n,hla ;r,h
u.ska Wvq w;g fhfohs' ta ksid tys j¾.M,h jk 200 cm2 fj; fhfok uq¿ n,h
400 N (2 × 200) fõ' l=vd msiagkh u; fhdok 20 N n,hlska úYd, msiagkh fj;
400 N n,hla iïfm%aIKh l< yels jkafka øjh ;=<ska mSvkh iïfm%aIKh ùu
ksid h ^fujeks ødj mSvlj, msiagk u; fhfok n, tajd ;=< we;s øj lf|a nr
ksid fhfok n,hg jvd b;d úYd, ksid øj lf|ka we;s jk mSvkh .Kkhka
i|yd i,lkq fkd,efí&'
70 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h
fudag¾ r: kv;a;= lrk ia:dk yd fiajd ia:dkj, r: jdyk tieùug fhdod
.kakd Tijkh (hoist) o mSvk iïfm%aIKh Ndú;hg f.k iE¥ WmlrKhla fõ'

l=vd n,h

úYd, msiagkh
l=vd msiagkh

p,kh jQ
p,kh jQ ÿr
ÿr
úYd, n,h

øjh
^f;,a&

15'7 rEmh - r: jdyk tieùug fhdod .kakd Tijkhla (hoist)

fuys l=vd msiagkhg fhdok úYd,;ajfhka wvq n,fhka f;,a u; yg.kakd

mSvkh" f;,a u.ska úYd, msiagkh fj; iïfm%aIKh lrk w;r tu`.ska úYd,
msiagkh u; r:fha nrg iudk n,hla iïfm%aIKh flfrk wkaoug th ilid
we;' tu.ska r:h by<g tiefõ'
kuq;a jdykhla tiùu i|yd wjYH n,h iemhSug kï" l=vd msiagkh b;d úYd,
ÿrla p,kh l< hq;=h' fuh m%dfhda.slj lsÍu wmyiq ksid fiajd ia:dkj, Ndú;d-
jk Tijkj, l=vd msiagkh fjkqjg" l=vd is,skavrh ;=<g f;,a fmdïm lrk-
fldïfm%irhla (Compressor) fhdod .efka'
frdao .e,ùug wjYH jk wjia:dj, r:hl me;a;la Tijd .ekSug fhdod .kafka
celal=j h' celal= j¾. w;=ßka nyq, j Ndú; lrkqfha ødj mSvk celal=jhs (hydraulic
jack)' fujeks celal=jla 15'8 rEmfha fmkajd we;' fuys § ls%hd;aul jkafka o ;r,
;=<ska mSvk iïfm%aIKh lsÍu ms<sn| uQ,O¾uh'

wm tys o n, fhdokafka l=vd msiagkhlg hs' tu n,h ksid yg.kakd mSvkh

celal=fõ f;,a ;=<ska úYd, msiagkhg iïfm%aIKh ùu ksid úYd, msiagkfhka
r:fha me;a;la tieùu isÿfõ'
71 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h
 15'8 rEmh - ødj mSvk celal=j

r: jdykj, ;sßx. moaO;sh øj mSvk iïfm%aIK uQ,O¾uh fhfok ;j;a wjia:djla

fõ' tys uQ,O¾uh 15'9 rEmfha fmkajd we;'

msiagkh
f;,a

frdaOl m¨ mÈlh
m%Odk is,skavrh

odi is,skavrh

frdaOl ;eá

15'9 rEmh - r: jdykj, ;sßx. moaO;shla

fuys § jdykh mojkakd ;u mdofhka mÈlhg (pedal) n,hla fhdok úg tu

n,h" m%Odk is,skavrfhys (master cylinder) msiagkh u;g fhfoa' bkamiq msiagkh
u.ska is,skavrh ;=< we;s f;,a u; mSvkhla we;s flf¾' tu mSvkh f;,a u.ska
frdaoh wi, we;s odi is,skavrh (slave cylinder) fj;g iïfm%aIKh flf¾' túg
odi is,skavrfha msiagkhg iïnkaO lr we;s frdaOl m¨ f;rmS frdaOl fnrhg
fyda ;eáhg mSvkhla we;s lrhs' m%Odk is,skavrfha yrialv j¾.M,hg jvd odi
is,skavrfha yrialv j¾.M,h jeä ksid ßheÿrd úiska mdofhka fhdok n,hg
jvd jeä n,hla odi is,skavrh u.ska frdaOl m¨ u; fhfohs'
72 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h
 15'1 wNHdih
^1& hï Ndckhl wvx.= øjhla ksid Ndckfha m;=, u; we;sjk mSvkh 1500 Pa
fõ' fuys —mSvkh 1500 Pa fõ˜ hkafkys f;areu l=ula o?
^2& 50 cm Wi riÈh l|la u.ska we;s jk mSvkh fidhkak ^riÈhj, >k;ajh
13600 kg m-3 fõ&'
^3& c, fmdl=Kl c, mDIaGfha isg m;=,g .eUqr 1'5 m fõ' fmdl=fKa m;=f,a §
c,h u.ska we;s lrk mSvkh .Kkh lrkak'
^4& uqyqfoa tla;rd ia:dkhl .eUqr 1 km fõ' tu ia:dkfha uqyqÿ m;a, u; uqyqÿ
c,h u.ska we;s lrk mSvkh fidhkak ^uqyqÿ c,fha >k;ajh 1050 kg m-3 fõ&'
^5& È. 5 m" m<, 3 m iy .eUqr 2 m jk gexlshla >k;ajh 800 kg m-3 jk
øjhlska mqrjd we;'
(a) tu ødjKh ksid gexlsfha m;=f,a mSvkh fldmuK o?
(b) tu mSvkh ksid gexlsfha m;=, u; we;sjk n,h fldmuK o?

15'4 jdhq mSvkh

>k yd øj ksid fuka u jdhq ksid o mSvkhla yg .kshs' jdhq ksid mSvkhla we;s
úh yels wdldr folla we;' bka tlla kï øj l|l nr ksid mSvkhla we;s jk
wdldrhg u jdhq l|l nr ksid mSvkhla we;s ùuhs' jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh we;s
jkafka fï wdldrhg hs'

jdhqjlska mSvkhla we;s jk wfkla wdldrh jkafka iïmSvkh lrk ,o jdhqjla

m%idrKh ùug .kakd W;aidyh ksid mSvkhla we;s ùu hs' fufia iïmSvkh
jQ jdhqjlska mSvkhla yg.kakd nj my; l%shdldrlu u.ska myiqfjka oel.;
yels h'

l%shdldrlu 15'2

15'10 rEmh - jdhq mSvkh msßlaiSu

73 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h

● 15'10 (a) rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg U k<hlg c,h oukak' túg tys X
yd Y ndyq fofla c, uÜgï iudk jkq we;'
● jd;h mqrjd .;a neÆkfha lg myiqfjka ,syd .; yels jk fia kQ,lska
.eghla .id .kak'
● bka miq th 15'10(b) rEmfha mßÈ U k,fha X ndyqjg iïnkaO lr ;j;a
kQ,lska .eg .ikak'
● oeka neÆkfha m<uq .egh fiñka nqre,a lrkak' .egh bj;a l< miq X
ndyqfõ c, uÜgu my< hk w;r Y ndyqfõ c, uÜgu by< hk nj Tng
oel.; yels jkq we; ^15'10 (c) rEmh&'

øjhl tlu uÜgfï we;s ish¨ ,laIHj, mSvk iudk ksid neÆkh iïnkaO
lsÍug fmr ndyq fofla c, uÜgï iudk ùfuka fmfkkafka tu c, uÜgï folg
by<ska fhfok mSvk iudk nj hs'

neÆkhlg jd;h msrùfï § wm lrkafka iSñ; mßudjlg úYd, jd; m%udKhla

msrùu hs' tkï jd;h iïmSvkh lsÍu hs' fufia iïmSvkh lrk ,o jd;h wvx.=
neÆkh X ndyqjg iïnkaO l< miq c, uÜgï wiudk fjhs' Y ndyqfõ c, uÜgu
X ndyqfõ uÜgug jvd by< hdfuka fmfkkafka X ndyqfõ c, mDIaGfha § mSvkh
Y ndyqfõ c, mDIaGfha § mSvkhg jvd jeä njhs' fufia mSvkh jeä jQfha
neÆkfha we;s iïmSvkh lrk ,o jd;fhka X ndyqjg mSvkhla fhÿkq ksid h'

jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh
mDÓú mDIaGfha isg lsf,daógr ish .Kkla Wig jdhq f.da,h (atmosphere) msysgd
we;' c,h msrjQ n÷kl c,h ;=< jQ ´kEu ,laIHhl" Bg by<ska we;s c,h ksid
mSvkhla yg.kakd fiau jdhqf.da<h ;=< jQ ´kEu ,laIHhl o Bg by<ska we;s
jd;fha nr ksid mSvkhla yg.kshs' fuu mSvkh jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh (atmospheric
pressure) kñka ye¢kafõ'

uq,ska u jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh uksk ,oafoa b;d,s cd;sl fgdßfi,a,s (Torricelli)

kue;s úoHd{hd úiska h' Tyq tA i|yd Ndú; l< WmlrKh 15'11 rEmfha fmkajd
we;'

74 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h

 ßla;h
riÈh ksid
we;sjk mSvkh

jdhqf.da,h ksid
we;sjk mSvkh

15'11 rEmh - riÈh jdhq mSvkudkh

fuu WmlrKh idod we;af;a ógrhla muK È. jQ o" tla fl<jrla ixjD; jQ
o ùÿre k<hla riÈfhka mqrjd" th ;=<g jd;h we;=,a fkdjk fia riÈh iys;
Ndckhl isria j hál=rej /|ùfuks' fufia k<h hál=rej /|jQ úg 15'11 rEmfha
mßÈ k<fha by< ysia wjldYhla we;s jk fia k<fha riÈh hï m%udKhla my,
nisk nj oel .; yels h' k<h ;=< b;sßjk riÈh lf|a Wi 76 cm muK fõ'

k<fha wvx.= riÈh ish,a, u Ndckhg .,d fkdhkafka msg;g ksrdjrKh jQ

riÈh mDIaGh jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh u.ska ;o lrf.k isák ksid nj fgdßfi,a,s
f;areï .;af;a h' kuq;a jdhq f.da,Sh mSvkh m%udKj;a jkafka 76 cm muK Wil
riÈh l|la mj;ajd .ekSug muKls' k<h ;=< jQ riÈh lf|ys Wi 76 cm olajd
my< niskafka ta ksid h' fï wkqj riÈh lf|a Wi jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkfha ñkqula
fõ' tu riÈh l|g by<ska b;sß jk ysia wjldYhg jd;h we;=,a úh fkdyels
ksid tu wjldYh ßla;lhla úh hq;= h'

øjhla ;=< tlu uÜgfï msysá ´kE u ,laIH foll mSvk iudk nj wms oeka
oksuq' ta wkqj" Ndckfha k<hg msg;ska riÈh mDIaGh u; msysá ,laIHhl mSvkh
jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkhg iudk ksid tu uÜgfï u k<h ;=< msysá ,laIHhl mSvkh
o jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh u úh hq;= h' øj lf|a Wi ie,lSfuka k<h ;=< msysá tu
,laIHfha mSvkh P = h ρ g hk iQ;f
% hka .Kkh lr .; yels h' ta wkqj jdhqf.da,h
S
mSvkh h ρ g úh hq;= h'
kuq;a mSvkh uekSfï myiq tallhla f,i riÈh lf|a Wi o nyq,j Ndú; fõ'
fuu mÍCIKh isÿ lrk ,oafoa uqyqÿ uÜgfï § kï" riÈh lf`oa Wi 76 cm muK
jkq we;' k<h Ndckfha wvx.= riÈh ;=<g u|la .s,ajqjfyd;a túg o riÈh lf`oa
Wi fkdfjkia j mj;skq we;' isÿjkafka ßla;hla mj;sk fldgfia Wi wvq ùu
muKls' k<h wdk; l<fyd;a k<h Èf.a riÈh l| by< k`.sk fia fmkqk o
riÈh lf|a isria Wi uekak úg th 76 cm u fõ'

75 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h

uqyqÿ uÜgfï § jdhQf.da,Sh mSvkh 76 cm Hg jk w;r" uqyqÿ uÜgfuka by<g
h;au jdhqf.da,fha jdhq lf|a Wi wvq jk ksid jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh wvq fõ'

WodyrKhla f,i" tjriaÜ l÷ uqÿfka jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh 25 cm Hg muK fõ' fï

yefrkakg ld,.=Kh wkqj o jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh fjkia úh yels h'

jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh uekSug riÈh Ndú;fhka idod .;a WmlrKh riÈh jdhq
mSvkudkh (mercury barometer) kï fõ'

mßudKh
o¾Ylh

jdhq mSvkh
l=yrh

15'12 rEmh - ks¾øj jdhq mSvkudkh

jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh uekSu i|yd øj Ndú; fkdlrk mSvkudk o

we;' tajd ks¾øj jdhq mSvkudk (aneroid barometers) kñka ye¢kafõ'
15'12 rEmfha oelafjkafka" tjeks ks¾øj jdhq mSvkudkhls' fuys ;=kS
f,day ì;a;s iys;" jd;h bj;a l< l=yrhla we;' msg; mSvkh fjkia jk úg fuu
l= yrfha ì;a; sj, yevh fjkia fjhs' tu yevh fjkia ùu wkq j lrlefjk
o¾Ylhla iy mSvkh lshjd .ekSug mßudKhla we;'

tÈfkod lghq;= i|yd jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh fhdod .ekSu'

(i) nghla Ndú;fhka îu mdkh

nghla Ndú;fhka îu mdkh lsÍu i|yd ngfha
fl<jrg lg ;nd Wrk úg k<fha we;s jd;h
lgg we;=,a jk w;r k<h we;=<; mSvkh
wvqfjhs' k<hg msg;ska jQ øj mDIaGfha § mSvkh
jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkhg iudk jk w;r" k<h
we;=<; jd;fha mSvkh jdhqf.da,hS mSv khg jvd
wvq h' tuksid jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh u.ska ùÿrefõ
we;s øjh ngh ;=<g ;,a¨ lr hefjhs' ta ksid
ngh Èf.a øjh by<g .uka lrhs' 15'13 rEmh - nghlska îu mdkh

76 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h

(ii) ihs*k (siphon) l%ufhka gexlshl
we;s c,h bj;a lsÍu' A

by< uÜgul msysá A kï c, gexlsfha

c,h jvd my<ska msysá B gexlshg
,nd .ekSug ihs*k l%uh Ndú; lrk
wdldrh 15'14 rEmfha fmkajd we;'
wdrïNfha § k<h c,fhka mqrjd tu B
c,h bj;g fkdhk fia weÕs,a,lska
tla fl<jrla jidf.k A gexlsfha
15'14 rEmh - ihs*k l%uh
m;=,g wdikak jk f;la k< fl<jr
my;a l< hq;= h' bka miq weÕs,a, bj;a l< úg c,h B gexlshg .,d hdu werfUhs'
Ays jQ k<fha fl<jf¾ § mSvkh Bg by<ska gexlsh ;=< we;s øj lf|a mSvkfha;a
jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkfha;a tl;=jg iudk fõ' Bys jQ k<fha fl<jr jdhqf.da,hg
újD; ksid tys § mSvkh jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkhg iudk fõ' tu ksid" jeä mSvkh
u.ska" mSvkh jeä A ia:dkfha isg mSvkh wvq B ia:dkh olajd c,h ;,a¨ lr hjhs'

(iii) rn¾ pQIlfhys l%shdj (rubber sucker)

jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh ì;a;sh

rn¾ pQIlhla 15'15 rEmfha
fmkajd we;s wdldrhg ùÿre
mDIaGhlg ;o l< úg pQIlh
iy ùÿre mDIaGh w;r jd;h
jeä m%udKhla bj;a jk w;r
b;sß jkafka iq¿ m%udKhls'
túg th ;=< mSvkh jdhqf.da,Sh
mSvkhg jvd wvq jk ksid
msg; jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh u.ska
pQIlh mDIaGhg ;o ù mj;shs'
15'15 rEmh - rn¾ pQIlh
pQIlh ksjerÈj ls%hd lrkafka
tys odrh iy ùÿre mDIaGh w;=ßka jd;h .uka fkdlrkafka kï muKls'

77 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h

ksoiqk

^1& uqyqÿ uÜgfï § jdhqf.dA,Sh mSvkh 76 cm Hg fõ' riÈfha >k;ajh 13 600 kg m-3
o .=re;ajc ;ajrKh 10 m s-2 o nj i,ld"

(i) jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh Pa j,ska fidhkak'

(ii) jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh u.ska ix;=,kh l< yels c, lf|a Wi fidhkak'

^c,fha >k;ajh 1000 kg m-3&

ms<s;=r

¸' jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh = h × ρ × g

P = 76 / 100 m × 13 600 kg m-3 × 10 m s-2
= 103 360 Pa

¸¸' c, lf|a Wi h kï"

hρg = 103 360

h × 1000 × 10 = 103 360
h = 103 360 / 10 000
h = 10.3360 m

15'5 bms,Su
c, n÷klg .,a leghla oeuQ úg th .sf,k nj;a" ,E,s lene,a,la jeks fohla oeuQ
úg th c,fha mdfjk nj;a wms oksuq' iuyr jia;= c,fha .s,Sug;a ;j;a iuyr
jia;= c,fha mdùug;a ljr úoHd;aul uQ,O¾u n,mdkafka oe hs fidhd n,uq'

Wvql=re f;rmqu

,E,s lene,a,la jeks c,fha mdfjk jia;=jla c,h u; ;nd oE;ska f;rmdf.k
isák úg" Wvql=re w;g c,fhka fhfok n,hla wfma w;g oefka' c,fha .sf,k
jia;=jl jqj o" c,h ;=< § wmg oefkk nr jd;fha § tys nrg jvd wvq fõ' fufia
jkafka c,fha .s,ajd we;s jia;=jla u; c,h u.ska by<g n,hla fhdok ksid h'
fuu n,h Wvql=re f;rmqu (upthrust) kñka ye¢kafõ' c,h muKla fkdj ´kE u
;r,hla tys .s,S we;s jia;= u; Wvql=re f;rmqu we;s lrhs'

78 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h

 l%shdldrlu 15'3

² f,day lene,a,la 15'16 (a) rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ ÿkq ;rdÈhlska t,a,d tys nr
uek .kak'

ÿkq ;rdÈh

f,day
lene,a,

(a) (b) (c) (d)

15'16 rEmh - Wvql=re f;rmqï n,h wdo¾Ykh lsÍu

oeka 15'16 (b) rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ f,day lene,a, u; w;ska my<g n,hla
fhdokak' ta wjia:dfõ § ÿkq ;rdÈ mdGdxlh lshjkak' my<g n,hla fh¥ ksid
ÿkq ;rdÈfha mdGdxlh jeä ù we;s nj fmfka' bka miq (c) rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ
f,day l=Üáh u; my<ska by<g n,hla fhdod ÿkq ;rdÈ mdGdxlh n,d.kak'
jia;=j u; by<g n,hla fh¥ ksid ÿkq ;rdÈ mdGdxlh wvq jQ nj fmfka' fuhska
fmkS hkafka" jia;=j u; my<g n,hla l%shd lf<a kï ÿkq ;rdÈ mdGdxlh jeä
jk w;r" by<g n,hla l%shd l< úg mdGdxlh wvq jk nj hs'

oeka jia;=j (d) rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ c,fha .s,ajd we;s úg ÿkq ;rdÈ mdGdxlh
lshjkak' túg ÿkq ;rdÈ mdGdxlh wvq jk nj fmfkkq we;' (c) rEmh ms<sn| j
l< meyeÈ,s lsÍug wkqj ÿkq ;rdÈ mdGdxlh wvq jkafka by<g n,hla ls%hd l<
úg §h' tfia kï ñka ;yjqre jkafka jia;=jla øjhla ^;r,hla& ;=< .s,a jQ úg
øjh u.ska jia;=j u; Wvql=re n,hla we;s lrk nj hs'

79 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h

 l%shdldrlu 15'4

• >kldldr f,day lene,a,la f.k tys mßudfjka yß wvla oelafjk

fia i,l=Kla fhdokak'
• oeka th ÿkq ;rdÈhlska t,a,d jd;fha § nr lsrd .kak'
• iqÿiq îlrhla f.k tys nr uek .kak'
• 15'17 rEmfha (a), (b), (c) yd (d) hk tla tla wjia:dfõ fmkajd we;s
uÜgïj,g f,day lene,a, .s,ajd tu wjia:dj, § ÿkq ;rdÈ mdGdxl iy
úia:dms; c,h iys; îlrfha nr uek .kak'

(a) (b) (c) (d)

15'17 rEmh - Wvql=re f;rmqu .Kkh lsÍu i|yd wegjqu

,nd .;a mdGdxl weiqfrka my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak

ÿkq ;rdÈ îlrfha$úia:dms;

wjia:dj mdGdxlh c,h iys;
(N) îlrfha nr (N)
a- >klh c, mDIaGh wdikakfha we;s úg
b- >klh wvla c,fha .s,S we;s úg
c- >klh iïmQ¾Kfhka c,fha .s,S c, mDIaGh
wdikakfha we;s úg
d- >klh iïmQ¾Kfhka c,fha .s,S c,h ;=<
my<ska we;s úg

by; l%shdldrlu weiqßka Tng t<eôh yels ks.ukh l=ula o @

YsIHhl= fuu mÍlaIKh lsÍfuka ,nd.;a mdGdxl my; mßÈ he hs is;uq'

80 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h

 ÿkq ;rdÈ îlrfha$úia:dms;
wjia:dj mdGdxlh c,h iys;
(N) îlrfha nr (N)
a- >klh c, mDIaGh wdikakfha we;s úg 1.2 1.3
b- >klh wvla c,fha .s,S we;s úg 0.9 1.6
c- >klh iïmQ¾Kfhka c,fha .s,S c, mDIaGh 0.6 1.9
wdikakfha we;s úg
d- >klh iïmQ¾Kfhka c,fha .s,S c,h ;=< 0.6 1.9
my<ska we;s úg

,nd .;a mdGdxl weiqfrka tla tla wjia:dfõ § Wvql=re f;rmqu yd úia:dms; c,
mßudfõ nr my; j.=fõ olajd we;'

Wvql=re úiA:dms; c,
wjia:dj
f;rmqu (N) mßudfõ nr (N)
a- >klh c, mDIaGh wdikakfha we;s úg 0 0
b- >klh wvla c,fha .s,S we;s úg 0.3 0.3
c- >klh iïmQ¾Kfhka c,fha .s,S c, mDIaGh 0.6 0.6
wdikakfha we;s úg
d- >klh iïmQ¾Kfhka c,fha .s,S c,h ;=< 0.6 0.6
my<ska we;s úg

fuu j.=fõ fmkajd we;s m%;sM, wkqj t<eôh yels ks.ukh jkafka" by; >k
jia;=j c,h ;=< w¾O jYfhka fyda iïmQ¾K jYfhka fyda .s,S we;s úg th u;
l%shd lrk Wvql=re f;rmqu" jia;=j u.ska úia:dmkh jQ c,fha nrg iudk jk
njhs' fuu ixisoaêh uq,skau y÷kajd fok ,oafoa wdlsñäia úoHd{hd úiska ksid"
fuh wdlsñäia uQ,O¾uh f,i ye¢kafõ'

wdlsñäia uQ,O¾uh
jia;=jla ;r,hla ;=< w¾O jYfhka fyda mQ¾K jYfhka fyda .s,S we;s úg" th
u; l%shd lrk Wvql=re f;rmqu jia;=j u.ska úia:dms; ;r,fha nrg iudk fõ'

15'18 rEmfha oelafjkafka A, B yd C kï tlsfklg fjkia >k jia;= ;=kla c,hg

oeuQ úg" tajd c,h ;=< mej;s wdldrh hs'

81 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h

 15'18 rEmh- - tlsfklg fjkia >kjia;= ;=kla c,h ;=< mj;sk wdldrh-
fuys A fldgila .s,S mdfjk w;r" B iïmQ¾Kfhka .s,S mdfõ' C c,fha .s,S
Ndckfha m;=f,a kej;S we;' fuu fjkig fya;=j l=ula oe hs Tng is;d .; yels
o@ th wjfndaO lr .ekSug my; l%shdldrlu lr n,kak'

l%shdldrlu 15'5

fuu l%shdldrlu i|yd Tng tlsfklg fjkia øjHj,ska ;ekQ jia;= ;=kla
wjYH fõ' bka tlla (A jia;=j) c,fha fldgila .s,S mdúh hq;= h' wfkl
(B jia;=j) c,fha iïmQ¾Kfhka .s,S mdfjk jia;=jla úh hq;= h' c,h we;=,a
fkdjk fia fyd¢ka jeish yels l=vd fnda;,hlg iqÿiq m%udKhla je,s msrùfuka
fujekakla ;kd .; yels h' ;=ka jeks jia;=j (C jia;=j) c,fha .sf,k jia;=jla
úh hq;= h'
² ÿkq ;rdÈhla Ndú;fhka A, B yd C jia;=j, nr uek .kak'
² oeka A jia;=j c,fha mdfjk wjia:dfõ§;a" B jia;=j iïmQ¾Kfhka .s,S mdfjk
wjia:dfõ §;a" C jia;=j c,fha .s,S we;s wjia:dfõ §;a oDYH nr uek .kak'

15'19 rEmh - l%shdldrlu 15'5 i|yd wegjqu

82 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h

Tng ,enqKq ksÍCIK yd mdGdxl my; j.=fõ j.= .; lrkak' bmsf,ñka mj;sk
wjia:dfõ § wu;r n,hla fhdod jia;=j .s,aùug W;aidy lr n,kak'

fldgila .s,S mdfõ o@

jia;=fõ nr c,h ;=< § jia;=fõ $ iïmQ¾Kfhka .s,S mdfõ o@
jia;=j
(N) oDYH nr (N) $ .sf,a o@
hk j.
A
B
C
wod< .Kkhka iu. my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'

jia;=j c,h ;=< mej;s wdldrh jia;=fõ nr N Wvql=re f;rmqu N

A
B
C

Tng ,efnk m%;sM, wkqj t<eôh yels ks.ukh l=ulaoehs igyka lrkak'
by; l%shdldrlfï § YsIHfhla yg ,enqKq mdGdxl yd ksÍlaIK my; mßÈ úh'
ta wkqj ,efnk m%;sM, úuid n,uq'

fldgila .s,S mdfõ o@

jia;=fõ c,h ;=< § jia;=fõ
jia;=j $ iïmQ¾Kfhka .s,S mdfõ o@
nr (N) oDYH nr (N)
$ .sf,a o@ hk j.
A 1.1 0 bmsf,ñka mdfõ'
B 1.8 0 .s,S mdfõ'
C 2.4 0.5 .sf,a'

,enqKq mdGdxlj,g wkqj wod< .Kkh my; j.=fõ mßÈ fõ'

jia;=j c,h ;=< mej;s wdldrh jia;=fõ nr N Wvql=re f;rmqu N

A fldgila .s,S mdfõ' 1.1 1.1

B iïmQ¾Kfhka .s,S mdfõ' 1.8 1.8
C .sf,a' 2.4 1.9

83 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h

fuu l%shdldrlug wkqj ,efnk m%;sM,h fufia h'
w¾O jYfhka .s,S mdfjk jia;=fõ iy iïmQ¾Kfhka .s,S mdfjk jia;=j, nr"
tu jia;= u; c,h u.ska we;s Wvql=re f;rmqug iudk ù we;' c,h ;=< .s,S we;s
jia;=j u; c,h u.ska we;s l< Wvql=re f;rmqug jvd tu nr jeä h'
w¾O jYfhka .s,S mdfjk A jia;=j u; isriaj my<g n,hla fhdod th iïmQ¾Kfhka
.s,a jk úg" w; u; by<g wu;r n,hla we;s jk whqre w;aoelsh yels h' tf,i
jkafka iïmQ¾Kfhka .s,ajQ úg we;s jk Wvql=re f;rmqu" jia;=fõ nrg jvd jeä
ksid iïm%hqla; n,hla by<g ls%hd lrk fyhsks' ta ksid w; bj;a l< úg jia;=j
uq,a wjia:djg meñfKkq oelsh yels h' tkï Wvql=re f;rmqu jia;=fõ nrg iudk
jk wjia:djg h<s meñfKa'
fï lreKq wkqj t<eôh yels ks.ukh jkafka"

;r,hla ;=< fldgila .s,S mdfjk fyda iïmQ¾Kfhka .s,S mdfjk jia;=jla u;
l%shd lrk Wvql=re f;rmqu jia;=fõ nrg iudk jk w;r" jia;=j ;r,h ;=<
iïmQ¾Kfhka .s,S we;s úg ls%hd lrk Wvql=re f;rmqug jvd jia;=fõ nr jeä jk
úg" jia;=j ;r,h ;=< .sf,k njh'
tkï"
jia;=jla ;r,hla ;=< iïmQ¾Kfhka .s,a jQ úg ls%hd lrk Wvql=re f;rmqu"
^w& jia;=fõ nrg jvd wvq kï" jia;=j ;r,h ;=< .sf,a'
^wd& jia;f
= õ nrg iudk kï" jia;j
= ;r,h ;=< iïmQ¾Kfhka .s,S mdfõ'
^we& jia;=fõ nrg jvd jeä kï" jia;=fõ nrg iudk Wvql=re f;rmqula
;r,fhka we;s jk fia jia;=j ;r,h ;=< w¾O jYfhka .s,S mdfõ'

øjudkh
øjudkh (Hydrometer) Ndú; lrkafka øjj, iy ødjKj, >k;ajh uek .ekSug
h' ùÿrej,ska idod we;s tys 15'20 rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg is,skavrdldr
l|la yd n,anhla we;' n,anh ;-=< riÈh fyda Bhï uqksiaiï fyda fhdod we;' tfia
lrkafka øj ;=< isriaj mdùug yelsùu i|yd h'

>k;ajh ueksh hq;= øjh n÷klg oud øjudkh tys mdùug ie,eiajQ úg øjh ;=<
tys .s,S we;s uÜgug wod, j øjudk mßudKfhka øjfha >k;ajh lshjd .; yels
h'

84 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h

 ùÿre
n,anh øjudkh idod we;af;a wdlsñäia kshuh mdol lrf.k h'
øjudkhla øjhl .s,ajk úg" tys nrg iudk Wvql=re
f;rmqula øjh uÕska fhfok ;=re th øjfha .s,S" bkamiq
mdfjhs' wdlsñäia kshuhg wkqj Wvql=re f;rmqu úia:dms;
mßudKh øjfha nrg iudk jk ksid fufia .s,S mdfjk wjia:dfõ
§ úia:dms; øjfha nr øjudkfha nrg iudk fõ' úia:dms;
øjfha mßudj" øjudkfha .s,S we;s fldgfia mßudjg
iudk fõ' >k;ajh jeä øjhl § øjudkfha nrg iudk
Bhï øj m%udKhlg we;af;a l=vd mßudjla ksid øjudkh
uQksiaiï .sf,kafka wvq .eUqrlg h' >k;ajh wvq øjhl § tu nrg
u iudk øj m%udKhlg jvd jeä mßudjla we;' tu ksid
øjudkh jeä .eUqrla olajd .sf,a'
15'2 wNHdih

(1) (i) tla;rd c,dYhl .eUqr 1.2 m fõ' c,h ksid tys m;af,a yg .kakd
mSvkh .Kkh lrkak (g = 10 m s-2, c,fha >k;ajh = 1000 kg m-3)
(ii) tu c,dYfha m;=f,a 200 cm2 j¾.M,hla u; c,h u.ska we;s lrk
n,h ^f;rmqu& fidhkak'
(2) (i) z.eUqr jeäj;a u øjhl mSvkh jeä fõ'Z fuh wdo¾Ykh lr,Su i|yd
ir, mÍlaIKhla ,shkak'

(ii) neÆkhla ;=< we;s jd;fha mSvkh jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkhg jvd jeä o"
keoao hkak fidhd ne,Sug ir, mÍlaIKhla ,shkak'
(3) (i) uqyqÿ uÜgfï § jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh 76 cm Hg fõ' fuu mSvkh
meial,aj,ska fldmuK o@
(ii) by; i|yka mSvkhg iudk mSvkhla we;s lrk c, lf|a Wi fldmuK
o@
(4) (i) wdlsñäia f.a kshuh ,shkak'
(ii) jd;fha § tla;rd jia;=jl nr 20 N fõ' th c,h ;=< uq¿ukska u .s,ajQ
úg oDYH nr 5 N fõ'
(a) c,h u.ska jia;j
= u; we;s lrk Wvqlr
= e f;rmqu fldmuK o@
(b) jia;=j c,fha iïmQ¾Kfhka u .s,S we;s úg tu.ska úia:dmkh jk
c,fha nr fldmuK o@

85 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h

mod¾:fha fjkia ùï ridhk úoHdj

ridhk úoHdj

mod¾:fha fjkia ùï
16
hlvj,ska ks¾ñ; NdKav jd;hg ksrdjrKh l< úg u, nef`oa' lmqre fnda,
jd;hg ksrdjrKh lr ;enQ úg m%udKfhka l=vd fõ' whsia Èh ù øj c,h njg
m;a fõ' mod¾:j, isÿ jk fujeks úúO fjkiaùï wms ±l we;af;uq' tAjd ms<sn| j
;j ÿrg;a lreKq wOHhkh lrkq msKsi 16'1 l%shdldrlfuys ksr; fjuq'
l%shdldrlu - 16'1
wjYH øjH ( ue.akSishï (Mg) má lene,a,la" ;kql i,a*shqßla (H2SO4) wï,
ødjKh 50 ml muK" fidaähï yhsâfrdlaihsâ ^NaOH& fm;s lsysmhla" f,day
ye|s folla" lmqre fnda,hla ^ke*a;,Ska&" .sks fmÜáhla" 50 ml îlr folla"
nkaika Þylhla" WIaK;ajudkhla
my; i, ii, iii yd iv l%shdldrlïj, kshef,ñka ksÍlaIK jd¾;d lrkak'
i). f,day yekaola nkaika oe,a,g w,a,d ;Èka r;a lr mfilg .kak' thg
lmqre fnda,hla oud ksÍlaIKh lrkak' blaukska u th ;j;a f,day
yekaolska jikak' ál fõ,djlg miq jik ,o yekafoa we;=`M me;a;
ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
ii). msßisÿ lr .;a ue.akSishï má lene,a,la veys w`vqfjka w,a,d oykh
lrkak'
iii). ;kql i,a*shqßla (H2SO4) wï, ødjKhl wdrïNl WIaK;ajh
uek.kak' tu ødjkhg >k fidaähï yhsâfrdlaihsâ (NaOH) fm;s
lsysmhla tl;= lr l,;kak' kej; WIAK;ajh uek.kak'
iv). ue.akSishï má lene,a,la ;kql i,a*shqßla wï,h iys; îlrhg
oukak'

by; l%shdldrlïj, kshe,Sfuka Tn ,nd.;a ksÍlaIK my; i`oyka ksÍlaIK

iu. .e<fma oe hs n,kak'
i). lmqre fnda,h øj ù jdIam njg m;a fõ' jik ,o yekafoa we;=`M me;af;a
iqÿ meye;s l=-vla ne`§ ;snqKs'
ii). ue.akSishï (Mg) má §ma;su;a iqÿ meye;s oe,a,la iys;j oeù iqÿ l=vla
b;sß úh'

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mod¾:fha fjkia ùï ridhk úoHdj

iii). fidaähï yhsfv%dlaihsâ (NaOH) Èh úh' îlrh r;a úh' WIaK;ajudk

mdGdxlh by< ke. we;'
iv). ue.akSishï (Mg) má lene,a, Èh fjñka jdhq nqnq`M ksl=;a úh' îlrh r;a
úh'
by; 16'1 l%shdldrlfï (i) wjia:dfõ" § >k lmqre øj ù miqj jdIamhla njg
m;afõ'
jik,o yekafoa isis,a mDIaGh u; § jdIAmh kej; >kSNjkh ù ;-=kS >k lmqre
ia:rhla iEfoa' fuys § >k lmqre øj jk úg;a" øj lmqre jdIam njg m;ajkúg;a"
lmqre jdIam kej; >k lmqre njg m;ajkúg;a ;sfnk øjH fjkia fkdù tys
fN!;sl wjia:dj ^wxY=j, ieleiau& muKla fjkia ù we;' tjeks úm¾hdi fN!;sl
úm¾hdi f,i ye`Èkafõ'

wxl (ii) isg (iv) olajd wjia:dj,§ ;sfnk øjH fjkia ù kj øjH iE§ we;' tjeks
úm¾hdi ridhksl úm¾hdi fyj;a ridhksl m%;sl%shd f,i ye¢kafõ'

ridhksl úm¾hdihla isÿ ù we;s nj ;yjqre lrk idlaIs f,i" oe,a,la iys; j
oeùu" r;a ùu" jdhq nqnq`M msg ùu" j¾K úm¾hdihla we;s ùu" wjlafIam we;s ùu jeks
ksÍlaIK ±laúh yels h'
ridhksl yd fN!;sl úm¾hdi ms<sn| ;j ÿrg;a fidhdne,Su i`oyd 16'1 j.=j
wOHhkh lruq'
j.=j 16'1
fN!;sl úm¾hdih yd wod< ridhksl úm¾hdih yd wod<
ksÍlaIK ksÍlaIK
øjH ie§ we;s wxY=j, ieliSu ;sfnk øjH u`.ska fjkia
muKlA fjkia fõ' kj øjH we;s fN!;sl yd ridhksl .=K we;s
fkdfõ' kj øjH we;s fõ'
ksoiqka ( ksoiqka (
1'.,a leãu' ^leg l=vq& 1'or oykh' ^w¿ iE§u" jdhq msgùu&
2'bá Èhùu' ^>k øj& 2'yqkq.,a r;alsÍu' ^le,aishï
3'c,h jdIam ùu' ^øj jdhq& Tla i hs â iE§u" jdhq msgùu&
4'c, jdIam c, 3'fldkaäia r;a lsÍu' ^Tlaiscka
ìkaÿ njg m;aùu'^jdhq øj& msgù u&
4'hlv u, ne`£u' ^u,lv we;sùu&

88 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

mod¾:fha fjkia ùï ridhk úoHdj

16.1 ridhksl úm¾hdi

ridhksl úm¾hdihl§"
● øjH folla fyda lsysmhla tl;= ù kj øjH iE§u'
² tla øjHhla" øjH folla fyda jeä .Kkla njg m;aùu'
² ;sfnk øjH fjkia wdldrhg ixúOdkh fjñka kj øjH we;sùu isÿúh
yelsh'
ridhksl úm¾hdihlg iyNd.s jk øjH m%;sl%shl f,i;a ridhksl úm¾hdih
uÕska we;s jk kj øjH M, f,i;a ye`Èkafõ'
ridhksl m%;sl%shdjl§ isÿjkqfha m%;sl%shl M, njg m;aùuhs'
m%;sl%shl M,
ridhksl úm¾hdij, úúO;ajh wOHhkh lrkq msKsi 16'2 l%shdldrlfuys ksr;
fjuq'
l%shdldrlu - 16'2
wjYH øjH ( ue.akSishï má" fmdgEishï mZuex.fkaÜ" fíßhï laf,darhsâ"
lelEreï k<" mÍlaId k<" nkaika Þylhla" hlv ;eáhla" úh<s brgqjla"
.sks fmÜáhla" veys w`vqjla" iskala lene,a,la" fidaähï i,af*aÜ'
i. ue.akSishï má lene,a, veys w`vqfjka w,a,d odylhlg fhduq lrkak'
ii. fmdgeishï mZuex.fkaÜ leg iaj,amhla lelEreï k<hlg f.k
r;alrkak' ta w;r mq<s`.= lSrla k<h ;=<g we;=`t lrkak'
iii. mÍlaId k<hlg fldm¾ i,af*aÜ ødjKh iaj,amhla f.k thg msßisÿ
iskala má lene,a,la oukak'
iv. fíßhï laf,darhsâ ødjKh iaj,amhla mÍlaId k<hlg f.k Bg fidaähï
i,af*aÜ ødjKh iaj,amhla tl;= lrkak'

by; ridhksl úm¾hdi weiqfrka 16'2 j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'

j.=j 16'2
m%;sl%shdj m%;sl%shlj, ksÍlaIKh M,j, iajNdjh
iajNdjh
i. ue.akSishï ߧmdg È,sfik §ma;sula iqÿ iqÿ l=vls'
(Mg) oykh f,dayhls' meye;s ±,a,la
iys; j oykh
fõ'
ii.
iii.
iv.

89 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

mod¾:fha fjkia ùï ridhk úoHdj

ridhksl úm¾hdifha iajNdjh wkqj tajd j¾. y;rlg fnÈh yels h' tu j¾.
y;r my; ±lafõ'
• ridhksl ixfhdack m%;sl%shd
• ridhksl úfhdack m%;sl%shd
• tal úia:dmk m%;sl%shd
• oaú;aj úia:dmk m%;sl%shd
● ridhksl ixfhdack m%;sl%shd
l%shdldrlu 16'2 ys m<uq m%;sl%shdj i,lkak' tys§ ue.akSishï jd;fha we;s Tlaiscka
jdhqj iu`. m%;sl%shd lsÍfuka ue.akSishï Tlaihsâ iEfoa'
ue.akSishï + Tlaiscka ue.akSishï Tlaihsâ
2Mg + O2 2MgO
fuys § uQ,øjH folla tl;= ù kj ixfhda.hla iE§ we;'
uQ,øjH - uQ,øjH fyda uQ,øjH ixfhda. fyda ixfhda. - ixfhda. fyda tl;= ù kj ixfhda.
hla iE§u ridhksl ixfhdack m%;sl%shdjla f,i ye`Èkafõ'
ridhksl ixfhdack m%;sl%shd i|yd ;j;a ksoiqka lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
yhsârcka ¬ laf,daÍka yhsârcka laf,darhsâ
H2 + Cl2 2 HCl
ldnkavfhdlaihsâ ¬ ldnka ldnkafudfkdlaihsâ
CO2 + C 2 CO
le,aishï Tlaihsâ ¬ c,h le,aishï yhsfv%dlaaihsâ
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
ridhksl ixfhdack m%;sl%shd i|yd fmdÿ m%;sl%shdj my; ±lafõ'

A+B C

² ridhksl úfhdack m%;sl%shd

l%shdldrlu 16'2 ys fojeks m%;sl%shdj i,lkak' tys§ fmdgEishï mZuex.fkaÜ ;dmh
yuqfõ úfhdackh ù fjk;a ixfhda. yd uQ,øjH idohs'
fmdgEishï mZuex.fkaÜ fmdgEishï + uex.kSia + Tlaiscka
uex.fkaÜ vfhdlaihsâ
2KMnO4 K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
hï ixfhda.hla úfhdackh ù fjk;a ir, ixfhda. fyda uQ,øjH fyda ixfhda. yd
uQ,øjH fyda njg m;aùu ridhksl úfhdack m%;sl%shdjla f,i ye`Èkafõ'

90 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

mod¾:fha fjkia ùï ridhk úoHdj

ridhksl úfhdack m%;sl%shd i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

le,aishï ldnfkaÜ le,aishï Tlaihsâ ¬ ldnka vfhdlaihsâ
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
is,aj¾ Tlaihsâ is,aj¾ ¬ Tlaiscka
2Ag2O 4 Ag + O2
yhsârcka fmfrdlaihsâ c,h ¬ Tlaiscka jdhqj
2H2O2 2H2O + O2

ridhksl úfhdack m%;sl%shd i|yd fmdÿ m%;sl%shdj my; ±lafõ'

A B+C

² tal úia:dmk m%;sl%shd

l%shdldrlu 16'2 ys ;=ka jeks m%;sl%shdj i,lkak' tys § iskala (Zn) f,dayh fldm¾
i,af*aÜ iu`. m%;sl%shd lr fldm¾ (Cu) f,dayh ksoyia lrñka iskala i,af*aÜ
(ZnSO4 ) idohs'
iskala + fldm¾ i,af*aÜ iskala i,af*aÜ ¬ fldm¾
Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu

uQ,øjHhla" hï ixfhda.hl mj;sk uQ,øjHhla bka úia:dmkh lrñka Bg ysñ ia:dkh

w;alr f.k fjk;a ixfhda.hla iE§fï m%;sl%shd tal úia:dmk m%;sl%shd kï fõ'

tal úia:dmk m%;sl%shd i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

ue.akSishï + fldm¾ i,af*aÜ ue.akSishï i,af*aÜ + fldm¾
Mg + CuSO4 MgSO4 + Cu
ue.akSishï + yhsârcka laf,darhsâ ue.akSishï laf,darhsâ ¬ yhsârcka
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
fmdgEishï fn%dauhsâ + laf,daÍka fmdgEishï laf,darhsâ + fn%daóka
2KBr + Cl2 2KCl + Br2
tal úia:dmk m%;sl%shd i|yd fmdÿ m%;sl%shdj fuf,i oelaúh yelsh'
A + BC AC + B

91 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

mod¾:fha fjkia ùï ridhk úoHdj

² oaú;aj úia:dmk m%;sl%shd

l%shdldrlu 16'2 ys y;r jeks m%;sl%shdj i,lkak' fuys§ fíßhï laf,darhsâ yd
fidaähï i,af*aÜ m%;sl%shd lr fíßhï i,af*aÜ yd fidaähï laf,darhsâ iE§ we;'
fíßhï laf,darhsâ + fidaähï i,af*aÜ fíßhï i,af*aÜ ¬ fidaähï
laf,darhsâ
BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2NaCl
hï ixfhda.hl wvx.= uQ,øjHhla fyda whk LKavhla fyda fjk;a ixfhda.hl
wvx.= uQ,øjHla fyda whk LKavhla iu. yqjudre ùfï m%;sl%shdjla oaú;aj úia:dmk
m%;sl%shdjla f,i ye`Èkafõ'
oaú;aj úia:dmk m%;sl%shd i|yd ;j;a ksoiqka lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

f*ria fidaähï f*ria fidaähï

+ +
i,af*aÜ yhsâfrdlaihsâ yhsâfrdlaihsâ i,af*AÜ
FeSO4 + 2NaOH Fe(OH)2 + Na2SO4

le,aishï fidaähï le,aishï fidaähï

+ +
laf,darhsâ ldnfkaÜ ldnfkaÜ laf,darhsâ
CaCl2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NaCl
oaú;aj úia:dmk m%;sl%shd i`oyd fmdÿ m%;sl%shdj my; ±lafõ'

AB + CD AD + CB

16.2 ridhksl iólrK

ridhksl iólrKhla hkq" ridhksl m%;sl%shdjla ridhksl iQ;% Ndú;lr
ixfla;dkql+,j ksrEmkh lr ±laùuhs'
ridhksl iólrK ,shd ±laùfï§ jï miska m%;sl%shl o ol=Kq miska M, o ,shd
oelaùu iïu; l%uhhs' m%;sl%shdj isÿ jk ÈYdj B;,hlska fmkajhs' tla m%;sl%shdjla
i|yd m%;sl%shl lsysmhla fuka u M, lsysmhla o ;sìh yels h'
m%;sl%shl + m%;sl%shl M, + M,
tjeks wjia:djl tajd w;rg ^+& ,l=K fhdod ,sùu iïu; l%uhhs' ;j o m%;sl%shl
øjH fuka u M, f,i we;sjk øjHh o ,súh hq;af;a tajdfha ridhksl ixfla; iy
iQ;% Ndú; lrñks' ksjerÈ iólrKhla ,sùug ridhksl ixfla; fuka u ridhksl
iQ;% o fyd`Èka oek isáh hq;= h'

92 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

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oeka wms ue.akSishï f,dayh iy Tlaiscka jdhqj w;r m%;sl%shdj iólrKhlska

,sùug W;aidy lruq'
ue.akSishï + Tlaiscka ue.akSishï Tlaihsâ
Mg + O2 MgO
Tn wOHhkh lr we;s ialkaO ixiaÓ;s kshuhg wkqj m%;sl%shdjl§ mrudKq úkdY
ùula fyda ueùula isÿ fkdjk ksid m%;sl%shl i;= ta ta uQ,øjHj, mrudKq ixLHdj
M, i;= mrudKq ixLHdjg iudk úh hq;=hs' m%;sl%shlj, mrudKq ixLHdj M,j,
mrudKq ixLHdjg iudk lsÍu y`ÿkajkafka iólrKh ;=,kh lsÍu f,ihs'
Mg + O2 MgO
by; iólrKh ;=,kh lsÍu ioyd my; mshjr wkq.ukh lrkak'
² m%;sl%shlj, Tlaiscka mrudKq folla we;' M,j, we;af;a tla Tlaiscka
mrudKqjls' Tlaiscka iu lsÍug MgO2 f,i fhÈh fkdyels h' ta ukaoh;a
by; m%;sl%shdfjka ,efnk ue.akSishï Tlaihsâj, iQ;%h MgO jk neúks' ta
ksid MgO g bÈßfhka 2 fhdohs'
Mg + O2 2MgO
² —2 MgO˜ f,i fhÿ úg ue.akSishï (Mg) mrudKq folla M, me;a;g ,efí'
m%;sl%shl me;af;a we;af;a tla ue.akSishï (Mg) mrudKqjla ksid ue.akSishï
(Mg) j,g bÈßfhka o —2˜ fhÈh hq;= fõ' túg"
2Mg + O2 2MgO f,i ,efí'
fuh ue.akSishï iy Tlaiscka w;r m%;sl%shdfõ ;=,s; ridhksl iólrKh fõ'
my; ±lafjk m%;sl%shdj ioyd ;=,s; iólrKh ,shk wdldrh o fydÈka wOHhkh
lrkak'
m%;sl%shdj (- we¨ñkshï f,dayh iy ;kql yhsâfrdlaf,daßla wï,h m%;sl%shd lr
we¨ñkshï laf,darhsâ iy yhsârcka jdhqj iEfoa'
B;,h fomi m%;sl%shlj, yd M,j, iQ;% ksjerÈ j ,shkak'
Al + HCl AlCl3 + H2
M,j, laf,daÍka (Cl) mrudKq ;=kla iy yhsârcka (H) mrudKq folla we;' 2 iy
3 hk ixLHdj, l=vd fmdÿ .=Kdldrh 6 ksid yhsâfrdlaf,daßla (HCl) wï,fha
ix.=Klh 6 f,i ,shkak'
Al + 6HCl AlCl3 + H2
oeka m%;sl%shlj, yhsârcka mrudKq yhla we;s ksid H2 ix.=Klh 3 f,i o"
m%;sl%shlj, laf,daÍka (Cl) mrudKq yhla we;s ksid AlCl3 ys ix.=Klh 2 f,i o
,shkak'

93 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

mod¾:fha fjkia ùï ridhk úoHdj

M,j, we¨ñkshï mrudKq folla we;s ksid we¨ñkshïj, ix.=Klh 2 f,i

,shkak'
2Al + 6 HCl 2AlCl3 + 3 H2
fuh wod< m%;sl%shdfõ ;=,s; iólrKhhs'
by; wdldrhg ridhksl iólrKh ;=,s; lsÍu fidaÈis l%uh f,i ye¢kafõ' tu
l%uh fhdod .ksñka my; iólrK ;=,s; lrkak'
² Na + O2 Na2O
² Al + O2 Al2O3
² N 2 + H2 NH3
² H 2 + O2 H2O
² KClO3 KCl + O2

mejreu - 16'1
• my; 1 isg 5 olajd wxlj,ska olajd we;s jpk iólrK i,lkak'
² tu jpk iólrK i`oyd ;=,s; ridhksl iólrK ,shkak'
² tu ridhksl iólrK ljr m%;sl%shd j¾.hg wh;a ±hs i`oyka lrkak'
² Tfí .=re;=ud$.=re;=ñhg fmkajd ksje/È;dj ;yjqre lr.kak'
1' a. ue.akSishï + Tlaiscka ue.akSishï Tlaihsâ
b. iskala + fldm¾ i,af*aÜ iskala i,af*aÜ + fldm¾
2' a. ue.akSishï + yhsâfrdlaf,daßla ue.akSishï + yhsârcka
wï,h laf,darhsâ
b.f*ria i,af*aÜ + fidaähï yhsfv%dlaihsâ f*ria + fidaähï
yhsâfrdlaisâ i,af*aÜ

3' a. le,aishï ldnfkaÜ r;alsÍu le,aishï Tlaihsâ + ldnka vfhdlaihsâ

b. whka ^hlv& + i,a*¾ whka i,a*hsâ
4' a. le,aishï + fidaähï le,aishï + fidaähï laf,darhsâ
laf,darhsâ ldnfkaÜ ldnfkaÜ
b. whka Tlaihsâ + ldnka fudfkdlaihsâ whka + ldnkavfhdlaihsâ
5 a. fidaähï + Tlaiscka fidaähï Tlaihsâ
b. fidaähï + c,h fidaähï yhsâfrdlaihsâ + yhsârcka

94 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

mod¾:fha fjkia ùï ridhk úoHdj

hï ridhksl m%;sl%shdjla ,sùug jpk Ndú; l< úg ÿIalr;d /ilg uqyqK §ug
isÿ fõ' jpk u`.ska ,shd ±lajQ úg ixfhda.h iukaú; jk uQ,øjH mrudKq w;r
wkqmd;h ksrEmKh fkdfõ' tfy;a ridhksl iQ;% u`.ska ,shd ±lajQ úg ixfhda.fha
jQ uQ,øjHj, mrudKq wkqmd;h ksYaÑ; j ±k.ekSug yels h' túg m%;sl%shdj ;=,s;
l< yelsh' ;=,s; m%;sl%shdj okafka kï m%dfhda.sl j m%;sl%shdj isÿ lsÍfï§ Wmßu
M, m%udKhla ,nd.ekSug tla tla ixfhda. fyda uQ,øjH ñY% l< hq;= ialkaO
wkqmd; .Kkh l< yels h' ta ksid ridhksl ixfla; yd iQ;% Ndú;fhka
iólrK ,sùu myiq jkjd fuka u we;eï .Kkhka i|yd o Wmldr jk nj my;
±lafjk WodyrK weiqßka jgyd.kak'
my; oelafjkafka ySughsÜ ^Fe2O3& iy ldnka fudfkdlaihsâ w;r m%;sl%shdjhs'
Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2
uQ,øjH ixfla; yd ridhksl iQ;% Ndú; lr ,shd we;s by; ;=,s; iñlrKfhka
my; ±lafjk f;dr;=re ,nd.; yels h'
» Fe }56" O }16" C } 12 f,i idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaO okakd úg"
Fe2O3 } 160 g mol-1 o CO } 28 g mol-1 iy CO2 } 44 g mol-1 f,i ujq,sl
ialkaO ,efí'
fï wkqj"
(a) Fe2O3 ujq, tlla iu`. m%;sl%shd lsÍug ldnka fudfkdlaihsâ (CO) ujq,
;=kla wjYHfõ'
Fe2O3 160 g iu`. m%;sl%shd lsÍug ldnkafudfkdlaihsâ (CO) 28 « 3 g (84 g)
wjYHfõ'
(b) by; m%;sl%shdfõ§ whka (hlv) ujq, folla iEfoa'
by; m%;sl%shdfõ§ whka (hlv) 56 « 2 g (112 g) iEfoa'
(c) by; m%;sl%shdfõ§ ldnka vfhdlaihsâ ujq, ;=kla iEfoa'
by; m%;sl%shdfõ§ ldnkavfhdlaihsâ 44 « 3 g (132 g) iEfoa'

16.3 f,dayj, m%;sl%sh;dj

² jd;h iu. f,day olajk m%;sl%shd
hlv f,dayfhka ;ekQ hlv weK" lgqlïì" lemqï WmlrK jeks NdKav blaukska
u,sk jkq wm ±l we;' tfy;a rka f,dayfhka ;ekQ wdNrK ld,hla .;jqjo u,sk
fkdjk njo wm ±l we;' Bg fya;= Tn úuid n,d we;ao@ f,day" jd;h" c,h
yd ;kql wï, iu`. olajk m%;sl%shd ms<sn`o wOHhkfhka Tng tA i`oyd ms<s;=rla
,nd.; yels h'
f,day jd;h iu. olajk m%;sl%shd wOHhkh i|yd 16'3 l%shdldrlfuys fhfouq'

95 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

mod¾:fha fjkia ùï ridhk úoHdj

l%shdldrlu - 16'3
wjYH øjH ( w¨; lmk ,o fidaähï lene,a,la" msßisÿ lrk ,o 2 cm
muK È. ue.akSishï má lene,a,la
² w¨;ska lmk ,o fidaähï lene,a,la yd mDIaG msßisÿ lrk ,o
2 cm ue.akSishï máhla jd;hg ksrdjrKh lrkak'
² fidaähï lene,af,a lemqï mDIaGh yd ue.akSishï máh fyd¢ka
ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
² Tfí ksÍlaIK igyka lrkak'
fidaähï lene,af,a lemqï mDIaGfha È,sfik iajNdjh wvq fjkq fmfka' ue.akSishï
máfha ie,lsh hq;= fjkila olakg fkd ,efí' fidaähï lene,af,a È,sfik
iajNdjh wvqùug fya;=j th jd;fha we;s ix>gl iu. fõ.fhka m%;sl%shd lsÍuhs'
ue.akSishï jd;fha ix>gl iu. fõ.j;a m%;sl%shdjla fkd olajhs'
fidaähï (Na), ue.akSishï (Mg) jeks f,day jd;fha oykfha§ Tlaiscka iu.
myiqfjka m%;sl%shd lr f,day Tlaihsvh idohs'
4Na + O2 2Na2O
2Mg + O2 2MgO
iskala (Zn), whka (Fe), fldm¾ (Cu) jeks f,day jd;fha r;a l< úg u;=msg mDIaGh
w`ÿreùula olakg ,efí' fndfyda fõ,djla r;a l< miq Tlaihsv njg m;a fõ'
2Zn + O2 2ZnO

is,aj¾ (Ag), ma,eákï (Pt), f.da,aâ (Au) jeks f,day ;Èka r;al< o Tlaihsvh njg
m;a fkd fõ'
fuu lreKq mokï lrf.k úúO f,day Tlaiscka iu. m%;sl%shdjg n÷ka ùfï
myiqj tlsfklg fjkia nj ks.ukh l< yels h'
² f,day c,h iu. olajk m%;sl%shd
we;eï f,day isis,a c,h" WKq c,h yd c, jdIam iu. úúO >S>%;dj,ska m%;sl%shd
olajhs' fï wkqj f,day" c,h iu. olajk m%;sl%sh;dj tlsfklg fjkia nj
meyeÈ,sh' th ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd 16'4 yd 16'5 l%shdldrlïj, fhfouq'

l%shdldrlu - 16'4
wjYH øjH ( c,h" fødaKsldjla" fidaähï (Na) lene,a,la yd r;= ,sÜuia
lene,a,la
² c, fødaKsldfõ wvx.= c,hg r;= ,sÜuia lene,a,la yd l=vd fidaähï (Na)
lene,a,la ^uqx weghla ;rï& oukak ^.=re;=ud$;=ñhf.a iydh we;s j&'
² ksÍlaIK igyka lrkak'
96 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'
mod¾:fha fjkia ùï ridhk úoHdj

fidaähï (Na) lene,a, —IQ˜ y`v k.ñka c,h u; fõ.fhka tyd fuyd md fõ'
fidaähï (Na) lene,a, m%udKfhka l=vd jk w;r tl ;ek /`ÿk fyd;a .sks .kS'
fødaKsldfõ we;s r;= ,sÜuia lene,a, ks,a meyehg yef¾' fidaähï (Na) c,h iuÕ
fõ.j;a m%;sl%shdjla isÿ lrk w;r tys § yhsârcka (H2) jdhqj msg fõ' r;= ,sÜuia
lene,a, ks,a meyehg yeÍfuka fmfkkafka Ndiañl ødjKhla ie§ we;s njhs'
fuys§ isÿjkafka fidaähï isis,a c,h iu. m%;sl%shdfjka Ndiañl ødjKhla jk
fidaähï yhsâfrdlaihsâ yd yhsârcka ie§uhs'
2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2

l%shdldrlu - 16'5
wjYH øjH ( îlrhla" c,h" msßisÿ lrk ,o ue.akSishï máhla
² msßisÿ lrk,o ue.akSishï (Mg) máh c , îlrhg oukak'
ksÍlaIK igyka lrkak'
² ±ka tu c, îlrh Þylhla wdOdrfhka r;a lrkak'
² ksÍlaIK igyka lrkak'

ue.akSishï (Mg) isis,a c,h iu. ksÍlaIKh l< yels uÜgfï m%;sl%shdjla
fkdolajhs' tfy;a WKq c,h iu. m%;sl%shd lsÍfï § jdhq nqnq`t msg jkq fmfka'
ue.akSishï (Mg) WKq c,h iu. m%;sl%shd lr ue.akSishï yhsâfrdlaihsâ yd
yhsârcka jdhqj idohs'
Mg + 2H2O Mg(OH)2 + H2
ue.akSishï (Mg) yqud,h iu. fõ.fhka m%;sl%shd lrhs' tfia m%;sl%shd lr ue.akSishï
Tlaihsâ yd yhsârcka jdhqj idohs'
Mg + H2O MgO + H2
we¨ñkshï (Al) yd iskala (Zn) isis,a c,h yd WKqiqï c,h iu. m%;sl%shd fkdl<
o" yqud,h iu. r;a l< úg wod< f,day Tlaisvh yd yhsârcka (H2) jdhqj idohs'
Zn + H2O ZnO + H2
hlv isis,a c,h yd WKqiqï c,h iu. m%;sl%shd fkd lrhs' yqud,h iu. r;a l<
úg wod< f,day Tlaihsvh yd yhsârcka (H2) jdhqj idohs'
3Fe + 4H2O Fe3O4 + 4H2

97 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

mod¾:fha fjkia ùï ridhk úoHdj

HCl jdhqjla f,i we;súg§ yhsârcka laf,darhsâ f,i y`ÿkajhs' yhsârcka

laf,darhsâ jdhqj c,fha Èh l< úg§ th yhsâfrdlaf,daßla wï,h f,i yÿkajhs'

fï wkqj ;kql wï, f,day iu. m%;sl%shd lsÍfï YS>%;dj o f,day j¾.h u;
fjkia jk nj fmfka' fldm¾ (Cu) f,dayh ;kql yhsâfrdlaf,daßla (HCl) wï,h
iu. m%;sl%shd fkdlrk nj o fmfka' fndfyda f,day ;kql i,a*shqßla (H2SO4) iy
;kql khsá%la (HNO3) wï, iu`. o m%;sl%shd lr yhsârcka (H2) jdhqj msg lrhs'
Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2
kuq;a idkaø i,a*shqßla wï,h yd khsÜßla wï,h ^;kql fyda idkaø& f,day iuÕ
isÿ lrk m%;sl%shdfjka fjk;a jdhquh M, ,eìh yels h'
fmdgEishï (K), fidaähï (Na), le,aishï (Ca) jeks f,day ;kql wï, iu`.
m%pKav f,i m%;sl%shd lrhs' fuys § iafMdagkhla iys; j .sks .ekSula jqj o isÿ úh
yels h' tneúka tu m%;sl%shd mÍlaIKd.drfha § isÿ fkdl< hq;= h'
by; lreKq wkqj fmkS hkafka f,day wï, iu. olajk m%;sl%sh;dj f,dayh wkqj
fjkia jk njhs'
² f,day iu`. fjk;a f,dayj, ,jK ødjK olajk m%;sl%shd
f,dayj, ,jK ødjK iu. f,day olajk m%;sl%shd wOHhkh lsÍug 16'7
l%shdldrlfuys fhfouq' fldm¾ i,af*aÜ (CuSO4) hkq fldm¾ (Cu) f,dayfha
,jKhls' tu ,jKh c,fha ÈhlsÍfuka fldm¾ i,af*aÜ (CuSO4) ødjKhla iEÈh
yels h' fldm¾ i,af*aÜ (CuSO4) ødjKh iu. iskala (Zn) f,dayfha m%;sl%shdj fï
i|yd fhdod .ksuq'

l%shdldrlu - 16'7
wjYH øjH : - îlrhla" fldm¾ i,af*aÜ (CuSO4) c,Sh ødjKh" msßisÿ lrk
,o iskala (Zn) f,dayh
² îlrhlg fldm¾ i,af*aÜ (CuSO4) c,Sh ødjKh tl;= lrkak'
² thg iskala (Zn) má lene,a,la tl;= lrkak'
² ksÍlaIK jd¾;d lrkak'
fldm¾ i,af*aÜ (CuSO4) ødjKh ks,a meye;sh" iskala lene,a, tla l< úg fldm¾
i,af*aÜ ødjKfha ks,a meyefha ;Sj%;dj l%ufhka wvq jk nj;a" ÿUqre meye;s l=vla
iEfok nj;a ksÍlaIKh l< yels h'
fuys § my; ±lafjk tAl úia:dmk m%;sl%shdj isÿ fõ'
Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu

99 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

mod¾:fha fjkia ùï ridhk úoHdj

fuh 60 m muK Wia jQ úfYaI fmdarKqjls' by<ska wuqøjH we;=`t lrk w;r
my<ska 650 0C muK WIaK;ajhlg r;alr we;s jdhq Odrd we;=`t lrhs' fufia
we;=`t lrk ;dmh ksid W!Iaulh ;=< m%;sl%shd lsysmhla isÿ fjñka øj hlv ,efí'
Odrd W!Iaulhla ;=< WIaK;ajh 1000 0C - 1900 0C w;r mrdihl mj;S'

wuqøjH f,i fhdod .kafka ysughsÜ ^Fe2O3&" yqkq.,a ^CaCO3& iy fldala ^C& h'
tajd wjYH wkqmd;hg ñY% lr ishqï j l=vq lr W!Iaulfha by<ska we;=`t lrhs'
yqKq.,a ¬ fldala ¬ ySughsÜ
wm jdhq

.sks.fvd,a ì;a;s

WKqiqï jdhq
WKqiqï jdhq
f,dafndr f,dafndr msgjqu

øj hlv msgjqu øj hlv

16'1 rEmh ¡ Odrd W!Iaulh
hlv ksiaidrKfha§ Odrd W!Iaulh ;=< my; ±lafjk m%;sl%shd isÿ fõ'
• fldala jd;fha ±ù ldnkavfhdlaihsâ CO2 idohs'
C + O2 CO2
• ldnkavfhdlaihsâ (CO2) jdhqj fldala iu. m%;sl%shd lr ldnka fudfkdlaihsâ
jdhqj (CO) idohs'
CO2 + C 2 CO
• ldnkafudfkdlaihsâ (CO) jdhqj ysughsÜ (Fe2O3) TlaisyrKh lrhs' fuys §
øj hlv iefoa'
Fe2O3 + 3 CO 2 Fe + 3CO2
• le,aishï ldnfkaÜ (CaCO3 ) úfhdackh ù le,aishï Tlaihsâ (CaO) yd
ldnka vfhdlaihsâ (CO2 ) iefoa'
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
102 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'
mod¾:fha fjkia ùï ridhk úoHdj

16.5 jdhq ms<sfh, lsÍu" .=K yd Ndú;

● yhsârcka jdhqj (H2)
yhsârcka jdhqf.da,fha idudkH ixhq;sh wkqj b;d l=vd m%;sY;hla mj;sk
jdhqjls' fuh ieye,a¨;u jdhqjhs'

yhsârcka jdhqfõ fN!;sl yd ridhksl ,laIK

² idudkH jd;hg jvd >k;ajfhka wvqh'
² idfmalaI wKql ialkaOh 2 fõ'
² oykh l< yels ^odyh& jdhqjls'
² c,fha iq¿ jYfhka Èh fõ'
² wj¾K h'
² .kaOhla ke;'

úoHd.drfha § iskala (Zn). ue.akSishï (Mg) jeks f,dayhla ;kql yhsâfrdlaf,daßla

(HCl) fyda ;kql i,a*shqßla (H2SO4) jeks wï,hla iu. m%;sl%shd lrùfuka
yhsârcka (H2) jdhqj ksmojd .; yels h'
Zn + 2 HCl ZnCl2 + H2
fujeks m%;sl%shdjla uÕska mdi,a úoHd.drfha § yhsârcka (H2) jdhq ksheÈ tl;=lr
.ekSug yels WmlrK wegjqula 16'2 rEmfha oelafõ'

16'2 rEmh -¡ úoHd.drfha§ yhsârcka jdhqj ksmoùu

fuu jdhq tla /ia lsÍfï l%uh y`ÿkajkafka c,fha hál=re úia:dmk l%uh f,ihs'
ukaoh;a jdhq irdj ;=<g jdhqj we;=¿ jk úg tys we;s c,h my<g ;,a¨ ù bj;a
jk neúks'

104 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

mod¾:fha fjkia ùï ridhk úoHdj

úi¾cl k<h Èf.a 16'3 rEmfha olajd we;s wdldrhg jdhq irdjla ;eîfuka o
ksmofjk jdhqj tl;= lr .ekSu l< yels h'
yhsârcka jdhqj idudkH jd;hg jvd >k;ajfhka wvq neúka jdhq irdj ;=< by<g
.uka lrhs' túg jdhq irdj ;=< jQ jdhqf.da,Sh jd;h my<g ;,a¨ ù jdhq irdfjka
bj;a fõ' fuu jdhq tla /ia lsÍfï l%uh yÿkajkafka —jd;fha hál=re úia:dmk˜
l%uh f,i hs'

yhsârcka jdhqj

yhsârcka jdhqj

jdhqf.da,Sh jd;h
16'3 rEmh

l%shdldrlu - 16'8
wjYH øjH (- ;kql yhsfv%dlaf,daÍla (HCl) wï,h" msßisÿ mÍlaId k<"
iskala (Zn) len,s" fla;+ ma,dial+j" ;si,a mqkS,h" ùÿre k<" rn¾ nghla" c,
fødaKsldjla" úh<s brgqjla" .sksfmÜáhla'
² 16'2 rEmfha ±lafjk mßÈ WmlrK wegjqula ilia lr yhsârcka (H2 )
jdhq idïm, lsysmhla tl;= lr .kak ^jdhq irdjg úYd, jdhq m%udKhla
wjYH ksid ta fjkqjg mÍlaIK k< myla muK fhdod .kak&'
² fuf,i tl;= lr .;a jdhq ksheÈh wvx.= k<fha lg fyd¢ka jid f.k
c,fhka bj;g .kak' oeka oe,afjk brgqjla tu k<h ;=<g we;=¿
lrkak'
^úoHd .=re;=ud$;=ñh iu. fuu ls%hdldrlu isÿlrkak&'

Tfí ksÍlaIKh l=ula o @ —fmdma˜ y`vla kxjñka jdhqj oykh fõ' fuu.ska
yhsârcka (H2 ) jdhqj myiqfjka y`ÿkd.; yels h'

105 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

mod¾:fha fjkia ùï ridhk úoHdj

yhsârcka (H2 ) jdhqfõ Ndú;

² frdlÜ bkaOkhla f,i'

² Ydl f;,a j,ska ud.ßka ksmoùug'
² khsÜrcka jdhqj iu. yhsârcka m%;sl%shd lrjd wefudakshd jdhqj ksmoùu'
^wefudakshd" hqßhd jeks fmdfydr ksmoùug Ndú; flf¾'&
² ldnksl ixfhda. TlaisyrKh lsÍug'

mejreu - 16'3
l=vd ne¨ka fnda,hla by< heùug fhdod .kakd øjH fudkjdoehs fidhd
n,kak' wod< øjH tla/ia lr .=re;=udf.a $ .=re;=ñhf.a Wmldrh we;s j neÆk
lsysmhla by< hjkak' tys§ isÿ jk m%;sl%shd ms<sn| fidhd n,kak'

² Tlaiscka jdhqj (O2)

jdhqf.da,fha idudkH ixhq;sh wkqj 20% la muK Tlaiscka jdhqj wka;¾.; fõ'
Tlaiscka jdhqfõ fN!;sl yd ridhksl ,laIK
² idudkH jd;hg jvd >k;ajh jeä jdhqjls'
² idfmalaI wKql ialkaOh 32ls'
² oyk fmdaIl jdhqjls'
² c,fha iq¿ jYfhka Èh fõ'
² wj¾K h' .kaOhla ke;'
úoHd.drfha§ Tlaiscka jdhqj ksmojd .; yels m%;sl%shd lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
01. fmdgEishï mZuex.fkaÜ (KMnO4) r;a lsÍu
2KMnO4 K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
02. fmdgEishï khsÜf¾Ü (KNO3) r;a lsÍu
2KNO3 2KNO2 + O2
03. yhsârcka fmfrdlaihsâ (H2O2) úfhdackh
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
04. fmdgEishï laf,daf¾Ü (KClO3) r;a lsÍu
2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
16'4 rEmfha ±lafjk mßÈ WmlrK wegjqu ilia lr fmdgEishï mZuex.fkaÜ r;a
lsÍfuka úoHd.drh ;=< § Tlaiscka (O2) jdhqj ms<sfh, lr.; yels h'

106 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

mod¾:fha fjkia ùï ridhk úoHdj

² ldnka vfhdlaihsâ jdhqj ^CO2&

mDÒú jdhqf.da,fha WIaK;ajh Ôùkag m%Yia; uÜgulg f.k taug fuka u ish¨
Ôùkaf.a wdydr wjYH;d imqrd,Sug fya;=jk m%NdixYaf,aIK l%shdj,sfha wuqøjHhla
f,i o fuu jdhqj l%shd lrhss' jdhqf.da,fha idudkH ixhq;sh wkqj ldnka
vfhdlaihsâ 0'03] ;rï l=vd m%;sY;hla mj;S' kuq;a fmdis, bkaOk oykh ksid
jdhq f.da,fha ldnkavfhdlaihsâ (CO2 ) m%udKh by< ke.Su f.da,Sh WIaK;ajh
jeälsÍug fya;= ù we;'

ldnka vfhdlaihsâ jdhqfõ fN!;sl .=K

² idudkH jd;hg jvd >k;ajh jeä jdhqjls'
² idfmalaI wKql ialkaOh 44ls'
² oykh fkd fõ' oyk fmdaIl o fkd fõ'
² c,fha iq`M jYfhka Èh fõ'
² wj¾K h'
² .kaOhla ke;'
le,aishï ldnfkaÜ (CaCO3) ;kql yhsâfrdlaf,daßla ^HCl& wï,h iu. m%;sl%shd
lr ùfuka ldnka vfhdlaihsâ (CO2 ) jdhqj ksmojd .; yels h'
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2+ H2O + CO2
my; ±lafjk mßÈ WmlrK wegjqu ilid .;a úg úoHd.drfha § ldnka vfhdlaihsâ
(CO2 ) jdhq ksheÈhla ms<sfh, lr .; yelsfõ'

16'5 rEmh -¡ úoHd.drh ;=<§ ldnkavfhdlaihsâ jdhqj ms<sfh, lsÍu

ie,lsh hq;=hs ( -ldnkavfhdlaihsâ c,h u;ska tl;= lsÍfï § c,fha iq¿ m%udKhla
Èh jqj o jdhq ksheÈ tl;= lr .ekSug th ndOdjla fkdfõ'

108 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

mod¾:fha fjkia ùï ridhk úoHdj

fuys§ o jdhqj tl;= lrk l%uh c,fha hál=re úia:dmk l%uh fõ' tfy;a ldnka-
vfhdlaihsâ (CO2 ) jdhqfõ >k;ajh idudkHh jd;fha >k;ajhg jvd jeä ksid
my; ±lafjk wdldrhg o jdhqj tl;= l< yels h'

16'6 rEmh ¡ jd;fha Wvql=re úia:dmkhka ldnkavfhdlaihsâ (CO2 ) jdhqj /ialsÍu'

k<h ;=<ska tk ldnkavfhdlaihsâ (CO2) jdhqj >k;ajfhka jeä ksid jdhq irdfõ
m;=<g .uka lrhs' túg jdhq irdj ;=< ldnkavfhdlaihsâ (CO2) jdhqj msf¾'
irdfõ ;snQ jd;h by<g ;,a¨ ù hhs' tneúka fuu jdhq tl;= lsÍfï l%uh —jd;fha
Wvql=re úia:dmkh˜ f,i y`ÿkajhs'

l%shdldrlu 16'10
wjYH øjH (- fla;= ma,dial=j" rn¾ wenh" ;si,a mqkS,h" ùÿre k<" rn¾ k<"
mÍlaId k<" c, fíiu' ;kql yhsâfrdlaf,daßla (HCl) wï,h" yqkq.,a (CaCO3)
fyda ì;a;r lgq len,s" úh<s brgqjla" .sks fmÜáhla" yqkq Èhr
² 16'5 rEmfha we;s WmlrK wegjqu ilialr .ksñka úoHd .=re;=ud$.=re;=ñhf.a
iydh we;s j ldnka vfhdlaihsâ (CO2 ) jdhqj mÍlaId k< lsysmhlg tl;=
lr .kak'
² úh<s brgqjla .sks o,ajd oe,a, iu. u CO2 jdhqj wvx.= mÍlaId k<hlg
we;=`t lrkak' tieKska oe,a, ksùhhs' tmuKla fkdj blau‚ka u l+frys
we;s .sks mq<s`.=j o ksù hhs'
² Èh .eiQ yqkq {Ca(OH2)} álla mfriaifuka c,h 50 mll muK Èh lr
fmryka lvodishlska fmrd.kak' thska 5 ml muK ldnka vfhdlaihsâ
(CO2 ) we;s k<hlg oud ;Èka wenhla .id fyd¢ka fid,jkak' idudkH
jd;h wvx.= k<hlg o yqkq Èhr tu m%udKh u oud fyd¢ka fid,jd k<
foflys ødjKj, meyeh ixikaokh lrkak'

109 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

mod¾:fha fjkia ùï ridhk úoHdj

3' my; i`oyka jdlH uÕska olajd we;s m%;sl%shd i|yd ;=,s; ridhksl iólrK
,shkak'
i. ;kql yhsâfrdlaf,daßla wï,h iuÕ fidaähï m%;sl%shd lr fidaähï
laf,darhsâ iy yhsârcka jdhqj ksmofõ'
ii. f,â khsÜf¾Ü iy ;kql i,a*shqßla wï,h m%;sl%shd lr f,â i,af*aÜ iy
yhsârcka khsÜf¾Ü iEfoa'
iii. le,aishï c,h iuÕ m%;sl%shd lr le,aishï yhsâfrdlaihsâ iy yhsârcka
jdhqj we;s fõ'
iv. we¨ñkshï iy ;kql yhsâfrdlaf,darsla wï,h m%;sl%shd lr we¨ñkshï
laf,darhsâ iy yhsârcka jdhqj ksmofõ'
v. fidaähï ldnfkaÜ iy ;kql yhsâfrdlaf,daßla wï,h m%;sl%shd lr
fidaähï laf,darhsâ" ldnka vfhdlaihsâ jdhqj yd c,h ksmofõ'
4' my; § we;s f,day weiqßka wid we;s m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'
Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Al, Fe
i. c,h iu. fõ.fhka m%;sl%shdlrk f,dayh l=ula o @
ii. ;kql yhsâfrdlaf,daßla (HCl) wï,h iuÕ m%;sl%shd fkdlrk f,dayh
l=ula o @
iii. ;kql yhsâfrdlaf,daßla (HCl) wï,h iuÕ jeä YS>%;djlska nqnq¿ kxjk
f,dayh l=ula o @
iv. jd;hg újD;j ;enQ úg fõ.fhka u u,sk jk f,dayh l=ula o @
v. hlvj,g jvd il%sh jqj o idudkH jdhqf.da,Sh ;;a;aj hgf;a u,sk
fkdjk f,day fudkjd o @
vi. myiqfjka §ma;su;a ±,a,la iys; j oeù Tlaihsvh njg m;a jk f,day
fudkjd o@
5' my; i|yka lreKq úoHd;aul j meyeÈ,s lrkak'
i. fidaähï" fmdgEishï jeks f,day .nvd lrkafka N+ñf;,a fyda øj
mermska ;=<hs'
ii. w;S;fha isg u ;U f,dayh Ndú; lr we;'
iii. we¨ñkshï NdKav u,sk ùu je<lSug úfYaI l%u wjYH ke;'
iv. Ndú; lsÍu ms<sn| wvq u b;sydih we;af;a fidaähï" fmdgEishï jeks
f,day j,ghs'
v. fldm¾ i,af*aÜ c,Sh ødjKhg iskala oeuQ úg fldm¾ ;ekam;a jk
kuq;a iskala i,af*aÜ ødjKhlg fldm¾ oeuQ úg iskala ;ekam;a fkdfõ'

113 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

mod¾:fha fjkia ùï ridhk úoHdj

06' my; fhÿïj, woyi úia;r lrkak'

úoHq;a úÉfþokh TlaisyrKh
f,day ksiaidrKh f,day u,sk ùu
f,day úLdokh
07' hlv ksiaidrKh iïnkaO my; m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'

i. wuqøjH" m%Odk M,h yd w;=re M, fudkjd oehs fjkfjku ,shkak'

ii. ySughsÜ TlaisyrKhg wjYH ldnka fudfkdlaihsâ iE§ug
ldnkavfhdlaihsâ ,efnk l%u fol l=ula o@
iii. Odrd W!Iaulh ;=<g we;=`t lrkafka 650 0C muK jk jdhqj jqj o W!Iaulh
;=< WIaK;ajh 1700 0C olajd by< hkafka flfia o@

Fe2O3 + 3 CO 2 Fe + 3 CO2

fuu m%;sl%shdj wkqj ysughsÜj,ska hlv we;s fõ' ySughsÜ 100 kg TlaisyrKh
jk úg"
a. we;s jk hlv ialkaOh
b. jeh jk ldnka fudfkdlaihsâ ialkaOh
c. mßirhg t l;= jk l dnka vfhdlaihsâ ial kaOh fldmuK ± h s
.Kkh lrkak'
(id' m' ia" Fe = 56, C = 12, O = 16)

08' my; oelafjkafka jdhq m%fhdackhg .kakd wjia:d lsysmhls' fï tla tla
wjia:dfõ § fhdod.kakd jdhqj l=ula oehs bÈßfha § we;s jryka ;=< ,shkak'
i. ldfndksla wï,h iE§u ^ &
ii. widOH frda.Skag Yajikh ,nd §u ^ &
iii. úh<s whsia ^Dry ice& iE§u ^ &
iv. wefudakshd ksIamdokh i`oyd wuqøjH f,i fhdod.ekSu ^ &
v. Ydl f;,aj,ska ud.Íka iE§u ^ &
vi. c,h ;=< lsñ§fï§ Yajikhg wdOdr ùu ^ &
vii. or ±ùu i`oyd wdOdr ùu ^ &

114 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

mod¾:fha fjkia ùï ridhk úoHdj

09' my; rEmfha oelafjkafka tla;rd jdhqjla tla/ia lr .ekSug wegjQ

WmlrK lÜg,hlska fldgils'

i. WmlrK lÜg,fha tla;rd fodaIhla mj;S th l=ula o@

ii. fuu fodaIh u`.yrjd .ksñka WmlrK lÜg,h ielish yels l%u folla
,shkak'
iii. WmlrK o wegjqu o fjkia fkdlr fuhska jdhqj tl;= lr .ekSug fjk;a
l%uhla fhdackd lrkak'
iv. H2 jdhqj tl;= lsÍu i`oyd by; wegjqug rn¾ nghla" jdhq irdjla iy c,
n`ÿkla tl;= lr iïmQ¾K wegjqul igyk w`Èkak'
v. H2 jdhqj ,nd .ekSug X yd Y j,g fhÈh yels øjHhla ne.ska kï lrkak'
vi. Y ì;a;r lgq yd X úkdlsß ødjKhla kï ksmofõ he hs wfmalaIs; jdhqj
l=ulao@
vii. by; VI fldgfia i`oyka jdhqfjka ksheÈhla k<hla ;-=< tl;=lr we;' tu
jdhqj y`ÿkd.kakd wdldrh ,shkak'

mdßNdIsl jpk
ils%h;d fYa%Ksh - Activity series
ksiaidrKh - Extraction
>kSNjkh - Condensation
ixfhdackh - Combination
úfhdackh - Decomposition
úia:dmkh - Displacement
YS>%;dj - Rate
m%;sj¾;H m%;sl%shdj - Reversible reactions
Odrd W!Iaulh - Thermal kiln

115 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj ridhk úoHdj

ridhk úoHdj
m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj
wm wjg isÿjk fndfyda úm¾hdi i|yd ridhksl m%;sl%shd odhl;ajhla imhhs'
17
my; ±lafjkafka ridhksl m%;sls%hd wdYs%; úm¾hdi lsysmhls'
y hlv u, ne`§u
y m,;=re b§u
y wdydr ÔrKh ùu
y lsßj,ska fhda.Ü ksmoùu
y or ±ùu
y iskala lene,a,la ;kql wï,hla iu. m%;sl%shd lsÍu
y fidaähï f,dayh c,h iu. m%;sl%shd lsÍu
y fmg%,a jdIam .sks .ekSu
y r;s[aØ lr,la msmsÍu
mejreu-- - -17.1
y by; i`oyka úm¾hdi o we;=<;a jk fia ridhksl úm¾hdi ,ehsia;=jla
ilia lrkak'
y tu úm¾hdij,§ isÿjk ridhksl m%;sl%shdj, fõ.h ms<sn`o j i,ld n,d"
my; ±lafjk wkaoug tajd j¾. lr j.=.; lrkak'

fõ.fhka isÿjk fiñka isÿjk m%;sl%shd

m%;sl%shd
i. ...................................... .......................................
ii. ..................................... .......................................
iii. .................................... .......................................

úúO ridhksl m%;sl%shdj, fõ. tlsfklg fjkia h' m,;=re b§u" wdydr ÔrKh"
hlv u, ne`§u jeks m%;sls%hd fiñka isÿjk w;r fmg%,a jdIam .sks.ekSu" iskala
lene,a,la ;kql wï,hla iu. m%;sl%shd lsÍu" r;s[aØ lr,la msmsÍu jeks m%;sl%shd
fõ.fhka isÿ fõ'
fï wkqj we;eï m%;sl%shd laIKsl j fyda b;d fõ.j;a j isÿjk w;r we;eï

116 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

ridhk úoHdj m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj
m%;sl%shd b;d fiñka isÿfõ' ;;amrhlska" úkdählska mehlska" Èk .Kklska" udi
lsysmhlska" fuka u wjqreÿ .Kklska" isÿ jk m%;sl%shd o fõ'
ridhksl m%;sl%shdjla isÿùfï§ tys m%;sl%shl jeh jk w;r kj M, ksmofõ' my;
±lafjk m%;sl%shdj i,ld ne,Sfuka fuh myiqfjka wjfndaO lr.; yels h'

CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

m%;sl%shl M,
fuu m%;sl%shdfõ m%;sl%shl jeh jk fõ.h fyda M, ksmofjk fõ.h fyda weiqßkaa
m%;sl%shdfõ YS>%;dj ;SrKh l< yels h' fuys§ jvd myiqfjka ksÍCIKh l<
yelafla le,aishï ldnfkaÜ jeh jk YS>%;dj fyda ldnka vfhdlaihsâ ksmofjk
YS>%;dj hs'
m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj hkq ld, tAllhl§ isÿjk úm¾hdi m%udKh hs'

tkï ;
m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj = jeh jQ m%;sl%shl m%udKh f,i fyda ksmojQ M, m%udKh
.; jQ ld,h .; jQ ld,h
f,i ±laúh yels h'

hï m%;sl%shdjl YS>%;dj ks¾Kh lrkafka flfia o @ fï i|yd m%Odk l%u

folla we;'
i. ksYaÑ; ld, iSudjla ;=< § jeh jQ m%;sl%shl m%udKh ^ialkaOh fyda mßudj&
fyda ksmojQ M, m%udKh uek ne,Su'
ii. ksYaÑ; m%;sl%shl m%udKhla jehùug fyda ksYaÑ; M, m%udKhla ksmoùug
.;jQ ld,h uekSu'

17.1 m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj flfrys n,mdk idOl

hï ridhksl m%;sl%shdjla isÿùfï§ tys m%;sl%shl wxY= ^mrudKq fyda wKq& w;r we;s
ridhksl nkaOk ì§ kj nkaOk f.dv ke.SsSu ksid" fjkia jQ M, yg.kS' fufia
nkaOk ì£u iy kj nkaOk f.dvke.Su i|yd m%;sl%shl wxY= tlsfkl .eáh
hq;=h' tfukau .efgk m%;sls%hl wxY= M, njg m;aùugkï tajd i;=j m%udKj;a
Yla;shla ;sìh hq;=h' m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj i`oyd n,mdk idOl my; ±lafõ'
 m%;sl%shlj, mDIaG j¾.M,h
 m%;sl%shdj isÿjk WIaK;ajh
 m%;sl%shlj, idkaøKh ^jdhquh m%;sl%shl i|yd kï mSvkh&
 W;afm%arl mej;Su

117 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj ridhk úoHdj

² m%;sl%shlj, mDIaG j¾.M,h

úYd, or fldghla l=vd len,sj,g meÆ úg myiqfjka ±úh yels h' wdydr ÔrKh
myiqùu i|yd tAjd fyd¢ka úld .s,sk f,i ffjoHjre Wmfoia fo;s' fïjdg fya;=
fudkjdo @
>k øjHhla øjhla iu. fyda jdhqjla iu. fyda m%;sl%shd lsÍfï§ m%;sl%shdj
isÿjkafka >kfha mDIaGh u;§ mu‚' fuhg fya;=j m%;sl%shl wxY= tlsfkl yd
.efgkafka >kfha mDIaGh u;§ muKla ùuhs' fï ms<sn`oj fidhd ne,Sug mejreu
17'2 ys ksr;fjuq'

mejreu - -17.2

2 cm me;a;l È. 2 cm ne.ska jQ >kl yeve;s lsß`.rev

(CaCO3) lene,a,la ;kql yhsfv%dlaf,daßla wï,
ødjKhlg ±óu i,ld n,d >klfha wï,h iu.
.efgk mDIaG j¾.M,h .Kkh lrkak'
2 cm
2 cm
y by; >klh" me;a;l È. 1 cm ne.ska jQ l=vd >kl 8 lg lmd ilia lrkq
,efí'
1 cm

1 cm

ytu l=vd >kl 8 ;kql yhsfv%dlaf,daßla wï, ødjKhlg ±uqjfyd;a wï,h

iu`. .efgk lsß`.rev len,sj, uq¿ mDIaG j¾.M,h .Kkh lrkak'

>klfha tla mDIaGhl j¾.M,h = 2 cm X 2 cm = 4 cm2

mDIaG 6 ys j¾.M,h = 4 cm2 X 6 = 24 cm2
l=vd >klfha tla mDIaGhl j¾.M,h = 1 cm X 1 cm = 1 cm2
mDIaG 6 ys j¾.M,h = 1 cm2 X 6 = 6 cm2
>kl 8 ys uq¿ mDIaG j¾.M,h = 6 cm2 X 8 = 48 cm2

118 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

ridhk úoHdj m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj
fï wkqj >klh l=vd >kl njg m;a l< úg mDIaG j¾.M,h jeä jk nj meyeÈ,s
fõ'
m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj flfrys m%;sl%shlj, mDIaG j¾.M,h n,mdk wkaou fiùug 17'1
l%shdldrlfuys fhfouq'

l%shdldrlu - - 17.1
wjYH øjH ( tl iudk ialkaOhlska hq;a le,aishï ldnfkaÜ (CaCO3) l=vq yd leg"
;kql yhsâfrdlaf,daßla ^HCl& wï,h" úrdu >áldjlaa" îlr folla'
y îlr folla f.k iudk HCl wï, mßud tl;= lr.kak'
y CaCO3 leg HCl iys; îlrhlg oud úrdu >áldjla wdOdrfhka CaCO3
leg fkdfmkS hdug .; jk ld,h ukskak' HCl iys; wfkla îlrhg
CaCO3 l=vq tl;=lr úrdu >áldj ls%hd;aul lr CaCO3 l=vq fkdfmkS
hdug .;jk ld,h ukskak'
y wjia:d foflys§ .;jQ ld, ixikaokh lrkak'

CaCO3 l=vq iys; îlrfha jdhq nqnq¿ fõ.fhka msgfõ' CaCO3 l=vq blaukska
fkdfmkS hhs' tkï flá ld,hl § m%;sl%shdj isÿjk nj ksÍlaIKh l< yels h'

ta wkqj fuu wjia:d foflys m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj ksYaÑ; m%;sl%shl m%udKhla jeh
ùug .; jQ ld,h weiqßka i,ld ne,sh yels h'
jeh jQ m%;sl%shl m%udKh
m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj =
.; jQ ld,h

CaCO3 l=vq f,i fhdod.;a úg m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj jeäjk nj ñka ;yjqre fõ'
fï wkqj m%;sl%shlj, mDIaG j¾.M,h jeäjk úg m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj jeäjk nj
ks.ukh l< yels h' m%;sl%shlj, mDIaG j¾.M,h jeäjk úg m%;sl%shl wxY=
tlsfkl iu. we;slrk .egqï m%udKh by< hk neúka m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj jeä fõ'

mejreu - -17.3
tÈfkod Ôú;fha úúO lghq;=j,§ m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj by< kexùug m%;sl%shlj,
mDIaG j¾.M,h jeä lsÍu isÿlrkq ,nhs' tjeks wjia:d ,ehsia;=jla idokak'

119 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj ridhk úoHdj

y m%;sl%shdj isÿ jk WIaK;ajh

wdydr krla jkafka ffcj ridhksl m%;sl%shd isÿùu ksid h' wdydr krla fkdù
fyd| ;;a;ajfhka È.= l,la ;nd .ekSu i|yd YS;lrK fyda wêYS;lrK Ndú;
flf¾' fuhska meyeÈ,s jkafka wvq WIaK;ajj, § ffcj ridhksl m%;sl%shdj,
YS>%;dj wvq jk njhs'
iSks c,fha Èh lsÍfï§ we,a c,hg jvd myiqfjkaa WKq c,fha Èhjk nj Tn w;a
±l we;' ridhksl m%;sl%shdjl YS>%;dj flfrys WIaK;ajh flfia n,mdkafka ± hs
fidhd ne,Su i|yd 17'2 l%shdldrlfuys kshef,uq'

l%shdldrlu - 17.2
wjYH øjH ( iudk m%udKfha hlv weK 2 la" c,h" ;kql fmdgEishï mzuex.fkaÜ
(KMnO4) ødjKh" ;kql i,a*shqßla wï,h (H2SO4)" úrdu >áldj"mÍlaId k<
folla"odylhlaa
y b;d ;kql fmdgEishï mZuex.fkaÜ ødjKhla idÞ .kak'
y mÍCId k< follg by; ødjKfhka iudk mßud oud tu mßudj,g i,a*shqßla
wï,h iudk m%udK tl;= lrkak' bka tla k<hla ;rula by< WIaK;ajhlg
r;a lrkak'
y k< folg u fyd¢ka msßisÿ l<" tl iudk hlv weK" iudk ixLHdjla
oukak'
y tla tla k<fha we;s ødjKfha j¾Kh fjkia ùug .; jk ld,h úrdu
>áldjla wdOdrfhka uek .kak'

wdï,slD; r;alrk ,o
KMnO4 ødjKh wdï,slD;
KMnO4 ødjKh

msßisÿ hlv weKh

120 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

ridhk úoHdj m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj
by; l%shdldrlfï§" by< WIaK;ajfha we;s fmdgEishï mZuex.fkaÜ ødjKh wvq
ld,hl § új¾K jk nj fmfka' WIAK;ajh jeä fj;au m%;sl%shdj, YS>%;dj
jeäjk nj fï wkqj ks.ukh l< yels h' jeä WIaK;ajhl§ m%;sl%shl wxY=j,
pd,l Yla;sh jeä h' túg tAll ld,hl§ tAjd w;r we;sjk .eàï ixLHdj jeä
fõ' tneúka m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj o jeä fõ'

² m%;sl%shlj, idkaøKh
ridhksl m%;sl%shdj, YS>%;dj flfrys m%;sl%shlj, idkaøKh n,mdkafka flfia ±
hs fidhd ne,Su i`oyd my; 17'3 l%shdldrlu l< yels h'

l%shdldrlu - -17'3
wjYH øjH ( fyd`Èka msßisÿ lrk ,o iudk mDIaG j¾.M,fhka hq;a ue.akSishï
^Mg& má len,s ;=kla" mÍlaId k< ;=kla" ;kql yhsfâ%dlaf,daßla ^HCl& wï,h"
c,h
y mÍlaId k< ;=kla f.k tajdg 15 ml muK c,h tl;= lr c, uÜgu rn¾
máhla fhdod i,l=Kq lrkak' bkamiqj c,h bj;alr tla tla k<hlg ms<s-
fj,ska 2.5 ml" 5.0 ml, 7.5 ml ;kql HCl wï,h tl;= lrkak' mÍlaId k<
;=fkys u uq¿ mßud iudk jk mßÈ rn¾ máfha uÜgu olajd c,h tl;=
lrkak'
y tla tla mÍlaId k<hg Mg má lene,a, ne.ska tl;=lr jdhq nqnq¿ msgùfï
YS>%;dj ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
c,h + HCl 5.0 ml

c,h + HCl 2.5 ml c,h + HCl 7.5 ml

Mg máh

jeämqr HCl wï,h tl;= l< wjia:dj tkï HCl idkaøKh jeä wjia:dfõ jdhq
nqnq¿ msgùfï YS>%;dj jeä nj ksÍlaIKh fõ' fï wkqj meyeÈ,s jkafka HCl
idkaøKh jeäfj;a u m%;sl%shd YSS>%;dj jeä ù we;s njhs'

121 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj ridhk úoHdj
m%;sl%shl idkaøKh jeä fj;a u tAll mßudjla ;=< we;s tu m%;sl%shl wxY= ixLHdj
jeä fõ' tneúka tAll ld,hl§ m%;sl%shl wxY= w;r we;sjk .egqï ixLHdj o jeä
fõ' m%;sl%shlj, idkaøKh jeäfj;a u m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj jeäjkafka fï ksidh'

jdhquh m%;sl%shlj, mSvkh

jdhquh m%;sl%shl iyNd.S jk m%;sl%shdj,§" mSvkh jeä lsÍfuka m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj
jeä l< yels h' my; 17'1 rEmfha A iy B wjia:d i,ld n,kak'

A - wvq mSvk ;;a;aj B - jeä mSvk ;;a;aj

A iy B wjia:d fofla§ u we;af;a tlu m%;sl%shl ialkaOhls' tfy;a B ys mßudj
wvq fldg we;s neúka tys m%;sl%shlj, mSvkh A ys mSvkhg jvd jeäh' túg tAll
ld,hl§ tlsfkl .efgk m%;sl%shl wxY= ixLHdj jeä neúka m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj
jeäfõ'

² W;afm%arl
ridhksl m%;sl%shdjl YS>%;dj jeä lrk kuq;a m%;sl%shdfõ§ jeh fkdjk øjH
W;afm%arl f,i ye`Èkafõ' ridhksl m%;sl%shdjl YS>%;dj flfrys W;afm%arlj,
n,mEu fidhd ne,Su i`oyd l< yels l%shdldrlula my; ±lafõ'

l%shdldrlu -- 17'4
y wjYH øjH ( mÍlaId k< folla" w¨;a yhsv%cka fmfrdlaihsâ (H2O2)
ødjKhla" uex.kSia vfhdlaihsâ (MnO2 ) 0'2 g.
y mÍlaId k< follg w¨;a yhsv%cka fmfrdlaihsâ ødjKh iudk mßudjla
ne.ska oukak'
y bka tla k<hlg" ksjerÈj ialkaOh lsrd.;a uex.kSia vfhdlaihsâ
0'2 g la muK oukak'
y k< foflka jdhq nqnq`M msgùfï fõ.h ksÍCIKh lrkak'
2H2O2(aq) 2H2O (l) + O2(g)

y m%;sl%shdj wjidkfha MnO2 ±uQ ødjKh fmrd ,efnk wjfYaIh úh<d

kej; tys ialkaOh uek n,kak'

122 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

ridhk úoHdj m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj
uex.kSia vfhdlaihsâ iys; mÍlaId k<fha jdhq nqnq¿ msgùfï YS>%;dj jeäh'
fuu m%;sl%shdfõ YS>%;dj jeä lsÍug uex.kSia vfhdlaihsâ fya;= ù we;' fuys§
uex.kSia vfhdlaihsâj, ialkaOh fjkia ù fkdue;s neúka m%;sl%shdfõ§
uex.kSia vfhdlaihsâ jeh ù ke;' tkï uex.kSia vfhdlaihsâ fuys § W;afm%arlhla
f,i l%shdlr we;'
m%;sl%shdjl YS>%;dj jeä lrk fuka u wvq lrk øjH o we;' tfia m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj
wvqlrk øjH ksfYaOl fyj;a ukaol f,i ye¢kafõ'
ksoiqka(- yhsv%cka fmfrdlaihsâj, úfhdack YS>%;dj wvqlsÍu i`oyd i,a*shqßla
wï, ìxÿjla tl;= lsÍu'
úYd, m%;sl%shl m%udKhla i`oyd W;afm%arl l=vd m%udKhla iEfya' tA tA m%;sl%shdj
i|yd úYsIAg jQ W;afm%arl we;' m%;sl%shdj isÿùfï§ W;afm%arlfha fN!;sl iajNdjh
fjkia úh yels jqj o" wjidk jYfhka tu W;afm%arlfha ridhksl fjkila isÿ
fkdfõ' úúO l¾udka; iy ld¾ñl l%shdj,s i`oyd W;afm%arl b;d nyq, f,i
Ndú; flf¾' tu f;dr;=re lsysmhla 17'1 j.=fõ ±lafõ'

17'1 j.=j
ridhksl l¾udka; Ndú; jk W;afm%arl
wefudakshd ksmoùfï fyan¾ l%uh iújr hlv
i,a*shqßla wï,h ksmoùfï jefkaähï fmkafgdlaihsâ
iam¾Y l%uh
wefudakshd TlaislrKfhka ma,eákï
khsá%la wï,h ksmoùu
wix;Dma; fïo yhsv%ckSlrKh ksl,a
lsÍfuka ud.ßka ksmoùu

wu;r oekqug
 Ôùka ;=< isÿjk Yajikh" ÔrKh" m%NdixYaf,aIKh iy fm%daàka ixYaf,aIKh
jeks úúO ffcj ridhksl l%shdj,s i|yd wjYH jk tkaihsu ffcj W;afm%arl
(Biological Catalysts) f,i ye`Èkafõ' lD;%su f,i ksmojQ ffcj W;afm%arl" úúO
fiaÿï ldrl f,i Ndú;d flf¾'

123 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj ridhk úoHdj

wu;r oekqug
W;afm%arl mßj¾;l (Catalytic converters)

kùk fudag¾ r:j, msgdr moaO;shg (Exhaust System) iïnkaO l< W;afm%arl
mßj¾;lh kï jQ WmlrKhla we;' msgdr jdhqfjys we;s" mßir ¥Il jk ldnka
fudfkdlaihsâ iy khsá%la Tlaihsâ jeks jdhq" mßir ¥Il fkdjk jdhq njg
mßj¾;kh lsÍu fuu WmlrKfha ld¾hhhs' fuu W;afm%arl mßj¾;l ;=< we;s
W;afm%arl ^ma,eákï"mef,aähï& uÕska my; i`oyka m%;sl%shdj, YS>%;dj jeä
lrhs'

2CO(g)+O2(g) 2CO2 (g)

2NO (g) + 2CO (g) N2(g) + 2CO2(g)

mejreu - -17.4
úúO ridhksl l¾udka; yd ridhksl l%shdj,s i|yd Ndú; flfrk W;afm%arl
ms<sn|j o" ffcj ridhksl m%;sl%shdj,§ fhfok ffcj W;afm%arl fyj;a
tkaihsu ms<snoj o wOHhkh fldg fmd;a msxpla ms<sfh, lrkak' tA i|yd
mqia;ld, fmd;a fuka u uqøs; yd úoHq;a udOH o Ndú; lrkak'

idrdxYh
y úúO ridhksl m%;sl%shd úúO YS>%;dj,ska hq;= j isÿ fõ'
y m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj hkq tAll ld,hl§ isÿjk úm¾hdi m%udKhhs'
y m%;sl%shlj, mDIaG j¾.M,h ^fN!;sl iajNdjh&" m%;sl%shdj isÿjk
WIaK;ajh" m%;sl%shlj, idkaøKh ^jdhquh m%;sl%shlj, mSvkh& iy
W;afm%arl hk fïjd m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj flfrys n,mdk idOl fõ'
y m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj ms<sn`o ±kqu ridhksl l¾udka; yd ld¾ñl l%shdj,Skays§
nyq, j fhdod.kq ,efí'
y tÈfkod lghq;= i|yd o m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj ms<sn| ±kqu jeo.;a fõ'

124 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

ridhk úoHdj m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj

wNHdi
1. ridhksl m%;sl%shdjl YS>%;dj hkafkka l=ula woyia flf¾ o@
2. m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj flfrys n,mdk tla idOlhla kï W;afm%arlj, mej;Su hs'
^m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj& ta flfrys n,mdk fjk;a idOl ;=kla i|yka lrkak'
3. Tn by; i|yka l< tla idOlhla m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj fjkia lrkafka flfia
± hs fláfhka myokak'
4. W;afm%arlhla hkq l=ula o@
5. le,aishï ldnfkaÜ len,s iy l=vq iudk ialkaO fjk fjk u ;kql
yhsfv%dlaf,daßla wï,h iudk mßud iu. m%;sl%shd lrjk ,§' .; jQ ld,h
iy wvq jQ CaCO3 ialkaO my; j.=fõ ±lafõ'
ld,h ^ñks;a;=& 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
wvq jQ len,s 2.1 2.9 3.5 3.9 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.8
CaCO3
ialkaOh l=vq 3.1 4.0 4.4 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8
(g)

I. tlu wCI hq.,hl by; wjia:d folg u wÞ< m%ia;dr w¢kak'

II. m%;sl%shd YS>%;dj jeä l=uk wjia:dfõ § o@
III. fuu wjia:d fofla§ m%;sl%shd YS>%;d fjkia ùug fya;= myokak'

mdßNdIsl jpk
m%;sls%hdj - Reaction
m%;sls%hd YS>%;dj - Rate of reaction
ridhksl úm¾hdi - Chemical changes
mDIAG j¾.M,h - Surface area
m%;sl%shl - Reactant
W;afm%arl - Catalysts
M, - Products
idkaøKh - Concentration
ksfYaOl / ukaol - Inhibitors
wjlafIamh - Precipitate
wjfYaIh - Residue

125 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

 fN!;sl úoHdj

ld¾hh" Yla;sh yd cjh

18
18'1 ld¾hh
jia;=jla u; fhdok ,o n,hla hgf;a tu jia;=fõ msysàu fjkia jQfha kï fyda
yevfha fjkila isÿ jQfha kï tu n,h u.ska ld¾hhla lf<a hehs Tn óg fmr §
bf.k f.k we;' ld¾hh (work) ms<sn| j ;j ÿrg;a úuid n,uq'

jia;=jla 18'1 rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg ;sria ;,hla u; ;nd 1 N ksh;
n,hla fhdod f.k n,fha ÈYdjg 1 m ÿrla p,kh lrk ,oafoa kï túg flfrk
,o ld¾h m%udKh cQ,hla" tkï 1 J f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'

1m
1N 1N

18'1 rEmh - 1 N n,hlska jia;=jla 1 m ÿrla p,kh lsÍu

fuu ;sria ;,h u; jQ jia;=j 18'2 rEmfha fuka 2 N kssh; n,hla fhdod f.k
1 m p,kh l<fyd;a flfrk ld¾h m%udKh 2 J fõ'

1m
2N 2N

18'2 rEmh - 2 N n,hlska jia;=jla 1 m ÿrla p,kh lsÍu

126 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h

tfukau" 18'3 rEmfha fuka 3 N ksh; n,hla fhdod th 1 m ÿrla ;sria ;,h u;
p,kh l< úg flfrk ld¾hh 3 J fõ'

1m
3N 3N

18'3 rEmh - 3 N n,hlska jia;=jla 1 m ÿrla p,kh lsÍu

fï wkqj"
n,hlska flfrk ld¾hh } n,fha úYd,;ajh « n,fha Wmfhda.s ,laIHh n,h
l%shdlrk osYdjg p,kh jQ ÿr

ksoiqk 1

7'5 N n,hla fhdod jia;=jla tu n,fha ÈYdjg 8 m ÿrla p,kh l< úg

flfrk ld¾hh fldmuK o@

flfrk ld¾hh = n,fha úYd,;ajh « n,fha Wmfhda.s ,laIHh n,h

= 7.5 N « 8 m l%shdlrk ÈYdjg p,kh jQ ÿr
= 60 J

ksoiqk 2

jia;=jl nr 40 N fõ' th 2 m isria Wilg tieùfï § flfrk ld¾hh

fldmuK o@
40 N nrla iys; jia;=jla tieùug isria j
by<g fhÈh hq;= n,h = 40 N
tie jQ Wi = 2m
flfrk ld¾hh = 40 N « 2 m
= 80 J

127 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h

ksoiqk 3
jia;=jl ialkaOh 5 kg fõ' fuh 3 m by<g tieùfï § flfrk ld¾hh
fidhkak'
jia;=fõ ialkaOh = 5 kg
jia;=fõ nr = m g
= 5 kg « 10 m s-2
= 50 N
jia;=j by<g tieùug fhÈh hq;= n,h = 50 N
tiejQ Wi = 3 m
flfrk ld¾hh = 50 N « 3 m
= 150 J

18'1 wNHdih
fuu j.=j Tnf.a wNHdi fmdf;ys msgm;a lr f.k iïmQ¾K lrkak'

n,hl s%hdlrk flreKq

n,h
ÿr ld¾hh
20 N 2m .............
.......... 80 cm 24 J
15 N ........... 22.5 J
0.75 N 8m ..............

18'2 Yla;sh
Yla;sh (energy) hkq ld¾h lsÍfï yelshdj hs' Yla;sh uksk tAllh o ld¾hh
uksk tAllh jk cQ,h fõ' wmg Yla;sh wjYH jkafka fkdfhl=;a wdldrj,
ld¾h lr .ekSug hs' ld¾h lr .ekSug Woõ jk úúO Yla;s wdldr we;'

ksoiqka
;dm Yla;sh
úoHq;a Yla;sh
pqïnl Yla;sh
hdka;%sl Yla;sh
wdf,dal Yla;sh
èjks Yla;sh

128 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h

fuu Yla;s wdldr w;=ßka hdka;%sl Yla;sh (mechanical energy)
ms<sn|j fuys § idlÉPd flf¾' hdka;%sl Yla;sh" úNj Yla;sh (potential energy)
yd pd,l Yla;sh (kinetic energy) hkqfjka j¾. folls'

• pd,l Yla;sh
jia;=jl p,kh ksid tu jia;=j i;= Yla;sh pd,l Yla;sh f,i ye¢kafõ'

18'4 rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg ;sria ìul ;nk ,o ieye,a¨ fg%d,shl (B)
jÈk fia jia;=jla (A) hï m%fõ.hlska ;,a¨ lr hjkak' jia;=j jeÿkq miq fg%d,sh
hï ÿrla bÈßhg ;,a¨ ù hkq we;' oeka jeä m%fõ.hlska jia;=j ;,a¨ lr hjkak'
túg fg%d,sh jeä ÿrlg ;,a¨ ù hkq we;'
B

18'4 rEmh - jia;=jla m%fõ.hlska ;,a¨ lr heùu'

fuys § isÿjkafka ;,a¨ lr hjk ,o jia;=fõ p,kh ksid jia;=j i;= Yla;sfhka
fldgila fg%d,shg iïfm%aIKh ù fg%d,sh .uka lsÍug mgka .ekSu hs' jia;=jg
jeä wdrïNl m%fõ.hla ,nd ÿka úg fg%d,shg jeä Yla;s m%udKhla iïfm%aIKh ù
fg%d,sh jeä ÿrla .uka lrhs'
tA whqßka u úúO ialkaO iys; jia;= tlu m%fõ.fhka fgd,sh foig ;,a¨ lr
hjkak' túg jeä ialkaOhla iys; jia;=j ksid fgd,sh jeä ÿrlg .uka lrkq
Tng oelsh yels jkq we;'
ñka meyeÈ,s jkafka p,kh jk jia;=jl we;s Yla;sh" tkï pd,l Yla;sh flfrys"
jia;=fõ ialkaOh;a" m%fõ.h;a hk idOl folu n,mdk njh'
ialkaOh;a" m%fõ.h;a hk idOl folu Wmfhda.S jk my; oelafjk iólrKh"
pd,l Yla;sh .Kkh lsÍug fhdod .kq ,efí'

m - jia;=fõ ialkaOh
v - jia;=fõ m%fõ.h
Ek - pd,l Yla;sh

129 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h

jia;=fõ ialkaOfhys tall kg o" m%fõ.fhys tall m s-1 o jk úg pd,l Yla;sfha
tAll J ^cq,a& fõ'

ksoiqk 1
tla;rd jia;=jl ialkaOh 6 kg fõ' th 4 m s-1 m%fõ.hlska p,kh jk wjia:djl
tys pd,l Yla;sh .Kkh lrkak'

pd,l Yla;sh = mv2

= « 6 « 42

= 48 J

ksoiqk 2

ialkaOh 4 kg jk jia;=jla 2 m s-1 m%fõ.hlska p,kh jk fudfyd;l tys pd,l

Yla;sh .Kkh lrkak'

pd,l Yla;sh = mv2

= « 4 « 22

=8J

18'2 wNHdih

(1) n,af,l=f.a ialkaOh 10 kg ls' fuu n,a,df.a

pd,l Yla;sh 20 J jkqfha n,a,d ljr
m%fõ.hlska ÿjk úg o?

(2) 500 g ialkaOhla iys; jia;=jla tla;rd m%fõ.hlska p,kh jk fudfyd;l

tys pd,l Yla;sh 9 J fõ' tu fudfydf;a jia;=fõ m%fõ.h .Kkh lrkak'

130 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h

• úNj Yla;sh
jia;=jl msysàu wkqj fyda jia;=jl yevh fjkia ùu ksid fyda .nvd jk
Yla;sh úNj Yla;sh f,i ye¢kafõ'

jia;=jla hï Wilg Tijk úg tu jia;=j fj; hï ld¾hhla flfrhs' tkï tu

jia;=j tu msysàug f.k tAug hï Yla;shla jeh flf¾' tu Yla;sh úNj Yla;sh
f,i jia;=fõ .nvd fjhs'

18'5 rEmfha fmkajd we;s 3 kg ialkaOh 2 m Wilg tiùug l< hq;= ld¾hh
fidhuq'

3 kg

18'5 rEmh -- .=re;ajhg úreoaOj ld¾hh lsÍu

3 kg ialkaOfha nr = 3 kg « 10 m s-2 = 30 N
fuh tiùug fhÈh hq;= n,h = 30 N
Tijk Wi = 2 m
tu ksid lrkq ,nk ld¾hh = 30 N « 2 m
= 60 J

lrkq ,nk ld¾hh = nr « jia;=j Tijk isria Wi

nr = ialkaOh « .=re;ajc ;ajrKh
lrkq ,nk ld¾hh = ialkaOh « .=re;ajc ;ajrKh « jia;=j Tijk isria Wi

l< hq;= ld¾hh 60 J ksid" 2 m Wil § tys .nvd ù we;s Yla;sh 60 J fõ' tkï
2 m Wil § tys úNj Yla;sh 60 J fõ'

131 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h

 fuys § ld¾hh .=re;ajdl¾IKhg úreoaOj isÿ lrk neúka" fuu úNj
Yla;sh .=re;ajdl¾IK úNj Yla;sh f,i ye¢kafõ'

by; WodyrKfhys m hkq jia;=fõ ialkaOh o

g hkq .=re;ajc ;ajrKh iy
h hkq jia;=j tijqKq isria Wi o f,i .;aúg

úNj Yla;sh = mgh

jia;=jla by<g tiùfï § lrk ,o ld¾h m%udKh tys úNj Yla;sh f,i .nvd
jk w;r th uqod yßk úg tu úNj Yla;sh pd,l Yla;sh njg mßj¾;kh fõ'
jia;=jla msysgk isria Wi jeä jQ ;rug tys wvx.= úNj Yla;sh jeä jk nj
fmkajd §ug my; l%shdldrlfuys fhfouq'

l%shdldrlu 18'1

18'6 rEmh - Wi iu`. úNj Yla;sfha fjkia ùu

² by; rEmfha mßÈ ìu 3 cm muK Wig úysfok mßÈ tl iudk .klug lsß
ueá w;=rkak'
² jdfka f.da,hla jeks ;rula nr jia;=jla ueá mDIaGfha isg 0.5 m Wil isg
w;yßkak'
² nr jia;=j jegqKq ;ek iEÿkq jf,a .eUqr ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
² oeka kej;;a tu jia;=fõ tlu mDIaGh ueá msv iu`. .efgk mßÈ úúO Wij,a
j, isg w;yßkak'
² tu iEu wjia:djlu iEfok jf,a .eUqr ksÍlaIKh lrkak'

132 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h

jia;=j jefgk Wi jeäj;a u iEfok jf,ys .eUqr o jeä jk nj Tng fmfkkq
we;' ueá msfvys j,la iE§ug wjYH Yla;sh ,enqfKa" jegqKq jia;=j u.sks' jefgk
Wi jeäj;a u tu jia;=j i;= Yla;sh o jeä nj Tnf.a ksÍlaIK wkqj ;yjqre fõ'
ta wkqj jia;=jla msysgk Wi jeäjk ;rug tys .nvd ù we;s úNj Yla;sh o
jeäjk nj fuu ls%hdldrlfuka Tng meyeÈ,s jkakg we;'

l%shdldrlu 18'2

² ma,diaála fnda;,hla /f.k tys Wiska la muK je,s mqrjd 1 m muK Wil
isg by; mßÈ u ueá f.dvg jeàug i,iajkak'
² túg iEfok jf,ys .eUqr ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
² bkamiq ma,diaála fnda;,fha Nd.hla muK msfrk f;la je,s mqrjd fmr fiau
1 m muK Wil isg by; mßÈ u ueá f.dvg jeàug i,iajkak'

² kej; ma,diaála fnda;,hg uq`Mukska u je,s mqrjd fmr fiau tu Wi isg u

ueá f.dvg jeàug i,iajkak'

w;yßk ,o fnda;,fha ialkaOh jeäjk úg iEÿKq jf,ys .eUqr jeä jQ nj Tng

fmfkkq we;' ta wkqj jia;=jl ialkaOh jeä jk úg tys .nvd jQ úNj Yla;sh
jeä jk nj fuhska meyeÈ,s fõ'
rn¾ máhla fyda ÿkakla u; n,hla fhdod th we§fuka tys È. jeä lsÍfï §
tys yevfha fjkila isÿ jk w;r tys § lrkq ,nk ld¾hh úNj Yla;sh f,i
rn¾ máfha fyda ÿkafka .nvd fõ' fuu úNj Yla;sh m%;Hdia: úNj Yla;sh f,i
ye¢kafõ'

18'7 rEmh -- ÿkakla we§u

133 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h

;eks;,d mdrla Èf.a fõ.fhka meof.k wd nhsisl,hg 18'8 rEmfha oelafjk
wkaoug l=vd lkaola by<g .uka lrkakg isÿ jQjd hehs is;uq' nhsisl,h mÈkakd
oeka th fkdmeo isáh o uq,ska th i;= j ;snqKq fõ.h ksid nhsisl,h lkao uqÿkg
meñŒug bv we;' tfy;a tfia k.sk úg nhsisl,fha fõ.h l%ufhka wvq fõ'
tneúka nhsisl,h lkao k.sk úg th i;= pd,l Yla;sh l%u l%ufhka wvq fõ'
tfia .uka lr th lkao uqÿk miq lsÍug iu;a jQjd kï nhsisl,alreg nhsisl,h
fkdmeo u l÷ nEjqu my<g .uka lsÍug yels fõ' nhsisl,h tfia .uka lsÍfï
§ tys fõ.h l%ufhka jeä fõ' tfia nhsisl,h lkao my<g .uka lsÍfï § tys
pd,l Yla;sh jeä fõ'

18'8 rEmh -- nhsisl,hla lkaola by<g meof.k hdu

nhsisl,h ;eks;,d mdr Èf.a ú;a l÷ md uq,g <Õd jQ úg th i;=j pd,l Yla;sh
;sì‚' th lkao by<g k`.s;a u th i;= pd,l Yla;sh wjuhlg wvq jQ w;r úNj
Yla;sh Wmßuhla f;la jeä úh' l÷ uqÿk miq lsÍfuka miq th kej;;a lkao
my<g .uka lrk úg th i;= úNj Yla;sh wvq ùug;a pd,l Yla;sh jeä ùug;a
mgka .kS' pd,l Yla;sh úNj Yla;sh njg;a úNj Yla;sh h<s;a pd,l Yla;sh
njg;a mßj¾;kh úh yels nj fuu ksoiqfkka Tng meyeÈ,s jkakg we;'

B
A
18'9 rEmh -- TkaÑ,a,dj me§u

TkaÑ,a,djlA p,kh jk wdldrh Tn oel we;' 18'9 rEmfha <uhd isá my< u
uÜgu jk A ys isg B fj;g p,kh ùfï § tys pd,l Yla;sh l%ufhka wvq fjhs'

134 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h

tfy;a <uhd A uÜgfuka by<g .uka .kakd ksid tys úNj Yla;sh jeä fjhs'
t neúka <uhd A isg B fj; p,kh ùfï § th i;= pd,l Yla;sh úNj Yla;sh njg
mßj¾;kh fõ' B fj;g <Õd jQ úg tys m%fõ.h Y=kH fyhska uq¿ pd,l Yla;sh u
úNj Yla;sh njg mßj¾;kh ù we;' wk;=re j <uhd B isg A fj;g p,kh ùfï
§ tys wka;¾.; j ;snQ úNj Yla;sh kej;;a pd,l Yla;sh njg mßj¾;kh fõ'

ksoiqk 1

4 m Wil we;s 7'5 kg ialkaOhla iys; jia;=jl .=re;ajdl¾IK úNj Yla;sh

fidhkak'
.=re;ajdl¾IK úNj Yla;sh = mgh
= 7.5 kg « 10 m s-2 « 4 m
= 300 J
ksoiqk 2

200 g

4m

.il we;s f.ähl ialkaOh 200 g fõ' fmdf<dfõ isg tu f.ähg isria Wi
4 m ls' .fiys we;s tu f.äfha .=re;ajdl¾IK úNj Yla;sh fidhkak'

.=re;ajdl¾IK úNj Yla;sh = mgh

= 200 kg « 10 m s-2 « 4 m
1000
= 8J

tÈfkod Ôú;fha § úNj Yla;sh fhdod .kakd wjia:d

01' by< c,dYj, .nvd lr.;a c,h my<g .,d taug i,iajd" tu c,fha úNj
Yla;sh pd,l Yla;sh njg yrjd tu`.ska gZnhskhla lrljd úÿ,sh ckkh lr
.kq ,efí'

135 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h

 ta ksid jia;=j tiùug fh¥ n,h = 50 N
ti jQ Wi = 8 m
flreKq ld¾hh = 50 N « 8 m
= 400 J
400 J
cjh =
10 s

= 40 W

ksoiqk 2
100 W cjhla iys; hka;%hla ñks;a;=jl § lrk ld¾hh fldmuK o?
cjh = 100 W
= 100 J s-1
ld,h = ñks;a;= 1
= 60 s
ld¾hh
cjh =
ld,h
60 s § flreKq ld¾hh = cjh « ld,h
= 100 W « 60 s
= 100 J s-1 « 60 s
= 6000 J
ñY% wNHdih
(1) (i) <ufhla ialkaOh 4 kg jk nE.hla 1'5 m Wilg Tijhs' fuys § flreKq
ld¾hh fldmuK o? (g = 10 m s- 2)
(ii) by; lS ld¾hh lsÍu i|yd .; jQ ld,h ;;amr 3 la kï" tys § ld¾hh
lsÍfï YS>%;dj ^cjh& fldmuK o?

(2) 800 g ialkaOhla iys; jia;=jla 20 m s-1 m%fõ.fhka isriaj by<g hjk ,È'
(i) th fmdf<dfjka by<g ke.Su wdrïN jk wjia:dfõ § pd,l Yla;sh
fldmuK o?
(ii) tu jia;=j Wmßu Wig ke`.Sug .;jk ld,h fldmuK o@
(iii) th by< k.sk Wmßu Wi fldmuK o?
(iv) th k.sk Wmßu Wfia § úNj Yla;sh fldmuK o@

138 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h

 fN!;sl úoHdj

Odrd úoHq;h 19
19'1 iaÓ;s úoHq;h yd Odrd úoHq;h

úoHq;h wmg b;du jeo.;a Yla;s úfYaIhls' kQ;k f,dalfha fndfyda WmlrK
úoHq;h Ndú; fldg l%shd lrúh yels f,i ksmojd we;' WodyrK f,i úÿ,s
myka" úÿ,s bia;%slal yd úÿ,s mxld jeks WmlrK oelaúh yels h' úoHq;h uQ,sl
jYfhka iaÓ;s úoHq;h (static electricity) yd Odrd úoHq;h (current electricity) f,i
fohdldr fõ'

iaÓ;s úoHq;h hkq mßjdrl øjHj, mDIaG u; r|k .,d fkdhk úoHq;a wdfrdamK
nj Tn y;ajeks yd kujeks fY%aKsj, § wOHhkh lr we;' oeka wms iaÓ;s úoHq;fha
yeisÍu úuid n,uq'

îu nghla f.k 19'1 rEmfha fmkajd

we;s wdldrhg th" lmq frÈ lvlska îu ngh
lmq frÈ lene,a,
fyd¢ka msßueo" b;d l=vd lvodis len,s
<Õg <x lrkak' tu l=vd lvodis len,s"
lmq frÈlfvka msßueÈ îu ngh fj; 19'1 rEmh - îu nghla lmq frÈ lvl we;s,a,Su
wdl¾IKh fjkq oelsh yels h' lmq frÈ
lvlska msßfkdueÈ îu nghla o isyska lvodis len,s <Õg <x lrkak' tu îu
ngh fj; l=vd lvodis len,s wdl¾IKh fkdjk nj Tng oelsh yels h'

ma,diaála oKavla" mEkla iy mkdjla

f.k ysi fliaj, w;=,a,d" b;d isyska
lvodis len,s wi<g fyda b;d l=vd
ßðf*daï len,s wi<g <x lrkak' tajd
msßueÈ øjH fj; wdl¾IKh fõ'
msßue§fuka wdfrdamKh l< mkdjlg
b;d l=vd ßðf*daï len,s wdl¾IKh ù
we;s wkaou 19'2 rEmfha olajd we;' 19'2 rEmh - msßue§fuka wfrdamKh
ysifliaj, msßfkdueÈ ma,diaála oKavla l< mkdjlg b;d l=vd ßðf*daï len,s
wdl¾IKh ù we;s wkaou
i|yd o fï wdldrhg lr n,kak' túg
ßðf*daï len,s wdl¾IKh fkdjk nj Tng oelsh yels h'

141 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i`oydh

19'2 ikakdhl ;=<ska úÿ,sh .e,Su
² ikakdhl
uqla; bf,lafg%dak
bf,lafg%dak Odrdjlg myiqfjka .,d
hdug bv i,ik øjH" ikakdhl
(conductors) f,i ye¢kafõ' ish¨u
f,day" úoHq;h fyd¢ka ikakhkh lrhs'
;U" we¨ñkshï iy hlv jeks iEu
f,dayhla u úoHq;a ikakdhl fõ' f,day
uQ, øjHj, we;s mrudKqj, ndysr u
ljpfha bf,lafg%dakj,g myiqfjka f,day whk
bj;a ù hd yels h' f,day lene,a,l" 19'5 rEmh - f,day mrudKq j, wjidk
tfia bj;a ù .sh bf,lafg%dak úYd, ljpfha bf,lafg%dak ksoyfia mej;Su'

ixLHdjla 19'5 iy 19'6 rEmj, fmkajd

we;s wdldrhg mrudKq w;r wjldYfha wyUq f,i ießirñka mj;S' fïjd uqla;
bf,lafg%dak fyj;a ksoyia bf,lafg%dak (free electrons) f,i ye¢kafõ'

19'6 rEmh - f,dayhla ;==< uqla; bf,lafg%dak mj;sk wdldrh

f,day ;=<ska úoHq;h fyd¢ka ikakhkh ùug fya;=j ksoyia bf,lafg%dak mej;Su hs'
fufia mj;sk f,day ikakdhlhl" fofl<jr 19'7 rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg
úh<s fldaIhlg iïnkaO l< úg isÿ jk ls%hdj,sh úuid n,uq'

fldaIfha Ok w.%h

fldaIfha RK w.%h bf,lafg%dak .,k ÈYdj

19'7 rEmh - ikakdhlhla ;=<ska bf,lafg%dak .,k wdldrh

144 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i`oydh

 l%shdldrlu 19'2
wjYH øjH ( úh<s fldaI folla" ikakdhl lïì" fjda,aÜógrhla" weógrhla"
n,anhla
² 19'14 (a) rEmfha fmkajd we;af;a n,anhg úh<s fldaI fol iïnkaO l< yels"
tlsfklg fjkia wdldr ;=kls' tu wjia:d ;=fkys § u fjda,aÜógrh iïnkaO
lr we;af;a n,anfha w.% w;r úNj wka;rh uekSu i|yd h' weógrh iïnkaO
lr we;af;a n,anh ;=<ska .,k Odrdj uekSu i|yd h' 19'14 (b) rEmfha fmkajd
we;af;a tu wjia:d ;=kg wod< mßm: igyka h'
² 19'14 (a) rEmfha fmkajd we;s tla tla wjia:djg wkqj mßm: ilid n,anh
oe,afjk wdldrh ksÍlaIKh lrkak'
² ta iEu wjia:djl § u n,anfha fofl<jr úNj wka;rh iy n,anh ;=<ska
.,k Odrdj igyka lr .kak'

fjda,aÜógrh fjda,aÜógrh fjda,aÜógrh

weógrh weógrh weógrh

1 wjia:dj 2 wjia:dj 3 wjia:dj

19'14 ^a& rEmh - l%shdldrlu 19'2 i`oyd mrsm: ilik wdldrh

V V V

A A A
+ - -+ ++ + +
- - - -

1 wjia:dj 2 wjia:dj 3 wjia:dj

19'14 ^b& rEmh - tla tla wjia:dj i`oyd mrsm: igyk

149 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i`oydh

 l%shdldrlu 19'3
wjYH øjH ( ksfl%daï lïì oÕrhla" weógrhla" fjda,aÜógrhla" Odrd
kshdulhla" úh<s fldaI y;rla" iïnkaOl lïì" iaúÉphla'
² fjda,aÜógrhla Ndú; lrkafka ikakdhlhg tkï" ksfl%daï lïì oÕrhg
n,mdk úNj wka;rh uek .ekSug hs'
² weógrh fhdod .kafka ikakdhlh ^ksfl%daï lïì oÕrh& ;=<ska .,d hk úoHq;a
Odrdj uek .ekSu i|yd h'
² Odrd kshdulhla ^19'15 rEmh& fhdod .kafka th
iSreudre lrñka ksfl%daï lïì oÕrhg n,mdk
úNj wka;rh yd th ;=<ska .,k Odrdj fjkia
lr .ekSug hs' Odrd kshdulfha mßm: ixfla;h
fõ'

19'15 rEmh - Odrd kshdulh

² imhd.;a Wmdx. Ndú; lr 19'16 mßm: igyfkka oelafjk mßm:h ilikak'

V

ksfl%daï oÕrh
6V S
A

19'16 rEmh - mÍlaIKh i|yd mßm: igyk

² iaúÉph (S) ixjD; lr fjda,aÜógr mdGdxlh o weógr mdGdxlh o yels

blaukska ,ndf.k iaúÉph újD; lrkak' iaúÉph ixjD; l< ú.i u mdGdxl
,ndf.k iaúÉph újD; l< hq;af;a ksfl%daï lïì oÕrfha WIaK;ajh jeä úh
yels neúks' fuys WIaK;ajh ksh; j u ;ndf.k fuu l%shdldrlu l< hq;=
h'

² iaj,am fõ,djlg miq Odrd kshdulh u|la iSreudre lr h<s iaúÉph ixjD;
lr ;j;a mdGdxlhla ,nd .kak'
² fufia mdGdxl mylaj;a ,nd .kak'

151 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i`oydh

m%;sfrdaOh uekSug Ndú; lrk WmlrKh ´ï ógrh (Ohm meter) kï fõ'

Tn by; ls%hdldrlfï § ,nd .;a o;a; Wmfhda.S fldgf.k m%ia;drhl y wlaIfha

úNj wka;rh;a" x wlaIfha Odrdj;a i,l=Kq lr m%ia;drhla wekao úg th 19'18
rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrh .kS'

V (V)

o I (A)

19'18 rEmh - Odrdj iuÕ úNj wka;rh fjkia jk wdldrh

ksoiqk 1

mßm:hlg iïnkaO lr we;s m%;sfrdaOh 6 Ω jk n,anhla ;=,ska 1'5 A Odrdjla

.,d hhs kï tys fofl<jr úNj wka;rh fidhkak'

n,anh ;=<ska .,k Odrdj i`oyd V = IR fh§fuka

V = 1.5 × 6
n,anfha fofl<jr úNj wka;rh = 9.0 V

19'2 wNHdih
1' n,anhla 12 V úÿ,s iemhqulg iïnkaO l< úg ta ;=<ska 0'5 A Odrdjla .,hs'
tu wjia:dfõ tu n,anfha iQ;%sldfõ m%;sfrdaOh fldmuK o@
2' ksfl%daï lïì oÕrhl m%;sfrdaOh 10 Ω fõ' th úÿ,s iemhqulg iïnkaO
l< úg 0'6 A Odrdjla .,hs' ksfl%daï lïì oÕrh iïnkaO lr we;s úÿ,s
iemhqfï w.% w;r úNj wka;rh fldmuK o@
3' ksfl%daï lïì oÕrhl m%;sfrdaOh 6 Ω fõ' th 3 V úÿ,s iemhqulg iïnkaO
l< úg th ;=<ska .,k Odrdj fldmuK o@

153 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i`oydh

19'5 ikakdhlhl m%;sfrdaOh flfrys n,mdk idOl
ikakdhl lene,a,l m%;sfrdaOh my; idOl u; r`od mj;S'
(i) ikakdhl lene,af,a yrialv j¾.M,h
(ii) ikakdhl lene,af,a È.
(iii) tu ikakdhlh iE§ we;s øjHh

fuu tla tla idOlh m%;sfrdaOh i|yd n,mdk wdldrh fidhd ne,Su i|yd
l%shdldrlu 19'4 isÿ lruq'

l%shdldrlu 19'4

wjYH øjH ( tlsfklg fjkia yrialv j¾.M,h iys; ógrhla muK È.

ksfl%daï lïì len,s 3la" jvd;au isyska ksfl%daï lïìfha È. iy
yrialv iys; ;U lïìhla yd hlv lïì len,s lsysmhla" úh<s
fldaI 2la" weógrhla" iaúÉphla" 1 m muK È. yd 20 cm muK
m<, ,E,a,la'
imhd.;a øjH Ndú;fhka 19'19 rEmfha mßÈ mßm:h ilikak'
tla tla ikakdhlfha fl<jr i`oyd X w.%h ;nñka .,dhk Odrdj igyka
lr.kak'
1
2
X
3
4
5
6
7

19'19 rEmh - ikakdhlhl m%;sfrdaOh i|yd

n,mdk idOl wOHhkh lsÍu i|yd mßm: ieliqu
by; rEmfha"
1 f,i olajd we;af;a >klu jeä ksfl%daï lïìh o
2 f,i olajd we;af;a uOHia: >klñka hq;a ksfl%daï lïìh o
3 f,i olajd we;af;a isyska ksfl%daï lïìh o
4 f,i olajd we;af;a isyska ;U lïìh o
5 f,i olajd we;af;a isyska hlv lïìh o
6 iy 7 f,i olajd we;af;a È.ska wiudk isyska hlv lïì o fõ'

154 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i`oydh

 ^4"5"6 iy 7 wjia:d i`oyd fhdod .kakd lïìj, yrialv j¾.M, tl iudk
úh hq;= h&
ikakdhlh weógr mdGdxlh ^Odrdj& $ A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

^a& 1" 2 yd 3 hk lïìj,g wod< mdGdxl Ndú;fhka ,nd.; yels ks.ukh l=ula o@
^b& 3" 4 yd 5 hk lïìj,g wod< mdGdxl i,lñka .; yels ks.ukh l=ula o@
^c& 5" 6 yd 7 hk lïìj,g wod< mdGdxl wkqj Tng l=ula lsj yels o@
ls%hdldrlu 19'4 g wkqj tla tla wjia:dfõ §" mßm:h ;=<ska .,k Odrdj tlsfklg
fjkia nj meyeÈ,s fõ' tla tla wjia:dj i`oyd Ndú; l< ikakdhlj, m%;sfrdaO
fjkia ùu óg fya;=jhs' fï wkqj ikakdhlhl m%;sfrdaOh flfrys n,mdk m%Odk
idOl 3la oelaúh yels h'
tkï" (i) ikakdhlfha yrialv j¾.M,h
(ii) ikakdhlfha È.
(iii) ikakdhlh iE§ we;s øjH fõ'
fï tl tlla m%;sfrdaOh i|yd n,mdk wdldrh my; oelafõ'
² ikakdhlfha yrialv j¾.M,h jeäjk úg m%;sfrdaOh wvqfõ'
² ikakdhlfha È. jeäjk úg m%;sfrdaOh jeä fõ'
² tl iudk È. yd iudk yrialv j¾.M,h iyss;" fjkia f,dayj,ska iE¥ lïì
follg tlu úNj wka;rh ,nd ÿkak o ikakdhl fol ;=<k s a .,k Odrd wiudk
h' Bg fya;=j tu f,day fofla zzm%;sfrdaOl;djZZ kï .=Kh fjkia ùu h' ta
wkqj tajdfha m%;sfrdaO fjkia fõ'

19'6 m%;sfrdaOl
k<hla ;=<ska .,k c, Odrdjla md,kh lsÍu i`oyd c, lrduhla fh§u isÿ l<
yels h' tys § isÿ lrkqfha c, myrg ndOdjla we;s lsÍfuka c, Odrdj md,kh
lr .ekSu hs' fï wdldrhg u ikakdhlhla ;=<ska .,k úÿ,s Odrdj o" md,kh
lr .; yels h' ta i`oyd l< hq;af;a l=ula oehs oekgu;a Tng wjfndaO jkakg
we;' mßm:hl m%;sfrdaOh jeä lsÍfuka ta ;=<ska .,k Odrdj wvq l< yels h' ´ï
f.a kshuhg wkqj V = IR. V ksh; w.hl ;nd f.k R jeäl< fyd;a I wvqfõ'
mßm:hl m%;sfrdaOh jeä lr .ekSu i`oyd Bg iïnkaO lsÍug yels úúO m%;sfrdaë
w.hkaf.ka hq;a Wmdx. ksmojd we;' fïjd m%;sfrdaOl (resistors) f,i ye`Èkafõ'
155 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i`oydh
 Odrdj

m%;sfrdaOlh

19'20 rEmh -- k<hla ;=<ska .,k c, 19'21 rEmh -- ikakdhlhla ;=<ska .,k úÿ,s Odrdj
Odrdj md,kh lsÍu m%;sfrdaOlhla u.ska md,kh lsÍu

m%;sfrdaOlj, ls%hdldß;ajh wjfndaO lr .ekSu i`oyd ls%hdldrlu 19'5 isÿ lruq'

l%shdldrlu 19'5
wjYH øjH ( l=vd úÿ,s mkaoï n,anhla" iaúÉphla" 5 Ω" 10 Ω" 20 Ω" hk
w.hkaf.ka hq;a m%;sfrdaOl" iïnkaOl lïì" úh<s fldaI folla

² 19'22 rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ mßm:h ilikak'

19'22 rEmh - l%shdldrlu 19'5 i`oyd mrsm: wegjqu

² A yd B w;rg tla m%;sfrdaOlh ne.ska ;nñka n,anh oe,aùu ksÍlaIKh
lrkak' Tnf.a ksÍlaIK my; oelafjk wdldrfha j.=jl igyka lrkak'

m%;sfrdaOl w.h n,anfha §ma;sh

5
10
20

fuu l%shdldrlfuys § m%;sfrdaOh jeä jk úg n,anfha §ma;sh wvq jk nj Tng

ksÍlaIKh l< yels h'

156 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i`oydh

 19'25 rEmh - j¾K fla; l%u uÕska iaÒr m%;sfrdaOlhl nf|ys w.h
i,l=Kq lr we;s whqre
^i& j¾K má y;rlska hq;= m%;sfrdaOl
fuu l%ufha § 19'25 rEmfha fmkajd we;s wdldrhg m%;sfrdaOlh u; j¾K má
y;rla fhdod we;' bka j¾K má ;=kla tlsfklg ióm j msysgd we;s w;r wfkl
;rula ÿßka msysghs' 19'26 rEmfhys oelafjk mßÈ ióm j msysá j¾K má ;=kla
iys; me;a; jï mig msysgk f,i ;enQ úg" jï me;af;a isg m<uq j¾K foflka
m%;sfrdaOlfha w.fha m<uq yd fojk b,lalï fol fokq ,efí'

oiia:dkh tlia:dkh oyfha iyk w.h

n,fha
o¾Ylh
19'26 rEmh - j¾K má 4 la iys; m%;sfrdaOl
tla tla j¾Khg wod< w.h 19'1 j.=fjys oelafõ' ;=kajk j¾K máhg wod<
w.fhka m<uq j¾K má fol u.ska olajk ixLHdj .=K l< hq;= oyfha mdofha
o¾Ylh ,efí' fuu o¾Ylfha w.h 19'1 j.=fjys m<uq ;Srefõ oelafjk wxlfha
w.hg iudk fõ' fuhg wu;rj rka iy ߧ j¾Khka i|yd o¾Ylfha w.h
ms<sfj<ska -1 iy -2 fõ' tkï oYu w.hkaf.ka hq;a m%;sfrdaë w.hka oelaùug
rka fyda ߧ j¾K Ndú; flfrhs' ol=Kq mi fjku msysá j¾K máh u.ska w.hka
fjkia úh yels mrdih tkï" iyk w.h oelafjhs' m%;sfrdaOl iyk w.fha j¾K
fla; 19'2 j.=fõ oelafõ'

158 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i`oydh

 19.1 j.=j - m%;sfrdaOl j¾K fla;

f;jk fyda isõjk

wxlh j¾Kh j¾K máh wkqj .=K
l< hq;= w.h
0 l`M l`M 100 = 1
1 ÿUqre 101 = 10
2 r;= 102 = 100
3 ;eô,s 103 = 1000
4 ly 104 = 10000
5 fld< 105 = 100000
6 ks,a 106 = 1000000
7 oï 107 = 10000000
8 w`M 108 = 100000000
9 iqÿ 109 = 1000000000
--1 rka 10-1 = 0.1
--2 ߧ 10-2 = 0.01

19'2 j.=j - m%;sfrdaOl iyk w.fha j¾K fla;

j¾Kh ÿUqre r;= rka ߧ j¾K máhla fhdod ke;s'

iyk w.h ± 1% ± 2% ± 5% ± 10% ± 20%

ksoiqk 1
my; oelafjkafka fjf<`ofmdf<ka ,nd.;a iaÓr m%;sfrdaOlhls'

ߧ

(i) tys m%;sfrdaë w.h fidhkak

(ii) fuu m%;sfrdaOlfha iyk w.h lSho@
(iii) fuu m%;sfrdaOlhg ;sìh yels i;H w.h mrdih l=ulao@

159 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i`oydh

 u

b, ojk

h a
n, fh
u
l q
b, ,u
úi÷u

al

al

oy
m

l
f
(i) m%;sfrdaOlfha w.h ÿUqre l`M r;=
1 0 102
= 1000 Ω

(ii) m%;sfrdaOlfha iyk w.h = 10]

(iii) iyk w.h = 10]
10
w.h fjkiajk m%udKh = 1000« 100 = 100 Ω

m%;sfrdaOlfha i;H w.h

;sìh yels mrdih = (1000-100) Ω - (1000 +100) Ω
= 900 Ω - 1100 Ω

19'3 wNHdih

1' ;eô,s" ;eô,s" ly iy rka f,i j¾K ;Sre y;rla igyka lr we;s m%;sfrdaOlhla
Tng imhd we;'

(i) m%;sfrdaOlfha w.h fidhkak'

(ii) tys iyk w.h fldmuKo@
(iii) m%;sfrdaOlh i`oyd ;sìh yels w.h mrdih .Kkh lrkak'

² úp,H m%;sfrdaOl
wjYH mßÈ w.h fjkia lr.; yels f,i ilid we;s m%;sfrdaOl úp,H m%;sfrdaOl
(variable resistors) kñka ye¢kafõ' úp,H m%;sfrdaOl w;ska fyda kshkla Ndú;fhka
fyda lerleùfuka ke;fyd;a iSre udre lsÍfuka w.h fjkia l< yels h' fmr
ieliqï m%;sfrdaOl" Odrd kshdul iy y~ md,l wdÈ f,i úp,H m%;sfrdaOl j¾.
lsysmhla fõ'
19'27 ^a& rEmfha úp,H m%;sfrdaOl lsysmhla o" 19'27 ^b& rEmfha úp,H m%;sfrdaOl
i|yd Ndú; jk ixfla; o olajd we;'

160 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i`oydh

 Odrd kshdulh fmr ieliqï m%;sfrdaOlh y~ md,lh
(Volume controller)
N%uKh l< yels
úp,H m%;sfrdaOlhla
19'27 ^a& rEmh -- úúO j¾.j, úp,H m%;sfrdaOl

19'27 ^b& rEmh - úp,H m%;sfrdaOl i|yd ixfla;

úp,H m%;sfrdaOl" .=jka úÿ,s hka;%j, y`v md,kh lsÍu" úúO bf,lafg%daksl
mßm:j, iSreudre lsÍu iy úoHd.dr mÍlaIKj, § Odrdj fjkia lsÍu jeks
wjia:dj, § Ndú; flfrhs'

² wdf,dal ixfõ§ m%;sfrdaOl

leâñhï i,a*hsâ jeks úfYaI ridhk øjH Ndú; lr wdf,dal ixfõ§ m%;sfrdaOl
(Light Dependent Resistors - LDR) ilia lr we;' ta u;g jefgk wdf,dalfha
;sõr;dj wkqj tys m%;sfrdaOh fjkiaùu isÿ fõ'

wdf,dalh wvq jk úg tkï w÷f¾ §" fuu m%;sfrdaOlj, m%;sfrdaOh jeä fõ'
wdf,dalh we;s úg fuu m%;sfrdaOlj, m%;sfrdaOh wvq fõ' wdf,dal uÜgu wkqj
ls%hd;aul úh hq;= WmlrK md,kh lrk mßm: i|yd fuu m%;sfrdaOl fhdod
.efkhs'

161 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i`oydh

 (a)

(b)
19'28 rEmh - (a) wdf,dalhg ixfõ§ m%;sfrdaOl ixfla; (b) ndysr fmkqu

19'7 m%;sfrdaOl moaO;s

mßm:hl .,k Odrdj wjYH mßÈ md,kh lsÍu i|yd m%;sfrdaOl fhdod .efkhs'
wjYH m%;sfrdaë w.h iys; ;ks m%;sfrdaOlhla imhd .ekSug wmyiq wjia:dj,
m%;sfrdaOl lsysmhla iïnkaO lsÍfuka wjYH m%;sfrdaë w.h idod .; yels h' fï
i|yd m%;sfrdaOl iïnkaO lrk uQ,sl wdldr folls'

1' fY%a‚.; (series) m%;sfrdaOl ieliqu'

2' iudka;r.; (parallel) m%;sfrdaOl ieliqu'

fY%a‚.; m%;sfrdaOl ieliqu

mßm:fha iEu m%;sfrdaOlhla u yryd uq`M Odrdj u .,d hk mßÈ iïnkaO
lsÍu" m%;sfrdaOl fY%a‚.; iïnkaO lsÍu f,i ye¢kafõ' mßm:hl R1, R2, yd R3
m%;sfrdaOl ;=kla fY%a‚.; j iïnkaO lr we;s wdldrh 19'29 rEmfha olajd we;'

R1 R2 R3

A
I
19'29 rEmh - mßm:hl fY%a‚.; m%;sfrdaOl ieliqu
mßm:h ;=<ska .,k Odrdj I f,i .;a úg" V = IR wkqj"

R1 m%;sfrdaOlfha fofl<jr úNj wka;rh } I.R1

R2 m%;sfrdaOlfha fofl<jr úNj wka;rh } I.R2

R3 m%;sfrdaOlfha fofl<jr úNj wka;rh } I.R3

162 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i`oydh
m%;sfrdaOl fYa%‚.; j iïnkaO lr we;s úg" fuu m%;sfrdaOl yryd we;s úNj
wka;rhkaf.a tl;=j" iemhqï úNj wka;rhg iudk úh hq;= h'

fï wkqj"

V = IR = I.R1 + I.R2 + I.R3

R = R1+ R2+ R3 (R hkqq iul m%;sfrdaOh fõ')

iul m%;sfrdaOh hkq iïnkaO lr we;s m%;sfrdaOl ish,a, fjkqjg fhÈh yels ;ks
m%;sfrdaOlfha w.hhs' m%;sfrdaOl fYa%‚.;j iïnkaO lr we;s úg iul m%;sfrdaOh
iudk jkafka m%;sfrdaOl ish,af,a w.hkaf.a tl;=jghs'

ksoiqk 1
rEmfha oelafjkqfha 10 Ω m%;sfrdaOlhla yd 2 Ω m%;sfrdaOlhla 6 V úÿ,s iemhqulg
iïnkaO lr we;s wdldrhhs'

10 Ω 2Ω

6V

(i) moaO;sfha iul m%;sfrdaOh fidhkak'

(ii) mßm:h ;=<ska .,k Odrdj fldmuK o?

úi÷u
(i) iul m%;sfrdaOh = R1+ R2
= 10 Ω + 2 Ω
= 12 Ω

(ii) mßm:h ;=<ska .,k Odrdj fiùug mßm:hg V = IR fhdouq'

163 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i`oydh

iudka;r.; m%;sfrdaOl ieliqu
mßm:fha uq¿ Odrdj m%;sfrdaOl w;r fn§hk wdldrhg iïnkaO lsÍu" m%;sfrdaOl
iudka;r.; iïnkaO lsÍu f,i ye¢kafõ' mßm:hl R1, R2, yd R3 m%;sfrdaOl
;=kla iudka;r.;j iïnkaO lr we;s wdldrh 19'30 rEmfha olajd we;'
R1

I1
R2

I2
R3

I3 I
I

V
19'30 rEmh - mßm:hl iudka;r.; iïnkaOh
fuys § mßm:h ;=<ska .,k Odrdj fldgiaj,g fn§ tla tla m%;sfrdaOlh ;=<ska
.,hs' tkï" tla tla m%;sfrdaOlh ;=<ska .,k Odrdj, tl;=j mßm:h ;=<ska .,k
uq`M Odrdjg iudk neúka"
I = I1+I2+I3
V
´ïf.a kshuhg wkqj Odrdj i|yd wdfoaY lsÍfuka"
R
V V V V
= + + ,efí'
R R1 R2 R3
fuys R hkq iul m%;sfrdaOh fõ' ñka meyeÈ,s jkafka iudka;r.; iïnkaOfha
iul m%;sfrdaOh u.ska .Kkh l< yels nj hs'

iudka;r.; f,i m%;sfrdaOl iïnkaO lr we;s moaO;shl iul m%;sfrdaOfhys

mriamrh tla tla m%;sfrdaOlj, w.hkays mriamrj, tl;=jg iudk fõ'

ksoiqk 1

12 yd 6 m%;sfrdaOl folla iudka;r.; f,i iúlr we;s moaO;shl rEm

igykla my; oelafõ'
(i) moaO;sfha iul m%;sfrdaOh fidhkak'
(ii) moaO;sfha .,k Odrdj fidhkak'
(iii) tla tla m%;sfrdaOlh yryd .,k Odrdj fldmuKo?

164 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i`oydh

 12

6V

(i) moaO;sfha iul m%;sfrdaOh R kï"

1 1 1
= +
R R1 R2
1 1
= +
12 6
1+ 2
=
12
1 3
=
R 12
R=4Ω

(ii) moaO;sfha .,k Odrdj i`oyd V=IR fh§fuka"

=

6
=
4
= 1.5 A

(iii) 12 Ω m%;sfrdaOlh yryd .,k Odrdj fidhuq' 12 Ω yryd úNj wka;rh 6 V

neúka"
V
I =
R
6
= 12

= 0.5 A

165 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i`oydh

6 Ω m%;sfrdaOlh yryd .,k Odrdj fidhuq' 6 Ω m%;sfrdaOlh yryd úNj wka;rh
6 V neúka"
V = IR fhdouq
I =V
R
=6
6
I =1A

19'4 wNHdih
(1) rejkag 3 Ω yd 40 Ω ne.ska jk m%;sfrdaOl folla wjYH ù we;' kuq;a Tyqg
fidhd .; yels jQfha 20 Ω yd 9 Ω m%;sfrdaOl muKs'
(i) by; m%;sfrdaOl Ndú; fldg 3 Ω w.fhka hq;a m%;sfrdaO moaO;shla idod
.kakd whqre fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
(ii) tu m%;sfrdaOl fhdod idok ,o 40 Ω m%;sfrdaOl moaO;shl rEm igyk
ixfla; u.ska we| olajkak'
(2) rEmfha oelafjkafka úúO iQ;%sld m%;sfrdaOj,ska hq;a n,an ;=kla Ndú;fhka
ieliQ mßm:hls' tys fofl<jrg 12 V úNj wka;rhla imhd we;'
iïnkaOl lïì j, m%;sfrdaOh fkdi,ld yeßh yelsh'
6 Ω A1
B2 R
P 20 Ω Q
B1 12 Ω A2
B3
A3

12 V

(i) Q iy R w;r iul m%;sfrdaOh fldmuKo@

(ii) P iy R w;r iul m%;sfrdaOh fidhkak'
(iii) mßm:h ;=<ska .,k uq¿ Odrdj oelafjkafka l=uk weógrfha mdGdxlfhkao@
(iv) mßm:h ;=<ska .,k uq¿ Odrdj fidhkak'
(v) P iy Q w;r úNj wka;rh fldmuKo@
(vi) Q iy R w;r úNj wka;rh fidhkak'
(vii) B1 n,anh ;=<ska .,k Odrdj fldmuKo@
(viii) B2 n,anh oeù .shfyd;a mßm:h ;=,ska .,k Odrdj .Kkh lrkak'

166 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i`oydh

 wu;r ±kqug
úÿ,sh Ndú;fha § wdrCIdldÍ fjuq'
úoHq;a lïmk / úÿ,sier je§u (Electric Shock)
ñksia isrer yryd bf,lafg%dak .,dhEula isÿ jQ úg úoHq;a lïmk we;s fõ' úoHq;a
Odrdjla we;s ùu i|yd ixjD; mßm:hla yd úNj wka;rhla mej;Su w;HjYH fõ'
úoHq;a Odrdjg we;=`Mùug iy msgùug foayh
u; ia:dk folla fkdue;s úg úoHq;a
lïmkh ms<sn| wjodkula fkdue;' 19'31
rEmfha oelafjk l=re,a,d wê n,e;s úÿ,s
/yekla u; úÿ,s ier fkdje§ isàug fya;=j
u|la is;d n,kak' fuu l=re,a,d ia:dk
follska úÿ,s /yek iam¾Y l< o tu ia:dk
fol iudk úNjhl mj;S' tkï úNj
wka;rhla fkdue;s ùu ksid l=re,a,df.a
isrer yryd bf,lafg%dak .,d hEula isÿ
fkdfõ' tkï l=re,a,dg úÿ,s ier fkdj§'
19'31 rEmh - úÿ,s /yekla u; isák
l=re,af,la
úoHq;a Odrdjg ñksia isrer ;=<g we;+¿ùug
iy bka msgùug ia:dk folla mj;sk úg
úoHq;a lïmkhla we;s úh yels h' tkï"
iÔù úÿ,s /yekla tla ia:dkhlska ñksia
isrer iam¾Y lrk úg ñksid mdjyka rys;j
fmd<j iuÕ iïnkaO ù isà kï Tyqg úÿ,s
ier jefoa' fufia jkafka úÿ,sh ñksia isrer
iam¾Y lrk ia:dk fol w;r úNjfha
19'32 rEmh fjkila ^úNj wka;rhla& mj;sk neúks'
tkï úÿ,s /yek iy fmdf<dj w;r
iïnkaO;djla f.dvke.Su ksid ixjD; úÿ,s mßm:hla we;s fõ' iÔù úÿ,s
/yefkka ñksidf.a isrerg we;=¿jk úÿ,sh Tyqf.a mdo yryd N+.; fõ' tkï
hï whl-= ;ks úÿ,s /yekla iam¾Y lsÍu ydksodhl fkdjkafka hhs is;Su jerÈ
nj oeka Tng jegfykq we;'

´ï kshuh yd úÿ,s wdrlaIdj

úÿ,s wk;=rl § urKh f.k fokafka
úoHq;a úNj wka;rh o@ ke;skï
úoHq;a Odrdjo@

167 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i`oydh

úÿ,s wdrlaIdj ms<sn| j is;Sug fm<fUk ´kE u whl=g we;s jk fmdÿ .eg¿j
thhs' úoHq;a Odrdj urKh f.kfok nj is;Sug iy th i;H nj ;yjqre lsÍug
idlaIs we;' tfy;a fjda,aàh;dj wk;=reodhl fkdjkafka kï wk;=reodhl wê
fjda,aàh;d úÿ,s /yeka ms<sn| i,l=Kqj, wruqK l=ulaúh yels o@

wms fuh ´ï kshuh Ndú;fhka úi£ug W;aidy lruq'

fjda,aàh;dj" úoHq;a Odrdj iy m%;sfrdaOh i|yd ´ï kshuh fh¥ úg my;

oelafjk iólrKh ,efí'

V
I=
R

úÿ,s wk;=rl § YÍrh yryd .uka lrk Odrdj hkq YÍrfha hï ,laIH folla
yryd we;sjk úNj wka;rh tu ,laIH fol w;r m%;sfrdaOfhka fnÿ úg ,efnk
w.hhs'

wê fjda,aàh;djh hkq úYd, úoHq;a Odrdjla we;s lsÍug iu;a m%n, úoHq;a úNjhls'
úoHq;a wdfrdamK mqoa.,hl=f.a YÍrh yryd .uka lsÍug fjda,aàh;djla wjYH
fõ' tfuka u mqoa.,hl=f.a YÍrh úoHq;a Odrdjg olajk m%;sfrdaOh iïnkaOfhka
o ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h' YÍrfha ia:dk folla w;r mj;sk úNj fjki jeäj;au
§ we;s m%;sfrdaOhlg wkqj YÍrh yryd úoHq;a Odrdj .uka lsÍug we;s yelshdj
jeä fõ' tneúka wêl fjda,aàh;djla we;súg § úYd, úoHq;a Odrdjla Tnf.a
YÍrh yryd .uka lsÍfuka Tng ;=jd, isÿùug fyda ñh hdug mq¿jk' m%;sf,dau
jYfhka YÍrh" úÿ,s Odrdjg wêl m%;sfrdaOhla olajk úg § mj;sk fjda,aàh;dj
wkqj YÍrh yryd wvq úÿ,s Odrdjla .uka lsÍu isÿ fõ'

YÍrh u.ska olajk m%;sfrdaOh iEu úg u ksh; fkdfõ' th mqoa.,hdf.ka

mqoa.,hdg iy ld,h wkqj o fjkia fõ' th úoHq;a wdfrdamK yd iu w;r
we;sjk iïnkaO;dj u; fjkia fõ' ñksia YÍrfha jeä u m%;sfrdaOhla olajk
fldgi jkafka iuhs' ,jK iy Lkscj,ska fmdfydi;a ksid oyÈh fyd| úoHq;a
ikakdhlhla f,i ls%hdlrhs' tfuka u reêrfha we;s ridhk øjH yd ;r, j¾.
o fyd| úoHq;a ikakdhl fõ'

tneúka oyÈfhka f;;a jQ w;la fyda ifuys ;=jd, iys; fmfoila úÿ,s jhrhla
iu. .eàfï § we;sjk ydksh msßisÿ úh<s iula fyda YÍr fldgila yd iuÕ
.efgk úg we;sjk ydkshg jvd fndfyda fihska jeä h'

168 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i`oydh

 Ôj úoHdj

m%fõ‚h
20'1 Ôùka w;r mj;akd úúO;ajh
20
ffcj f,dalfha Ydl yd i;a;aj úfYaI w;súYd, ixLHdjla we;s nj Tn okafkys
h' tla úfYaIhl Ôùka ;j;a úfYaIhl Ôùkaf.ka fjka lr y÷kd .ekSu Tjqkaf.a
ndysr ,laIK ksÍCIKh lsÍfuka mq¿jk' fuu yelshdj wmg ,efnkafka tla
tla Ôù úfYAIhg wdfõ‚l jQ ,laIK msysgd ;sîu ksid h' wdfõ‚l ,laIK hkq
mrïmrdfjka mrïmrdjg iïfm%aIKh jk ,laIKhs'
tla Ôù úfYAIhlg fmdÿ jQ wdfõ‚l ,laIK ;snqK o tla úfYaIhlg wh;a yeu
Ôúfhla u tl iudk fkdfõ' my; oelafjk ksoiqka n,kak'
y iEu ñksil=f.a u YÍr ,laIK tl iudk fkdfõ' Tjqka w;r o fndfyda
fjkialï we; ^20'1 rEmh&'

20'1 rEmh - f,dalfha úúO m%foaYj,

fjfik ñksiqkaf.a úúO;ajh
Tng yuq jk n<¨ka" .srjqka jeks i;a;aj úfYaIj, i;=ka w;r o úúO;ajhla we;
^20'2 rEmh&'

20'2 rEmh - n<¨ka yd .srjqkaf.a úúO;ajh

170 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

y Tfí f.j;af;a jefjk frdai" ´lsâ jeks Ydl w;ro úúO j¾K yd úúO
m%udKj, u,a yg .kakd Ydl we; ^20'3 rEmh&'

20'3 rEmh - úúO j¾Kj, yd úúO m%udKj, frdai iy ´lsâ u,a

Tfí f.j;af;a we;s ngq" ;lald,s jeks Ydl úfYaIj, o úúO wdldrfha M, yg
.kakd wdldrh ksÍCIKh l< yels h ^20'4 rEmh&'

20'4 rEmh - úúO ;lald,s m%fNao yd úúO ngq m%fNao

oeka wms ñksia úfYaaIfha mj;akd iq,N wdfõ‚l ,laIK lsysmhla .ek fidhd
n,uq'
y ñksia úfYaIfha mj;akd iq,N wdfõ‚l ,laIK
ñksiqka w;r nyq,j olakg ,efnk wdfõ‚l ,laIK lsysmhla my; oelafjk
PdhdrEm wOHhkfhka y÷kd .ksuq'
171 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'
l,d;=rlska yuqjk wdfõKssl ,CIK o we;' thska lsysmhla my; oelafjk PdhdrEm
weiqfrka y÷kd .kak'

20'13 rEmh - noaO wx.=,s;dj - hdno weÕs,s

fol ál ÿrla p¾ufhka iïnkaO ù ;sîu'
(Syndactyly) 20'14 rEmh - nyq wx.=,s;dj - w;l fyda
mdohl weÕs,s yhla msysàu (Polydactyly)

20'16 rEmh - ÿUqre fyda ks,a weia

20'15 rEmh - we,s nj - b;d iqÿ
iula" iqÿ ysiflia yd iqÿ weis msydgq

wdfõ‚l ,laIK iïfm%aIKh ùu iEu Ôúhl=g u fmdÿ h' ñksidf.a fuka u

fjk;a i;=kaf.a yd Ydlj, o wdfõ‚l ,laIK msysgd we;' ta ms<sn|j fidhd
ne,Sug mejreu 20'1 ys fhfokak'
mejreu - 20'1
y Tfí f.j;af;a we;s Ydl lsysmhla iy Tng uqK .efik i;=ka
lsysmfokl= f;dard .kak'

y tu Ydlj, yd i;=kaf.a l,la ;siafia Tn ksÍlaIKh lrk ,o

fkdfjkia ,laIK lsysmhla y÷kdf.k jd¾;d lrkak'

Tn /ia l< f;dr;=re wkqj i;=kaf.a yfï iajNdjh" lkaj, iajNdjh" o;aj,
iajNdjh" mdoj, iajNdjh" mshdm;aj, iajNdjh" ifï j¾K rgdj iy fydfÜ
iajNdjh jeks ,laIK;a Ydlj," mqIamj, j¾Kh" lr,aj, iajNdjh" îcj,
iajNdjh" M,j, rih iy Wi ñá nj jeks ,laIK;a wdfõKsl tajd nj meyeÈ,s
jkq we;'

174 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

Tyq f.j;= uE Ydlfha mriamr ,laIK hq.,a y;la mÍlaId lf<a h' Tyq mÍlaId
lf<a jrlg tla ,laIK hq.,la ne.sks' Wi yd ñá ,laIK hq., iïnkaOfhka
fukav,a wkq.ukh l< l%shd ud¾.h fufia h'
y kquqyqï Wi Ydl yd kquqyqï ñá Ydl fnda lr .ekSu' fuu Ydl fouõmsh
mrïmrdj fyj;a P f,i kï lrk ,§'
y Wi Ydlj, mrd. ñá Ydlj, l,xl u; iy ñá Ydlj, mrd. Wi Ydlj,
l,xl u; ;ekam;a lsÍu'
y fufia mr-mrd.Kfhka ,nd.;a lr,aj, îc isgqùfuka Ydl ,nd .ekSu'
fuu Ydl ish,a, Wi tajd jQ w;r F1 mrïmrdj f,i yÿkajk ,§'
y F1 mrïmrdfõ Ydl w;r iaj-mrd.Kh isÿ ùug bvyeÍu'
y túg ,enqKq îc isgqùfuka F2 Ydl mrïmrdj ,nd.ekSu' fuu mrïmrdfõ
Wi ( ñá Ydl wkqmd;h wdikak jYfhka 3 : 1 la úh'
F1 mrïmrdfõ Ydl ish,a, Wi tajd ùfuka ñá ,laIKhg l=ula ùo hkak
fukav,ag .eg¨jla úh' fukav,af.a u;h wkqj Wi ,laIK m%uqL ù ñá
,laIK ks,Sk úh'
F1 mrïmrdfõ § ks,Skj ;snQ ñá ,laIKh F2 mrïmrdfõ § kej; olakg ,eîu
jeo.;a ksÍlaIKhla úh' fukav,a ish mÍlaIKj, § m%;súreoaO ,laIK
hq.,hlska tla ,laIKhla ne.ska muKla m%fõ‚.; jk wdldrh i,ld
n,k ,o ksid th taldx. uqyqu f,i ye¢kafõ'

mejreu - 20'2
fukav,a ;u ks.uk ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd jeä wjia:d .Kkla ,nd
.ekSug iEu wjia:djl§ u Ydl idïm, úYd, ixLHdjla fhdod
f.k ;sîu fl;rï úÿyqreoe hs i,ld n,kak' fukav,af.a mÍlaIK
ls%hdj,sh úoHd;aul l%uhg wkqrEm jk wdldrh ú.%y lr n,kak'

y taldx. uqyqul ,laIK m%fõ‚.; jk rgdj

by; wdldrhg fukav,a ish f.j;= uE Ydlfha ,CIK y;la i|yd fjka fjka
jYfhka lrk ,o taldx. uqyqïj, m%;sM, my; j.=fõ olajd we;'

176 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

 20'1 j.=j fukav,af.a mÍlaIKj, m%;sM,

3(1

by; m%;sM, i,ld ne,Sfï § fmkS hkafka tu ,laIK ish,a, u tlu rgdjlg
wdfõ‚l jk njhs' F1 mrïmrdfõ § tla ,laIKhla iïmQ¾Kfhka hgm;ajk
w;r F2 mrïmrdfõ § tu ,laIKh kej;;a biau;= úh' th ks,Sk ,laIKhhs'
mrïmrd foflaa§u ,enqfKa P mrïmrdfõ ;snQ ,laIK foflka tlla iys; Ydl
mu‚' w;rueÈ ,CIK iys; Ydl fkd,eìK' fuhg fya;=j f.j;= uE Ydlfha tla
,laIKhla ;SrKh lsÍu i|yd tlska tlg fjkia idOl (factors) folla ;sîu nj
fukav,af.a woyi úh'
fuu idOl ksrEmKh lsÍug m%fõ‚ úoHdfõ § ixfla; Ndú; flf¾' m%uqL idOlh
(dominant factor) bx.S%is lemsg,a wl=rlska o ks,Sk idOlh (recessive factor) bx.S%is
isïm,a wl=rlska o oelaùu iïu;h hs'

177 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

fï wkqj"

» Wi ,laIKh i|yd T o
» ñá ,laIKh i|yd t o Ndú; flf¾'
iEu m%fõ‚ ,laIKhla i|yd u idOl hq.,hla we;s ksid"
y kquqyqï Wi Ydl" TT f,i o"
y kquqyqï ñá Ydl" tt f,i o"
y ñá ,laIK ks,Skj we;s Wi Ydl Tt f,i o oelaúh yels h '
idOl hq., tl iudk wjia:d ^TT, tt& iuhq.aul f,i o" idOl hq., fjkia
wjia:d (Tt) úIu hq.aul f,i o ye`Èkafõ' fuu ixfla; fhdod f.k f.j;= uE
Ydlfha Wi x ñá taldx. uqyqul § ,laIK m%fõ‚.; jk wdldrh fufia oelaúh
yels h' ^20'19 (a) rEmh&

F2 mrïmrdj we;sjk wdldrh oelaùug mkÜ keue;s m%fõ‚ úoHd{hl= úiska

fhdackd l< mkÜ fldgqj (Punnett Square) fhdod .kakd wdldrh 20'19 ^b&
rEmfhka olajd we;'

P mrïmrdj TT tt

P mrïmrdj TT x tt
ckaudKq
ckaudKq T t
F1 mrïmrdj Tt
F1 mrïmrdj Tt x Tt

ckaudKq
ckaudKq T t T t
TT Tt
F2 mrïmrdj F2mrïmrdj
TT Tt Tt tt
Tt tt

(a) (b)

20'19 rEmh - f.j;= uE Ydlfha taldx. m%fõ‚h

178 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

 mejreu - 20'3
y f.j;= uE Ydlfha fjk;a m%;súreoaO ,laIK hq.,hla f;dard .kak'
ta i|yd 20'1 j.=j Woõ lr .kak'
y tu ,laIKh i|yd kquqyqï m%uqL ,laIKh iys; Ydlh iy kquqyqï
ks,Sk ,laIKh iys; Ydlh iqÿiq ixfla;j,ska olajkak'
y taldx. uqyqul ,laIK m%fõ‚.; jk wdldrh oelafjk" mkÜ
fldgqj" (Punnett Square) f.dv k.kak'

y wdfõ‚h iïnkaO rgd iïNdú;dj weiqßka myod §u

´kEu fjkia jia;= hq.,hla wyUq f,i (Randomly) ixfhdackh l< úg we;sjk
m%;sM,h fmdÿ rgdjla wkqj isÿfõ' WodyrKhla f,i x yd y hk jia;= fol wyUq
f,i ixfhdackh jk rgdj my; oelafõ'

cklhska ;=< mj;sk ,CIK folla cks;hskag wdfõ‚l ùu isÿ jkafka o wyUq
f,i h' fuu wyUqj we;sùfï iïNdú;dj y÷kd .ekSug my;
(x + y) (x + y)
i|yka l%shdldrlfuys fhfokak' ^iïNdú;dj hkq hï isoaêhla
xx + xy + xy + yy isÿùug we;s bvlvhs'&

l%shdldrlu - 20'2

mn¿ mÍlaIKfhka ,efnk iïNdú;d rgd y÷kd .ekSu

y mka;sh l=vd lKaavdhï 4-$5 lg fnokak'

y tla tla lKavdhug iqÿ (W) mn¿ 50 la iy r;= (R) mn¿ 50l ñY%Khla
wvx.= lrk ,o n÷ka fol ne.ska ,nd fokak' ^mn¿ fjkqjg j¾K
foll fnd;a;ï" îc wdÈh o fhdod .; yels h'&
y n÷ka foflka u tlajrlg wyUq f,i mn¿j ne.ska f.k mn¿ foflys
j¾Khg wod< ;Srfha m%.Kk ,l=Kla fhdod igyka lrf.k mn¿
fol kej; tu n÷ka folgu oukak'
y kej; by; l%shdj,sh 50 jdrhla muK isÿ lrkak'
y lKavdhï wkdjrK mka;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'

179 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

 RR RW WR WW
1 lKAvdhu
2 lKAvdhu ''' ''' ''' '''

tl;=j ''' ''' ''' '''

Tfí lKavdhug ,enqKq m%;sM, j.=fõ oelafjk wdldrhg m%.Kk ,l=Kq
j,ska igyka fldg"
n÷ka foflka"
i. r;=-r;= ,enqKq jdr .Kk yd r;=-r;= ,eîfï iïNdú;dj
ii. r;=-iqÿ ,enqKq jdr .Kk yd r;=-iqÿ ,eîfï iïNdú;dj
iii. iqÿ-r;= ,enqKq jdr .Kk yd iqÿ- r;= ,eîfï iïNdú;dj
iv. iqÿ-iqÿ ,enqKq jdr .Kk yd iqÿ-iqÿ ,eîfï iïNdú;dj .Kkh lrkak'
tu iïNdú;d w.hka fhdodf.k RR : RW : WR : WW wkqmd;h
fidhkak'

mn¿ wdYs%; l%shdldrlfï iïNdú;d m%;sM, weiqßka fukav,af.a mÍlaIKfha m%;sM,

úYaf,aIKh lr n,uq'
m<uq n÷fkka yd fojk n÷fkka"
i). r;=-r;= ,eîfï iïNdú;dj = 1/4
ii). iqÿ-iqÿ ,eîfï iïNdú;dj = 1/4
iii). r;=-iqÿ ,eîfï iïNdú;dj = 1/4
iv). iqÿ-r;= ,eîfï iïNdú;dj = 1/4
(ii) yd (iii) hk wjia:d folu tlu isoaêh olajk ksid iïNdú;dj kej; fufia
,súh yels h'
Ndck foflka"
i). r;=-r;= ,eîfï iïNdú;dj = 1/4
ii). iqÿ-iqÿ ,eîfï iïNdú;dj = 1/4
iii). iqÿ-r;= ,eîfï iïNdú;dj = 1/4 +1/4 = 2/4
tu ksid iïNdú;d w;r wkqmd;h = 1/4 :2/4 :1/4 = 1:2:1
fukav,af.a taldx. uqyqu wkqj F2 mrïmrdfõ § ,efnk TT, Tt, tt m%fõ‚o¾Y w;r
wkqmd;h 1(2(1 ls'
fï wkqj mn¿ mÍlaIKfha iïNdú;d w;r wkqmd;h;a F2 mrïmrdfõ m%fõ‚o¾Y
w;r wkqmd;h;a iudk nj fmfka'
180 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'
y rEmdkqo¾Yh yd m%fõ‚o¾Yh
Ôúhl=f.a ndysr jYfhka m%ldY jk ,laIKh rEmdkqo¾Yh (phenotype) f,i
ye¢kafõ' tu ,laIKh ;SrKh lsÍu i|yd Ôúhd ;=< we;s cdk ixhq;sh tu
Ôúhdf.a m%fõ‚o¾Yh (genotype) f,i ye¢kafõ'
ksoiqka (-
y jgl=re îc iys; úIu hq.aul f.j;= uE Ydlfha rEmdkqo¾Yh îcj, jgl=re
njhs' tys m%fõKso¾Yh Rr h'
y jgl=re îc iys; iuhq.aul f.j;= uE Ydlfha rEmdkqo¾Yh îcj, jgl=re
njhs' tys m%fõKso¾Yh RR h'
y /<s jegqKq îc iys; iuhq.aul f.j;= uE Ydlfha rEmdkqo¾Yh îcj, /<s
jegqKq njhs' tys m%fõKso¾Yh rr h'
y m%fõ‚l øjHfha iajNdjh yd cdk
Ôùkaf.a ,laIK mrïmrdfjka mrïmrdjg iïfm%aIKh flfrk m%fõKsl øjH
f,i l%shd lrkafka j¾Kfoayj, wvx.= äTlais rhsfnda kshqlaf,hsla wï,h (DNA)
kï jQ ffcj wKq nj úoHd{hska úiska fidhd f.k we;' DNA wKqfõ oaú;aj
fy,slaiSh wdlD;sh y÷kajd ÿkafka 1953 § fjdÜika yd l%sla hk úoHd{hka fofokd
úisks'
wu;r oekqug
DNA wKq jla hkq oCIsKdj¾;j
jdyl ksfrdaweUreKq
. odu follska iukaú; jQ tlsfklg m%;súreoaO
ÈYdj,g.eyeKs
Èfjkh (Anti-parallel) msoaßñhd
ú;aj fy,slaiSh jHqyhls' fuu odu fol hd ù we;af;a"
weäkSka- ;hsñka" ihsfgdiska - .=jekSska hk Niau ixfhdack hq.,a u.sks' fuu ixfhdack"
DNA wKqfõ oelafjkafka A-T, C-G hk wdldr foflks' ^20'20 rEmh& weäkSka i|yd A o"
;hsñka i|yd T o" ihsfgdiSka i|yd C o" .=jekska i|yd G o fhdod we;'

iSks yd fmdiafmaÜ
fmdiafmaÜ ldKav
ldKavj,ska hq;a odu fol

iSks ldKav

NIau hq.,a

20'20 rEmh - DNA wKqjl oaú;aj fy,slaiSh wdlD;sh

182 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

DNA wKqfõ odu fol hd lrk Niau hq., ielfik wkqms<sfj, u; fkdfhl=;a
m%fõ‚l f;dr;=re .nvd lsÍu isÿ fõ' Ôùkaf.a ,laIK ks¾Kh flfrkafka Niau
hq., msysgk fuu wkqms<sfj< wkqj h' ta wkqj cdkhla hkq hï ,laIKhla i|yd
j. lshkakd jQ DNA wKqjl msysá ksYaÑ; Niau wkqms<sfj<ls' fjk;a wdldrhlska
lshf;d;a hï ,laIKhla i|yd úfYaIs; jQ DNA wKq fldgils' Ôúhl=f.a ;sfnk
,laIK rdYshla ;SrKh flfrk yd tajd bÈß mrïmrdj,g iïfm%aIKh flfrk
cdk w;súYd, ixLHdjla j¾Kfoayhla u; msysghs' ´kEu cdkhla j¾Kfoayhla
u; msysgk ksYaÑ; ia:dkhla we;'

y cdk m%;snoaOh (Gene Linkage)

tlu ,laIK fm<la i|yd ieliqkq j¾Kfoay hq.,hla iucd; ^ium%Nj&
j¾Kfoay hq.,la f,i i,lk w;r tajd È.ska" m<,ska iy fikafg%dñhrh msysgk
ia:dkfhka tlsfklg iudk fõ' Ôúhl=g fuu iucd; j¾Kfoay hq.,h Wreu
jkafka tla j¾Kfoayhla ujf.ka o" wfkla j¾Kfoayh mshdf.ka o jYfhks' hï
lsis ,laIKhla ;SrKh flfrk cdk hq.,la msysgkafka iucd; j¾Kfoayj,
wkqrEm ia:dkj, h' ckaudKq iE§fï § fuu cdk iajdëkj úhqla; jk nj
^fjkajk nj& fukav,af.a mÍlaIKj,ska meyeÈ,s úh' fuda¾.ka keue;s úoHd{Hd
úiska o wdfõKsh ms<sn| mÍlaIK lrk ,È' tys § wkfmalaIs; rEmdkqo¾Y wkqmd;
,enqKq w;r tfia jkafka cdk iajdëkj úhqla; ùu iEu úgu isÿ fkdùu ksid
nj fidhd .;af;a h' tlu j¾Kfoayh u; msysá iajdëkj úhqla; fkdjk cdk
m%;snoaO cdk f,i Tyq úiska y`ÿkajd fok ,È'

20'4 udkj wdfõ‚h (Human Heredity)

wdfõ‚l ,laIK bÈß mrïmrdjg iïfm%aIKh ùu wdfõ‚h ^Heredity) f,i
y÷kajk w;r tu ,laIK iïfm%aIKh ùfï l%shdj,sh m%fõ‚h (Inheritance) f,i
y÷kajhs' Ôùkaf.a ,CIK bÈß mrïmrdjg iïfm%AIKh jkafka j¾Kfoay u; msysá
cdk u.ska nj Tn fï jk úg;a bf.kf.k we;' fï l%shdj,sfha § j¾Kfoay yd
cdkj, yeisÍu ms<sn|j cdk m%;snoaOfha § yd W!kk úNdckfha § i|yka flre‚'
udkj ,sx. ks¾Kfha § j¾Kfoayj, yeisÍu o wdfõ‚h hgf;a idlÉPd flf¾'

ffi,hl kHIaáfha wvx.= j¾Kfoay yevfhka yd m%udKfhka úúO jqj;a hï

Ôù úfYaIhl we;s j¾Kfoay ixLHdj ksh;hls' tu ixLHdj tu Ôù úfYAIfha
wkkH;djls' 20'2 j.=fjys olajd we;af;a úúO Ôùkaf.a kHIaá ;=< oelsh yels
j¾Kfoay ixLHdjka h'

183 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

 20'2 j.=j
Ôúhd j¾Kfoay ixLHdj Ôúhd j¾Kfoay ixLHdj
wkakdis 50 ;lald,s 24
f.j;= uE 14 wYajhd 33
r;=Ækq 16 óhd 40
nv bß`.= 20 ñksid 46
ù 24 Ñïmkaishd 48
ldma u;aiHd 104

20'5 ñksidf.a ,sx. ks¾Kh (Sex Determination)

Tfí .eyeKq nj fyda msßñ nj fyda ;SrKh jQfha flfia o hkak oek .ekSug
Tn leu;s jkq we;' th isÿjkafka ud;D yd mS;D ckaudKq ixfiapkfha § ,sx.
j¾Kfoay tlajk wdldrh wkqjh' fuu isÿùu ,sx. ks¾Kh kï fõ ,sx. ks¾Kh
isÿjk wdldrh fidhd n,uq'

ñksidf.a foay ffi,hl j¾Kfoay 46 la tkï" hq.,a 23 la we;s nj Tn oekgu;a

Wf.k we;' j¾Kfoay hq.,a w;ßka hq.,a 22 la" w,sx. j¾Kfoay ^ffoyssl j¾Kfoay&
jk w;r" b;sß j¾Kfoay hq.,h" ,sx. j¾Kfoay f,i yeÈkafõ'

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 X Y
20'21 rEmh - ia;%shlf.a w,sx. j¾K foay hq.,a 20'22 rEmh - msßñhl=f.aa w,sx. j¾Kfoay
22 yd ,sx. j¾Kfoay hq.,h hq.,a 22 yd ,sx. j¾Kfoay hq.,h

184 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

ia;%Skaf.a ,sx. j¾Kfoay hq.,g wh;a j¾Kfoay jHqyfhka yd yevfhka tl iudk
fõ' tajd X j¾Kfoay f,i yeÈkafõ' msßñkaf.a ,sx. j¾Kfoay fol tlsfklg
fjkia h' tajd X yd Y j¾Kfoay f,i ye¢ka fõ' Y j¾Kfoayh" X j¾Kfoayhg
jvd l=vd h' msßñkaf.a X j¾Kfoayh ia;%Skaf.a X j¾Kfoayhg iudk h'
,sx.sl m%ckkhg wjYH ia;%S ckaudKqjla fyj;a äïnhla äïn ud;D ffi,j,ska
we;s ùfï§;a" mqreI ckaudKq fyj;a Y=l%dKq" Y+l%dKq ud;D ffi,j,ska we;s ùfï§;a
,sx. j¾Kfoay hq., fjka fõ' fï wkqj Y+l%dKqjl fyda äïnhl ;sìh yelafla
w,sx. j¾Kfoay 22 la yd ,sx. j¾Kfoay tlla muKls' äïnhl X ,sx. j¾Kfoay
tlla muKla o Y+l%dKqjl X ,sx. j¾Kfoayhla fyda Y ,sx. j¾Kfoayhla muKla o
msysghs'
äïnhla" Y=l%dKqjla u.ska ixfiapkh jQ úg we;sjk hqla;dKqjl kHIaáfha X ,sx.
j¾Kfoay folla fyda X ,sx. j¾Kfoayhla iuÕ Y ,sx. j¾Kfoayhla msysghs'
X j¾Kfoay folla iys; hqla;dKqjlska .eyeKq orejl= o X yd Y j¾Kfoay iys;
hqla;dKqjlska msßñ orejl= o we;s fõ' fï wkqj msßñ orejl= ìys lsÍug wjYH
idOlh ,efnkafka ujf.ka fkdj mshdf.ks' ,sx. ks¾Kh isÿ jk wdldrh 20'23
rEmfhka oelafõ' ,efnk orejd .eyeKq orejl= fyda msßñ orejl= ùfï iïNdú;dj
50] ls'

äïn ud;D Y=l%dKq ud;D

ffi,h ffi,h
x x x y

äïn Y=l%dKq
x x x y

xx xx xy xy

.eyeKq .eyeKq msßñ msßñ

50] 50]
20'23 rEmh - ñksidf.a ,sx. ks¾Kh isÿjk wkaou

185 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

20'6 udkj m%fõ‚l wdndO
y ,sx. m%;snoaO m%fõ‚h ksid we;sjk m%fõ‚l wdndO
X yd Y ,sx. j¾Kfoay f,i ie,l=j o tajd u; msysá ish¨ u cdk ,sx. kS¾Kh
i|yd Ndú; fkdfõ' X yd Y j¾Kfoayj, msysá cdk fndfyduhla wksl=;a w,sx.
j¾Kfoayj, cdk fuka úúO ,laIK ;SrKh lrhs' Y j¾Kfoayh b;d flá
ksid X j¾Kfoayh u; we;s cdk fndfyduhlg wkqrEm cdk Y j¾Kfoayh
u; fkdue;' fï wkqj mqreIhskaf.a X j¾Kfoayh u; msysá tkï X m%;snoaO
cdk fndfyduhla i|yd wkqrEm cdk Y j¾Kfoayh u; fkdue;' tu ksid X
j¾Kfoayh u; msysá fndfyduhla cdk m%uqL jqj;a ks,Sk jqj;a msßñka ;=< §
tajd ish,a, m%ldY fõ' tfy;a ia;%Ska ;=< X j¾Kfoay hq.,la we;s ksid Tjqkaf.a
X m%;snoaO cdk ish,a,u hq.,a jYfhka we;' Tjqka lsishï ks,Sk ,laIKhla
fmkakqï lrkafka X j¾Kfoay foflysu ks,Sk cdk folla msysgd we;súg muKs'
,sx. m%;snoaO ks,Sk cdk ksid we;sjk m%fõ‚ wdndO lsysmhla i,ld n,uq'

ySfudamS,shdj (Haemophilia)
h ysfudamS,shdjg fya;=jk kS,Sk cdkh'
jdyl jdyl H - ysfudamS,Shdjg fya;=jk cdkfha m%uqL cdkh'
uj mshd
X j¾Kfoay u; msysá ,sx. m%;snoaO
ks,Sk cdkhla ksid we;sjk ySsfudamS,Shdj
msßñkag muKla we;s fõ' ;=jd,hla isÿ
jQ úg msg;g tk reêrh leá .eiSu
w;HjYH fõ' túg we;sjk reêr leáh
u.ska ;jÿrg;a reêrh jykh ùu
j<lhs' ySsfudamS,shdfjka fmf<k
mqoa.,hskaf.a tf,i reêrh leá
fkd.efik ksid iq¿ ;=jd,hlska mjd
ksfrda.S ksfrda.S jdyl jdyl
ÿj mq;d ÿj mq;d wêl f,i reêrh .,d f.dia urKh
20'24 rEmh - ysfudamS,Shdj m%fõKs.; jk mjd isÿ ùug bv we;' .eyeKqka frda.
wdldrh
jdylhska f,i l%shd lrhs' th m%fõKs.;
jk wdldrh fufia h'

186 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

y wdfõ‚h ms<sno oekqu Ndú;hg fhdod .ekSu
fyd| wdfõKsl ,laIK iys; i;=ka yd Ydl f;dard .ksñka Tjqka È.ska È.g u
wNsckkh fldg jvd fydo fouqyqï i;=ka yd Ydl m%fNao ksmojd .ekSug yels nj
È.= ld,hl isg ñksid úiska f;areï f.k ;sìKs' ta wkqj jeä lsß m%udKhla fok
t<fokqka" jeä ì;a;r m%udKhla fok lsls<shka" wvq ld,hl§ jeä uia m%udKhla
,nd fok l=l=<ka" wvq ld,hl§ jeä wiajekakla ,nd fok m<sfndaOj,g m%;sfrdaë
fnda. j¾." îc rys; yd udxi, m,;=re j¾. ^20'27 rEmh& wdÈh jeä ÈhqKq fldg
;sîu wdfõ‚h ms<sno oekqu Ndú;hg .;a wjia:dj,g ksoiqka fõ'

20'27 rEmh - jeä ÈhqKq l< îc rys; kdrx

m%fõ‚h ms<sno isoaOdka; oek .ekSfuka miq jvd hym;a ,laIK iys; fouqyqï
Ydl yd i;=ka ìys lr .ekSu ;dlaIKhla njg m;a úh' uq,ska u fuh Ndú; jQfha
weußldfõ ;sßÕ= jjkakka w;r h' m<sfndaOj,g Tfrd;aa;= fok jeä wiajekakla
,nd fok ;sßÕ= j¾. jeä ÈhqKq lr jHdma; lsÍu ksid uq¿ rfÜ u wd¾Ólh ÈhqKq
úh' Y%S ,xldfõ o fnda. m¾fhaIK uOHia:dk yd wNsckk uOHia:dkj,ska fuu
lafIa;%fha ie,lsh hq;= ÈhqKqjla ,nd f.k we;'
fjf<| ie,lg f.dv jÈk Tng olakg ,efnk úYd, M, iys; t<j¿ m%fNao
yd m<;=re m%fNao;a ^20'28 rEmh& jeä ÈhqKq l< OdkH j¾.;a jeä ÈhqKq l< mY=
iïm;=;a ksmojd .ekSug ñksid iu;a fkdjQjd kï jeäjk ck.ykhg ;rula
ÿrg fyda wdydr wjYH;d imhd .ekSug fkdyels jkakg bv ;sìK'

189 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

 20'28 rEmh - jeä ÈhqKq l< t<j¿ yd m,;=re

20'7 cdk bxðfkare úoHdj

fjkia m%Njj,ska ,nd.;a DNA wKq fldgia noaO fldg kj DNA wKq fyj;a
m%;sixfhdack DNA wKq ksmoùug kj ;dlaIKh Wmfhda.S lr .efka' fuu
lafIa;%h" m%;sixfhdað; DNA ;dlaIKh (Recombinant DNA Technology) f,i
ye¢kafõ'
fuu lafIa;%h jvd;a m%p,s; ù we;af;a cdk bxðfkare úoHdj (Genetic engineering)
fyda cdk ;dlaIKh (Gene Technology) kñks'
cdkj,ska we;eï DNA fldgia bj;a lsÍfuka fyda wu;r DNA fldgia we;=¿
lsÍfuka fyda Ôúhl=f.a m%fõ‚o¾Yh fjkia l< yels h'
wdydr yd lDIsld¾ñl" ffjoH" l¾udka; jeks lafIa;%j, cdk ;dlaIKh m%fhdackhg
f.k we;s wdldrh fidhd n,uq'
y wdydr ksIamdok yd lDIsld¾ñl lafIa;%h
m%;sixfhdað; DNA ;dlaIKh u.ska hym;a ,laIKj,ska hq;= fnda. yd i;=ka i|yd
ksoiqka lsysmhla my; olajd we;'
y j,a kdYl m%;sfrdaë fnda. - nelaàßhdjlska ,nd .;a cdkhla we;=¿ lsÍfuka
y lDñ m%;sfrdaë fnda. - mdxY= nelaàßhdjlska ,nd .;a cdkhla we;=¿ lsÍfuka
y úgñka A j,ska fmdfydi;a iy,a ^rka iy,a - Golden rice) lerÜ Ydlfhka
,nd.;a úgñka A ksmojk cdkh we;=¿ lsÍfuka
y YS;,g Tfrd;a;= fok ;lald,s m%fNaoh - YS; rgj, uv w;r Ôj;ajk
u;aiHhl=f.a cdkhla noaO lsÍfuka
y jeämqr lsß yd uia ,nd fok .jhska yd fmdaIl .=Kfhka jeä lsß ,ndfok
.jhska - cdk ;dCIKfhka jeä ÈhqKq l< fnda.j,ska ksmojk wdydr GM-
Foods (Genetically Modified Foods) f,i yeÈkafõ'

190 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

y l¾udka; lafIa;%h
l¾udka; lafIA;%fha § cdk ;dlaIKfhka ksmojk ,o nelaàßhd udÈ,s fhdod
.kakd wjia:d lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
y weuhsf,aia jeks ld¾ñlj jeo.;a tkaihsu ksIamdokhg
y iuyr lD;%su weuhsfkd wï, ksIamdokhg ^ksoiqka MSG fyj;a fudfkd
fidaähï .aÆgfïÜ&
y kS, yß; we,a.S fhdod f.k úgñka ksIamdokhg ^ksoiqka - B12 yd E úgñka&
y Lksc f;,a oykfhka yd fjk;a wmøjH u.ska isÿjk mßir ¥IKh
msgq oelSug
y ffjoH lafIa;%h
ffjoH lafIa;%fha úúO wxYj, § cdk ;dlaIKh fhdod .efka'

y bkaishq,ska ksIamdokfha § - E coli nelaàßhdjg bkaishq,ska ksmojk ñksia

cdkh we;=<;a lsÍfuka
y j¾Ol fyda¾fudakh we;=¿ fm%daàka j¾. ksIamdokfha § - wod< cdk"
nelaàßhdjlg we;=¿ lsÍfuka
y m%;sÔjl ksmoùfï § - jeä ÈhqKq lrk ,o nelaàÍhd yd È,Sr fhdod
.ekSfuka
y ñksia bkaøsh kùlrKfha § - uõ l=i ;=< l<,fha Ouks iEÈug n,mdk
cdkh" Ouks wjysr;d ksid nhsmdia ie;alulg Ndckh l< hq;= frda.skag
we;=¿ fldg wjysr jQ Ouks fjkqjg kj reêr jdyskS j¾Okh lsÍfuka
y cdk m%;sldrfha § ^Gene therapy& frda. fnda lrk cdk fjkqjg idudkH
cdk noaO lsÍfuka
y mqoa.,fhl=f.a wkkH;dj ;yjqre lr .ekSug wêlrK ffjoH úoHdfõ §
DNA ;dlaaIKh fhdod .ekSu ¡ wmrdO ia:dkhlska ,nd .;a reêrh" ysiflia"
Y=l%dKq fyda fjk;a YÍr fldgilska ,nd .kakd DNA iellrejdf.a DNA
iu`. iei`§fuka wmrdOlre y`ÿkd .efka'

191 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'

05' fld< meye;s lr,a iys; f.j;= uE Ydlhl m%fõ‚o¾Yh fidhd .ekSug
wjYH ù we;' fld< j¾Kh m%uqL ,laIKh (G) jk w;r ly j¾Kh ks,Sk
,laIKh (g) fõ' iufhda.S ks,Sk ly meye;s lr,a iys; Ydlhla § we;akï
fï i|yd Tn .kakd l%shd ud¾.h l=ula o @ Tfí ms<s;=re meyeÈ,s lrkak'
06' Ôúhl= ;=< cdk ish,a, tlaj .;a úg zf.fkdauhZ f,i ye¢kafõ' udkj
f.fkdau jHmD;sh hgf;a ñksidf.a j¾Kfoayj, we;s cdkj, Niau wkqms<sfj<
is;shï .; lsÍu wdrïN lr we;' fuu.ska udkj ixy;shg wys;lr úh yels
lreK ±lafjk m%ldYh ljrla o @
1' m%fõ‚l wdndOj,g ms<shï lsÍug cdk ;dlaIKh fhdÞ .ekSu'
2' iqúfYaIS ,laIK iys; udkjhska ìys lsÍug yels ùu'
3' Ôú; rlaIKh i`oyd b,a¨ïlrkakkaf.a frda. ;;a;aj myiqfjka
y÷kd .ekSug rlaIK iud.ïj,g yels ùu'
4' cdk ;dlaIKfhka jeä ÈhqKq l< Ydl yd i;=ka u.ska wdydr w¾nqohg
ms<shï fh§ug yels ùu'

mdßNdIsl jpk
m%fõ‚h - Inhertance

wdfõ‚h - Heredity
m%fõ‚ úoHdj - Genetics
j¾Kfoayh - Chromosome
cdkh - Gene
cdk m%ldYkh - Gene expression
cdk m%;snoaOh - Gene linkage
,sx. ks¾Kh - Sex determination
cdkuh wdndO - Genetical disorders

194 fkdñf,a fnÞyeÍu i|yd h'