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MMUP /UPDAExam
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1

MECHANICAL DISCIPLINE-
Material / NFPA
Content

• Types of Stress
• Factor of Safety
• Types of Strain
• Hook’s Law
• Types of Material
• Fatigue, Toughness and Poisson Ratio
• Support Types and Reactions
• NFPA
 Introduction

When a force is transmitted through a body, the body tends

to change its shape or deform. The body is said to be
strained.

Direct Stress = Applied Force (F)

Cross Sectional Area (A)

Units: Usually N/m2 (Pa), N/mm2, MN/m2, GN/m2 or N/cm2

Note: 1 N/mm2 = 1 MN/m2 = 1 MPa

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Types of Stress
6
Shear stress = F tangential to the area / A

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 Forces P and P’ are applied transversely to the
Shearing Stress member AB.
• • Corresponding internal forces act in the plane
of section C and are called shearing forces.
• The resultant of the internal shear force
distribution is defined as the shear of the section
and is equal to the load P.
• The corresponding average shear stress is,
σ ave = P
A

• Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the

member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.
• The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to
be uniform.
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Shearing Stress Examples

Single Shear Double Shear

Example for Pin Bearing Stresses

• To determine the bearing stress at A in the boom AB,

we have t = 30 mm and d = 25 mm,
P 40kN
b = = = 53.3MPa
td (30mm)(25mm)

• To determine the bearing stress at A in the bracket,

we have t = 2(25 mm) = 50 mm and d = 25 mm,
P 40kN
b= = = 32.0 MPa
td (50mm)(25mm)

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Factor of Safety

Structural members or machines

must be designed such that the Factor of safety considerations:
working stresses are less than the • uncertainty in material properties
ultimate strength of the material. • uncertainty of loadings
• uncertainty of analyses
• number of loading cycles
• types of failure
• maintenance requirements and
deterioration effects
• importance of member to structures

integrity
• risk to life and property
• influence on machine function

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Normal strain

x
Q1: The dimension of strain is?

a) LT-2
b) N/m2
c) N
d) Dimensionless

Answer is d:
Strain is the ratio of change in dimension to original dimension.
So it is dimensionless.
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Q2: What is tensile strain?

a) The ratio of change in length to the original length

b) The ratio of original length to the change in length
c) The ratio of tensile force to the change in length
d) The ratio of change in length to the tensile force applied

Answer is a:
It is the stress induced in a body, when subjected to two equal
and opposite pulls.

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 Q3: Find the strain of a brass rod of length 250mm which is
subjected to a tensile load of 50kN when the extension of
rod is equal to 0.3mm?

a) 0.025
b) 0.0012
c) 0.0046
d) 0.0014

Answer is b:
Explanation: Strain = dL/L = 0.3/250 = 0.0012.

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 Q4: Find the elongation of an steel rod of 100mm length when
it is subjected to a tensile strain of 0.005?

a) 0.2mm
b) 0.3mm
c) 0.5mm
d) 0.1mm

Answer is c:
Explanation: dL = strain x L = 0.005 x 100 = 0.5mm.

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 Q5: A tensile test was conducted on a mild steel bar. The
diameter and the gauge length of bat was 3cm and 20cm
respectively. The extension was 0.21mm. What is the
value to strain?

a) 0.0010
b) 0.00105
c) 0.0105
d) 0.005

Answer is d:
Explanation: Strain = dL/L = 0.21/200 = 0.00105.

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 Q6: x. Strain is a fundamental behavior of material.
y. Strain does not have a unit.

a)Both x. and y. are true and y. is the correct explanation

of x
b)Both x. and y. ate true but y. is not the correct explanatio
of x
c) x. is true but y. is false
d) y. is true but x. is false
Answer is b:
Explanation: Strain is measured in laboratory that is why it is called
a fundamental quantity. Also, since it is the ratio of dimension of
length to the dimension of length, it is dimensionless.
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Q7: The lateral strain is?

a) The ratio of axial deformation to the original length

b) The ratio of deformation in area to the original area
c) The strain at right angles to the direction of applied load
d) The ratio of length of body to the tensile force applied on it
Answer is: c

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Q8: The unit of force in S.I. units is ?

a) Kilogram
b) Newton
c) Watt
d) Dyne

Answer is b: Explanation: Force = mass x acceleration = kg x

m/s2 = N.

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 Q9: Which of the following is not the unit of distance?

a) Angstrom = 1×10−10 metre

b) Light year = 9.5× 1012 km
c) Micron = 1×10−6 metre
d) Milestone

Answer is d:
Explanation: Milestone means achievement. it is not and unit of distance.

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 Q10: A solid cube is subjected to equal normal forces on all its
faces. The volumetric strain will be x-times the linear strain
in any of the three axes when?

a) X=1
b) X=2
c) X=3
d) X=4

Answer is c: The volumetric straithe change in volume divided

by the original volume.
 Q11: A rod 200cm long is subjected to an axial pull due to
which it elongates about 2mm. Calculate the amount of
strain?

a) 0.001
b) 0.01
c) 0.02
d) 0.002

Answer is a:The strain is given by = dL / L = 2/2000 = 0.001.

Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior

• If the strain disappears when the

stress is removed, the material is
said to behave elastically.

• The largest stress for which this

occurs is called the elastic limit.

• When the strain does not return

to zero after the stress is
removed, the material is said to
behave plastically.

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Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials

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Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials

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Stiffness: The extent to which an object resists deformation in
response to an applied force or how a component bends under
load while still returning to its original shape once the load is
removed.
Fatigue

• Fatigue properties are shown

on S-N diagrams.

• A member may fail due to

fatigue at stress levels
significantly below the ultimate
strength if subjected to many
loading cycles.

• When the stress is reduced

below the endurance limit,
fatigue failures do not occur for
any number of cycles.

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Toughness: How well the material can resist fracturing when
force is applied. the quality or state of being tough or the
quality of being strong and not easily broken, torn, etc.
Impact Testing: The process of impact testing is used to study the
various characteristics of materials. These include toughness,
hardness, ductility and strength.

There are two main forms of impact test, the Izod and the Charpy
test. Both involve striking a standard specimen with a controlled
weight pendulum travelling at a set speed. The amount of energy
absorbed in fracturing the test piece is measured and this gives an
indication of the notch toughness of the test material.

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 Hardness Test

● A hardness test is a method employed to measure the

hardness of a material. Hardness refers to a material's
resistance to permanent indentation
● (i) Rockwell Hardness Test: This uses an indentor with a
120o conical diamond with a rounded apex for hard materials,
or steel ball for softer materials.
● A minor load, F is applied to cause a small indentation as
indicated in Fig. (a) below.
● The major load, Fm is then applied and removed after a
specified time to leave load F still acting. The two stages are
shown as (b) and (c).

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Support Types and Reactions (2D):

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Support Types and Reactions (2D):

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Q12: Find the vertical reaction at B for the shaft shown.

a. 325.50 N
b. 225.25 N
c. 363.75 N
d. 415.20 N

Answer is c:

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 (800 N/m) (0.150 m) = 120
225 N

A B

Ay By

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Equilibrium Equations

MA= 0 = 0.400m(By ) -120N(.275 m) - 225N(.500 m)

+120N(.275 m) + 225N(.500 m)
By =
0.400 m
By = 363.75N
+ Fy = 0 = Ay - 120N + 363.75N - 225N
Ay = 18.75N
 EXAMPLE

D 450 lb
45 º
45 º
FAD FCD

FBD of pin D

FX = – 450 + FCD cos 45° – FAD cos 45° = 0

FY = – FCD sin 45° – FAD sin 45° = 0
FCD = 318 lb (Tension) or (T)
and FAD = – 318 lb (Compression) or (C)
 Q13: Some structural members subjected to long time
sustained loads deform progressively with time especially
at elevated temperatures. What is such a phenomenon
called?

a) Fatigue
b) Creep
c) Creep relaxation
d) Fracture

Answer is b: Explanation: Creep is the deformation

progressively with time. It comes when the body is subjected to
long time load. After the instant deflection due to load the
deformation occurs slowly with time.
Q14: Find the strain of a brass rod of length 100mm which is
subjected to a tensile load of 50kN when the extension of
rod is equal to 0.1mm?

a) 0.01
b) 0.001
c) 0.05
d) 0.005

Answer is b: Explanation: Strain = dL/L = 0.1/100 = 0.001.

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 Q15: The property by which a body returns to its original shape
after removal of the force, is called

a) Plasticity
b) Elasticity
c) Ductility
d) Malleability

Answer is b: Explanation: When an external force acts on a

body, the body tends to undergo some deformation. If the
external force is removed and the body comes back to its original
shape and size, the body is known as elastic body and this
property is called elasticity. 44
 Q16: The property of a material by which it can be beaten or
rolled into thin plates, is called

a) Malleability
b) Plasticity
c) Ductility
d) Elasticity

Answer is a: Explanation: A material can be beaten into thin

plates by its property of malleability.

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Q17: Which law is also called as the elasticity law

a) Bernoulli’s law
b) Stress law
c) Hooke’s law
d) Poisson’s law

Answer is c: Explanation: The hooke”s law is valid under the

elastic limit of a body. It itself states that stress is proportional to
the strain within elastic limit.
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 Q18: A member which does not regain its original shape after
removal of load producing deformation is said

a) Plastic
b) Elastic
c) Rigid
d) None of the mentioned

Answer is a: Explanation: A plastic material does not regain its

original shape after removal of load. An elastic material regain
its original shape after removal of load.
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 Q19: The body will regain its previous shape and size only
when the deformation caused by the external forces, is
within a certain limit. What is that limit?

a) Plastic limit
b) Elastic limit
c) Deformation limit
d) None of the mentioned

Answer is b: Explanation: The body only regain its previous

shape and size only upto its elastic limit.

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 Q20: The materials which have the same elastic properties in
all directions, are called

a) Isotropic
b) Brittle
c) Homogenous
d) Hard

Answer is a: Explanation: Isotropic materials have the same

elastic properties in all directions.

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 Q21: As the elastic limit reaches, tensile strain

a) Increases more rapidly

b) Decreases more rapidly
c) Increases in proportion to the stress
d) Decreases in proportion to the stress

Answer is a: Explanation: On reaching of the tensile stress to

the elastic limit after the proportionality limit, the stress is no
longer proportional to the strain. Then the value of strain rapidly
increases.
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Q22: What the number that measures an object’s resistance to
being deformed elastically when stress is applied to it?

a) Elastic modulus
b) Plastic modulus
c) Poisson’s ratio
d) Stress modulus

Answer is a

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Welding Defect:
1- Crack; A local discontinuity produced by a fracture which can arise from
the stresses generated on cooling or acting on the structure.

2- Undercut; When the weld reduces the cross-sectional thickness of the

base metal

3- Blowhole; Porosity refers to cavity-type discontinuities or pores formed by

gas entrapment during the solidification of molten weld metal.
Q23: Which of the following welding defect is occurred
normally due to repeated cooling

a) Porosity
b) Blowhole
c) Undercut
d) Crack

Answer is: d

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Q24: Material under failure due to excessive deformation.
The reason may be?
a) Material.
b) Design and Dimensions.
c) All of the above.
d) None of the above.

Answer is c:

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Morse Test: The purpose of Morse Test is to obtain the
approximate Indicated Power (the power developed by
combustion of fuel in the cylinder of engine) of a Multi-cylinder
Engine.
Q25: What is Morse test?

a) Conducting the performance test for petrol engine.

b) Conducting the performance test for diesel engine.
c)To test the indicative power of single cylinder diesel
engine.
d) to test the brake force for diesel engine.

Answer is: c

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Q26: Car chassis are ………
a) Felix
b) Rigid
c) Stiff
d) Rough.

Answer is: c

Stiffness means increased 'torsional rigidity‘ i.e it requires

more force to twist the chassis.
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 Q27: The function of differential gear

a) Reducing speed
b) Changing speed
c) Jerk-off free
d) To turn the vehicle.

Answer is: d
that permits power from the engine to be transmitted to a
pair of driving wheels.
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Q28: Stress and Strain

a) Directly Proportional
b) Inversely Proportional
c) Power function
d) None of the above.

Answer is a:

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 Q29: Car dash board from………..

(a) Polymer
(b) metal
(c) Plastic
(d) ceramic

Answer is: a

Polymer has their properties of strength and high-heat tolerance,

both of which improve the survivability of accidents.

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Q30: Stress hardening

(a) Stronger & Tougher

(b) Stronger & Harder
(c) Stronger & Softer
(d) None of the above

Answer is: b

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Q31: Car Brake is

(a) Wear resistant

(b) Heat resistance
(c) All of the above
(d) None of the above

Answer is: c

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 Q32: What is the point P shown in the stress-strain curve?

a) Lower yield point

b) Elastic limit
c) Proportionality limit
d) Breaking point

Answer is d:
Explanation: The breaking point is the point where the material
breaks. The breaking point will be the last point on the stress
strain curve.
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Q33: Which part stop spark & fire inside duct

(a) Control damper

(b) Splitter damper
(c) Fire damper
(d) Volume damper

Answer is c:

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Q34: Device installed between the air handler and the duct
supply /Return is called

(a) Control damper

(b) Splitter damper
(c) Fire damper
(d) Volume damper

Answer is a:

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Q35: The device to be installed in between fire rated walls is:

(a) Control damper

(b) Splitter damper
(c) Fire damper
(d) Volume damper

Answer is c:

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Q36: Which membrane can be fixed vertically or
horizontally between fire rated walls which control the
spread of the smoke

(a) Control damper

(b) Splitter damper
(c) Fire damper
(d) Smoke damper
(e) c&d

Answer is e:

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Q37: Prevent the spread of smoke inside the ducts and fire
resistance rating from room to room:

(a) Control damper

(b) Splitter damper
(c) Fire damper
(d) Volume damper

Answer is c:

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NFPA

66
 NFPA
National Fire Protection Association
NFPA 1 Fire Code
NFPA 10 Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers
NFPA 13 Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems
NFPA 14 Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose
Systems
NFPA 20 Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for
Fire Protection
NFPA 22 Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection
NFPA 70 National Electrical Code
NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code
NFPA 88A Standard for Parking Structures
NFPA 88B Standard for Repair Garages
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 NFPA
National Fire Protection Association
NFPA 92 Standard for Smoke Control Systems
NFPA 92A Standard for Smoke-Control Systems Utilizing
Barriers and Pressure Differences
NFPA 92B Standard for Smoke Management Systems in Malls,
Atria, and Large Spaces
NFPA 96 Standard for Ventilation Control and Fire Protection
of Commercial Cooking Operations
NFPA 99 Health Care Facilities Code
NFPA 101 Life Safety Code
NFPA 170 Standard for Fire Safety and Emergency Symbols
NFPA 203 Standard for Smoke and Heat Venting
NFPA 2001 Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems
NFPA 5000 Building Construction and Safety Code 68
Q38: Inspection of Fire Alarm system is

a. Monthly
b. Quarterly
c. Semiannually
d. Annually

Answer is: Annually

Q39: Frequent inspection of Heat detector is

a. Monthly
b. Quarterly
c. Semiannually
d. Annually

Answer is: semiannually

Q40: Testing of heat detector is

a. Monthly
b. Quarterly
c. Semiannually
d. Annually

Answer is: Annually

Q41: Visual inspection of zone control valve is

a. Monthly
b. Quarterly
c. Semiannually
d. Annually

Answer is: semiannually

Q42: Testing of fire alarm sound is

a. Monthly
b. Quarterly
c. Semiannually
d. Annually

Answer is: Monthly

Q43: Testing of fire alarm boxer is

a. Monthly
b. Quarterly
c. Semiannually
d. Annually

Answer is: Annually

 Q44: Testing of smoke detectors is

a. Monthly
b. Quarterly
c. Semiannually
d. Annually

Answer is: Annually

Q45: Testing of control valve connected to supervision is

a. Monthly
b. Quarterly
c. Semiannually
d. Annually

Answer is: Annually

Q46: Testing of Audible device is

a. Monthly
b. Quarterly
c. Semiannually
d. Annually

Answer is: Annually

 Q47: Visual inspection of audible device is

a. Monthly
b. Quarterly
c. Semiannually
d. Annually

Answer is: semiannually

Q48: Testing of water flow device

a. Monthly
b. Quarterly
c. Semiannually
d. Annually

Answer is: Quarterly

Q49: Visual inspection of supervisor signal device

a. Monthly
b. Quarterly
c. Semiannually
d. Annually

Answer is: Quarterly

Q50: how frequently a portable fire extinguisher
according to NFPA 10(98) should be checked?

(a) Monthly
(b)Quarterly
(c) Semiannually
(d)Annually

Answer is d:

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Q51: NFPA code used in car parking is

a) NFPA 72
b) NFPA 88A
c) NFPA 101
d) NFPA 170

Answer is: NFPA 88A

Q52: NFPA code used in smoke control system is

a) NFPA 13
b) NFPA 72
c) NFPA 92
d) NFPA 101

Answer is: NFPA 92

 Q53: NFPA code used in sprinkler system is

a) NFPA 10
b) NFPA 13
c) NFPA 14
d) NFPA 70

Answer is: NFPA 13

 Q54: Which of the following cannot be used as bio-materials?
a) Metals
b) Ceramics
c) Polymers
d) None of the mentioned

Answer is d: Explanation: Bio-materials are implanted into

living bodies for replacement of damaged parts and hence, must
be compatible with the body tissues and be non-toxic. As long
as these criteria are met, all of the above materials – metals,
ceramics, polymers and their combinations can be used as bio-
materials.
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 Q55: Before starting work at site, the major factor has to be
checked is?
a) Access to site (EFE)
b) Storage of Water, tools & equipments
c) Safety
d) Approval from MMUP / Civil / Defence etc.
e) All of the above

Answer is d:

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Q56: The firefighting water sprinklers covers a
maximum distance of

(a) 10 feet
(b) 12 feet
(c) 15 feet
(d) 8 feet

Answer is c:

The max distance between standard spray sprinklers in light

hazard settings is 15 ft. (4.6 m)

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ALL THE BEST