ORAL COMM

● Sharing ang conveying message ● Occurs when the sender uses words to convey a
● The act of sharing ideas, facts, messages, ideas, message to the recipient
opinions, or thoughts ● Can be oral or written

1. Formal
● Using official channels
● Follows pre-defined rules
● Mostly written

2. Informal
● Casual
● Mostly unplanned/impromptu

● Takes place with the use of signs

● Body language, facial expressions, gestures,
created space and more

1. Artifacts/Objectics
● The types of clothing that an individual
wears convey nonverbal cues about
their personality, background and
financial status, and how others will
respond to them.

2. Chronemics
● Chrono = time
● the role time plays during
communication. How people interpret
time can be personal, cultural, or have
to do with their power or status.

3. Haptics
● Communication by touch
➔ Communication is a process ● Touch is powerful because our emotions
➔ Communication is art drive it. Our social class, gender, and, of
➔ Communication has a sender and receiver course, our upbringing all determine
➔ Communication is verbal or non-verbal how we respond to touch.
➔ Communication is inevitable
➔ Communication is irreversible 4. Kinesics
➔ Communication is unrepeatable ● conscious body movements like waving,
pointing, and giving a thumbs up or
down. One's culture typically determines
what gestures are socially acceptable
➔ Sender and which are rude.
➔ Message
➔ Channel 5. Proxemics
➔ Receiver ● references how near something is.
➔ Feedback Human beings take personal space

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ORAL COMM
seriously. They also interpret physical ➔ Channel - The way we receiver the content using
distances in interactions differently. the five senses.
➔ Decoding - The receiver of the message will
6. Vocalics attempt to understand what sender is trying to
● involves verbal and nonverbal aspects convey.
of speech that influence meaning,
including rate, pitch, tone, volume,
intensity, pausing, and even silence.

LESSON 2
- DIFFERENT MODELS OF COMMUNICATION o

… LINEAR COMMUNICATION …
● One - way

ARISTOTLE’S MODEL
● The speaker aims to persuade the audience
through a speech. … TRANSACTIONAL MODEL …
● No feedback ● also called the circular model because of its
exchanging nature
SHANNON-WEAVER’S MODEL ● messages are continuously exchanged between
● Claude Shannon & Warren Weaver the sender and the receiver, and their roles
● Noise refers to external factors like crowd noises reverse each time in the process
and encoded signals that can distort the message,
similar to a telephone. BARLUND’S MODEL
➔ Sender - source of the message ● explores immediate-feedback (real-time)
➔ Encoder - transmitter that converts the message communication between people
into a signal ● both the receiver and sender of the message are
➔ Decoder - reconverts the signal into message responsible for ensuring the conversation leads to
➔ Receiver - the destination of the message the right outcome
➔ Noise - During this process the messages may be ● this model suggests noise, such as external
distracted or affected by physical noise during the disruptions and channel issues can cause
transmission process which affects the differences in how we perceive things.
communication flow, or the receiver may not
receive the correct message.
DANCE’S HELICAL MODEL
● This model, proposed by Frank Dance, presents
time as a factor of the process of communication.
● He proposed that communication is evolutionary
and continuous, growing with the person’s
vocabulary experience.

…. . INTERACTIVE MODEL …..

● feedback and responses are considered, as well
as what a leader or individual says during their
initial message

OSGOOD & SCHRAMM’S MODEL

● this model details a circular model of
BERLO’S MODEL communication, where everyone involved in an
● Both parties must be skilled in communication to interaction is treated equally
prevent a breakdown ● synchronous, interpersonal communication
➔ Source - The origin of the message. The source ➔ Communication in circular - Individuals in the
person should have the communication skills to communication process are constantly switching
understand and listen to the right attitude towards between roles of “encoder” and “decoder”
the listeners and theirself.
➔ Content - the body of the message

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ORAL COMM
➔ Communication should be equal and reciprocal: CIRCULAR FLOW
Every party involved in the discussion is equally ● The communication starts from the sender, who
engaged and able to share their voice. transmits the message to the receiver and stops
➔ Interpretation is crucial: Messages need to be when the receiver sends the feedback to the
presented in a way that is easy to interpret for both sender.
sides of the party to be understood.
DEVELOP RELATIONSHIPS
● It helps to create a friendly relationship between
different levels of management.
EUGENE WHITE’S MODEL
● communication is an endless feedback loop
FEATURES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION . .
● In their pioneer book Effective Public Relations,
Professors Broom, Cutlip, and Center (2012) list
the 7 Cs of Effective Communication -
Completeness, Conciseness, Consideration,
Concreteness, Courtesy, Clearness, and
Correctness. This list is widely used today,
especially in public relations and advertising.

COMPLETENESS
● Complete communication is essential to the quality
of the communication process in general.
● Communication should include everything that the
receiver needs to hear for him/her to respond,
react, or evaluate properly

UNIQUE FEATURES OF COMMUNICATION o

CONCISENESS
● Conciseness does not mean keeping the message
COMMUNICATION IS A TWO-WAY PROCESS short, but making it direct or straight to the point.
● Communication is not complete unless the ● Insignificant or redundant information should be
receiver has understood the message properly eliminated
and his reaction or response is known to the
sender. CONSIDERATION
● To be effective, the speaker should always
PERVASIVE ACTIVITY consider relevant information about his/her
● Communication is a pervasive activity which receiver such as mood, background, race,
encompasses almost all facets of our lives. preference, education, status, and needs, among
others.
INFORMATION SPREAD
● Sharing and understanding of communication is CONCRETENESS
not merely a transmission of information. The ● Effective communication happens when the
correct interpretation and understanding are message is concrete and supported by facts,
equally important. figures, and real-life examples and situations.

GOAL ORIENTED COURTESY

● Successful goal-oriented communication requires ● The speaker shows courtesy in communication by
some common values between the speaker and respecting the culture, values, and beliefs of
the listener. his/her receivers.
● Being courteous at all times creates a positive
VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL impact on the audience
● Communication is not restricted to transferring
information and understanding through words CLEARNESS
alone. A person can communicate through ● Clearness in communication implies the use of
symbols, gestures, and actions which are simple and specific words to express ideas.
non-verbal. ● It is also achieved when the speaker focuses only
on a single objective in his/her speech so as not to
CONTINUOUS PROCESS confuse the audience
● It channelizes the exchange of ideas and opinions
in an ongoing manner.

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ORAL COMM
CORRECTNESS .THE DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL OF .
● Correctness in grammar eliminates negative ..…INTERCULTURAL SENSITIVITY….
impact on the audience and increases the ● DMIS offers a structure that explores how people
credibility and effectiveness of the message experience cultural differences
● According to Bennett and Bennett (2004), it has
…. .BREAKDOWN OF COMMUNICATION. . six stages
● This happens when we fail to exchange …… … 6 STAGES OF DMIS … ……
information, experience miscommunication, have a
lack of communication, and such. DENIAL
● The individual does not recognize cultural
BARRIES IN COMMUNICATION differences
● “All cities are the same; they all have tall buildings,
● Linguistic Barriers fast food chains, and coffee shops.”
● Psychological Barriers
● Physical barriers Emotional Barriers DEFENSE
● Cultural Barriers ● The individual starts to recognize cultural
● Physiological Barriers differences and is intimidated by them, resulting in
● Perception Barriers either a superior view on own culture or an
● Attitude Barriers unjustified high regard for the new one

TIPS TO PREVENT BREAKDOWNS MINIMIZATION

● Although individuals see cultural differences, they
● Connect bank more on the universality of ideas rather than
● Listen on cultural differences
● Communicate ● “Once we see through the cultural differences, we
● Speak really are just the same!”

ACCEPTANCE
LESSON 3 ● The individual begins to appreciate important
cultural differences in behaviors and eventually in
values
… INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION .. ● “These people and I have different values and
● A bargained understanding of human experiences experiences, and I think we can learn from one
across diverse societies another.”
● The sending and receiving of messages across
languages and cultures ADAPTATION
● These individuals are very open to world views
TING-TOOMEY, 1999 when accepting new perspectives
● Intercultural communication happens when
individuals interact, negotiate, and create INTEGRATION
meanings while bringing in their varied cultural
● Individuals start to go beyond their own cultures
backgrounds
and see themselves and their actions based on
multifarious cultural viewpoints
GUDYKUNST, 2003 ● “I can look at things from the perspective of
● For some scholars, intercultural communication various cultures.”
pertains to communication among people from
different nationalities ALLWOOD, 1985
● Still, others look at intercultural communication as
● Once you understand these stages you may apply
communication that is influenced by different
it to
ethnicities, religions, and sexual orientations.
➔ Recognize communication behaviors
● Both interpretations show that intercultural
that differ from your own
communication takes place when people draw
➔ Take into account what can influence
from their cultural identity to understand values,
these types of behaviors
prejudices, language, attitudes, and relationships
➔ Try to analyze how linguistic and cultural
(Gudykunst & Kim, 2003)
communities differ in terms of
communication behavior and influencing
factors

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ORAL COMM
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPETENT TO ENTERTAIN
● To amuse or delight
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATORS
● To captivate or interest the audience
● World Bank (2010) identifies the following traits
that define a competent intercultural communicator
TO PERSUADE
● To convince the reader or listener to a certain point
1. Flexibility and the ability to tolerate high levels of
of view
uncertainty
● Includes a call for action for the audience to make
2. Reflectiveness or mindfulness
some change in their behavior or thinking
3. Open-mindedness
2 MAIN CATEGORIES OF PERSUASION
4. Sensitivity
➔ PURE PERSUASION - speaker truly believes that
5. Adaptability
the change is in the best interest of the audience
6. Ability to engage in divergent thinking (or thinking
members
creatively) and systems-level thinking (or thinking
➔ MANIPULATIVE PERSUASION - by misleading
how each one in a system or organization
them, often to fulfill an ulterior motive beyond the
influences each other)
face value of the persuasive attempt\

… ..TIPS TO REFRAIN FROM SHOWING… . ….. OTHER PURPOSES. …… ..

. …………… ….....BIAS…… . …….
➔ Avoid stereotypes TO MOTIVATE
➔ Challenge gender norms; avoid using “he” and ● To influence a person’s behavior in different ways
“man” to refer to a general group of people. To by communication in his pursuit of his goal or
remedy this, you may use plural pronouns or objective
rewrite a sentence to avoid using pronouns. The
use of his/her is also acceptable TO CONTROL OR REGULATE
➔ Do not talk down on younger people and elderly ● To exercise restraint or direction formally or
➔ Be sensitive to the religious practices of others informally
➔ Be polite at all times; do not belittle people you
perceive to be on a lower social class than you EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION
● To release emotions by communicating

LESSON 4 SOCIAL INTERACTION

● To interact with each other
● Aim to make bonds or camaraderies
….. THE SPEAKER’S PURPOSES …..
. COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES …..
… … . THREE MAIN PURPOSE … ……
NOMINATION
TO INFORM ● To collaboratively and productively establish a
● To give information about a subject or topic topic
● Speakers with this purpose wish to provide facts ● The topic is introduced in a clear and truthful
that will explain or teach something to receivers manner
● The goal is to gain knowledge
3 FLOWS OF INFORMATION RESTRICTION
➔ DOWNWARD FLOW - from the superiors, elders ● Refers to any limitation you may have as a
to subordinates in the of directives or updates speaker
➔ UPWARD FLOW - from the subordinates, or family
members to superiors, or elders in the form of TURN-TAKING
feedback and reports, or suggestions ● The process by which people decide who takes
➔ HORIZONTAL FLOW - from worker to worker, the conversational floor
husband to wife, and vice versa
6 TYPES OF INFORMATIVE SPEECH TOPICS (O’HAIR, TOPIC CONTROL
STWEART, RUBENSTEIN) ● This is simply a question-answer formula that
1. Objects moves the discussion forward
2. People
3. Events TOPIC SHIFTING
4. Concepts ● Moving from one topic to another
5. Processes
6. issues/problems/conflicts

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ORAL COMM
REPAIR
● Refer to how speakers address the problems in
speaking, listening, and comprehending
TERMINATION
● Refers to the conversation of participants’
close-initiating expressions that end a topic

. KINDS OF ORAL TEXTS ………

SMALL TALK
● A form of non-threatening communication that may
be used to affect social interaction
● To break the ice, get acquainted, and establish
relationship

LIGHT-CONTROL TALK
● Tactful use of power to get results
● May be used to motivate people
● To persuade, direct, seek but not force agreement,
and use legitimate authority

HEAVY-CONTROL TALK
● Designed to place blame and to control or regulate
people
● Created defensiveness on the part of the receiver
and is rarely, if ever, appropriate
● To blame, attack, threaten, coerce, and demand

SEARCH TALK
● Nonthreatening approach when you want to gather
data or consensus of others to be able to provide
information
● To center on an issue, and examine and clarify the
issue

STRAIGHT TALK
● For problem-solving and conflict resolution
● To facilitate emotional expression
● To concentrate on here and now, focus on issues,
share feelings, acknowledge feelings, and accept
without judging

COMMUNICATION PROCESSES
● Weber (2008) noted that 70% of a person’s
waking time is spent communicating

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