Reviewer: Oral Communication

Module #1

KEY FACTORS OF COMMUNICATION

o SPEAKING
o LISTENING
o UNDERSTANDING

COMMUNICATION
• comes from the Latin word “communicare" which means to share, to unite or to join.
• is a two-way process
• means sharing and exchanging messages, information, ideas, and feelings for mutual
understanding.

PRINCIPLES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNICATION

COMMUNICATION IS SCHEMATA- DRIVEN

Communication makes you send to and receive messages from somebody by activating your
schemata, experiences, or background knowledge that you have stored in your brain since
your early developmental years.

COMMUNICATION IS AN INTERPRETATIVE ACT

The only person who knows the exact meaning of the message transmitted is the sender or
speaker. Being the source of ideas he/she has the absolute knowledge about the message.

COMMUNICATION DOES NOT GUARANTEE DIRECT LINK BETWEEN TWO MINDS

These forms of knowledge become only to others when you initiate communicate with others.

COMMUNICATION IS ACTIVE, POWERFULOR FORCEFUL

Eliciting different meanings or reactions, these messages are prone to changes. Hence,
communication is dynamic, as life goes on nothing remains permanent in the world of
communication.

COMMUNICATION IS SYMBOLIC
Symbols, signs or marks like letters, words, sentences, graphs, pictures and other concrete
objects represent or stand for ideas that you intend to convey verbally.

COMMUNICATION ALWAYS RESULTS IN SOMETHING

It is impossible to for any person communicating a message not get any response at all from
his listeners.

VARIOUS FORMS OF COMMUNICATION

WRITTEN WORDS AND SYMBOLS

Written words and symbols in communication are messages which are written, typed or
printed.
SPOKEN WORDS
Spoken word on the other hand which are delivered orally.
ACTIONS
are expressed through movements of your body parts, it can be your gesture, posture, facial
expression or it can be your hand signals whicn can be interpreted by the person
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

VERBAL COMMUNICATION
written and spoken words are verbal communication since it uses letters and words.

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
communicating without the use of words just by actions.

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
SENDER
the source of information or message
RECEIVER
The recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the message.
MESSAGE
The information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions..
CHANNEL
The medium or the means, such as personal or non-personal, verbal or nonverbal, in which the
encoded message is conveyed
FEEDBACK
The reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver.

Module #2

MODELS OF
COMMUNICATION

MODEL
IS A PATTERN OR FRAMEWORK THAT WE FOLLOW IN ORDER TO FULLY CREATE OR
CONSTRUCT

THREE MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

 LINEAR
 INTERACTIVE
 TRANSACTIONAL

LINEAR MODEL
• IS A ONE WAY PROCESS.
• SEQUENTIAL AND ONE-WAY IN NATURE

ARISTOTLE MODEL
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C) WAS A GREEK PHILOSOPHER AND WRITER BORN IN STAGIRA,
NORTHERN GREECE. HE WAS ALSO THE TEACHER OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT. HE STUDIED
PHYSICS LOGIC. MATHEMATICS. ETC. WHILE EXPLORING THE HUMANNATURE
SCIENTIFICALLY, ARISTOTLE DEVELOPED
A LINEAR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION KNOWN AS
ARISTOTLE'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION THIS IS CONSIDERED AS THE FIRST MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION AND WAS PROPOSED BEFORE 300 B.C.

• PUBLIC SPEAKING IS A COMMON PRACTICE

AMONG THE ANCIENT GREEKS AND
COMMUNICATION DURING THAT TIME WAS CONSIDERED MORE SPEAKER-CENTERED.
THERE WAS AN APPARENT FOCUS ON THE SPEAKER'S
ABILITY TO PERSUADE AN AUDIENCE.

LASSWELL MODEL
• CHANNEL IS THE MOST IMPORTANT COMPONENT IN THIS MODEL. CHANNEL IS A MEDIUM
OF COMMUNICATION THROUGH WHICH INFORMATION IS CONVEYED AND UNDERSTOOD
EXAMPLES
o PRINT MEDIA (NEWSPAPER)
o BROADCAST MEDIA (RADIO, TELEVISION)

SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
o MOTHER OF ALL COMMUNICATION MODELS.
o MORE TECHONOLOGICAL THAN
o THE OTHER LINEAR MODELS

Noise is the most important addition in this model. It refers to any form of interference which
affects the meaning, or disrupts the flow of communication.

BERLO'S MODEL
o DAVID BERLO (1960) DEVELOPED THE SMCR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION BASED ON
THE SHANNON AND WEAVER MODEL. IT IS COMPRISED OF FOUR ELEMENTS:
o SOURCE
o MESSAGE
o CHANNEL
o RECEIVER

INTERACTIVE MODEL
Interactive model (also known as convergence model)
deals with exchange of ideas and messages taking place both ways from sender to receiver
and vice-versa. The communication process take place between humans or machines in both
verbal or non-verbal way. This is a relatively new model of communication for new
technologies like web.

o IS A TWO-WAY PROCESS.
o FEEDBACK IS GIVEN BY THE RECEIVER

SCHRAMM MODEL
• WILBUR SCHRAMM (1955) DEVELOPED A MODEL IN WHICH EACH OF THE COMMUNICATORS
TAKE ON THE ROLES OF AN ENCODER, INTERPRETER, AND DECODER

WOOD'S TRANSACTIONAL MODEL

o NON-SEQUENTIAL
o SIMULTANEOUS
o CHANGING OVER TIME

Module #3-4

COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN
MAY OCCUR WHEN ONE ELEMENT IS ABSENT OR DOES NOT FUNCTION WELL AND BECOMES
A BARRIER TO COMMUNICATION
Barriers to Communication
 Physical Barrier
 Psychological Barrier
 Cultural Barrier
 Linguistic Barrier

Physical Barriers
-are the natural or
environmental condition that act as a barrier in
communication in sending the message from sender to receiver.

Psychological Barriers
are called as mental barriers. These refers to social and personal issues of a speaker towards
communicating with others.

Cultural Barriers
pertain to communication problems encountered by people regarding their
intrinsic values, beliefs, and traditions in conflict with others.

Linguistic Barriers
pertain conflicts with regard to language and word meanings.

Three kinds of noise; Verderber (1997)

EXTERNAL
are the "sight, sound and other stimuli that draw peoples attention
away from intended meaning”
INTERNAL
are the "thoughts and feelings that interfere with meaning."
SEMANTIC
are the "alternate meanings aroused by a speaker's symbols”.

5 WAYS TO AVOID COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN BY RONNIE PETERSON

1. HAVE CLARITY OF THOUGHT
2. LEARN TO LISTEN
3. BE AWARE OF YOUR BODY LANGUAGE AND TONE
4. BUILD UP YOUR CONFIDENCE
5. COMMUNICATE FACE-TO-FACE ON IMPORTANT ISSUES.

STRATEGIES TO AVOID COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN

1. KEEP FOCUSED
2. SPEAK INTELLIGIBLY
3. LISTEN WITH YOUR EARS AND EYES
4. MINIMIZE DISTRACTIONS
5. BE SPECIFIC
6. DO NOT JUMP INTO CONCLUSION

7CS OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

COMPLETENESS
o COMPLETE INFORMATION IS NEEDED
o BEFORE SENDING A MESSAGE
o LISTENER OR AUDIENCE WILL BE ABLE TO GRASP THE INTENDED MESSAGE.
 o LEARN TO ANSWER THE WH-QUESTIONS

CONCISENESS
o MESSAGE IS SHORT AND CONCISE DIRECT TO THE POINT)
o IRRELEVANT INFORMATION SHOULD NOT BE INCLUDED

CONSIDERATION
o BACKGROUND OF THE RECEIVER ( MOOD, RACE, STATUS, GENDER, PREFERENCE,
EDUCATION, STATUS, NEEDS AND AMONG OTHERS )
o RESULT IN BUILDING RAPPORT OR CONNECTION WITH THE AUDIENCE.

CONCRETENESS
o MESSAGE IS FACTUAL
o MESSAGE IS IN REAL-LIFE SITUATIONS
o MAKE THE RECEIVER TO UNDERSTAND THE MESSAGE BETTER

COURTESY
o RESPECT ONE'S CULTURE,
BAKCGROUND, PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES
o IMPLIES GOOD CHOICE OF WORDS AND LANGUAGE AND A CONSIDERATION OF THE
AUDIENCE'S PERSPECTIVES AND FEELINGS ON THE PART OF THE SENDER
o HELPS CREATE A POSITIVE VIBE WITH THE AUDIENCE.

CLEARNESS
o MESSAGE IS SIMPLE, CLEAR AND SPECIFIC
o WILL NOT CONFUSE THE AUDIENCE.

CORRECTNESS
o CORRECTNESS IN LANGUAGE USE AND
o GRAMMAR ADDS CREDIBILITY
o WE MAY COMMIT MISTAKES BUT BEING AWARE OF OUR MISTAKES WILL HELP US
o LEARN MORE

7 C'S OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

1. COMPLETENESS
2. CONCISENESS
3. CONSIDERATION
4. CONCRETENESS
5. COURTESY
6. CLEARNESS
7. CORRECTNESS

Module #5

INTRAPERSONAL
 focused in one person
 speaker acts both sender and receiver
 brain of the speaker is the channel of communication

INTERPERSONAL
 between or among people
  includes two (2) individuals
 casual and very personal to formal and informal communication

DYAD COMMUNICATION
o means two
o more intimate
o direct and vocal
o gives immediate response

SMALL COMMUNICATION
o least 3 but not more than 12
o engaged in face-to-face interactions to achieve the desired goal

PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
 refers to communication that requires you to deliver or send the message before or in
front of a group
 channels are more exaggerated.
 voice is louder and gesture are more expansive

MASS COMMUNICATION
 television, radio, newspapers, magazines, books billboards, the internet and other
types of media
 wide range of audiences
 it becomes an efficient way to provide information in the new normal

Speech Context
INTRAPERSONAL
INTERPERSONAL
 DYAD
 SMALL GROUP
PUBLIC
MASS COMMUNICATION

Module #6

Verbal Communication
o refers to the use of words to convey a message
o pertains to communication situation where people speak and converse to one another

ASPECTS OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION

APPROPRIATENES
-pertains to the use of suitable language which is appropriate to the context of situation

FORMAL VS INFORMAL

Formal
o these are ceremonial or dignitied gatherings
o exchange of information is controlled and prepared
 o contorms to certains rules and conventions

Informal
o characterized by free, casual and spontaneous exchange ot messages
o communication situations where no rules
and conventions
o Occurs in our daily lives

Brevity
o pertains to the conciseness of the message
o simple and precise words must be used
o direct to the point

Ethics
o pertains to moral standards that we must follow
o words must be carefully chosen
o avoid to offend, belittle or discriminate

Vividness
o pertains to the descriptive words which makes your message sound lively and vibrant
o appeals to vour creativity in constructing your messages
o language should appeal to the
senses

Clarity
o simple and vet exact words that directly states your message
o purpose of your message will be clearly delivered to the audience

NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION

o refers to collaboration of movements used to convey a message
o actions such as hand gestures, body language, facial expressions etc.

Module #7

Nonverbal Communication
• entails communicating by sending and receiving wordless messages
• includes body language, gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body posture, touch and
others.

Kinesics
o comes from the root word "kinesis" which means movements
o study of your body movements, gestures and facial expressions serve as nonverbal
communication.

Haptics
o refers to the nonverbal signal transmitted through touch
o study of how touch is used to deliver a message
o meaning differs according to intensity, duration, location and frequency

Proxemics
o study of how people use and perceive their social and personal space
Paralangauge
o refers to the nonverbal sounds accompanying oral language
o the way something is said rather than what is said
 Volume
 Speed
 Fluency
 Tone

Nonverbal Communication
o Kinesics
o Haptics
o Proxemics
o Paralangauge

Module #8

COMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS
o Refers to how people use language for different purposes
o Also refers to how language is affected by different time, place and situation

REGULATION CONTROL
o we use this function when we aim to regulate or control a behavior of a person or
group of people
o can be delivered through instructions, request or command

SOCIAL INTERACTION
o we use this function when our goal is to simply interact with people
o can be delivered through greetings, getting to know, chit chats, catching up and
questions to initiate a casual conversation

MOTIVATION
o we use this function when we aim to inspire or motivate person or people to do or do
better
o may come in forms of cheers, quotation, bible verses, advice

INFORMATION DISSEMINATION
o this function is used when we aim to share information or data for the purpose of
educating our receivers
o may facts, announcements, news, information based on the given evidences

EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION
o we use this function when we aim to connect with people emotionally
o these are emotions we express, accept, deny or affirm