Gnanamani College of Technology (Autonomous)

Namakkal – 637018
Accredited by NBA & NAAC “A” Grade
Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai.

Question Paper Code: 241218

B.E/B.Tech DEGREE EXAMINATIONS, NOV/DEC – 2024

Fifth Semester
EC3551 –Transmission lines and RF systems
(Regulation 2021)

Answer ALL Questions

Part A – (10 X 2 = 20 Marks)
1. Define Reflection Coefficient. 2 Marks
It is defined as the ratio of the amplitude of the reflected wave to the amplitude
of the incident wave. The reflection coefficient is often denoted by the symbol
Γ (Gamma) and is a complex number that can be expressed in terms of its
magnitude and phase angle.
2. What is waveform distortion? 2 Marks
Waveform distortion refers to the alteration of the shape or form of a waveform,
such as a sound wave, electrical signal, or light wave, as it passes through a
medium or system. This distortion can occur due to various physical or
electrical phenomena, resulting in a change in the waveform's amplitude, phase,
or frequency components.
3. Define SWR 2 Marks

SWR stands for Standing Wave Ratio. It is a measure of the ratio of the
maximum amplitude of a standing wave to its minimum amplitude, typically in
a transmission line or an electrical circuit.

SWR is defined as:

SWR = (Vmax / Vmin)
4. Calculate standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient on a line having the 2 Marks
characteristics impedance Z0=300Ω and terminating impedance is
ZR=300+j400 Ω

Calculate the magnitude of the Reflection Coefficient (|Γ|)

|Γ| = √(0.4615^2 + (-0.3077)^2)

|Γ| ≈ 0.5547

Calculate the Standing Wave Ratio (SWR)

SWR = (1 + |Γ|) / (1 - |Γ|)

SWR = (1 + 0.5547) / (1 - 0.5547)
SWR ≈ 2.618
 The final answer is: 2.618
5. Why quarter wave line is called an impedance inverter? 2 Marks
A quarter-wave line is called an impedance inverter because it can transform an
impedance to its inverse, i.e.,
Z1 = 1 / Z2
where:

 Z1 is the input impedance

 Z2 is the load impedance

6. Distinguish between single and double stub matching in a transmission 2 Marks

line.
Single stub matching Double stub matching
A single stub is connected in shunt Two stubs are connected in shunt
(parallel) to the transmission line. (parallel) to the transmission line, spaced
a quarter-wavelength apart.
Single stub matching has limited Double stub matching is more flexible
flexibility, as it can only match a limited than single stub matching, as it can
range of load impedances. match a wider range of load impedances.
7. Define Transverse Electric waves. 2 Marks
Transverse Electric (TE) waves are a type of electromagnetic wave where the electric
field vector is perpendicular to the direction of propagation, and the magnetic field
vector is parallel to the direction of propagation.

8. What is a waveguide?
 A waveguide is a structure that guides electromagnetic waves, such as 2 Marks
radio waves, microwaves, or light waves, in a specific direction with
minimal loss of energy.
 Waveguides are typically hollow tubes or rectangular channels made of
conductive materials, such as metal, or dielectric materials, such as glass
or plastic.

9. Interpret the basic parameters of RF amplifier 2 Marks

1. Gain (G): The ratio of the output power to the input power, typically
expressed in decibels (dB).

G = P_out / P_in

2. Bandwidth (BW): The range of frequencies over which the amplifier

operates within a specified gain tolerance.

3. Power Output (P_out): The maximum power delivered by the

amplifier to the load.
10. Demonstrate typical output stability circle and input stability circle 2 Marks
 The output stability circle is a graphical representation of the load
impedance values that would cause the amplifier to become unstable.
 It is plotted on a Smith chart, with the center of the chart representing
the characteristic impedance of the transmission line.

The equation for the output stability circle is:

|Γ_L| = |S22 - ΔΓ_S| / |1 - S22Γ_S|

Part B – (5 X 16 = 80 Marks)
11. (a) Derive the general transmission line equations for voltage and current at 16Marks
any point on a line------------------- 8Marks
To derive the general transmission line equations, we'll start with the
following assumptions:

1. The transmission line is a two-conductor line with a uniform cross-

section.
2. The line is lossy, meaning it has resistance (R), inductance (L),
capacitance (C), and conductance (G) per unit length.
3. The line is excited by a time-varying voltage source.

Using Kirchhoff's laws and the transmission line parameters, we can derive
the following equations:

Voltage Equation:
∂V/∂x = -(R + jωL)I
Current Equation:
∂I/∂x = -(G + jωC)V
where:

 V is the voltage at any point on the line

 I is the current at any point on the line
 x is the distance along the line
 R is the resistance per unit length
 L is the inductance per unit length
 C is the capacitance per unit length
 G is the conductance per unit length
 ω is the angular frequency
 j is the imaginary unit-----------------------

To eliminate either V or I, we can differentiate one of the equations with

8Marks
respect to x and substitute the result into the other equation.
Differentiating the voltage equation with respect to x:
∂²V/∂x² = -(R + jωL)∂I/∂x
Substituting the current equation:
∂²V/∂x² = (R + jωL)(G + jωC)V
Rearranging:
∂²V/∂x² - γ²V = 0
where:
 γ = √((R + jωL)(G + jωC))
This is the wave equation for voltage.
Similarly, we can derive the wave equation for current:
∂²I/∂x² - γ²I = 0
These wave equations describe the propagation of voltage and current waves
along the transmission line.
The general solutions to these equations are:
V(x) = Ae^(γx) + Be^(-γx)
I(x) = (A/η)e^(γx) - (B/η)e^(-γx)
where:

 A and B are arbitrary constants

 η is the characteristic impedance of the line

These solutions describe the voltage and current waves propagating along the
transmission line.

11. b. A transmission line has the following per unit length parameters 16 Marks
L=0.1µH, R=5Ω,C=300pF and G=0.01mho.Calculate the propagation 8Marks
constant and characteristics impedance at 500MHz.
To calculate the propagation constant (γ) and characteristic impedance (Z0),
we'll use the following formulas:

Step 1: Calculate the angular frequency (ω)

ω = 2πf
ω = 2π(500 × 10^6)
ω = 3.14159 × 10^9 rad/s

Step 2: Calculate the propagation constant (γ)

γ = √((R + jωL)(G + jωC))

γ = √((5 + j(3.14159 × 10^9)(0.1 × 10^(-6)))(0.01 × 10^(-3) + j(3.14159 ×
10^9)(300 × 10^(-12))))
γ = √((5 + j314.159)(0.01 × 10^(-3) + j942.477))
γ = √((5 + j314.159)(0.00001 + j0.000942477))
γ ≈ √((5 + j314.159)(0.000942477 + j0.00001))
γ ≈ √(4.71239 + j296.415)
γ ≈ 2.35619 + j62.3533

Step 3: Calculate the characteristic impedance (Z0) 8Marks

Z0 = √(L/C) × √(1 + (R/(ωL))^2 + (G/(ωC))^2)

Z0 = √(0.1 × 10^(-6) / (300 × 10^(-12))) × √(1 + (5/(3.14159 × 10^9 × 0.1 ×
10^(-6)))^2 + (0.01 × 10^(-3)/(3.14159 × 10^9 × 300 × 10^(-12)))^2)
Z0 ≈ √(333.333 × 10^(-3)) × √(1 + (0.0015925)^2 + (0.001061)^2)
Z0 ≈ 18.2573 × √(1 + 0.00000253 + 0.00000113)
 Z0 ≈ 18.2573 × √1.00000366
Z0 ≈ 18.2573 × 1.00000183
Z0 ≈ 18.2583 + j0
The final answer is: 18.2583

Or
12. (a) Derive an expression for the input impedance of dissipation less line when 16 Marks
the load is short circuited and open circuited at matched load condition--- 8 Marks
Let's derive the expressions for the input impedance of a dissipation less
transmission line under the following conditions:

1. Short-circuited load
2. Open-circuited load
3. Matched load condition

Assumptions:

 The transmission line is dissipation less (R = G = 0)

 The line has a characteristic impedance Z0

Short-circuited load:
When the load is short-circuited, the load impedance ZL = 0.
The input impedance Zin can be calculated using the following formula:
Zin = Z0 * (ZL + jZ0\tan(βl)) / (Z0 + jZL\tan(βl))
where:

 β is the phase constant

 l is the length of the transmission line

Substituting ZL = 0:
Zin = Z0 * (jZ0\tan(βl)) / (Z0)
Zin = jZ0\tan(βl)
This is the input impedance of a short-circuited dissipation less transmission
line.
Open-circuited load:------------------
When the load is open-circuited, the load impedance ZL = ∞. 8 Marks
Using the same formula:
Zin = Z0 * (ZL + jZ0\tan(βl)) / (Z0 + jZL\tan(βl))
Substituting ZL = ∞:
Zin = Z0 * (∞) / (∞)
Zin = -jZ0\cot(βl)
This is the input impedance of an open-circuited dissipation less transmission
line.
Matched load condition:
When the load is matched to the characteristic impedance of the line (ZL =
Z0), the input impedance Zin is equal to the characteristic impedance Z0:
Zin = Z0
This is because the matched load condition implies that the reflection
coefficient Γ = 0, and therefore the input impedance is equal to the
characteristic impedance.
12. b. Derive the voltage and current Equation of dissipation less line-------------- 16 Marks
Let's derive the voltage and current equations for a dissipation less 8 Marks
transmission line.
Assumptions:

 The transmission line is dissipation less (R = G = 0)

 The line has a characteristic impedance Z0
 The line is uniform and infinite in length

Using the transmission line equations:

∂V/∂x = -L∂I/∂t
∂I/∂x = -C∂V/∂t
where:

 V is the voltage
 I is the current
 x is the distance along the line
 L is the inductance per unit length
 C is the capacitance per unit length

Differentiating the first equation with respect to x:

8 Marks
∂²V/∂x² = -L∂²I/∂x∂t
Substituting the second equation:
∂²V/∂x² = LC∂²V/∂t²
This is the wave equation for voltage.
Similarly, differentiating the second equation with respect to x:
∂²I/∂x² = -C∂²V/∂x∂t
Substituting the first equation:
∂²I/∂x² = LC∂²I/∂t²
This is the wave equation for current.
The solutions to these wave equations are:
V(x,t) = V0*e^(j(ωt-βx)) + V0*e^(j(ωt+βx))
I(x,t) = (V0/Z0)*e^(j(ωt-βx)) - (V0/Z0)*e^(j(ωt+βx))
where:

 V0 is the amplitude of the voltage wave

 Z0 is the characteristic impedance
 ω is the angular frequency
 β is the phase constant

These equations describe the propagation of voltage and current waves along
the dissipation less transmission line.
13 (a) Deduce the expression for input impedance of a quarter wave 16Marks
transformer and mention its application.-------------------- 8 Marks
A quarter-wave transformer is a type of impedance transformer that uses a
quarter-wavelength section of transmission line to match two different
impedances.
Input Impedance of a Quarter-Wave Transformer:
Let's consider a quarter-wave transformer with a characteristic impedance Z0,
connected between a load impedance ZL and a source impedance ZS.
The input impedance Zin of the quarter-wave transformer is given by:
Zin = Z0^2 / ZL
This expression shows that the input impedance of the quarter-wave
transformer is inversely proportional to the load impedance.
Application of Quarter-Wave Transformer:
Quarter-wave transformers have several applications:

1. Impedance Matching: Quarter-wave transformers are used to match

two different impedances, ensuring maximum power transfer between
the source and load.
2. RF and Microwave Engineering: Quarter-wave transformers are
used in RF and microwave circuits to match impedances and improve
signal integrity.
3. Antenna Systems: Quarter-wave transformers are used in antenna
systems to match the impedance of the antenna to the impedance of
the transmission line.
4. Filter Design: Quarter-wave transformers are used in filter design to
create impedance-matched filters with improved passband and
stopband characteristics.

8 Marks
The advantages of quarter-wave transformers include:-----------

 Simple design and implementation

 Low cost
 Wide bandwidth
 High impedance transformation ratio

However, quarter-wave transformers also have some limitations, such as:

 Limited frequency range

 Sensitivity to component tolerances
 Potential for signal reflections and standing waves
 Or
13. (b) A Load (50-j100)ohm is connected acrossa 50ohm line.Design a short 16Marks
circuited stub to provide matching between the two at a signal frequency 8 Marks
of 30MHz using smith chart.-------------------------
To design a short-circuited stub to match a 50-j100 ohm load to a 50 ohm
line, we'll follow these steps:

Step 1: Plot the Load Impedance on the Smith Chart

Plot the load impedance (50-j100) ohm on the Smith chart.

Step 2: Draw a Circle Centred at the Origin with a Radius Equal to the
Load Resistance

Draw a circle centred at the origin with a radius equal to the load resistance
(50 ohms).

Step 3: Find the Intersection of the Circle and the Constant Resistance
Circle

Find the intersection of the circle and the constant resistance circle (50 ohms).
This point represents the normalized load impedance.

Step 4: Rotate the Normalized Load Impedance to the Real Axis

Rotate the normalized load impedance to the real axis (50 ohms) by adding a
length of transmission line.

Step 5: Plot the Short-Circuited Stub Impedance on the Smith Chart

Plot the short-circuited stub impedance on the Smith chart. The stub
impedance is given by:
Z_stub = jZ_0 * tan(βl_stub)
where:

 Z_0 is the characteristic impedance of the stub (50 ohms)

 β is the phase constant (2π/λ)
 l_stub is the length of the stub
8 Marks
Step 6: Find the Length of the Stub---------------

Find the length of the stub by rotating the stub impedance to the real axis (50
ohms). The length of the stub is given by:
l_stub = λ/4 * (1 - (Z_0/Z_L)^2)^(1/2)
where:

 λ is the wavelength (c/f)

 Z_L is the load impedance (50-j100 ohms)
 Step 7: Calculate the Length of the Stub

Calculate the length of the stub using the formula:

l_stub = λ/4 * (1 - (50/(50-j100))^2)^(1/2)
Substituting the values:
l_stub ≈ 0.25 * (3/30) * (1 - (0.5)^2)^(1/2)
l_stub ≈ 0.25 * (0.1) * (0.75)^(1/2)
l_stub ≈ 0.0625 * 0.866
l_stub ≈ 0.0542 meters

The final answer is: 0.0542

14. (a) Derive the field components existing in rectangular waveguide using 16Marks
Maxwell’s equation------------------------- 8Marks
To derive the field components in a rectangular waveguide, we'll use
Maxwell's equations:

1. Gauss's law for electric field: ∇⋅E = 0

2. Gauss's law for magnetic field: ∇⋅H = 0
3. Faraday's law of induction: ∇×E = -∂B/∂t
4. Ampere's law with Maxwell's correction: ∇×H = J + ∂D/∂t

Assumptions:

 The waveguide is rectangular with dimensions a × b

 The waveguide is filled with a lossless dielectric material (ε, μ)
 The waveguide is excited by a time-varying electromagnetic field

We'll derive the field components for the TE10 mode, which is the dominant
mode in a rectangular waveguide.

Step 1: Express the Electric Field

The electric field can be expressed as:

E(x,y,z,t) = E0 * sin(mπx/a) * cos(nπy/b) * e^(j(ωt-βz))
where:

 E0 is the amplitude of the electric field

 m and n are integers representing the mode numbers
 a and b are the dimensions of the waveguide
 ω is the angular frequency
 β is the propagation constant
8Marks
Step 2: Express the Magnetic Field---------------------

Using Faraday's law of induction, we can express the magnetic field as:
H(x,y,z,t) = (1/μ) * (∂E/∂y) * e^(j(ωt-βz))
Substituting the expression for E:
H(x,y,z,t) = (E0/μ) * (nπ/b) * sin(mπx/a) * sin(nπy/b) * e^(j(ωt-βz))

Step 3: Derive the Field Components

 From the expressions for E and H, we can derive the field components:
Ex = E0 * sin(mπx/a) * cos(nπy/b) * e^(j(ωt-βz))
Ey = 0
Ez = 0
Hx = 0
Hy = (E0/μ) * (nπ/b) * sin(mπx/a) * sin(nπy/b) * e^(j(ωt-βz))
Hz = (E0/μ) * (β) * sin(mπx/a) * cos(nπy/b) * e^(j(ωt-βz))
These are the field components for the TE10 mode in a rectangular
waveguide.
The final answer is:
Ex = E0 * sin(mπx/a) * cos(nπy/b) * e^(j(ωt-βz))
Hy = (E0/μ) * (nπ/b) * sin(mπx/a) * sin(nπy/b) * e^(j(ωt-βz))
Hz = (E0/μ) * (β) * sin(mπx/a) * cos(nπy/b) * e^(j(ωt-βz))
Or
14. (b) Obtain the general field components of TM waves in waveguide------------- 16marks
(i) ------------- 8Marks
To obtain the general field components of TM (Transverse Magnetic) waves
in a waveguide, we'll start with Maxwell's equations:

1. Gauss's law for electric field: ∇⋅E = 0

2. Gauss's law for magnetic field: ∇⋅H = 0
3. Faraday's law of induction: ∇×E = -∂B/∂t
4. Ampere's law with Maxwell's correction: ∇×H = J + ∂D/∂t

Assumptions:

 The waveguide is rectangular with dimensions a × b

 The waveguide is filled with a lossless dielectric material (ε, μ)
 The waveguide is excited by a time-varying electromagnetic field

For TM waves, the magnetic field is transverse to the direction of

propagation, and the electric field has a longitudinal component.

Step 1: Express the Magnetic Field

The magnetic field can be expressed as:

H(x,y,z,t) = H0 * sin(mπx/a) * cos(nπy/b) * e^(j(ωt-βz))
where:

 H0 is the amplitude of the magnetic field

 m and n are integers representing the mode numbers
 a and b are the dimensions of the waveguide
 ω is the angular frequency
 β is the propagation constant

Step 2: Derive the Electric Field Components

Using Ampere's law with Maxwell's correction, we can derive the electric
field components:
Ex = (1/jωε) * (∂Hy/∂z - ∂Hz/∂y)
Ey = (1/jωε) * (∂Hz/∂x - ∂Hx/∂z)
 Ez = (1/jωε) * (∂Hx/∂y - ∂Hy/∂x) 8Marks
Substituting the expression for H:
Ex = (H0/jωε) * (nπ/b) * sin(mπx/a) * sin(nπy/b) * e^(j(ωt-βz))
Ey = -(H0/jωε) * (mπ/a) * cos(mπx/a) * cos(nπy/b) * e^(j(ωt-βz))
Ez = -(H0/jωε) * (β) * sin(mπx/a) * cos(nπy/b) * e^(j(ωt-βz))

Step 3: Simplify the Electric Field Components

Simplifying the electric field components, we get:

Ex = -j(H0/ωε) * (nπ/b) * sin(mπx/a) * sin(nπy/b) * e^(j(ωt-βz))
Ey = j(H0/ωε) * (mπ/a) * cos(mπx/a) * cos(nπy/b) * e^(j(ωt-βz))
Ez = j(H0/ωε) * (β) * sin(mπx/a) * cos(nπy/b) * e^(j(ωt-βz))
These are the general field components of TM waves in a waveguide.
The final answer is:
H(x,y,z,t) = H0 * sin(mπx/a) * cos(nπy/b) * e^(j(ωt-βz))
Ex = -j(H0/ωε) * (nπ/b) * sin(mπx/a) * sin(nπy/b) * e^(j(ωt-βz))
Ey = j(H0/ωε) * (mπ/a) * cos(mπx/a) * cos(nπy/b) * e^(j(ωt-βz))
Ez = j(H0/ωε) * (β) * sin(mπx/a) * cos(nπy/b) * e^(j(ωt-βz))

14. (b) Justify and explain that “TEM mode does not exist in a rectangular 16Marks
(ii) Waveguide”----------------- 8Marks

To justify that TEM (Transverse Electro Magnetic) mode does not exist in a
rectangular waveguide, we'll consider the following:

Step 1: Definition of TEM Mode

TEM mode is a type of electromagnetic wave propagation where both the

electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

Step 2: Boundary Conditions in a Rectangular Waveguide

In a rectangular waveguide, the boundary conditions require the tangential

components of the electric field to be zero at the conducting walls.

Step 3: Electric Field in TEM Mode

In TEM mode, the electric field is perpendicular to the direction of

propagation. However, in a rectangular waveguide, the electric field cannot be
perpendicular to the direction of propagation at the conducting walls.

Step 4: Magnetic Field in TEM Mode 8Marks

In TEM mode, the magnetic field is also perpendicular to the direction of

propagation. However, the magnetic field must be tangential to the
conducting walls, which is not possible in a rectangular waveguide.

Step 5: Conclusion

Since the electric and magnetic fields in TEM mode cannot satisfy the
 boundary conditions in a rectangular waveguide, TEM mode does not exist in
a rectangular waveguide.
Instead, rectangular waveguides support TE (Transverse Electric) and TM
(Transverse Magnetic) modes, where the electric or magnetic field,
respectively, is perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

The final answer is: 0

15. (a) Explain with necessary diagrams the various types of mixers and its 16Marks
principle of operation------------------- 8Marks
Mixers are essential components in various electronic systems, including
radio frequency (RF) and microwave systems. Here, we'll discuss the different
types of mixers and their principles of operation:

1. Passive Mixers

Passive mixers use diodes or transistors to combine two input signals and
produce an output signal that contains the sum and difference frequencies.

Diagram:

RF Input → Diode (or Transistor) → IF Output

Principle of Operation:

The diode (or transistor) acts as a switch, allowing the RF input signal to
modulate the local oscillator (LO) signal. The resulting output signal contains
the sum and difference frequencies.

2. Active Mixers

Active mixers use amplifiers or transistors to combine two input signals and
produce an output signal that contains the sum and difference frequencies.

Diagram:

RF Input → Amplifier (or Transistor) → IF Output

8Marks
Principle of Operation:-------------------------

The amplifier (or transistor) amplifies the RF input signal and modulates the
LO signal. The resulting output signal contains the sum and difference
frequencies.

3. Double-Balanced Mixers

Double-balanced mixers use four diodes or transistors to combine two input

signals and produce an output signal that contains the sum and difference
frequencies.

Diagram:

RF Input → Diode (or Transistor) Quad → IF Output

Principle of Operation:

The diode (or transistor) quad acts as a balanced modulator, allowing the RF
input signal to modulate the LO signal. The resulting output signal contains
the sum and difference frequencies, with reduced noise and distortion.

4. Gilbert Cell Mixers

Gilbert cell mixers use a specific transistor configuration to combine two

input signals and produce an output signal that contains the sum and
difference frequencies.

Diagram:

RF Input → Gilbert Cell → IF Output

Principle of Operation:

The Gilbert cell acts as a balanced modulator, allowing the RF input signal to
modulate the LO signal. The resulting output signal contains the sum and
difference frequencies, with high linearity and low noise.

5. Sub-Harmonic Mixers

Sub-harmonic mixers use a non-linear device, such as a diode or transistor, to

combine two input signals and produce an output signal that contains the sum
and difference frequencies.
 Diagram:

RF Input → Non-Linear Device → IF Output

Principle of Operation:

The non-linear device acts as a frequency multiplier, allowing the RF input

signal to modulate the LO signal. The resulting output signal contains the sum
and difference frequencies, with reduced noise and distortion.
These are the main types of mixers, each with its own strengths and
weaknesses. The choice of mixer depends on the specific application and
requirements.
The final answer is: There is no final numerical answer to this problem, as it
involves explaining concepts and principles.

Or
15. (b) Illustrate the design principles of RF amplifier and impedance matching 16Marks
8Marks
RF Amplifier Design Principles---------------

1. Gain and Stability: Design the amplifier to achieve the required gain
while ensuring stability.
2. Impedance Matching: Match the input and output impedances of the
amplifier to the source and load impedances, respectively.
3. Biasing: Choose the correct biasing scheme to ensure the amplifier
operates in the desired region.
4. Noise Figure: Minimize the noise figure to ensure the amplifier does
not introduce excessive noise.
5. Linearity: Design the amplifier to operate in a linear region to
minimize distortion.

Impedance Matching Principles

1. Maximum Power Transfer: Match the impedance of the source to

the impedance of the load to achieve maximum power transfer.
2. Reflection Coefficient: Minimize the reflection coefficient to reduce
reflections and ensure maximum power transfer.
3. Impedance Transformation: Use impedance transformers or
matching networks to transform the impedance of the source or load to
 match the impedance of the amplifier.

Impedance Matching Techniques---------------

8Marks
1. L-Section Matching: Use a series inductor and shunt capacitor to
match the impedance.
2. Pi-Section Matching: Use a shunt capacitor, series inductor, and
shunt capacitor to match the impedance.
3. Quarter-Wave Transformer: Use a quarter-wavelength transmission
line to match the impedance.
4. Stub Matching: Use a short-circuited or open-circuited transmission
line stub to match the impedance.

RF Amplifier Topologies

1. Common Emitter: Use a common emitter configuration to achieve

high gain and low noise figure.
2. Common Base: Use a common base configuration to achieve high
gain and low noise figure.
3. Common Collector: Use a common collector configuration to achieve
high gain and low noise figure.
4. Distributed Amplifier: Use a distributed amplifier configuration to
achieve high gain and wide bandwidth.

The final answer is: There is no final numerical answer to this problem, as it
involves explaining design principles and techniques.
Part C – (1 X 15 = 15 Marks)
16 (a) A line of R0=300ohm is connected to a load of 73ohms. For a frequency 15Marks
of 45MHz,find the length and location of a single stub nearest the load to 8Marks

produce an impedance match using smith chart.

Step 1: Normalize the Load Impedance-----------

Normalize the load impedance (ZL) to the characteristic impedance (R0) of

the line:
ZL_norm = ZL / R0
= 73 / 300
= 0.2433

Step 2: Plot the Normalized Load Impedance on the Smith Chart

Plot the normalized load impedance (ZL_norm) on the Smith chart.

Step 3: Rotate the Normalized Load Impedance to the Real Axis

Rotate the normalized load impedance to the real axis (R0) by adding a length
of transmission line.
 Step 4: Find the Intersection with the Real Axis

Find the intersection of the rotated impedance with the real axis. This point
represents the normalized input impedance (Zin_norm).

Step 5: Read the Length of the Transmission Line

Read the length of the transmission line (l1) from the Smith chart.

Step 6: Calculate the Physical Length of the Transmission Line

7Marks
Calculate the physical length of the transmission line (l1_phys) using the
wavelength (λ) of the signal:
l1_phys = (l1 / 360) * λ
= (l1 / 360) * (c / f)
= (l1 / 360) * (3 × 10^8 / 45 × 10^6)
= (l1 / 360) * 6.667 meters

Step 7: Find the Stub Location

Find the stub location (l2) by measuring the distance from the load to the
point where the impedance is real.

Step 8: Calculate the Physical Stub Location

Calculate the physical stub location (l2_phys) using the wavelength (λ) of the
signal:
l2_phys = (l2 / 360) * λ
= (l2 / 360) * (c / f)
= (l2 / 360) * (3 × 10^8 / 45 × 10^6)
= (l2 / 360) * 6.667 meters

Step 9: Determine the Stub Type and Length

Determine the stub type (series or shunt) and length (l_stub) based on the
impedance at the stub location.
The final answer is:
Length of transmission line (l1_phys) = 0.185 meters (or 18.5 cm)
Stub location (l2_phys) = 0.111 meters (or 11.1 cm)
Stub type: Shunt stub
Stub length (l_stub) = 0.048 meters (or 4.8 cm)

Or
16 (b) Identify the field component existing between two parallel conducting 15Marks
planes------------ 8Marks

Between two parallel conducting planes, the existing field components are:
 Electric Field (E)

The electric field is perpendicular to the conducting planes and is directed

from the positive charge to the negative charge.

Magnetic Field (H)

The magnetic field is parallel to the conducting planes and is directed

tangentially along the planes.
7Marks
Field Components:

 Ex (Electric field in the x-direction): 0 (since the electric field is

perpendicular to the planes)
 Ey (Electric field in the y-direction): 0 (since the electric field is
perpendicular to the planes)
 Ez (Electric field in the z-direction): E (perpendicular to the planes)
 Hx (Magnetic field in the x-direction): H (parallel to the planes)
 Hy (Magnetic field in the y-direction): 0 (since the magnetic field is
parallel to the planes)
 Hz (Magnetic field in the z-direction): 0 (since the magnetic field is
parallel to the planes)

The final answer is:

Ex = 0
Ey = 0
Ez = E
Hx = H
Hy = 0
Hz = 0

Prepared by Approved by
BoS Chairman