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8 views15 pages

physics practical

Uploaded by

abhiroopsen2006
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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‭SHIKSHA NIKETAN‬

‭ ESSION: 2024-25‬
S
‭PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT:‬
‭TO STUDY THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF A CELL‬

‭ AME: ABHIROOP SEN‬


N
‭CLASS: XII ‘B’‬
‭ROLL NO: 01‬
‭BOARD ROLL NO: 22694159‬
‭PROJECT GUIDE: MR.PATIT KULIA‬
‭ actors Affecting‬
F
‭Internal Resistance Of A‬
‭Cell‬
‭Acknowledgement‬
I‭ feel proud to present my Investigatory project in‬
‭Physics on the topic “To study the various factors on‬
‭which the internal resistance of a cell depends” .This‬
‭project wouldn’t have been possible without the‬
‭proper and rigorous guidance of my Physics teacher‬
‭who guided me throughout this project in every‬
‭possible way on a step by step basis and ensuring‬
‭that I completed my project with ease. His‬
‭suggestions and instructions have served as the major‬
‭contributor towards the completion of the project.‬
‭Rigorous hard work has been put in this project to‬
‭ensure that it proves to be the best. I hope that this‬
‭project will prove to be a breeding ground for the‬
‭next generation of students and will guide them in‬
‭every possible way.‬
‭CERTIFICATE‬
‭ his is to certify that‬‭Abhiroop Sen‬‭, student of‬
T
‭class XII ‘B’,Roll No: 22694159, has successfully‬
‭completed the project on the topic‬
‭“Determination of various factors on which‬
‭the internal resistance of a cell depends”‬‭.This‬
‭project is absolutely genuine and does not‬
‭indulge in plagiarism of any kind. The progress‬
‭of the project has been continuously reported‬
‭and has been acknowledged consistently.‬

‭_____________ _____________‬
‭(EXTERNAL TEACHER) (PHYSICS TEACHER)‬
‭Contents‬
‭➢‬ ‭Acknowledgement‬

‭➢‬ ‭Certificate‬

‭➢‬ ‭Introduction‬

‭➢‬ ‭Objective‬

‭➢‬ ‭Apparatus‬

‭➢‬ ‭Theory‬

‭➢‬ ‭Procedure‬

‭➢‬ ‭Observations‬

‭➢‬ ‭Conclusions‬

‭➢‬ ‭Precautions‬

‭➢‬ ‭Sources of error‬


‭Introduction‬
‭ here is a great need for batteries in our daily use electronic‬
T
‭appliances and the use is increasing every day.‬
‭Thus , the batteries need to be made more powerful so that their‬
‭potential can be increased greatly .‬
‭ hus , this project report is based on practical analysis for the‬
T
‭factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell.‬
‭ hen the internal resistance of the cell is decreased we can‬
W
‭increase the potential difference across it , and hence make it‬
‭more reliable.‬

‭●‬ ‭Objective :-‬


‭ o study the various factors on which the internal resistance‬
T
‭of a cell depends.‬
‭●‬ ‭Apparatus :-‬
‭ Potentiometer , a battery (battery eliminator) , two way keys , a rheostat of low‬
A
‭resistance , a galvanometer , a high resistance , an ammeter , a cell , a Jockey , a‬
‭set square , connecting wires , water bath , thermometer(0- 100°C) , burner , tripod‬
‭stand , wire gauge .‬

‭Theory :-‬
‭ he internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its electrolyte to the flow‬
T
‭of ions . The internal resistance of a cell‬

‭ ‬ i‭s directly proportional to the distance between the electrodes.‬


●
‭●‬ ‭is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the electrodes in‬
‭electrolyte.‬
‭●‬ ‭decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.‬
‭●‬ ‭is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte.‬

‭The internal resistance of a cell is given by‬

‭l‬‭1‬ ‭l‬‭2‬
‭where‬ ‭,‬ ‭are the balancing lengths without resistance‬‭and with‬
r‭ esistance (shunt) , respectively and R is the shunt resistance in parallel with the given‬
‭cell.‬
‭●‬‭Procedure‬
‭●‬ ‭Step 1‬
‭ .‬ D
1 ‭ raw the circuit diagram showing the scheme of connections.‬
‭2.‬ ‭Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and make tight‬
‭connections according to the circuit diagrams.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Tight the plugs of the resistance box.‬
‭4.‬ ‭Check the e.m.f. of the battery and cell and see that e.m.f. and see that‬
‭e.m.f. of the battery is more than that of the given cell ,otherwise null or‬
‭balance point will not be obtained (E' >E).‬
‭5.‬ ‭Take maximum current from the battery , making rheostat resistance small.‬
‭K‬
‭6.‬‭To test the corrections of the connections.‬‭(insert‬‭the plug in the key‬ ‭1‬
‭and note the ammeter reading .Take out 2000 ohm resistance‬
‭plug from resistance box. Place the jockey first at the end P of the wire and then‬
‭at the end Q. If the galvanometer shows deflection in opposite direction in the‬
‭two cases the connections are correct).‬
‭K‬‭2‬
‭7.‬ ‭Without inserting the plug in the key‬ ‭adjust the‬‭rheostat so that a‬
‭ ull point is obtained on the 4th wire of potentiometer.‬
n
‭8.‬ ‭Insert the 2000 ohm plug back in the position in resistance box and by‬
‭slightly adjusting the jockey near the previous obtained position of null point,‬
‭obtain null point position accurately, using a set square.‬
‭l‭1‬ ‬
‭9.‬ ‭Measure the balancing length‬ ‭between the point‬‭and the end P of‬
t‭ he wire.‬
‭10.‬ ‭Take out the 2000 ohm plug again from the resistance box R.B.‬
‭K‬‭1‬ ‭K‬‭2‬
‭introduce plugs in the key‬ ‭,as well as in key‬ ‭. Take out small‬
r‭ esistance‬
‭(1-5 Ω) from the resistance box R connected in parallel with the cell.‬
‭11.‬ ‭Slide the jockey along the potentiometer wire and obtain null point.‬
‭12.‬ I‭nsert 2000 ohms plug back in its position in‬‭R.B.‬‭and if necessary make further‬
‭adjustment for sharp null point.‬
‭l‭2‬ ‬
‭13.‬ ‭Measure the balancing length‬ ‭from end P.‬

‭K‬‭1‬ ‭K‬‭2‬
‭14.‬ ‭Remove the plug keys at‬ ‭and‬ ‭.Wait for some time and for the‬
s‭ ame value of current (as shown by ammeter) repeat the steps 7 to 13.‬
‭15.‬ ‭Repeat the observations for different values of R repeating each‬
‭observation twice.‬
‭ 6.‬ ‭Calculate the internal resistance of the cell by using the above relation for r.‬
1

‭❖‬ ‭Step 2‬
‭ o see the effect of distance between the electrodes on internal‬
T
‭resistances keeping the other factors constant ,vary separation between‬
‭electrodes and measure internal resistance in each case.‬
‭Step 3‬
‭❖‬ ‭To see the effect of the temperature of electrolyte on internal‬
‭resistance by keeping other factors constant.‬
‭Keep primary cells in a water bath to heat the electrolyte.‬
‭Determine the internal resistance at various temperatures.‬

‭Step 4‬
‭ o see the effect of concentration (nature) of electrolyte on internal‬
T
‭resistance by :-‬
‭Keeping the other factors constant , decrease concentration of electrolyte by‬
‭adding the distilled water and determine internal resistance of the cell in each‬
‭case .‬
‭●‬ ‭Observations‬ ‭:-‬
‭S.No‬ ‭ mmeter‬
A ‭Pos. of null‬ S‭ hunt‬
‭r=(‬‭(‭l‬‬‭1‬‭−‭l‬‬‭2‭)‬ /‬‭l‬‭1‬ ‭)R‬
‭.‬ ‭Reading (‬ ‭point ( cm )‬ ‭Resistance‬
‭A )‬ ‭R ( Ω )‬ ‭Ω‬
‭ ith‬ W
W ‭ ithout‬
‭R (l‬‭1‬ ‭ ( l‬‭2‬ ‭)‬
R
‭)‬
‭1.‬
‭2.‬
‭3.‬

‭ able‬
T f‭ or‬
‭effect‬ ‭of‬

‭separation between electrodes‬‭:-‬


‭●‬‭Table for the effect of temperature:-‬

‭S.No‬ ‭Separation‬ ‭Balancing‬ ‭Balancing‬ ‭r/d‬


‭r=(‬‭(‭l‬‭1‬ ‬‭−‬‭l‭2‬ ‬‭)/‬‭l‭1‬ ‬
‭.‬ ‭between‬ ‭length‬ ‭length‬
‭)R‬

‭Electrodes‬ ‭(cm) ( l‬‭1‬ ‭)‬ ‭(cm) (l‬‭2‭)‬ ‬ ‭( Ω )‬


‭-d (cm)‬

‭1.‬

‭2.‬

‭3.‬

‭S.No.‬ ‭Temper-‬ ‭l‭1‬‬ ‭l‭2‬‬ ‭Resistan‬ ‭l‭1‬ ‭−


‬ ‬‭l‭2‬ ‬ ‭Tr‬
‭ature‬ ‭ce‬ ‭r=(‬ ‭l‭1‬ ‬ ‭)R‬
‭(T) °C‬ ‭(cm)‬ ‭(cm)‬ ‭R (Ω)‬ ‭(Ω)‬ ‭(ΩK)‬
‭1.‬
‭2.‬
‭3.‬
‭●‬ ‭Conclusions :-‬
‭ .‬‭The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is equal to E =‬
1 ‭Volt‬
‭2.‬‭The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the‬‭separation‬
‭between the electrodes‬‭.‬
‭3.‬‭The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the‬‭area of‬
t‭ he electrodes‬‭dipped in electrolyte.‬
‭4.‬‭The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the‬
‭temperature of electrolytes‬‭.‬
‭5.‬‭The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the‬
‭concentration of the electrolyte‬
‭●‬ ‭Precautions :-‬
‭ .‬‭The connections should be neat , clean and tight.‬
1
‭2.‬‭The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the observations are to‬
‭be taken.‬
‭3.‬‭The positive polls of the battery E and cells E1 and E2 should , all be‬
c‭ onnected to the terminal at the zero of the wires.‬
‭4.‬‭The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It should touch the wire‬
‭gently.‬
‭5.‬‭The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular set of‬
‭ bservation. If necessary , adjust the rheostat for this purpose.‬
o
‭6.‬‭The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than the e.m.f. 's of either of the‬
‭two cells.‬
‭7.‬‭Some high resistance plug should always be taken out from resistance‬
‭ ox before the jockey is moved along the wire.‬
b
‭8.‬‭The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than that of the cell.‬
‭9.‬‭For one set of observations the ammeter reading should remain‬
‭constant.‬
‭10.‬ ‭Current should be passed for short time only , while finding the null‬
‭ oint.‬
p
‭11.‬ ‭Rheostat should be adjusted so that the initial null point lies on the last wire‬
‭of the potentiometer.‬
‭ 2.‬ ‭Cells should not be disturbed during experiment.‬
1
‭13.‬ ‭Jockey should not be rubbed against the potentiometer wire‬
‭●‬ ‭Sources of error‬‭:-‬
‭ .‬‭The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.‬
1
‭2.‬‭The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross-section and‬
‭material density throughout its length.‬
‭3.‬‭End resistances may not be zero.‬
‭Bibliography‬
‭www.Google.com‬

‭www.Wikipedia.com‬

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