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Vectors II
Section I
1 2
Q1 Given that 𝑎𝑖̃ + 3 𝑗̃ + 3 𝑘̃, is a unit vector, find a.
2
Solution 1 2 2 2
(√ 𝑎 2 + (3) + (3) ) = (1)2

1 4
𝑎2 + 9 + 9 = 1
5
𝑎2 = 1 − 9
4
𝑎2 = 9
2
𝑎 = ±3

3
Q2 Vector 𝑞̃ ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎 magnitude of 7 and is parallel to vector ̃𝑝. Given that 𝑝̃ = 3𝑖̃ − 𝑗̃ + 2 𝑘̃,

express 𝑞 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖̃, 𝑗̃, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘̃.

Solution 𝑞̃ ∥ 𝑝̃ |𝑞̃ | = 𝑘|𝑝̃|

|𝑞 | = 7 7
7 = 𝑘2
2
𝑝̃ = 3𝑖̃ − 𝑗̃ + 3 𝑘̃ 2 7 2
(7) = (𝑘 )
7 2 7
3 2 𝑘=2
|𝑝̃| = √32 + (−1)2 + ( )
2
𝑞 = 2𝑝
49
= √4 3
𝑞 = 2 (3𝑖̃ − 𝑗̃ + 𝑘̃)
7 2
=2
= 6𝑖̃ − 2𝑗̃ + 3𝑘̃
Q3 The position vectors of x and y are 𝑥 = 2𝑖 + 𝑗 − 3𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 3𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 2𝑘 respectively. Find |𝑿𝒀|

Solution 𝑥̃ = 2𝑖̃ + 𝑗̃ − 3𝑘̃ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √12 +12 +12

|𝑥𝑦
𝑦̃ = 3𝑖̃ + 2𝑗̃ − 2𝑘̃ = √3
3 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ( 2 ) − ( 1 )
𝑥𝑦
−2 −3
1
= (1)
1

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Q4 Given that 𝑥 = 2𝑖 + 𝑗 − 2𝑘, 𝑦 = −3𝑖 + 4𝑗 − 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 5𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 2𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝 = 3𝑥 − 𝑦 +

2𝑧, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝 𝑡𝑜 3 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠.
Solution 𝑥̃ = 2𝑖̃ + 𝑗̃ − 2𝑘̃ |𝑝̃| = √192 + 52 + (−1)2
𝑦̃ = −3𝑖̃ + 4𝑗̃ − 𝑘̃ = √343
𝑧̃ = 5𝑖̃ + 3𝑗̃ + 2𝑘̃ = 19.7

𝑝̃ = 3𝑥̃ − 𝑦̃ + 2𝑧̃
2 −3 5
𝑝̃ = 3 ( 1 ) − ( 4 ) + 2 (3)
−2 −1 2
6 −3 10
= ( 3 )−( 4 )+(6 )
−6 −1 4
19
=(5)
−1
Q5 Given that 𝑎 = 𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 3𝑘, 𝑏 = −2𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 𝑘, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = 3𝑖 − 𝑗 − 4𝑘, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝 = 3𝑎 − 2𝑏 +
𝑐, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝 𝑡𝑜 1 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒.

Solution 𝑎̃ = 𝑖̃ − 2𝑗̃ + 3𝑘̃ 3 −4 3

= (−6) − ( 6 ) + (−1)
𝑏̃ = −2𝑖̃ + 3𝑗̃ − 𝑘̃ 9 −2 −4
𝑐̃ = 3𝑖̃ − 𝑗̃ − 4𝑘̃ 10
= (−13)
7
𝑝̃ = 3𝑎̃ − 2𝑏̃ + 𝑐̃ |𝑝̃| = √102 + (−13)2 + 72
1 −2 3
𝑝̃ = 3 (−2) − 2 ( 3 ) + (−1) = √318
3 −1 −4 = 17.8

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Q6 𝐴 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑃 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑨𝑩 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝐴( 2, −1, 4)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 (6, −3, 5)𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
3: 1 . 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑶𝑷 .

Solution −1 9
= (0.5) + (−4.5)
P−2 7.5
8
= (−4)
5.5

O
1 3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = − 𝑎 + 𝑏
𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √82 + (−4)2 + (5.5)2
|𝑂𝑃
2 2
2 6 = √110.25
1 3
= − 2 (−1) + 2 (−3)
4 5 = 10.5

Q7 𝐴 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑃(−19, 12, −3) 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝐴𝐵 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 7 ∶ −5 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐴 (2, 5, 4 .
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑨𝑩 .
Solution ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = − 5 𝑂𝐴
𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 7 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 1
2 2 −10 + 3 𝑧 = −3
2
2 𝑥 −19 1
5 7
− 2 (5) + 2 (𝑦) = ( 12 ) 3 𝑧=7
2
4 𝑧 −3
𝑧=2
1
32𝑥
−5 −19
1
(−12.5) + 3 2 𝑦 = ( 12 ) 𝑥 = −4, 𝑦 = 7, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 2
−10 1 −3
3 𝑧 𝐵 = (−4, 7, 2)
( 2 )
1
−5 + 3 2 𝑥 = −19
1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
3 2 𝑥 = −19 + 5
−4 2 −6
𝑥 = −4 = ( 7 ) − ( 5) = ( 2 )
2 4 −2
1 1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(−6)2 + 22 + (−2)2
= |𝐴𝐵
−12 2 + 3 2 𝑦 = 12
1 1
= √44 = 6.633
3 2 𝑦 = 12 + 24 2

𝑦=7

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Q8 The position vector of A and B are 𝑎 = 4𝑖 + 4𝑗 − 6𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 10𝑖 + 4𝑗 + 12𝑘 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦.

𝐷 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝐵 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐴𝐷: 𝐷 = 2: 1. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝐷.

Solution 𝑎̃ = 4𝑖̃ + 4𝑗̃ − 6𝑘̃ Mid-point of OD is:

𝑏̃ = 10𝑖̃ + 4𝑗̃ + 12𝑘 1
8 4
(4) = (2)
10 4 6 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 6 3
𝐴𝐵 = ( 4 ) − ( 4 ) = ( 0 )
12 −6 18 4𝑖̃ + 2𝑗̃ + 3𝑘̃
6 4
2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐷 = 3 ( 0 ) + ( 4 )
18 −6
4 8
= ( 0 ) + ( 4)
12 6

Q9 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑃, 𝑄, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅 𝑙𝑖𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑹 𝑎𝑟𝑒
2𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 13𝑘, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 4𝑘 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦. 𝑄 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑷𝑹 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 2 ∶ 1 .
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑸 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑄 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛.
Solution 2 5 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
𝑂𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −1 ( 3 ) + 2 (−3)
𝑂𝑄
13 4 = √82 + (−9)2 + (−5)2
−2 10
= √170
= ( −3 ) + (−4)
−13 8 = 13.04
8
= (−9)
−5
Q10 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑃, 𝑄 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅 𝑙𝑖𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅 𝑎𝑟𝑒
2𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 3𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 4𝑘 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦. 𝑄 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑃𝑅 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
2 ∶ 1 . 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑄 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑄 .
Solution ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 = 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 3𝑘
11 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √42 + 32 + (
|𝑂𝑄 )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 5𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 4𝑘
𝑂𝑅 3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝑅
𝑃𝑅 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 121
= √16 + 9 +
9
5 2 3
= (3) − (3) = (0) 266
4 3 1 =√ 9

2 3 4
2 3) = 5.437
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑄 = (3) + 3 (0) = (11
3 1 3

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Q11 −1 2 −8
𝑎 = ( 5 ) , 𝑏 = ( 1 ) , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = ( 7 ) . 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑎 + 𝑡𝑏 = 𝑐
2 −3 13

Solution 𝑆𝑎̃ + 𝑡𝑏̃ = 𝑐̃ 𝑡 = 7 − 5(2)

−𝑠 + 2𝑡 = −8 = 7 − 10
5𝑠 + 𝑡 = 7 t = −3
𝑡 = 7 − 5𝑠
−𝑠 + 2(7 − 5𝑠) = −8
−𝑠 + 14 − 10𝑠 = −8
−11𝑠 = −22
𝑠=2
Q12 𝐼𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤, 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑎, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝐵 = 𝑏. 𝐴𝑀: 𝑀𝐵 = 2: 3. 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑎 = 𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 5𝑘
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 5𝑘, 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑀.

Solution 𝑎̃ = 𝑖̃ − 2𝑗̃ + 5𝑘̃ 1 0 1

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (−2) + 2 ( 5 ) = (0)
𝑂𝑀
𝑏̃ = 𝑖̃ + 3𝑗̃ − 5𝑘̃ 5
5
−10 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 − 𝑂𝐴 |𝑂𝑀| = √12 + 12
1 1 0 = √2
= ( 3 ) − (−2) = ( 5 )
−5 5 −10 = 1.41
Q13 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 = 𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 5𝑘, 𝑏 = 4𝑖 + 12𝑗 + 20𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑐 = 3𝑖 + 9𝑗 + 15𝑘 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦. 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟.

Solution 𝑎 = 𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 5𝑘 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐵𝐶 = 𝑂𝐶 𝑂𝐵
𝑏 = 4𝑖 + 12𝑗 + 20𝑘 3 4 −1
= ( 9 ) − (12) = (−3)
𝑐 = 3𝑖 + 9𝑗 + 15𝑘
15 20 −5
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
4 1 3 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = −3𝐵𝐶
= (12) − (3) = ( 9 )
20 5 15 ∴ 𝐴𝐵 ∥ 𝐵𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 they share a common
point B, hence are collinear.

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Q14 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 = −4𝑖 + 𝑎𝑗 + 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 12𝑖 + 𝑏𝑗 + 𝑐𝑘
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠. 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑋 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑠 √21 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙, 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒: 𝑎) 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎.
𝑏) 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐.
Solution a) 𝑥 = −4𝑖̃ + 𝑎𝑗̃ + 𝑘̃ −4 12
b) ( 2 ) = 𝑘 ( 𝑏𝑗̃ )
𝑦 = 12𝑖̃ + 𝑏𝑗̃ + 𝑐𝑘̃ 1 𝑐𝑘̃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √21
|𝑂𝑋 4 12
− = 𝑘̃
12 12
21 = √(−4)2 +𝑎2 + 12
1
21 = 17 + 𝑎2 𝑘=−
3
4 = 𝑎2
𝒂 = ±𝟐 1
±2 = − 3 𝑏

𝒃 = ±𝟔
1
1 = − 3 𝑐, 𝒄 = −𝟑
2 1 3
Q15 In the figure below 𝑶𝑨 = 𝑎, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑶𝑩 = 𝑏. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑶𝑴 = 3 𝑎 + 3 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝑁 = −𝑎 + 5 𝑏.

Find the ratio in which X divides:

(𝑖 )𝑶𝑴
(𝑖𝑖) AN

Solution ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2 𝑎 + 1 𝑏
𝑂𝑀 1 3 ℎ = 5 (11)
9 5
3 3 ℎ= 𝑘
3 5
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑋 = ℎ𝑂𝑀 9
9
ℎ = 5 𝑘 … (𝑖𝑖𝑖 ) =
11
2 1
= ℎ (3 𝑎̃ − 3 𝑏̃)
2 1
= 3 ℎ𝑎̃ + 3 ℎ𝑏̃ … (𝑖 ) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2 (𝑖 ) 𝑂𝑋: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑋𝑀
ℎ =1−𝑘
3
9: 2
2 9
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑋 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 + 𝑘𝐴𝑁 ( 𝑘) = 1 − 𝑘
3 5 (𝑖𝑖 ) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ : 𝑋𝑁
𝐴𝑋 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
3 6
= 𝑎̃ + 𝑘 (−𝑎̃ + 5 𝑏̃) 𝑘 =1−𝑘 5: 6
5
3 11
= 𝑎̃(1 − 𝑘) + 5 𝑘𝑏̃ … (𝑖𝑖 ) 𝑘=1
5
5
𝑘=
2 1 3 11
∴ ℎ𝑎̃ + ℎ𝑏̃ = 𝑎̃(1 − 𝑘) + 𝑘𝑏̃
3 3 5

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Q16 The position vectors of A, B, and C are given as 𝑎 = 𝑥𝑖 − 4𝑗 − 2𝑘, 𝑏 = −5𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑐 = 10𝑖 − 8𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 respectively, where x, y , and z are constants. Given that A, B, and C are collinear and that
3𝐴𝐶 = −2𝐴𝐵, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧.
Solution 𝑎 = 𝑥𝑖 − 4𝑗 − 2𝑘 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 30 − 3𝑥 = 10 + 2𝑥
𝑏 = −5𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑘 −5 𝑥 −5 − 𝑥 5𝑥 = 20
= ( 𝑦 ) − (−4) = ( 𝑦 + 4 )
𝑐 = 10𝑖 − 8𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 𝑥=4
1 −2 3
−12 = −2𝑦 − 8
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐶 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 2𝑦 = 4
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −2𝐴𝐵
3𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
10 𝑥 10 − 𝑥 𝑦=2
10 − 𝑥 −5 − 𝑥
= (−8) − (−4) = ( −4 ) 3 ( −4 ) = −2 ( 𝑦 + 4 ) 3𝑧 + 6 = −6
𝑧 −2 𝑧+2 𝑧+2 3
3𝑧 = −12
30 − 3𝑥 10 + 2𝑥
( −12 ) = (−2𝑦 − 8) 𝑧 = −4
3𝑧 + 6 −6

2 3
Q17 Given that 5 𝑖 + 5 𝑗 + 𝑎𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, find the value of the constant a.

2 3 13
Solution 𝑖̃ + 𝑗̃ + 𝑎𝑘̃ + 𝑎 2 = 12
5 5
25
2 2 13
√(2) + (3) + (𝑎)2 = 1 𝑎2 = 1 − 25
5 5
2 √3
4 9
√25 + 25 + 𝑎2 = 1 𝑎=± 5

13
√ + 𝑎2 = 1
25

Q18 5 0
In the figure below 𝐴 = (0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = (6). The distance between E and the origin is 5√5 units.
0 0
Determine the coordinates of E.

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Solution 5 0 𝑧 2 = 64
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (0)
𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (6)
𝑂𝐶
0 𝑧 = ±8
0
|𝑂𝐶 | = 5√5 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = (5, 6, 8) 𝑜𝑟 (5, 6, −8)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐸 → 𝑥 = 5, 𝑦 = 6, 𝑧 =?
√125 = √52 + 62 + 𝑧 2
125 = 61 + 𝑧 2

Q19 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

In the figure below, 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∥ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 = 𝑏. 𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 5: 4. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑
𝑂𝐵 and D divides 𝑂𝐶

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎̃, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏̃

a) 𝐴𝐶
b) State the ratio in which D divides ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵.

Solution a) 5 b)
𝑎 (1 − 𝑘 ) = 𝑎
9
𝐴𝐶 ∥ 𝑂𝐵 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑏 − 𝑎
5 4
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ℎ𝑏̃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ℎ𝑂𝐵 𝑘 =1−9 =9
𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝑂 + 𝑂𝐷
5 5 5
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 5 𝑂𝐶
𝑂𝐷 𝑘𝑏 = ℎ𝑏 = −𝑎 + 9 𝑎̃ + 9 ℎ𝑏̃
9 9
5 5 5 4
= 9 (𝑎̃ + ℎ𝑏̃) 9
ℎ = 5𝑘 = −𝑎 + 9 𝑎 + 9 × 5 𝑏
4 4
5 5 9 4 4 = −9𝑎 + 9𝑏
= 𝑎̃ + ℎ𝑏̃ … . . (𝑖 ) ℎ = 5×9 = 5
9 9 4
𝐴𝐶 = ℎ𝑏 = 9 (𝑏 − 𝑎 )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐷 = 𝑂𝐴⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷
4 4
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 5𝑏 = 9 𝐴𝐵
= 𝑎̃ + 𝑘𝐴𝐵
4
= 𝑎 + 𝑘(𝑏 − 𝑎) 𝐴𝐷 = 9 𝐴𝐵
= 𝑎(1 − 𝑘) + 𝑘𝑏 … . . (𝑖𝑖) Therefore D divides AB in the
ratio 4:5

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Q20 The coordinates of A and B are 𝐴(2, 5, −1)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵(4, −3, 𝜆). A point M divides AB externally in the
ratio 3:2. If the modulus of OM is 5√33, find the possible values of 𝜆.

Solution |𝑂𝑀| = 5√5 √825 = √82 + (−19)2 + (2 + 3𝜆)2

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −2𝑎̃ + 3𝑏̃
𝑂𝑀 825 = 425 + (2 + 3𝜆)2
2 4 √400 = √(2 + 3𝜆)2
= −2 ( 5 ) + 3 (−3)
−1 𝜆 ±20 = 2 + 3𝜆
−4 12 𝜆=
20−2
𝑜𝑟 −
20−2
= (−10) + (−9) 3 3

2 3𝜆 1
𝜆 = 6 𝑜𝑟 7 3
8
= ( −19 )
2 + 3𝜆

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Section B Questions
Q1 In the figure below, 𝑂𝑃𝑄 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑶𝑷 = 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑶𝑸 = 𝑞. M and N are points on OQ and OP
respectively such that 𝑶𝑵: 𝑵𝑷 = 1: 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑶𝑴: 𝑴𝑸 = 𝟐: 𝟏

a) Express the following vectors in terms of p and q.

i) PQ (1 Mark)
ii) PM (1 Mark)
iii) QN (1 Mark)

b) Lines PM and QN intersects at X such that 𝑃𝑋 = ℎ𝑃𝑀 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄𝑋 = 𝑘𝑄𝑁. Express PX in two different
ways, hence, find the value of h and k (6 marks)
c) OX is produced to meet PQ at Y such that 𝑃𝑌: 𝑌𝑄 = 3: 2. Using the ratio theorem or otherwise, find
OY in terms of 𝑝̃ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞̃ (1 mark)
a) b) c)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑃𝑂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑂𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑷𝑶
𝑷𝑿 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑶𝑸
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑸𝑿
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑌 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑌
Solution i) 𝑃𝑄
1 3
= −𝑝̃ + 𝑞̃ = −𝑝̃ + 𝑞̃ + 𝑘 (4 𝑝̃ − 𝑞̃) 𝑝̃ + 5 (𝑞̃ − 𝑝̃)
1
= 𝑞̃ − 𝑝̃ = −𝑝̃ + 𝑞̃ + 4 𝑘𝑝̃ − 𝑘𝑞̃ 2 3
5
𝑝̃ + 5 𝑞̃
1
= 𝑝 (4 𝑘 − 1) + 𝑞(1 − 𝑘) … . (𝑖)
ii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑃𝑂
𝑃𝑀 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑂𝑀
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝒉𝑷𝑴
𝑷𝑿
2 2
= −𝑝̃ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑄 = ℎ (3 𝑞 − 𝑝)
3
2
2 = 3 ℎ𝑞̃ − ℎ𝑝̃ … … … … … . (𝑖𝑖)
= −𝑃̃ + 3 𝑞̃
2
= 3 𝑞̃ − 𝑝̃
1
−ℎ𝑝̃ = 𝑝̃ (4 𝑘 − 1)
1
ℎ = 1 − 4 𝑘 … … … … … … … (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
iii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑄𝑁 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑄𝑂 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑁
1
= −𝑞̃ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 2
ℎ𝑞̃ = 𝑞̃(1 − 𝑘)
4 3
1 2
ℎ =1−𝑘
= −𝑝̃ + 𝑝̃ 3
4
3 3
1 ℎ= − 𝑘
2 2
= 𝑝̃ − 𝑞̃
4 1
1− 𝑘 = − 𝑘
3 3
4 2 2
3 1 3
2
𝑘 −4𝑘 = 2 −1
𝟐
𝒌=𝟓

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3 3 2 𝟗
ℎ = 2 − 2 (5) = 𝟏𝟎

Q2 In the figure below, E is the mid-point of AB. 𝑶𝑫: 𝑫𝑩 = 𝟐: 𝟑 and F is the point of intersection of OE and AD

a) Given that 𝑶𝑨 = 𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑶𝑩 = 𝒃, express in terms of a, and b:

i) OE (2 marks)
ii) AD (1 mark)

a) Given further that 𝐴𝐷 = 𝑡𝐴𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝐹 = 𝑠𝑂𝐸:

i) Express OF in two different ways (2 marks)
ii) Hence, find the values of the scalars s and t. (3 marks)
b) Show that O, F, and E are collinear. (2 marks)

Solution a) b) c)
i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐴
𝑂𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐴𝐹
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
i) 1 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐹 = 𝑠𝑂𝐸
= 𝑎̃ + ( 𝑏̃ − 𝑎̃) 𝑡 5
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐴
𝑂𝐸 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐴𝐸
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 2𝑏̃ 𝑎̃
4
= 𝑎̃ + 5𝑡 − 𝑡 = 𝑂𝐸
1 7
= 𝑎̃ + 2 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑠𝑂𝐸
𝑂𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∴ 𝑂𝐹 ∥ 𝑂𝐸
1 1
1 = 𝑠 (2 𝑎̃ + 2 𝑏̃)
= 𝑎̃ + (𝑏̃ − 𝑎̃) 𝑂 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
2 1 1
= 2 𝑠𝑎̃ + 2 𝑠𝑏̃
1 1 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎
= 𝑏̃ + 𝑎̃
2 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎̃ 2𝑏 ̃
ii) 𝑂𝐹 = 𝑎̃ − +
𝑡 5𝑡
ii) 1 2𝑏
𝑎 (1 − ) + … … … (𝑖 )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝑂
𝐴𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑂𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑡 5𝑡
1 1
𝑎̃ (1 − ) = 𝑠𝑎̃
2 𝑡 2
= −𝑎̃ + 𝑏̃ 1
5 (1 − ) × 2 = 𝑠
𝑡
2 2
= 𝑏̃ − 𝑎̃ 2 − = 𝑠 … … … … (𝑖𝑖 )
𝑡
5
1
̃ = 2𝑏̃
𝑠𝑏
2 5𝑡
1 2 𝟒
2
𝑠 = 5𝑡 𝒔 = 𝟓𝒕

4 2
5𝑡
= 2−𝑡
4 2
5𝑡
+ =2
𝑡
4+10 𝟕
5𝑡
=2 𝒕=𝟓

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4 4
𝑠= 7 =
5( ) 7
5

Q3 In the figure below, ABCD is a trapezium. AB is parallel to DC. Diagonals AC and DB intersects at X
and 𝐷𝐶 = 2𝐴𝐵, 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑎, 𝐷𝐴 = 𝑑, 𝐴𝑋 = 𝑘𝐴𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷𝑋 = ℎ𝐷𝐵, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠

a) Find in terms of a, and d, the vectors :

i) BC (1 mark)
ii) AX (2 marks)
iii) DX (1 mark)
b) Determine the values of the constants h and k (5 marks)
c) Hence state the ratio in which X and divides BD (1 mark)

Solution a) b) c)

i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐵𝐷
𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐷𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑘𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝑋 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 2
𝐷𝑋 = 𝐷𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐵𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐴𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) + 𝐷𝐶(𝐷𝐶 = 2𝐴𝐵) 3
(𝐵𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= 𝑘(𝐴𝐷 𝐷𝐶 )
X divides DB in the
= −𝑎 − 𝑑 + 2𝑎
= 𝑘(−𝑑̃ + 2𝑎̃)
= 𝑎 −d ratio
= 2𝑘𝑎̃ − 𝑘𝑑̃....…(i)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐷𝑋
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐷𝑋: 𝑋𝐵 = 2: 1
ii) 𝐴𝑋
Also from (a) above,
= −𝑑 + ℎ𝐷𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ℎ𝑎̃ + 𝑑̃ (ℎ − 1)………… (ii)
𝐴𝑋
= −𝑑 + ℎ(𝑑 + 𝑎)
Taking equation (i) and (ii)
= ℎ𝑑̃ + ℎ𝑎̃ − 𝑑̃
2𝑎̃ − 𝑘𝑑̃ = ℎ𝑎̃ + 𝑑̃ (ℎ − 1)
= ℎ𝑎̃ + 𝑑̃ (ℎ − 1)
2𝑘𝑎̃ = ℎ𝑎̃
iii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝑋 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐴 + 𝐴𝑋
ℎ = 2𝑘 … … … … … . (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
= 𝑑̃ + ℎ𝑎̃ + 𝑑̃ (ℎ − 1)
= 𝑑̃ + ℎ𝑎̃ + ℎ𝑑̃ − 𝑑̃
−𝑘𝑑̃ = 𝑑̃ (ℎ − 1)
= ℎ𝑎̃ + ℎ𝑑̃
−𝑘 = ℎ − 1
𝑘 =1−ℎ
(Substituting h with equation (iii)
𝑘 = 1 − 2𝑘
3𝑘 = 1
𝟏
𝒌=𝟑

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1
ℎ=2×3
𝟐
=𝟑

1
Q4 In the figure below, 𝑂𝐵 = 𝑏̃, 𝑂𝐶 = 3𝑂𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑎, 𝑂𝐷 = 3 𝑂𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 N is the mid-point of AC. CD and AB

intersect at M.
a) Determine in terms of a and b,
i) 𝐴𝐵 (1 mark)
ii) CD (1 mark)

b) Given that ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐶𝑀 = 𝑘𝐶𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑠;
𝐴𝑀 = ℎ𝐴𝐵
i) Express OM in two different ways. (2 marks)
ii) Hence, find the scalars of h and k. (3 marks)
c) Show that, O, M and N are collinear. (3 marks)

Solution a) ii) c)

i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝑂 𝑂𝐵 Combining (i) and (ii) we get
1
= −𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑏̃ (3 − 3𝑘) + 𝑘𝑎̃ = 𝑎̃(1 − ℎ) + ℎ𝑏̃ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑀 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑀
3
=𝑏−𝑎 = 𝑎̃(1 − ℎ ) + ℎ𝑏̃
3 3
ii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐶
𝐶𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑂𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏̃(3 − 3𝑘) = ℎ𝑏̃ = 𝑎 (1 − ) + 𝑏
4 4

1 ℎ = 3 − 3𝑘 … . (𝑖𝑖𝑖 ) 1 3
= 4𝑎 +4𝑏
= −3𝑏 + 𝑎
3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐴
𝑂𝑁 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐴𝑁
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 1
𝑘𝑎̃ = 𝑎̃(1 − ℎ )
= 𝑎 − 3𝑏 3 1
3 = 𝑎 + 2 𝐴𝐶
1
3
𝑘 = 1−ℎ 1
= 𝑎 + (−𝑎 + 3𝑏)
2
b) 𝑘 = 3 − 3ℎ … … . . (𝑖𝑣)
1 3
= 2𝑎 +2𝑏
Substitute (iv) in (iii)
i)
ℎ = 3 − 3(3 − 3ℎ ) ∴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑀 = 𝑂𝐶⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝑀 1 3 1 3
= 3 − 9 + 9ℎ ( 𝑎 + 𝑏) = 2 ( 𝑎 + 𝑏)
2 2 4 4
= 3𝑏̃ + 𝑘𝐶𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= −6 + 9ℎ
1
= 3𝑏̃ + 3 𝑘𝑎̃ − 3𝑘𝑏̃ ℎ=4
3
1
𝑂𝑀 = 2 𝑂𝑁
1
= 𝑏̃(3 − 3𝑘) + 3 𝑘𝑎̃. . . (𝑖 )
Thus 𝑂𝑀 ∥ 𝑂𝑁and O is
3
Also 𝑘 = 3 − 3 (4)
the common point,
9
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐴
𝑂𝑀 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐴𝑀
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3−
4

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= 𝑎̃ + ℎ𝐴𝐵 = hence, O,M, and N are
4
= 𝑎̃ + ℎ𝑏̃ − ℎ𝑎̃ ℎ=𝑘 collinear
= 𝑎̃(1 − ℎ) + ℎ𝑏̃ … (𝑖𝑖)
3
Q5 In the figure below, 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑝, 𝑂𝑅 = 𝑟, 𝑂𝑆 = 2𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝑄 = 2 𝑝.

a) Express the following vectors in terms of p and r.

i) QR (2 marks)
ii) PS (1 mark)

b) Given also that, 𝑄𝐾 = 𝑚𝑄𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝐾 = 𝑛𝑃𝑆, 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑂𝐾 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 hence
find the values of the scalars m and n. (5 marks)
c) State the ratios:
i) QK:QR (1 mark)
ii) PS:SK (1 mark)

Solution a) Combining (i) and (ii) we get c)

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑸𝑶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑶𝑹
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 3
i) 𝑸𝑹 𝑝̃(1 − 𝑚) + 𝑚𝑟̃ = 𝑝̃(1 − 𝑛) + 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑠
2
3
= − 2 𝑝̃ + 𝑟̃ i) 𝑄𝐾: 𝑄𝑅
2𝑛𝑟̃
1
3 3 𝑄𝐾 = 2 𝑄𝑅
= 𝑟̃ − 2 𝑝̃ 𝑝̃(1 − 𝑚) = 𝑝̃(1 − 𝑛)
2
3 3 2: 1
−2𝑚 = 1−𝑛
2

ii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑷𝑺 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑷𝑶 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑶𝑺 3 3
𝑛= 𝑚+1− ii) 𝑃𝑆: 𝑆𝐾
= −𝑝̃ + 2𝑟̃ 2 2
3 1 1
𝑛 = 2𝑚 −2 𝑃𝐾 = 4 𝑃𝑆
= 2𝑟̃ − 𝑝̃
b) 𝑃𝑆: 𝑆𝐾 = 4: −3

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑶𝑲 = 𝑶𝑸⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑸𝑲 𝑚𝑟̃ = 2𝑛𝑟̃
3 𝑚 = 2𝑛
= 2 𝑝̃ + 𝑚𝑄𝑅
3 1
3 3 𝑛 = 2 (2𝑛) − 2
= 2 𝑝̃ + 𝑚 (𝑟̃ − 2 𝑝̃)
1
3 3 3𝑛 − 𝑛 = 2
= 2 𝑝̃ + 𝑚𝑟̃ − 2 𝑚𝑝̃
6𝑛 − 2𝑛 = 1
3
= 2 𝑝̃(1 − 𝑚) + 𝑚𝑟̃ … . (𝑖 )
4𝑛 = 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑶𝑷
𝑶𝑲 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑷𝑲
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝟏
𝑛=𝟒
= 𝑝̃ + 𝑛𝑃𝑆

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= 𝑝̃ + 𝑛(2𝑟̃ − 𝑝̃) 𝑚 =2×4
= 𝑝̃ + 2𝑛𝑟̃ − 𝑛𝑝̃ 𝟏
=𝟐
= 𝑝̃(1 − 𝑛) + 2𝑛𝑟̃ … . (𝑖𝑖 )
5
Q6 In the figure below, 𝑂𝑌 = 2𝑂𝐵, 𝑂𝑋 = 2 𝑂𝐴, 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑎, 𝑂𝐵 = 𝑏

a) Express the following in terms of a and b

i) AB (1 mark)
ii) XY (1 mark)
b) Given that 𝐴𝐶 = 6𝐴𝐵, 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑂𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋𝐶 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 a, and b. (4 marks)
c) Show that X, Y and C are collinear. (2 marks)
d) State the ratio, in which C divides XY. (2 marks)

Solution a) c) d)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 15 𝑋𝐶: 𝑋𝑌
i) 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑨𝑶 𝑶𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑋𝐶 = 6𝑏 − 2 𝑎
= −𝑎 + 𝑏 5 3: −2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑋𝑌 = 2𝑏 − 2 𝑎
=𝑏−𝑎
5 5
2𝑏 − 2 𝑎 = 3 (2𝑏 − 2 𝑎)

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑋𝐶 = 3𝑋𝑌

ii) 𝑿𝒀 = 𝑿𝑶 𝑶𝒀
5
= − 𝑎 + 2𝑏
2 ∴ 𝑋𝐶 ∥ 𝑋𝑌
5 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑦 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑥
= 2𝑏 − 𝑎
2
ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
b)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑶𝑪 = 𝑶𝑨⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑨𝑪
= 𝑎 + 6𝐴𝐵
= 𝑎 + 6(𝑏 − 𝑎 )
= 𝑎 + 6𝑏 − 6𝑎
= 6𝑏 − 5𝑎

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑿𝑶
𝑿𝑪 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑶𝑪
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
5
= − 2 𝑎 + 6𝑏 − 5𝑎
15
= 6𝑏 − 𝑎
2

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Q7 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑎̃ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝐶
The figure below is a parallelogram 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑖𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 1 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑐̃ . 𝑂𝑀 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , 𝐴𝑁
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
3
2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵𝑀 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝐶𝑁 𝑎𝑡 𝑋.
5

a) Find the following vectors in terms of a and c

i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝑀 (1 mark)

ii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝑁 (1 mark)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑘𝐵𝑋
b) Given that 𝐵𝑀 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑁
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ℎ𝐶𝑋
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 are constants, express 𝐶𝑋
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ in two ways hence find

the constants h and k. (5 marks)

c) Given further that 𝑎̃ = 4𝑖̃ + 2𝑗̃ − 𝑘̃ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐̃ = 2𝑖̃ − 3𝑗̃ + 5𝑘̃ , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝑋. (3 marks)

𝑎̃ 2
Solution a) = 𝑎̃ (1 − 3𝑘) c)
ℎ
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐵𝐴
𝐵𝑀 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐴𝑀
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 1 2 1 5
= 1 − 3𝑘 𝐶𝑋 = 𝑛𝐶𝑁 (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 = = )
ℎ ℎ 7
2
= −𝑐 − 3 𝑎 3𝑘
= 3𝑘 − 2 5
ℎ = 7 𝐶𝑁
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝑁 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐵 + 𝐵𝑁 3𝑘 = (3𝑘 − 2)ℎ 5 3
= 7 (𝑎̃ − 5 𝑐̃ )
3 3𝑘
= 𝑎 −5𝑐 3𝑘−2
=ℎ
5 3
3𝑐̃ 𝑐̃
= 7 𝑎̃ − 7 𝑐̃
− 5ℎ = − 𝑘
5 3
b) 3𝑐̃ 𝑐̃ = (4𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 𝑘) − (2𝑖 −
= 7 7
5ℎ 𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐶𝐵
𝐶𝑋 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐵𝑋
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 3𝑐̃ 𝑘 = 5𝑐̃ ℎ 3𝑗 + 5𝑘)

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 1 𝐵𝑀
= 𝑎̃ + (𝐵𝑋 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) 3𝑘 = 5ℎ
5
4
3
2
𝑘 = ( 2 ) − (−3)
5 7 7
1 2 𝑘 = 3ℎ −1 5
= 𝑎̃ + 𝑘 (−𝑐̃ − 3 𝑎̃)
20 6
𝑐̃ 2𝑎̃
= 𝑎̃ − 𝑘 − 3𝑘 3( ℎ)
5 7 7
3 10 9
ℎ= 5 = 7
− −7
2 𝑐̃ 3( ℎ−2)
= 𝑎̃ (1 − 3𝑘 ) − 𝑘 … … … . . (𝑖) 3
5 3
5ℎ −
= 5ℎ−6 ( 7) ( 35)

14
1 ℎ (5ℎ − 6) = 5ℎ 7
𝐶𝑋 = ℎ (𝐶𝑁) 19
5ℎ − 6 = 1 = 7
1 3
= (𝑎̃ − 𝑐̃ ) 5ℎ = 7 −
20
ℎ 5
7 ( 7 )
𝑎̃ 3𝑐̃ ℎ=5
= ℎ − 5ℎ … … … … … … … . (𝑖𝑖 )

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5 7 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | =
𝑘 = 3 (5) |𝐶𝑋
7 2 2 2
=3 √(14) + (19) + (− 20)
7 7 7

= √19.53061
= 4.413

Q8 In the figure below, 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑦. 𝑂𝐸 = 3𝐵𝐶, 𝑂𝐴: 𝐴𝐵 = 2: 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹 𝑖𝑠 the mid-point of OE

a) Find in terms of x and y, the following vectors

i) FC (2 marks)
ii) AE (1 mark)

b) Given that 𝐹𝐷 = 𝑚𝐹𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝐷 = 𝑛𝐴𝐸 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 are scalars, express FD in two different ways
hence find the scalars m and n. (5 marks)
c) Show that A, D and E are collinear. (2 marks)

Solution a) Combining (i) and (ii) we get: 4 3

𝑛 = 1− ( )
5 4 3 3 13
i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐹𝑂
𝐹𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑚𝑦̃ + 𝑚𝑥̃ = 𝑦̃ (− + 3𝑛) + 𝑥̃(1 − 𝑛)
2 3 2 4
= 1 − 13
1 4 5 3
= (3𝑦̃) + 𝑥̃ + 𝑦̃ 𝑚𝑦̃ = 𝑦̃ (− 2 + 3𝑛) 9
2 3 2 = 13
3 4 5𝑚 = 2 (− 2 + 3𝑛)
3
= 𝑦̃ + 𝑦̃ + 𝑥̃
2 3
3 6
5 4 𝑚 = −5 +5𝑛 c)
= 𝑦̃ + 𝑥̃
2 3 6 3 𝐴𝐷 = 𝑛𝐴𝐸
𝑚 = 5 𝑛 − 5 … … . . (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
ii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐸 = 𝐴𝑂 𝑂𝐸 9
= 𝐴𝐸
13
= −𝑥̃ + 3𝑦̃
4
𝑚𝑥̃ = 𝑥̃(1 − 𝑛)
= 3𝑦̃ − 𝑥̃ 3
4
𝑚 = 1−𝑛 ∴ 𝐴𝐷 ∥ 𝐴𝐸
b) 3
4 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑦 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛
𝐹𝐷 = 𝑚𝐹𝐶 𝑛 = 1 − 3 𝑚 … … . (𝑖𝑣)
𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐴, ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒
5 4
= 𝑚 (2 𝑦̃ + 3 𝑥̃)
𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
5 4 Substituting (iii) in (iv) we get:
= 2 𝑚𝑦̃ + 3 𝑚𝑥̃ … … … . (𝑖)
6 4 3
𝑚 = 5 (1 − 3 𝑚) − 5
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝑂 + 𝑂𝐴 𝐴𝐷
3 6 8 3
= − 2 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑛𝐴𝐸 = − 𝑚−
5 5 5

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3 8 3
= − 2 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑛(3𝑦 − 𝑥 ) 𝑚 + 5𝑚 = 5
3 13 3
= − 2 𝑦̃ + 𝑥̃ + 3𝑛𝑦̃ − 𝑛𝑥̃ 𝑚=5
5
3 3 5
= 𝑦̃ (− 2 + 3𝑛) + 𝑥̃ (1 − 𝑛) … (𝑖𝑖) = 5 × 13
3
= 13

2
Q9 In the figure below, 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝐵 = 𝑏. 𝑂𝐵 = 5 𝑂𝐶, 𝐷 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 Mid-point of AC and AB intersect OD at E.

a) Express the following vectors in terms of a and b only.

i) AB (1 mark)
ii) OD (1 mark)

b) Given further that 𝐴𝐸 = 𝑟𝐴𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝐸 = 𝑠𝑂𝐷 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠, express OE in two
different ways hence find the values of r and s (5 marks)
d) State the ratio in which E divides :
i) AB (1 mark)
ii) OD (1 mark)

Solution a) Combining (i) and (ii) c)

i) 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝑂 + 𝑂𝐵 1 5 i) 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑏 − 𝑎
𝑠𝑎̃ + 𝑠𝑏̃ = 𝑎̃(1 − 𝑟) + 𝑟𝑏̃
= −𝑎 + 𝑏 2 4
1
=𝑏−𝑎 𝑎̃(1 − 𝑟) = 2 𝑠𝑎̃
𝐴𝐸 = 𝑟𝐴𝐵
1
ii) 𝑂𝐷 = 𝑂𝐴 + 𝐴𝐷 1 − 𝑟 = 2𝑠 = 𝑟(𝑏̃ − 𝑎̃)
1 5
= 𝑎 + 2 𝐴𝐶 𝑠 = 2 − 2𝑟 … … … … (𝑖𝑖𝑖 ) 𝐴𝐸 = 7 𝐴𝐵
5
1
= 𝑎 + 2 (−𝑎 + 2 𝑏)
5 𝑠𝑏̃ = 𝑟𝑏̃ 7𝐴𝐸 = 5𝐴𝐵
4

1 5 5 ∴
= 𝑎 −2𝑎 + 4𝑏 𝑟 = 4 𝑠 … … … … . . (𝑖𝑣)
𝐴𝐸: 𝐴𝐵 = 5: 7
1 5 Substitute (iv) in (iii)
= 2𝑎 +4𝑏
𝑠 = 2 − 2𝑟
1 5
5 ii) 𝑂𝐷 = 2 𝑎̃ + 2 𝑏̃
b) = 2 − 2 (4 𝑠)
𝑂𝐸 = 𝑠𝑂𝐷
𝑂𝐸 = 𝑂𝐴 + 𝐴𝐸 5
𝑠+ 𝑠=2 4 1 5
2 = ( 𝑎̃ + 𝑏̃)
= 𝑎̃ + 𝑟𝐴𝐵 7 2 2
7
𝑠=2
=𝑎̃ + 𝑟(𝑏̃ − 𝑎̃) 2 4
𝑂𝐸 = (𝑂𝐷)
7

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= 𝑎̃ − 𝑟𝑎̃ + 𝑟𝑏̃ 𝑠=7

4
7𝑂𝐸 = 4𝑂𝐷
= 𝑎̃(1 − 𝑟) + 𝑟𝑏̃ … … . (𝑖 ) 5 4 ∴ E divides OD in the
𝑟 = 4 (7)
ratio 7:4
5
=7
𝑂𝐸 = 𝑠𝑂𝐷
1 5
= 𝑠 (2 𝑎̃ + 4 𝑏̃)
1 5
= 2 𝑠𝑎̃ + 4 𝑠𝑏̃ … … … … … . (𝑖𝑖 )
2
Q10 In the figure below, 𝑶𝑨 = 𝑎̃ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑶𝑪 = 𝑐̃ . 𝑪𝑩 = 3 𝑶𝑨 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝐶𝐷 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 3: 1.

a) Express the following vectors in terms of a and c only:

i) AB (1 mark)
ii) OD (2 mark)

b) Given that 𝑶𝑬 = ℎ𝑶𝑫 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑨𝑬 = 𝑘𝑨𝑩 where h and k are scalars express OE in two different ways hence
find the scalars h and k. (5 marks)
c) OC produced meets AB at F, find OF. (3 marks)

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9 3
Solution a) b) 𝑘= − 𝑘
8 8
i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑂 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐶 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐸 = ℎ𝑂𝐷 3 9
𝑘+ 𝑘=
8 8
2 = ℎ (𝑐̃ + 9 𝑎̃)
8
= −𝑎 + 𝑐 + 𝑎 11
𝑘=
9
3 8 8
8
1 = ℎ𝑐̃ + 9 ℎ𝑎̃ … … … … … . . (𝑖 ) 9
=𝑐− 𝑎 𝑘 = 11
3
9
ii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐷 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐶 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐷 ℎ = 11
𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐸 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐸
= 𝑐 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐷
= 𝑎̃ + 𝑘𝐴𝐵
1
= 𝑎̃ + 𝑘 (𝑐̃ − 𝑎̃) c)
2 3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐵 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 1
3 = 𝑎̃ + 𝑘𝑐 − 3 𝑘𝑎̃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐴
𝑂𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐴𝐹
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑂𝐴
3𝐶𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 1
= 𝑎̃ (1 − 3 𝑘) + 𝑘𝑐̃ … . . (𝑖𝑖 )
= 2𝑎
= 𝑎 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐹
𝑘𝑐̃ = 𝑐̃ ℎ
𝑘 = ℎ … … … … … … … … (𝑖𝑖𝑖 )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
3 9
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏𝑢𝑡 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐹 = 3𝐴𝐵
𝐶𝐷 = (3𝐶𝐵 𝐶𝐵 1 8
4 4 𝑎̃ (1 − 𝑘) = ℎ𝑎̃
3 9
9 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑎
𝐶𝐷 1 8 = 3 (𝑐 − 3 𝑎)
4 (1 − 𝑘) = ℎ
3 9

9 − 3𝑘 = 8ℎ
8 = 3𝑐 − 𝑎
9 3
𝐶𝐷 = 𝑎 ℎ = 8 − 8 𝑘 … … … … . . (𝑖𝑣)
9
8 ∴ 𝑂𝐹 = 𝑎 + 3𝑐 − 𝑎
= 𝑐 +9𝑎
= 3𝑐

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