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Lecture 9 -Applied Dc and Ac Machines

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17 views15 pages

Lecture 9 -Applied Dc and Ac Machines

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popemad555
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Applied Dc and Ac Machines

DR: Amir Raouf Adly


Three-phase synchronous machine

Construction
The synchronous machine can be operated as a synchronous machine by
feeding the stator from a three-phase voltage source and feeding the field
coils with a constant current as usual, and then two magnetic fields are
produced, one of which rotates at the synchronous speed according to the
frequency of the voltage source, which is the field resulting from the stator,
and the other rotates according to the speed of the rotor and when it
reaches The speed of the rotor to the speed of the field resulting from the
stator coils. The speed of the motor remains stable at this speed and does
not change no matter how much the load of the motor changes, as long as it
is within its rated load. Figure (1) shows that when the torque angle (δ) is
negative, the synchronous machine It turns into a motor and then electrical
power enters the machine.
Figure (1):The equivalent circuit and directional diagram
accompanying the synchronous machine
How a synchronous machine works

In order to understand how a synchronous


machine works, see Figure (2), which shows a
two-pole synchronous machine. When the field
coils are fed with a direct current, a constant
magnetic field will be generated in the rotor. As
for the stator, when connected to a voltage
source, three-phase currents will pass through it,
which in turn It will generate a regular rotating
magnetic field, and thus there will be two
magnetic fields inside the machine, Br and Bs, as
in Figure (2). The field of the rotor, BR, will try to
be perpendicular to the field of the stator, Bs -
just as happens when two pieces of magnets are
Figure (2):Magnetic fields in
placed near each other. Since the field of the synchronous machine
stator is rotating, the field of the rotor will try to
catch up with it (and the rotor itself), but it will
not be able to do so due to the widening of the
angle between them.
Thus, it repeats the ball in each revolution without being able to start. Therefore, a way
must be found to make the rotor maintain its position. The angle between its field and
the field of the stator. In order for this to be achieved, the rotor must rotate at
synchronous speed or close to it before direct current is connected to its coils. Upon
connection, the angle between the two fields will be small, and the field of the rotor
(and with it the rotor itself) will continue to catch up with the field of the stator and it
will rotate at the same speed. The synchronous speed does not change no matter how
much the motor load changes, as long as it is within its rated load.
Methods of starting a synchronous machine

1. Using an outboard motor


So the synchronous motor is run by a motor mounted on the same shaft until
the speed reaches the synchronous speed, and then the field coils are fed
with direct current and the starting motor is disconnected, and then a one-
directional torque is produced that makes the motor maintain the
synchronous speed no matter how much the load changes within the rated
load, unless synchronization is lost.
2- Using damping rods
This is done by installing a group of rods in the shoes of the electrodes, then
shortening these rods with copper rings on both sides, so that they form
something similar to a squirrel cage in induction motors. In this case, when
the electric current is connected, the motor begins to rotate on the basis that
it is a motor, and when the speed reaches close to the synchronous speed, the
coils are fed. The field is driven by direct current, and then another rotating
magnetic field is formed. Its presence with the field resulting from the stator
causes the motor to move to synchronous speed, and then the effect of the
damping rods disappears because the currents passing through them at
synchronous speed are equal to zero, and the resulting torque in this case is
the torque of the synchronous motor, not induction. The motor maintains its
speed at synchronous speed No matter how much the load changes, the
synchronization is not lost.
3. Using the phenomenon of eddy currents
Recently, synchronous motors with a solid rotor and without damping rods have been
found to begin their movement on this basis, so that the eddy currents generated in
the solid rotor have a torque similar to the torque of an induction motor. When the
rotor accelerates and its speed reaches near the synchronous speed, it will be
attached to the rotating magnetic field generated by the stator and will rotate with it.
At the same speed, then the eddy currents will disappear and this way Suitable for
small synchronous motors.
4- Using a variable frequency voltage source
The rotation of the synchronous motor can be started easily if it is powered
by a variable frequency voltage source, which has begun to spread in recent
years thanks to advances in power electronics technology, by lowering the
frequency until the speed of the rotating magnetic field becomes very low so
that the rotor can be attached to it. When the motor starts The rotor in
rotation gradually raises the frequency until the motor reaches the required
speed. The rotor will continue to rotate at the same speed as the magnetic
field unless it loses synchronization.
(V) curves for the synchronous motor
They are curves that determine the operating characteristics of the
synchronous motor and link the field current IF and the product current Iph.
See Figure (3). Each curve represents a specific level of effective power P. In
each curve, the lowest value of the product current occurs when the power
factor is equal to one and at this value. For field current, the motor is
consuming active power P only,

Figure (3): (V) curves for the synchronous motor


Torque/speed curve of synchronous motor
The synchronous motor usually runs loads that require a constant speed
and is often fed from a huge electrical source, so that it appears to the
motor like an infinite rod. This means that the voltage of the motor
terminals and the frequency of the source cannot change no matter how
much the power drawn from the source by the motor changes, and since
the speed of the motor is linked to the frequency Source: This means that
the speed of the motor will not change no matter how much the load
applied to it changes, as long as it is within the rated load of the motor.
Accordingly, the torque of the motor will remain constant at the
synchronous speed no matter how much it changes. The load is as long as it
is within the rated load of the motor as shown in the following figure:
Figure (4): Torque/speed curve of synchronous motor

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