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Euclidean Space

The document contains a series of mathematical problems related to Euclidean spaces, including calculations of angles between vectors, finding orthonormal bases, and applying the Gram-Schmidt method. It presents various tasks involving vector norms, orthogonality, and subspaces in Rn. Solutions are provided for each problem, demonstrating the application of linear algebra concepts.

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21 views3 pages

Euclidean Space

The document contains a series of mathematical problems related to Euclidean spaces, including calculations of angles between vectors, finding orthonormal bases, and applying the Gram-Schmidt method. It presents various tasks involving vector norms, orthogonality, and subspaces in Rn. Solutions are provided for each problem, demonstrating the application of linear algebra concepts.

Uploaded by

byNaruto
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Academic Year Mathematics 1

Euclidean Spaces Rn
1. Calculate the angle between the vectors u y v in each case:

(a) u = (1, −3) v = (2, 4)


(b) u = (−1, 5, 2) v = (2, 4, −9)
(c) u = (1, 0, 1, 0) v = (−3, −3, −3, −3)

Solution: (a) and (c) 3 π4 .

2. Find two vectors of norm 1, orthogonal to all the vectors

u = (2, 1, 4, 0), v = (−1, −1, −2, 2), w = (3, 2, 5, 4)


1
Solution: α(−14, 4, 6, 1) con α2 = 249
.

3. For which values a, b y c the system {(0, a, a), (2b, b, −b), (c, −c, c)} is an orthonormal
basis of R3 .

4. Consider the following vectors in R4 u1 = (1, 0, 1, 0), u2 = (1, 0, −1, 0), u3 = (0, 1, 0, 1),
u4 = (0, −1, 0, 1)

a) Calculate the angle between u1 y u2 .


b) Is the system {u1 , u2 , u3 , u4 } orthogonal? Justify the answer.
c) Is the system {u1 , u2 , u3 , u4 } orthonormal? Justify the answer.
d ) Exhibit an orthonormal basis of R4 different from the canonical basis.

5. Apply Gram-Schmidt method to the basis R2 , a1 = (1, 1), a2 = (1, −2).


   
1 1 1 1
Solution: (a) q1 = √ , √ ; q2 = √ , − √ ;
2 2 2 2

6. Apply Gram-Schmidt method to the following basis of R3 :

a) {(1, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1)},


b) {(1, 1, −1), (1, 0, 1), (−1, 5, 1)}.
     
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
Solution: a) q1 = √ , √ , 0 ; q2 = − √ , √ , √ ; q3 = √ , − √ , √
2 2 6 6 6 3 3 3

7. Calculate an orthonormal basis of the following planes in R3

F =< (1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 0) >, G = {(x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R3 : 2x1 + x2 − x3 = 0}


n   o
Solution: (a) BF = √1 , √1 , √1 , 0, √1 , − √1
3 3 3 2 2

8. Calculate an orthonormal basis of the following subspaces of R4 :

a) F =< (1, 0, 0, −1), (1, 0, −1, 0), (2, 0, 0, −1) >

UPV. Departamento de Matemática Aplicada 1


Academic Year Mathematics 1

b) H =< (1, 1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 1) >


c) G = {(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) ∈ R4 | x1 + x2 − x3 = 0}.
  
1 1 1 1 1 1
Solution: b) BH = , , , , √ (1, 5, −3, −3) , √ (−4, 2, 1, 1) ,
2 2 2 2 44 22
    
1 1 1 2 1
(c) BG = √ , 0, √ , 0 , − √ , √ , √ , 0 , (0, 0, 0, 1)
2 2 6 6 6

9. Let {(1, 1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1, 0)} be a basis of the subspace F de R4 .

a) Calculate a vector of F of norm 1.


b) Calculate a basis of F of unitary vectors.
c) Calculate a vector in F , different from (0, 0, 0, 0), orthogonal to (1, 1, 1, 0).

10. Calculate an orthonormal basis of the subspace (of R3 ) F = h(1, 2, −1), (0, 1, 1, )i.

11. a) Calculate an orthonormal basis of the subspace of R4 :


 
4 x2 − x 4 = 0
F = (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) ∈ R | .
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 0

b) For which values of a the vector (−2a − 1, a, 1, a) belongs to F ?

12. Calculate an orthonormal basis of the following subspaces of R5 :

a) F = {(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 ) ∈ R5 | x1 + 2x2 − x5 = 0}.


b) G = h(1, 0, 0, 1, 0), (0, −1, 0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1, 1, 0)i.
c) H = h(1, 0, 1, 1, 0), (0, −1, 0, 1, 1)i.

13. Calculate the orthogonal subspace of each of the following systems of vectors in R3 :

S1 = {(1, 1, 1)}, S2 = {(0, 2, 1), (1, 1, −2)}, S3 = {(1, 1, 2), (−1, 1, 0)}

14. Calculate the orthogonal subspace of

F = (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) ∈ R4 | x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 0

.
 
⊥ x + y + 2z = 0
15. Calculate G , for G = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 :
2y + z = 0

16. Calculate the orthogonal subspace of the following subspaces of R4 :

a) F = {(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) ∈ R4 | x1 + 2x2 − x4 = 0},


b) G = h(1, 0, 0, 0)i.
c) H = h(1, 0, 0, 0), (0, −1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 0)i.

UPV. Departamento de Matemática Aplicada 2


Academic Year Mathematics 1

17. Given the vector subspace of R4

F =< (1, 0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1, 1) >

a) Calculate an orthonormal basis of F .


b) Calculate F ⊥ .

18. a) Given the vector subspace of R4

F =< (1, 0, −1, 0), (1, 1, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1, −1) >

calculate an orthonormal basis of F .


 
⊥ x1 − x2 + x3 = 0
b) Calculate G , for G = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R3 :
−x1 + x3 = 0

19. a) Given the vector subspace of R4

F =< (1, 0, 1, −1), (1, 0, −1, 0), (1, 1, 1, 1) >

calculate an orthonormal basis of F .


 
⊥ x1 − x2 + x3 = 0
b) Calculate G , for G = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R3 :
x2 + x3 = 0

20. a) Apply Gram-Schmidt method to the basis of R3

{(1, 0, 1), (0, 0, 1), (−1, 1, 0)}

b) Calculate the orthogonal subspace of F = h(1, 0, 1, 0), (1, 1, 0, 2)i.


c) Calculate the values of a y b such that the vector (a, b, 0) is orthogonal to the vector
(1, 1, 1) and norm 1.

UPV. Departamento de Matemática Aplicada 3

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