MIDTERM LESSON

MOVEMENT EDUCATION
(MUSCLED, TENDONS, AND MOVEMENTS)
MOVEMENT EDUCATON
• Refers to a wide variety of movement where one learns capabilities
of their bodies to move.
• Includes the understanding of movement concepts;
a. Body Awareness – knowing more about our body
b. Qualities of Movement – how we move/mode of movement
c. Types of Movement – locomotor and non-locomotor
SYSTEM OF THE BODY FOR MOVEMENT
1. MUSCULAR SYSTEM – “machine” of the body because all
movements depend on muscles. The cause of movement is by
contraction or relaxing.
FUNCTIONS OF THE MUSCLES;
a. Producing movement
b. Maintenance posture
c. Stabilizing joints
2. SKELETAL SYSTEM – for support, protection, and motion. Movement
is possible because of JOINTS.
JOINT – a connection between two bones.
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM – muscular and skeletal system
function together. It provides locomotion, support, and protection to
the human body.
*Additional
I. Four Functions of the Muscles
• Provide movement for the body
• Posture
• Joint stability
• Heat production
II. Five Properties of the Muscles
• Excitable or Irritable – capable of receiving and responding
to stimulation from the nerves.
• Contractible – after stimulation, they are capable of
contracting or shortening.
• Extensible – can be stretched without damage.
• Elasticity – able to return to its original resting shape and
length.
 • Adaptibility – can be changed in response to how it is used.
III. Five Types of Movements
• Adduction – movement of body part toward the mid-line of
the body part.
• Abduction – away from the body
• Flexion – bending a joint to decrease the angle
• Extension – extending of the joint to increase the angle
• Rotation – moving a body part around an axis
IV. Three Types of Muscles
• Cardiac Muscle – an involuntary muscle. It operates without
any conscious control. These muscles form the walls of the
heart and contracts to circulate blood.
• Visceral or Smooth Muscles – an involuntary muscle. It is
found in organs or organ systems such as digestive or
respiratory system.
• Skeletal Muscles – a voluntary muscle because we make
decisions to make them move. It is attached to the skeleton
and provide the skeleton the ability to move.

MAJOR MUSCLES AND THEIR LOCATIONS IN THE BODY

MUSCLE – a band of fibrous tissues that has the ability to contract, producing
movement in the body.
1. TRAPEZIUS – back/neck
2. DELTOIDS – shoulders
3. PECTORALS – chest
4. BICEPS – upper arm
5. TRICEPS – upper arm
6. LATISSIMUS DORSI – back
7. ABDOMINALS – abdomen
8. HIP FLEXORS – front of hip
9. GLUTEALS – backside
10. QUADRICEPS – upper leg
11. HAMSTRINGS – upper leg
12. GASTROCNEMIUS – lower leg
13. TIBIALIS ANTERIOR – lower leg
THE ROLE OF TENDONS
TENDON – Connects muscle to bone. Muscle contract, pulling on the bones.
Using them as levers. Creating movement at joints. Tendon connects the
bicep to the radius bone. The bicep pulls on the radius creating flexion at the
elbow.
Muscle and Movement
1. TRAPEZIUS – Holds and rotates the shoulders. Moves the head back
and sideways. (e.g. A swimmer turning their head to breathe.)
2. DELTOIDS – Raises the arms forwards, backwards, and sideways. At
the shoulder joint. (e.g. An overhead clear in badminton.)
3. PECTORALS – Moves the arm inwards at the shoulder (adduction).
(e.g. A forehand drive in tennis and Discus throw).
4. BICEPS – Bends the arm at the elbow (flexion). (e.g. Drawing back a
bow in archery).
5. TRICEPS – Straightens the arm at the elbow (extension). (e.g.
Releasing a javelin or ball when throwing and jabbing in boxing).
6. LATISSIMUS DORSI – Pulls the arm down at the shoulder, and draws
it behind the back. (e.g. Front crawl or pull phase).
7. ABDOMINALS – Bending forwards ate the spine (flexion). Creates a
pull in the abdomen. (e.g. Adopting a pike position in diving).
8. HIP FLEXORS – Raising the knee or moving the leg forwards at the
hip (flexion). (e.g. Knee lift while sprinting, and striking a football).
9. GLUTEALS – Pulls the leg at the hip (extension). Raises the leg to the
side (abduction). (e.g. Raising the trail-leg when hurdling and long-
jump take-off).
10. QUADRICEPS – Straightens the leg at the knee (extension). (e.g. High
jump take-off and rugby goal kick).
11. HAMSTRINGS – Bends the leg at the knee (flexion). (e.g. Running
stride or transition, and pulling back at the knee before kicking a
football).
12. GATROCNEMIUS – Straightens the ankle joint (plantarflexion). (e.g.
Pointing the toes or gymnastics, and take-off for a lay-up in
basketball).
13. TIBIALIS ANTERIOR – Pulls the toes upwards toward the shin
(dorsiflexion). (e.g. Running stride or before heel-strike, and toe-kick
in football).
 SKELETON AND ITS FUNCTION
SKELETON – it is the internal framework of the body made up of 206 bones.
THE SKELETON HAS FOUR MAIN FUNCTIONS
1. Shape and Support – forms the frame to which our muscles can
attach and our organs can sit. Bones support the weight of the body
above them. (e.g. The spine enables us to stand upright).
2. Movement – muscles are attached to the skeleton. When muscles
contract, they pull on the bones. Creating movement at joints. (e.g.
The bicep muscle contracts, pulling on the forearm, creating
movement at the elbow.
3. Protection – the vital organs are protected by the skeleton. (e.g. The
cranium protects the brain and the ribs help protect the heart and
the lungs).
4. Blood Production – the center of some large bones contains bone
marrow which produces red blood cells. (e.g. The pelvis and femur
are both important for blood production).
THE BONES AND THEIR TYPES
1. CRANIUM – flat
2. CLAVICLE – long
3. SCAPULA – flat
4. HUMERUS – long
5. RIBS – flat
6. VERTEBRAE – irregular
7. RADIUS – long
8. ULNA – long
9. PELVIS – flat
10. FEMUR – long
11. PATELLA – short
12. TIBIA – long
13. FIBULA – long
14. TALUS – short
15. TARSALS – short
16. METATARLAS – long
17. PHALANGES – long
18. CARPALS – short
19. METACARPALS – long
20. PHALANGES – long
TYPES OF BONE AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
1. LONG BONES – act as lever to produce a large range of movement.
(e.g. Femur, Tibia, Humerus)
2. SHORT BONES – small bones that enable movement and provide
support. (e.g. Carpals, Tarsals)
3. FLAT BONES – provide protection for organs and provide a large
surface area for muscles attachments. (e.g. Pelvis, Cranium, Scapula)
4. IRREGULAR BONES – provide protection and support. Their shape
suits their specific role. (e.g. Vertebrae)

JOINTS, TYPES, AND TYPES OF MOVEMENT

JOINT TYPES
JOINT – the point at which two or more bones meet, allowing movement.
1. FIXED/IMMOVABLE – fibrous joints where no movement is possible.
(Between the flat bones and cranium.)
2. SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE/CARTILAGINOUS – provide a small range of
movement. Joined by cartilage and ligaments. (Between the
vertebrae.)
3. FREELY MOVEABLE/SYNOVIAL – provide a large range of movement.
Ball and socket and hinge joints. Most joints are synovial. (Knee,
shoulder, hip, ankle)
SYNOVIAL JOINTS AND ITS COMPONENTS
1. SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE – lines the inside of the joint capsule.
Surrounds the joint capsule with synovial fluid.
2. SYNOVIAL FLUID – a lubricant that reduces friction. Allows for
smoother movement. Reduces wear and tear.
3. JOINT CAPSULE – surrounds and protects the joint. Helps to hold the
bones together. Made of a fibrous membrane and a synovial
membrane.
4. LIGAMENTS – strong, elastic fibers. Connect bones together and
holds them together.
5. CARTILAGE – a strong, flexible material. Found at the ends of bones.
Cushions the bones.
6. TENDONS – tough, fibrous tissue. Connects muscle to bone. Helps
the joint withstand tension.
BALL AND SOCKET – one bone has a bulge that fits into a socket on the other.
- Provide a large range of movement.
- Less stable and more prone to injury.
- Located at the hip and the other shoulder.
- Movements possible – flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
rotation, and circumduction.
- E.g. Serving in tennis
HINGE JOINTS – only allow movement in one direction.
- Located at the elbow and the knee.
- More stable and less prone to injury.
- Movements possible – flexion and extension.
- E.g. Jump shot in basketball
TYPES OF JOINTS
• FIBROUS JOINT – structure of the skull
• CARTILAGINOUS JOINT – rib cage and spinal column
• BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINT – rounded surface of a bone fits into and
moves within a cup-shaped depression. It allows freedom of
movement up, down, right, left, and in full 360-degree rotation
(shoulder joints and hip joints).
• SADDLE JOINT – allows movement on two planes – flexion/extension
and abduction/adduction (thumbs).
• HINGED JOINT – movement occurs in only one direction or one plane
(elbows, knees, fingers).
• GLIDING JOINT – allows two or more flat or slightly rounded bones
to move easily together without friction or grinding. It allows sliding,
bending, stretching, and circular motion (ankle).
• PIVOT JOINT – designed with one end fitting like a cylinder inside a
ring. It allows rotation (neck, radius, and ulna).
• ELLIPSOID JOINT – similar to a ball and socket but to a lesser
magnitude (wrist).
MOVEMENT TYPES
1. FLEXION
- Bending a body part
- The angle at a joint decrease
- Striking the ball in football (hip)
- Performing a bicep curl (elbow)
- During the running stride (knee)
2. EXTENSION
- Straightening a body part
- The angle at a joint increase
- Blocking a spike in a volleyball (elbow)
- Long-jump take-off (hip)
- Striking a football (knee)
3. ABDUCTION
- A sideways movement away from the center of the body
- Butterfly stroke (shoulder)
- Goalkeeper save (shoulder)
- Sideways lunge in badminton (hip)
4. ADDUCTION
- A sideways movement towards the center of the body
- Pass with the instep in football (hip)
- A still ring routine in gymnastics (shoulder)
- Breaststroke kick (hip)
5. ROTATION
- A turning point around an imaginary line/axis
- Turning the head to breathe (front crawl)
- Pivoting in netball (hip)
- Topspin forehand in table-tennis (shoulder)
6. CIRCUMDUCTION
- The end of a bone moves in a circle
- Front crawl in swimming (shoulder)
- Bowling in cricket (shoulder)
- Serving in tennis (shoulder)
7. DORSIFLEXION
- Movement that causes the toes to move upward toward the
leg
- A sprinter in the blocks
- A swimmer on the starting block
- During the running stride
8. PLANTARFLEXION
- Movement that causes the toes to move downward toward
the floor
- Gymnast pointing their toes
- Long-jump take-off
- Striking the ball in football