Skeletal System

• The skeletal system is the bony framework of our body.

• The human skeletal system consists of all of the bones, joints,
cartilage, tendons, and ligaments in the body.
• An adult’s skeleton contains 206 bones.
Cartilage: This smooth and flexible substance covers the tips of
your bones where they meet. It enables bones to move without
friction (rubbing against each other). When cartilage wears away,
as in arthritis, it can be painful and cause movement problems.

Ligaments: Bands of strong connective tissue

called ligaments hold bones together.

Tendons: Tendons are bands of tissue that connect

the ends of a muscle to your bone.
FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM

•It provides support to the body.

•It gives shape and structure to the body.

•It provides protection to the vital organs of the body.

•It acts as lever.

•It acts as storehouse of minerals.

•It acts as production house of RBC.

•It acts as junction or attachment to skeletal muscle.

•It works as self repair system.

CLASSIFICATION
OF BONES

•Long bones

•Short bones

•Flat bones

•Sesamoid bones

•Irregular bones
 Joints
A joint is the part of the body where two or more bones meet to allow movement.

TYPES OF JOINTS
•Immovable or fibrous joints

•Slightly movable or cartilaginous joints

•Freely movable or synovial joints

a. Hinge joint
b. Pivot joint
c. Ball and socket joint
d. Saddle joint
e. Gliding joint (plan joint)
f. Condyloid joint
Immovable or fibrous joints

Immovable joints don’t let

the bones move at all, like
the joints between your skull
bones.
Slightly movable or cartilaginous joints

These joints allow limited

movement. The joints in
your rib cage are partly
movable joints.
Freely movable or synovial joints

Movable joints allow

a wide range of
motion. Your elbow,
shoulder, and knee
are movable joints.
 Freely movable or synovial joints
•Ball and socket joint. Permitting movement in all directions, the ball and socket joint features
the rounded head of one bone sitting in the cup of another bone. Examples include your
shoulder joint and your hip joint.
•Hinge joint. The hinge joint is like a door, opening and closing in one direction, along one
plane. Examples include your elbow joint and your knee joint.
•Condyloid joint. The condyloid joint allows movement, but no rotation. Examples include
your finger joints and your jaw.
•Pivot joint. The pivot joint, also called the rotary joint or trochoid joint, is characterized by one
bone that can swivel in a ring formed from a second bone. Examples are the joints between
your ulna and radius bones that rotate your forearm, and the joint between the first and second
vertebrae in your neck.
•Gliding joint. The gliding joint is also called the plane join. Although it only permits limited
movement, it’s characterized by smooth surfaces that can slip over one another. An example is
the joint in your wrist.
•Saddle joint. Although the saddle joint does not allow rotation, it does enable movement back
and forth and side to side. An example is the joint at the base of your thumb.
Major movements in joints
• Angular Movement: Angular movements are produced when the
angle between the bones of a joint changes.
• Rotational Movement: Rotational movement is the movement of a
bone as it rotates around its longitudinal axis.
• Special Movements: Some movements that cannot be classified as
angular, or rotational are called special movements.
Angular Movement
• Flexion: Refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two
body parts.
• Extension: Refers to a movement that increases the angle between
two body parts.
• Hyperextension: Refers to the condition where angle between bones
of a joint is greater than normal
• Abduction: It is the motion or movement away from the midline.
• Adduction: It is the motion or movement towards the midline.
• Circumduction: It is the movement of the limb in a circle and is a
combination of abduction, shoulder adduction, Flexion and Extension.
Rotational Movement
• Rotational movement is the movement of a bone as it rotates around
its longitudinal axis.
• Internal rotation is rotating a joint towards the midline
and external rotation is rotating a joint away from the midline.
Special Movements
• Elevation: Is raising a body part directly upwards, no rotation or
changes in the degree of a joint.
• Depression: Is raising a body part directly downwards, no rotation or
changes in the degree of a joint.
• Protraction: Is the movement of a body part in the anterior direction
(inside direction)(forward)
• Retraction : Is the movement of a body part in posterior direction(out
side)(backward)
• Eversion: Is the movement of the sole of the foot away from the
median plane or midline.
• Inversion: Is the movement of the sole towards the median plane or
midline.
• Dorsiflexion: Is the action of raising the foot upwards towards the
shin. It means the flexion of the foot in the dorsal, or upward,
direction.
• Plantar flexion: Is describes the extension of the ankle so that the
foot points down and away from the leg.
• Pronation: describes a rotational movement of the forearm that
results in the palm facing outward (open).
• Supination: describes the motion of turning the palm in (reverse)
 EFFECTS OF EXERCISE
AND
BENEFITS
OF
REGULAR TRAINING ON SKELETAL SYSTEM
1. Increased Synovial Fluid Production:
Our bones and joints are a vascular, that is to say they have little or no
blood supply. To keep our joints healthy, stop our cartilage from drying
out and keep our cartilage lubricated and nourished, our joints produce
an oil-like substance called synovial fluid.
Synovial fluid is produced by the synovial membrane within our joints
and is a short term or acute response to exercise. This means that our
joints require regular exercise to stay lubricated, nourished and healthy.

2. Good Posture: Regular physical exercises helps in the growth of

a good posture because it impedes or reduce the chances of
defects in the human body and keep the bones in right alignment.
3. Increased Joint Range of Movement:
Exercise increases the production of synovial fluid which keeps our
joints lubricated and makes them supple. Synovial fluid production
increases the range of movement available at your joints in the short
term. Often, after long periods of immobility, our joints "dry out",
stiffen up and lose some of their movement range.
Exercise increases the range of movement available at our joints as
more lubricating synovial fluid is released into them. Mobility exercises
such as arm circles and knee bends keep our joints supple by ensuring
a steady supply of synovial fluid.
4. Length of Bone: Various studies were done and results indicated
that the exercise helps in enhancement of height of an individual who
participate in it on regular basis. For the improvement in height
specific exercises are need to be done.
5. Increased Bone Density: Weight-bearing exercise such as
strength training and running put stress through your bones. In
response to this stress our bodies produce cells called osteoblasts
which build new bone and make our bones stronger and denser.
Increased bone density can prevent a condition called osteoporosis
which is the weakening of bone and an increased likelihood of
suffering fractures. Osteoporosis is more common in older females
but can affect either sex at any age.
6. Bones and Ligaments Can Bear More Pressure and
Stress:
Regular exercises enhance the bearing power of bones and
ligaments. They can bear more pressure and stress. In fact,
bones and ligaments get strength if exercises are done
regularly.
 7. Exercises Can Cure Bad Postures:
Bad postures can be corrected easily with the help of regular exercises.
Some exercises over horse-back and exercises of yoga are specific exercises,
which are most effective in removing various deformities of the body.

8. Improve Length of Bones:

With the help of exercises, height of an individual can
be increased. There are some specific exercises which
are most effective in increasing the height of an
individual.
Muscular System
What is muscular system?
• Is the anatomical system of a species that allows it to move.
• It consists of large number of muscles trough which the
movement of the body takes place.
• It is a set of tissues in the body with the ability to change shape.
• It consists of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles.
• It maintains posture and circulates blood throughout the body.
What is muscle? Or muscles
• A muscle is a bundle of fibrous tissue in a human body that has
the ability to contract, producing movement or maintaining the
position of parts of the body.
• Long elongated (lengthy) cells called muscle fibres and are
responsible for all body movements.
• Muscles form a covering over the skeleton.
• There are more than 600 muscles in human body.
• Muscle contains 40 to 50 percent of total body weight.
Types of muscles?
• Voluntary?
• Involuntary?
• Cardiac?
• Skeletal?
• Smooth?
• Striated?
• Un striated?
(Involuntary muscle) (Voluntary muscle) (Involuntary muscle)

(Striated muscle) (Striated muscle) (Un striated muscle)

Skeletal muscles/ Voluntary muscles
• The muscles that are under the control of our will and are
attached to the skeleton are called skeletal muscles or voluntary
muscles.
• They surround the bones and help the bones to move at the
joints.
• There are about 600 named skeletal muscles.
• The skeletal muscles make up to 40 percent of our body weight.
• The skeletal muscles need oxygen and food for energy from
blood to work properly.
• These muscles are very powerful, yet they get tired easily.
Types of skeletal muscle

The two main types of skeletal muscle are slow-twitch and fast-twitch.

Type I, red, or slow-twitch muscles

These are dense and rich in myoglobin and mitochondria. They have capillaries,
which give them their red color. This type of muscle can contract for a long time
without much effort. Type I muscles can sustain aerobic activity
using carbohydrates and fats as fuel.

Type II, white, or fast-twitch muscles

These muscles can contract rapidly and with a lot of force. The contraction is strong
but short-lived. This type of muscle is responsible for most of the body’s muscle
strength and its increase in mass after periods of weight training. Compared with
slow-twitch muscle, it is less dense in myoglobin and mitochondria.
Smooth muscles/ Involuntary muscle
• The muscles in the human body whose contraction is controlled
by the autonomic nervous system are called smooth muscles.
• Their actions are not under our control.
• These muscles are less powerful but do not tire and continue
their work without interruption throughout life.
• These muscles are found in the internal organs such as
intestine, stomach, eyes and blood vessels.
Cardiac muscles
• The cardiac muscles are found in walls of the heart.
• They are under involuntary control.
• They are stripped and striated in appearance.
• These muscles have an extremely rich supply of blood and
show rhythmic contraction.
• due to cardiac muscles the heart can beat nonstop for about
100,000 times each day.
Characteristics/ Properties of
muscles
• Extensibility: It is the ability of the muscles to extend when it is
stretched.
• Elasticity: It is the ability of the muscles to return to its original
structure when released.
• Excitability: It is the ability of the muscle to respond to a stimulus.
• Contractility: It is the ability of a muscle to contract when in contact
with a stimulus.
Functions of muscles
• The skeletal muscles are responsible for body movements.
• The body posture is maintained by the skeletal muscles.
• The skeletal muscles protect the internal organs and tissues
from any injury and also provide support to these delicate
organs and tissues.
• The skeletal muscles also regulate body temperature.
• Provides shape.
 Effects and Benefits
of
Exercises and Training
on
Muscular System
1. Change in Shape and Size of Muscle: Through regular exercise,
the shape and size of muscle is changed. In fact, cells of muscles are
enlarged which change the shape and size of muscle.

2. Muscle Remains in Tone Position: When exercises are done on

regular basis then our muscles remain in toned position.
3. Increases strength
4. Improves posture of the body
5. Desire muscles can be developed through training
6. Faster recovery from lactic acid accumulation
7. Decreases chance of injury