Core 2 – The

Body in Motion
Year 11 PDHPE
 What do I need to know:

This compulsory module examines the scientific foundations of human

movement. In this module, students explore how the body moves and
why it moves in particular ways. Students focus on the relationships
between anatomy, physiology, fitness, biomechanics and efficient
human movement.

In this module, students investigate the following critical questions:

• How do the musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory systems of the
body influence and respond to movement?
• What is the relationship between physical fitness, training and
movement efficiency?
• How do biomechanical principles influence movement?
 How do the

Focus musculoskeletal and

cardiorespiratory
systems of the body

Question 1 influence and

respond to
movement?
 Syllabus Links
Students learn about: Students learn to:
 skeletal system  identify the location and type of major bones
o major bones involved in movement
involved in movement, eg long bones articulate
o structure and function of synovial joints
at hinge joints for flexion and extension
o joint actions, eg extension and flexion
 identify the location of the major muscles
 muscular system
involved in movement and related joint actions
o major muscles involved in movement
o muscle relationship (agonist,  perform and analyse movements, eg overarm
antagonist) throw, by examining:
o types of muscle contraction (concentric, o bones involved and the joint action
eccentric, isometric)
o muscles involved and the type of contraction
 respiratory system
o structure and function  analyse the various aspects of lung function
o lung function (inspiration, expiration) through participation in a range of physical
o exchange of gases (internal, external) activities
 circulatory system  analyse the movement of blood through the
o components of blood body and the influence of the circulatory and
o structure and function of the heart, respiratory systems on movement efficiency and
o arteries, veins, capillaries performance.
o pulmonary and systemic circulation
 Lightning Questions
1. Can you name the 11 human body systems?
2. Which body systems have the most influence
on movement?
3. How do these body systems react during
movement?
 Anatomy is the study of the structures of the body and
their relationships.
In anatomy, descriptions of the body assume that the
body is in a specific position, called the anatomical
position. In this position the person is standing upright,
facing forward with their hands down by their sides with
their palms facing forward.
 The body can also be divided into planes. The three
planes of the body are:
 sagittal plane – vertical plane that divides the body into left
and right
 frontal plane – vertical plane that divides the body into front
and back
 transverse plane – horizontal plane that divides the body into
top and bottom.
 Directional terms are used to locate various body
structures in relation to each other
Dot Point:
Skeletal
System
The roles of the skeletal system are:

 support – bones provide a framework for the body

 protection – bones protect many internal organs from
injury
 movement – skeletal muscles attach to bones; when
muscles pull on bones they produce movement
 storage of minerals – bone tissue stores several
minerals, particularly calcium and phosphorous
 blood cell production – red blood cells, white blood cells
and platelets are formed in the marrow
 storage of energy – a secondary reserve of chemical
energy is stored in the marrow.
Four principal types of bones:
 long bones – have greater length than width and consist of a
shaft; they consist mostly of compact bone encasing spongy bone
(e.g. femur, tibia, fibula, phalanges, humerus, radius and ulna)
 short bones – are somewhat cube shaped and nearly equal in
length and width; they are spongy bone except for the surface,
which is a thin layer of compact bone (e.g. carpals and tarsals)
 flat bones – are generally thin and composed of two thin plates of
compact bone encasing spongy bone (e.g. cranial bones, sternum,
ribs and scapula)
 irregular bones – have complex shapes; they also vary in the
amount of spongy and compact bone (e.g. vertebrae and some
facial bones).
There are two additional types of bones:
 sutural bones – small bones located between joints
 sesamoid bones – small bones wrapped in tendons where there is
considerable pressure exerted; the patella is a sesamoid bone.
 Things to do

 Activities: Whack a bone

o https://www.anatomyarcade.com/index.html
Structure and function of synovial joints

 A joint (articulation) is a point of contact between at

least two bones. Joints allow movement to occur.
 Joints can be categorised based on structure or by the
type of movement they allow. The structural
classification is as follows:
 fibrous – there is no joint cavity and the bones are held
together by fibrous connective tissue making movement
difficult
 cartilaginous – there is no joint cavity and the bones are
held together by cartilage allowing some movement
 synovial – there is a joint cavity and the bones are
surrounded by an articular capsule and often ligaments
allowing for movement.
Synovial joints (freely movable joint)

 Most joints in the body are synovial joints. They have

common features that allow for movement. These
include:
 articular cartilage – covers the end of the bone providing
cushioning and reducing friction during movement
 synovial cavity – space that separates the two articulating
bones.
 ligaments – join bone to bone
 synovial fluid – acts as a lubricant with the synovial cavity
Synovial joints can be classified into six
categories:

1. Gliding joint: Articulating bones are usually flat. Side to side and back and
forth movements are permitted. Gliding joints include the carpals, tarsals
and vertebrae.
2. Hinge joint: The convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface
of another. Movement is in a single direction allowing flexion and
extension. Hinge joints include knee, elbow and ankle.
3. Pivot joint: A rounded surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed
partly by another. Primary movement is rotation. An example is the atlas
of the neck rotating.
4. Ellipsoidal (condyloid) joint: An oval shaped bone fits into an elliptical
cavity of another bone. It allows side-to-side and back-and-forth
movement. The joint at the wrist is an ellipsoid joint.
5. Saddle joint: One bone is saddle shaped while the other bone is shaped
like a rider. Movement is side to side and back and forth. The thumb is a
saddle joint.
6. Ball-and-socket joint: Consists of a ball-like surface that fits into a cuplike
depression of another. They allow flexion and extension, adduction and
abduction and rotation. The shoulder also allows circumduction. The hip
and shoulder are the only examples in the body.
Joint actions
 flexion – movement at the joint reduces the angle between the bones
 extension – movement at the joint increases the angle between the bones
 hyperextension and hyper flexion – makes the joint go beyond its normal range
of motion
 circumduction – the distal end of the body moves in a circle
 rotation – the movement of a bone around its axis
 abduction – movement of a bone away from the midline of the body
 adduction – movement of a bone towards the midline of the body
 dorsiflexion – the foot flexes toward the shin
 plantarflexion – the foot points toward the ground
 supination – movement of the forearm in which the palm of the hand is turned
anteriorly
 pronation – movement of the forearm in which the palm of the hand is turned
posteriorly
 inversion – movement of the sole of the foot inward
 eversion – movement of the sole of the foot outward
 elevation – upward movement of a body part
 depression – downward movement of a body part.
Things to do

 Major bone involved in movement worksheet

 Agonist pairs model and question
Dot Point:
Muscular
System
 Motion results from alternating the contraction and
relaxation of muscles. The prime function of muscle is to
convert chemical energy (ATP) into mechanical energy to
produce movement. There are three types of muscle tissue:
1. Skeletal muscle tissue: These are attached primarily to bones.
Skeletal muscle is striated due to its alternating dark and
light bands. It is a voluntary muscle.
2. Cardiac muscle tissue: This forms most of the heart. It is also
striated but is involuntary.
3. Smooth muscle tissue: This is located in the walls of hollow
internal structures such as the intestines. It is smooth in
appearance and is usually involuntary.
 Skeletal muscles produce movement by exerting force on
tendons, which in turn pull on bones or other structures.
Most muscles cross at least one joint and are attached to
the articulating bones that form the joint. Normally one
bone is held in its original position while the other bone
moves during a contraction. The attachment of the tendon
at the stationary bone is called the origin, while the
attachment at the movable bone is the insertion.
Major muscles involved in movement

 Muscle relationship
 Most movement requires several muscles working together. Most skeletal
muscles are therefore arranged in opposing pairs. The muscle
that causes the desired action is the
 prime mover or agonist. While the agonist is contracting, its opposing
partner is relaxing. The relaxing muscle is known as the antagonist.
 An example is the flexion and
extension of the forearm. To flex the
forearm the prime mover is the bicep. Therefore, the agonist is the bicep
with the tricep being the antagonist. In lowering the forearm back down,
the roles are reversed with the tricep becoming the agonist as it is now
the prime mover and the bicep becomes the antagonist as it relaxes.
 n addition to the agonist and the antagonist, most movements also
include a synergist, which serves to stabilise the movement. Some
synergists act as fixators, which stabilise the origin of the agonist so that
the movement can be more efficient.
 Key Terms

 Origin and insertion of muscles

o The origin is the end of a muscle which is attached to a
fixed bone.
o The insertion is the end of the muscle that is attached
to the bone which moves.
 Agonists vs Antagonists

Agonist: The agonist or prime mover is the muscle causing the major action.

Antagonist: An antagonist is a muscle that must relax and lengthen to allow the
agonist to contract, thus helping to control an action. The agonist works as a
pair with the antagonist muscle. The two roles are interchangeable depending
on the direction of the movement.

Fixator/Stabiliser: stabiliser or fixator muscle act at a joint to stabilise giving

the muscles a fixed base.

Synergist: A muscle which aids the action of a prime mover (a muscle which has
the main responsibility for a particular movement). The synergist may produce
the same movement as the prime mover, or it may stabilize the joints across
which the prime mover acts, preventing undesirable movements
 Things to do

 Activities: Poke a muscle

o https://www.anatomyarcade.com/index.html
Types of muscle contraction
There are different types of contractions that muscles are
capable of. The muscles will contract according to the need of
the movement required. There are two main types of
contractions:
1. Isotonic contractions occur when the muscle contracts
(shortens) and lengthens to produce movement. There are
two types of isotonic contractions:
 Concentric contraction: The muscle shortens during the
contraction and pulls on another structure to produce movement
(e.g. the flexion phase of a bicep curl).
 Eccentric contraction: The muscle lengthens during the
contraction. Eccentric contractions result in more delayed onset
muscle soreness than concentric contractions (e.g. the down
phase of a push-up).
2. Isometric contractions occur when the muscle does not or
cannot shorten, but the tension on the muscle increases. No
movement is produced and the length of the muscle stays the
same (e.g. a wall sit or a plank or hover).
Things to do

 Muscles in a movement:
 Example and recreation (sit up)