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50 Q (CC)

The document covers essential topics related to laboratory safety, quality control, instrumentation, specimen collection, metabolism, lipids, proteins, kidney and liver function tests, and analytical methods. It includes key concepts such as base quantities in measurements, types of quality control, and various biochemical markers. Additionally, it outlines methods for measuring substances and the significance of specific tests in diagnosing medical conditions.

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Kriza Elaine Dela Cruz
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7 views4 pages

50 Q (CC)

The document covers essential topics related to laboratory safety, quality control, instrumentation, specimen collection, metabolism, lipids, proteins, kidney and liver function tests, and analytical methods. It includes key concepts such as base quantities in measurements, types of quality control, and various biochemical markers. Additionally, it outlines methods for measuring substances and the significance of specific tests in diagnosing medical conditions.

Uploaded by

Kriza Elaine Dela Cruz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Laboratory Safety and Quality Control

1. Q: What are the base quantities in laboratory measurements?


A: Length (meter), mass (kilogram), time (second), electric current (ampere), thermodynamic
temperature (kelvin), amount of substance (mole), luminous intensity (candela).
2. Q: What does intralab quality control monitor?
A: It monitors accuracy and precision through control samples and detects random and
systematic errors.
3. Q: What is the role of interlab quality control?
A: It ensures long-term accuracy by comparing results across laboratories through proficiency
testing programs.
4. Q: Name two systematic error causes.
A: Improper calibration and reagent deterioration.

5. Q: What type of error causes a trend in quality control data?


A: Systematic error.

6. Q: What does Lean Six Sigma aim to achieve in quality management?


A: To eliminate waste and improve process performance by identifying and reducing errors.

7. Q: What is the Deming Cycle in quality management?


A: Plan, Do, Check, Act.

Instrumentation

8. Q: What is the visible light spectrum range in nanometers?


A: 400-700 nm.

9. Q: State Beer's Law in spectroscopy.


A: The concentration of a substance is directly proportional to the amount of light absorbed.

10. Q: What is the purpose of a monochromator in a spectrophotometer?


A: To isolate specific wavelengths of light.
11. Q: What are the parts of a spectrophotometer?
A: Light source, entrance slit, monochromator, exit slit, cuvette, photodetector, and read-out
device.
12. Q: Which photodetector is most sensitive in detecting light?
A: Photomultiplier tube.

13. Q: What does turbidimetry measure?


A: The reduction in light transmission by particles in suspension.

14. Q: Name the two common types of chromatography.


A: Gas Chromatography and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
Specimen Collection

15. Q: What is the recommended angle for venipuncture?


A: 15° to 30°.

16. Q: What is the purpose of the Modified Allen Test?


A: To determine if the ulnar artery can provide collateral circulation to the hand.

17. Q: What is the first tube to draw in the order of draw?


A: Yellow top for blood cultures.

18. Q: Why should you avoid drawing blood from a hematoma?


A: It may cause contamination and inaccurate results.

19. Q: What does "stat" mean in laboratory testing?


A: Derived from Latin "statim," meaning immediately.

Carbohydrates and Metabolism

20. Q: Name the primary hormone that lowers blood glucose levels.
A: Insulin.

21. Q: Which hormones increase blood glucose levels?


A: Glucagon, cortisol, catecholamines, growth hormone, and thyroid hormones.

22. Q: What are the diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus using FBS?
A: Fasting blood sugar ≥126 mg/dL.

23. Q: What is Whipple's Triad in hypoglycemia?


A: Low blood glucose concentration, symptoms of hypoglycemia, and relief by glucose
administration.

24. Q: What is the confirmatory test for gestational diabetes mellitus?


A: 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).

Lipids and Lipoproteins

25. Q: What is the major lipid component of cell membranes?


A: Phospholipids.

26. Q: What is the primary function of LDL?


A: To transport cholesterol to peripheral tissues.

27. Q: What lipoprotein is known as "good cholesterol"?


A: High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL).
28. Q: Name a disorder associated with absent HDL.
A: Tangier disease.

29. Q: What is the function of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)?


A: Esterifies cholesterol for transport by HDL.

Proteins and Cardiac Markers

30. Q: What is the major function of albumin?


A: Maintains osmotic pressure and acts as a transport protein.

31. Q: What protein is a marker for Wilson’s disease?


A: Ceruloplasmin.

32. Q: Name a cardiac marker specific for myocardial infarction.


A: Troponin I.

33. Q: What is microalbuminuria an early indicator of?


A: Glomerular dysfunction and diabetic nephropathy.

34. Q: What does an elevated B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) indicate?


A: Congestive heart failure.

Kidney Function Tests

35. Q: What is the gold standard for measuring glomerular filtration rate?
A: Inulin clearance test.

36. Q: How is creatinine clearance calculated?


A: Based on the clearance of creatinine from plasma into urine over time.

37. Q: What is a normal BUN:Creatinine ratio?


A: Approximately 10:1 to 20:1.

38. Q: What is azotemia?


A: Elevated nitrogenous waste products like urea and creatinine in the blood.

39. Q: What does a fixed specific gravity of 1.010 indicate?


A: Severe loss of renal concentrating ability.

Liver Function Tests

40. Q: What is the reference method for total protein measurement?


A: Kjeldahl method.

41. Q: What is the role of conjugated bilirubin?


A: Excreted into bile for elimination.
42. Q: Which enzyme is most sensitive for diagnosing acute liver damage?
A: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT).

43. Q: What pattern in serum protein electrophoresis indicates cirrhosis?


A: Beta-gamma bridging.
44. Q: What is urobilinogen a marker for?
A: Hepatic and hemolytic conditions.

Analytical Methods

45. Q: What is the most specific enzymatic method for glucose measurement?
A: Hexokinase method.

46. Q: Which chemical method measures cholesterol colorimetrically?


A: Liebermann-Burchard reaction.

47. Q: What is the main interference in the Jaffe reaction for creatinine?
A: Ascorbate and bilirubin.

48. Q: What is the principle of nephelometry?


A: Measures light scattered by particles in suspension.

49. Q: How does fluorescence differ from chemiluminescence?


A: Fluorescence involves absorption and re-emission of light, while chemiluminescence is light
produced by a chemical reaction.

50. Q: What is the purpose of a cumulative sum (CUSUM) in quality control?


A: To detect small shifts in the analytical process.

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